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| author | Trupti Kini | 2016-07-07 23:30:28 +0600 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Trupti Kini | 2016-07-07 23:30:28 +0600 |
| commit | 65cdf51a89cc30011895520868de6d7326e443b0 (patch) | |
| tree | 4882387831859f381e0b8c4b3e3241cf63c085d3 /Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb | |
| parent | 1321ac7872b82362d9b3da9469729bbddb6fbe2c (diff) | |
| download | Python-Textbook-Companions-65cdf51a89cc30011895520868de6d7326e443b0.tar.gz Python-Textbook-Companions-65cdf51a89cc30011895520868de6d7326e443b0.tar.bz2 Python-Textbook-Companions-65cdf51a89cc30011895520868de6d7326e443b0.zip | |
Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter1.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png
A Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png
A "sample_notebooks/PRAVEENKUMAR C/STATICS_CHAPTER_1.ipynb"
Diffstat (limited to 'Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb')
| -rw-r--r-- | Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb | 2175 |
1 files changed, 2175 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3d02cc6c --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,2175 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 7 , Transistor Amplifiers , Biasing and Thermal Stabilization"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.1 , Page Number 230"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is 3.0 mA.\n",
+ "Minimum zero signal collector current required : 1.5 mA.\n",
+ "Maximum base current 0.03 mA.\n",
+ "Signal voltage (VBE) : 0.75 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vknee = 1 #Knee voltage for silicon transistor (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain\n",
+ "ICperVBE = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Change in IC per volt change in VBE (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCmax = VCC - Vknee #Maximum voltage drop across resistance RC (in volts)\n",
+ "ICmax = VCmax/RC #Maximum allowable collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICzero = ICmax/2 #Zero signal collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IBmax = ICmax/beta #Maximum base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VBE = ICmax/ICperVBE #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is \",ICmax* 10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Minimum zero signal collector current required : \",ICzero*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Maximum base current \",IBmax*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Signal voltage (VBE) : \",VBE,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.2 , Page Number 232 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Following is the graph showing necessary details : \n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x63c07b0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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2ZmY54GBvZpYDDvZmZjngYG9mlgMO9mZmOfD/AehmWolB7gEbAAAAAElFTkSu\nQmCC\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x615d910>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector load ressitance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 3.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "IC = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE1 = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IC1 = VCC/(RC + RE) #Cut-off point collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Following is the graph showing necessary details : \"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,4-4.0/20*x,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(10,2))\n",
+ "xlim(0,30)\n",
+ "ylim(0,6)\n",
+ "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.3 , Page Number 237"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Q-point will be ICQ = 0.6 mA and VCEQ = 3.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 6 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n",
+ "RC = 5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = VCC/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Q-point will be ICQ = \",IC * 10**3,\"mA and VCEQ = \",VCE,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.4 , Page Number 237 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Base current : 10.0 micro-A.\n",
+ "Collector current : 1.0 mA.\n",
+ "VC : 8.0 V.\n",
+ "VB : 0.7 V.\n",
+ "VCB : 7.3 V.\n",
+ "Operating point is ICQ : 1.0 mA and VCEQ : 8.0 V.\n",
+ "Stability factof : 101 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 1130.0 * 10**3 #base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n",
+ "RC = 4 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VCC-VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VC = VCE #Collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VB = VBE #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCB = VC - VB #Collector-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "S = beta + 1 #Stability factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Base current : \",IB*10**6,\"micro-A.\"\n",
+ "print \"Collector current : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"VC : \",VC,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVCB : \",VCB,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Operating point is ICQ : \",IC*10**3,\"mA and VCEQ : \",VC,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factof : \",S,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.5 , Page Number 237 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Stability factor : 31.37 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dIC = 1.6 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "dt = 30 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n",
+ "ICO = 1.7 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current change (in Ampere per Celsius-degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dICO = dt*ICO #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.6 , Page Number 237 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Base current : 28.2 micro-A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VBB = 10.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 330 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Base current : \",round(IB*10**6,1),\"micro-A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.7 , Page Number 238 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cut-off point : (0, 6.06 mA).\n",
+ "Saturation point : ( 20 V ,0).\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6e21990>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x62e3290>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 3.3 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current at cut-off point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n",
+ "VCE1 = VCC #Collector-to-emitter voltage at saturation point (in volts)\n",
+ "IC1 = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Cut-off point : (0,\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA).\"\n",
