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-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter1.ipynb111
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb934
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb844
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb196
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb394
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb81
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb1099
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb878
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb1355
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb1078
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb2175
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb1134
-rw-r--r--Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb122
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-rw-r--r--sample_notebooks/PRAVEENKUMAR C/STATICS_CHAPTER_1.ipynb116
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diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter1.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter1.ipynb
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 1 , Introductory Concepts"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.4 , Page Number 23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Equivalent voltage source is 100.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IS = 4.0 #Current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Rin = 25.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Voc = IS * Rin #Voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Equivalent voltage source is \",Voc,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.5 , Page Number 23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current in 28 ohm resistor is 2.0 A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 4.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 8.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 28.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "V1 = 40.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V2 = 40.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rnet = R1 + R2 + RS #Net resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vnet = V1 + V2 #Net voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "I = Vnet / Rnet #Current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current in 28 ohm resistor is \",I,\" A.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb
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index 00000000..ff782990
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+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,934 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 10 , Field Effect Transistors"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.1 , Page Number 344"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Gate-to-source resistance : 100.0 Mega-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGS = 10.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IG = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Gate current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RGS = VGS/IG #Gate-to-source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Gate-to-source resistance : \",RGS*10**-6,\"Mega-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.2 , Page Number 344"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "AC drain resistance of the JFET : 12.5 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dVDS = 1.5 #Change in drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "dID = 120.0 * 10**-6 #Change in drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rd = dVDS/dID #AC drain resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"AC drain resistance of the JFET : \",rd*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.3 , Page Number 344"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Transconductance : 2000.0 micro-siemens.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dID = 0.3 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "dVGS = 0.15 #Changein gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = dID/dVGS #Transconductance (in siemen) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Transconductance : \",gm*10**6,\"micro-siemens.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.4 , Page Number 345"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "AC drain resistance : 35.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Transconductance : 2.8 mA/V.\n",
+ "Amplification factor : 98.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dVDS = 7.0 #Change in drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "dID1 = 0.2 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "dID2 = -0.7 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current2 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "dVGS = -0.25 #Changein gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rd = dVDS/dID1 #AC drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "gm = dID2/dVGS #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "u = rd*gm #Amplification factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"AC drain resistance : \",rd*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Transconductance : \",gm*10**3,\"mA/V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Amplification factor : \",u,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.5 , Page Number 345"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Transconductance : 2.22 mA/V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vp = -4.5 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IDS = 2.5 * 10**-3 #Drain-source voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGS = Vp*(1-(IDS/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "gm = -2*IDSS/Vp*(1- VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Transconductance : \",round(gm*10**3,2),\"mA/V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.6 , Page Number 345"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VGSoff : -2.0 mV.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
+ "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGSoff = (-2*IDSS)/gm #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VGSoff : \",VGSoff*10**3,\"mV.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.7 , Page Number 345"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Minimum value of VDS : -4.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS = -2.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VDSmin = Vp #Minimum drain-source voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Minimum value of VDS : \",VDSmin,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.8 , Page Number 346"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ID : 3.8667 mA.\n",
+ "gmo : 5.8 mS.\n",
+ "gm : 3.867 mS.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IDSS = 8.7 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vp = -3.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS = -1.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "gmo = -2*IDSS/Vp #Transconductance for VGS = 0 (in Ampere per volt) \n",
+ "gm = gmo*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"ID : \",round(ID*10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"gmo : \",round(gmo*10**3,1),\"mS.\"\n",
+ "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,3),\"mS.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.9 , Page Number 346"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ID : 2.1 mA.\n",
+ "gmo : 5.6 mS.\n",
+ "gm : 2.8 mS.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IDSS = 8.4 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vp = -3.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS = -1.5 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "gmo = -2*IDSS/Vp #Transconductance for VGS = 0 (in Ampere per volt) \n",
+ "gm = gmo*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"ID : \",round(ID*10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"gmo : \",round(gmo*10**3,1),\"mS.\"\n",
+ "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,3),\"mS.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.10 , Page Number 346"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VGS : -1.902 V.\n",
+ "gm : 2.31 mS.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vp = -4.5 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IDSS = 9.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IDS = 3.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGS = Vp*(1-(IDS/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "gm = -2*IDSS/Vp*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VGS : \",round(VGS,3),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,2),\"mS.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.11 , Page Number 349"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Drain-source voltage : 6.2 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGG = 1.5 #Gate supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VDD = 15.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RD = 1.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RG = 2.0 * 10**6 #Gate resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IDSS = 15.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VS = 0.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGS = -VGG #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VD = VDD - ID*RD #Drain voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VDS = VD - VS #Drain-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Drain-source voltage : \",round(VDS,1),\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.12 , Page Number 349"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ID = 3.0 mA.\n",
+ "VDS = -7.5 V.\n",
+ "VD = -7.5 V.\n",
+ "VG = -3.0 V.\n",
+ "VS = 0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGS = VGG = -3.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IDSS = 12.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vp = -6.0 #pinch-off voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VDD = 3.0