+ "print \"Saturation point : (\",VCE1,\"V ,0).\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,6-6.0/20*x,'b')\n",
+ "xlim(0,30)\n",
+ "ylim(0,10)\n",
+ "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.8 , Page Number 238 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 1.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta *IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.9 , Page Number 238 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 27,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is 4.667 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBB = 5 #Base supply votlage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 200 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBEsat = 0.8 #Base-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n",
+ "VCEsat = 0.2 #Collector-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VBB-VBEsat)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RC = (VCC - VCEsat)/IC #Collector resistance (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is \",round(RC*10**-3,3),\"ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.10 , Page Number 239"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "IC : 1.98 mA.\n",
+ "IB : 0.02 mA.\n",
+ "VEE : 2.7 V.\n",
+ "VCC : 8.92 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "alpha = 0.99 #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VCB = 1 #Collector-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 4.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VEE = IE*RE + VBE #Emitter supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCC = IC*RC + VCB #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"IC : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\\nIB : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\\nVEE : \",VEE,\"V.\\nVCC : \",VCC,\"V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision in the value of VCC."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.11 , Page Number 239 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "IB : 5.3 micro-A and IC : 0.54 mA at 25 Celsius degree.\n",
+ "IB : 5.375 micro-A and IC : 0.6183 mA at 55 Celsius degree.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 30 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBB = 6 #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "ICBO = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "dt = 55-25 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB + (beta+1)*ICBO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICBO55 = ICBO * 2**(dt/10.0) #ICBO at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VBE55 = 0.7 - 2.5*10**-3*dt #VBE at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB55 = (VBB - VBE55)/RB #Base current at 55 Celsius degree(in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC55 = beta*IB55 + (beta+1)*ICBO55 #Collector current 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA at 25 Celsius degree.\"\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",round(IB55 * 10**6,3),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC55*10**3,4),\"mA at 55 Celsius degree.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation in IC55 due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.12 , Page Number 239 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\n",
+ "VC : -2.3365 V.\n",
+ "Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : 36.27 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = 0.8 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBB = 3.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 7.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 500 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VCE = 1 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# 7500IB + 500IC = 2.2 ----Eq. 1\n",
+ "# 500IB + 2500IC = 9.0 ----Eq. 2\n",
+ "IC = 2.55 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = 0.123 #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = IC/IB #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "VC = -VCE - (IB + IC)*RL*10**-3 #Collector voltage in saturation (in volts)\n",
+ "IBmax = IC/hfe #Maximum base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "RB = (VBB - VBE - IC*RL*10**-3 )/IBmax #Base resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\"\n",
+ "print \"VC :\",VC,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : \",round(RB,2),\" kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.13 , Page Number 242 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R1 : 133.55 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "RC : 4.06 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "S : 18.65 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R2 = 30.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 133.55 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VCE = 6 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE \n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.2 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = R2/(R1 + R2)*VCC #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n",
+ "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalence resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "S = (1+beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth+RE)) #Stability factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",round(R1 * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"RC : \",round(RC * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"S : \",round(S,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.14 , Page Number 243 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "IB : 0.04 mA.\n",
+ "IE : 2.04 mA.\n",
+ "Rth : 5.765 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Vth : 3.4826 V.\n",
+ "R1 : 33.1 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 6.98 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 50.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = 0.6 #Base-emitter voltage (in\n",
+ "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = 8 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.3 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "S = 5 #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Rth = (S - 1)*RE/(1 -S/(1+beta)) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = IB * Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"IE : \",IE*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,4),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"R1 :\",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.15 , Page Number 244 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "RC : 5.376 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "RE : 9.75 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R1 : 248.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 141.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dICbyIC = 10 #Percentage change in IC \n",
+ "VBE25max = 0.7 #Max VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE25min = 0.6 #Min VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n",
+ "ICO25 = 5 * 10**-9 #Reverse saturation current at 25 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICO145 = 3 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current at 145 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE = 10 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dIC = 5.0/100 * 0.6 #Change in collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "dICO = ICO145 - ICO25 #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor\n",
+ "dVBE = -2.5 * (145 - 25) #Change in VBE (in volts)\n",
+ "SV = dIC/dVBE #SV\n",
+ "beta = hfe = 400 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "#Rth + Re = 99750.6 \n",
+ "#RE = 391.0/3609 * Rth\n",
+ "RE = 9.75 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "Rth = 90 #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "dIC1 = S*ICO145 + SV*dVBE #Change in collector current1 (in milli-Ampere) \n",
+ "IC = 0.6 + dIC1 #Collector current (in milli- Ampere) \n",
+ "IE = IC + IC/beta #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "RC = (VCC - IE*RE - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.65 #emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vth = IC/beta*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"RC : \",round(RC,3),\" kilo-ohm.\\nRE : \",RE,\" kilo-ohm.\\nR1 : \",round(R1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2),\" kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.16 , Page Number 245 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R1 : 36.238 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "RC : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICO = 0 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = 2.5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 36.238 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm) \n",
+ "RC = (VCC - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",R1*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\\nRC : \",RC*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Printing mistake in the value of RC in book."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.17 , Page Number 245 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VCE : 5.0 V.\n",
+ "IE : 1.1 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 3.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RB = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE - Rth/(beta + 1)) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*1.0/(beta + 1)*IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VCE : \",round(VCE),\"V.\\nIE : \",round(IE*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight varaition due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.18 , Page Number 246 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VC : -14.25 V.\n",
+ "IB : -17.62 micro-A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 200 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "R1 = 82.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = -22 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 750 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = -0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VC = VCC - IC*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VC : \",round(VC,2),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,2),\" micro-A\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.19 , Page Number 246"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "IB : 0.04 mA.\n",
+ "IC : 2.0 mA.\n",
+ "VCE : 14.0 V.\n",
+ "VE : 2.0 V.\n",
+ "VB : 2.8 V.\n",
+ "VC : 16.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 50 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VC = VCC - RC*IC #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VE = VC - VCE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IB = 0.04 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = (1+beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VB = VCC - 430*10**3*IB #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\\nIC : \",IC*10**3,\"mA.\\nVCE : \",VCE,\"V.\\nVE : \",VE,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVC : \",VC,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.20 , Page Number 246 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 52,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Operating point will be ICQ : 2.23 mA , VCEQ : 8.85 V.\n",
+ "Stability factor : 7.35 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "R1 = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*(RE/(Rth + RE))) #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Operating point will be ICQ : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.21 , Page Number 247 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R1 : 81.54 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 26.5 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 200 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VCC = 9 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICQ = 3.75 * 10**-3 #Q-point Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEQ = 4.5 #Q-point collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = ICQ/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = (1 + beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE +IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.22 , Page Number 248 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 59,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Operating point , Q will be ICQ = 1.9 mA and VCEQ = 9.9 V.\n",
+ "Stability factor : 8.62 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 22.5 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 55 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 5.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "R1 = 90 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Vth = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth + RE)) #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Operating point , Q will be ICQ =\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA and VCEQ =\",VCE,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.23 , Page Number 248"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 69,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "beta : 153.4 .\n",
+ "VCC : 17.6842 V.\n",
+ "RB : 779.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RC = 2.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 0.68 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IB = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = 7.3 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VE = 2.1 #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = IE/IB - 1 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VCC = beta*IB*RC + VCE + IE*RE #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = (VCC - VE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"beta : \",round(beta,1),\".\\nVCC : \",round(VCC,4),\"V.\\nRB : \",round(RB*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.24 , Page Number 249"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R1 : 45.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 9.14 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta=hfe = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = .6 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "S = 8 #Stability factor\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Rth = RE*(beta*S/(1+beta-S) -1) #Thevenin's resistance(in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = (Vth*R1)/(VCC-Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.25 , Page Number 249"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VCEQ : 3.2 V.\n",
+ "ICQ : 1.8 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VA = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage at A (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEQ = VCC - IE*RE #Q-point VCE (in volts)\n",
+ "ICQ = IE #Q-point IC (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VCEQ : \",VCEQ,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"ICQ : \",ICQ * 10**3,\"mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.26 , Page Number 250"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VCEQ : 9.74 V.\n",
+ "ICQ : 1.13 mA.\n",
+ "IB : 11.3 micro-A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 100 #current gain in CE \n",
+ "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = 15.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 2.7 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VA = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Potential at A (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VCEQ = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q (in volts)\n",
+ "ICQ = IE #IC at Q (in volts)\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VCEQ : \",round(VCEQ,2),\"V.\\nICQ : \",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.27 , Page Number 250"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Operation point : ICQ = 1.955 mA , VCQ = 6.224 V.\n",
+ "Stability factor : 7.54 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 56.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = 0.3 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VB = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IC = (VB - VBE)/RE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Rth = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "S = (1 + beta)*(1 + Rth/RE)/(1 + beta + Rth/RE) #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Operation point : ICQ = \",round(IC*10**3,3),\"mA , VCQ = \",round(VCE,3),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.28 , Page Number 251"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "0.002 8.95e-05 0.0018795 3192.33838787 20000.0 8.49\n",
+ "R1 : 47.1 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 34.75 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RL = 4.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCE = 6.0 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta=hfe = 20 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "ICO = 10 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (IC - (1 + beta)*ICO)/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB + (1 + beta)*ICO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RE = (VCC - IC*RL - VCE)/IE #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.29 , Page Number 252"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Following is the graph: \n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x637cf70>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x5e39390>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 100\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ICQ = 1.07 #Collector current at Q-point (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCQ = 5.067 #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Following is the graph: \"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,5.07,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,1.07/2,100)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,5.067/2,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,1.07-1.07/5.07*x,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x1,1.07/2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(5.067/2+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(5.067/2,1.07/2))\n",
+ "xlim(0,6)\n",
+ "ylim(0,1.1)\n",
+ "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.30 , Page Number 253"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of RB : 61.43 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 50 #current gain in CE \n",
+ "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VCC - VBE)/(beta*RC + RB) #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE1 = 5 #New collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IC1 = (VCC - VCE1)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB1 = IC1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RB1 = (VCC - VBE - beta*IB1*RC)/IB1 #Base resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of RB :\",round(RB1*10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.31 , Page Number 254"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "0.016 0.0158415841584 0.000158415841584\n",
+ "Value of collector to base resistance : 25.25 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Stability factor : 21.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 20.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCEQ = 4 #VCE at Q-point (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I1C = (VCC - VCEQ)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = I1C/(1+1/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = I1C - IC #base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RB = (VCEQ + VBE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RB + RC)) #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of collector to base resistance :\",RB*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor :\",S,\".\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.32 , Page Number 254"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ICQ : 2.475 mA , VCEQ : 4.95 V.\n",
+ "Stability factor : 25.75 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 50 #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 100 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*RC) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICQ = IC #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RC + RB)) #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"ICQ : \",round(ICQ * 10**3,3),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.33 , Page Number 255"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum collector current : 3.66 mA.\n",
+ "Minimum collector current : 2.13 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "betamax = 180 #Current gain max. in CE\n",
+ "betamin = 60 #Current gain min. in CE\n",
+ "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 2.5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#IC = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/beta + RB/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICmax = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamax + RB/betamax) #Max. collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICmin = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamin + RB/betamin) #Min. collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum collector current : \",round(ICmax*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Minimum collector current : \",round(ICmin*10**3,2),\"mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.34 , Page Number 256"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 90 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VCC = 18 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 510.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 1.8 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*(RC+RE)) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC -IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.35 , Page Number 257"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Old ICQ : 1.06 mA and new ICQ : 1.2 mA.\n",
+ "Old VCEQ : 3.65 V and new VCEQ : 2.85 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 90.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 1.2 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta1 = 135 #New current gain in CE\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta + 1) + RB/beta)#Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICQ = IC #Collector current at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCEQ = VCE #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n",
+ "ICQ1 = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta1 + 1) + RB/beta1) #Collector current1 at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB1 = ICQ1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VCEQ1 = VCC - (ICQ1 + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Old ICQ :\",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA and new ICQ :\",round(ICQ1*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Old VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ,2),\"V and new VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ1,2),\"V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.36 , Page Number 258"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 60,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Vo : 13.9 V.\n",
+ "RF : 110.91 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IE = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = 99 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = 17.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (IE)/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IR1 = (VBE + IE*RE)/R1 #Current through R1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IRF = IR1 + IB #Current through RF (in Ampere)\n",
+ "I1C = IC + IRF #Current through RC (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vo = VCC - I1C*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RF = (Vo - VBE - IE*RE)/IRF #Resistance RF (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Vo : \",round(Vo,1),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"RF : \",round(RF*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation error in book for value of RF."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.37 , Page Number 258"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 65,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R : 106.9 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 24 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 270.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "beta = 45 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = (VCC - VCE )/(RC + RE) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IE/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RB = (VCC - VBE - IE*(RE + RC))/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R : \",round(RB*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.38 , Page Number 259"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 71,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Rth : 9989.0 ohm.\n",
+ "IB : 20.0 micro-A.\n",
+ "IE : 2.0 mA.\n",
+ "Vth : 2.9 V.\n",
+ "R1 : 68.4 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 11.7 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "S = 10 #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Rth = beta*S*RE/(1 + beta - S) - RE #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth),\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",round(IB*10**6),\"micro-A.\"\n",
+ "print \"IE : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,1),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variations due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.39 , Page Number 266"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 94,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x858b350>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 94,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x8721e70>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 4.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCEcutoff = VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = VCC/(RC + RE) #Collector current(in Ampere) \n",
+ "VE = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICQ = IE #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEQ = VCC - ICQ*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Rac = RC*RL/(RC + RL) #AC resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "ICsat = ICQ + VCEQ/Rac #IC saturation (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEoff = VCEQ + ICQ*Rac #VCE cut-off for ac load line (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n",
+ "x2 = numpy.linspace(0,14.8,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,4-4/20.0*x,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x2,6.17-6.17/14.8*x2,'r')\n",
+ "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "annotate('Q',xy=(10,2.2))\n",
+ "annotate('DC load line',xy=(14,1.3))\n",
+ "annotate('AC load line',xy=(5.5,4))\n",
+ "xlim(0,20)\n",
+ "ylim(0,7)\n",
+ "title(\"DC and AC Load lines\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.40 , Page Number 268"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 95,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Input resistance : 1.667 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Current gain : 80.0 .\n",
+ "AC load : 4.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Voltage gain : 192.0 .\n",
+ "Power gain : 15360.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dVBE = 0.025 #Change in VBE (in volts)\n",
+ "dIB = 15.0 * 10**-6 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "dIC = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RC = 6.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rin = dVBE/dIB #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = dIC/dIB #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "Rac = RC*RL/(RC+RL) #AC load (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = beta*Rac/Rin #Voltage gain \n",
+ "Ap = beta*beta*Rac/Rin #Power gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Input resistance : \",round(Rin*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Current gain : \",beta,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"AC load : \",Rac*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
|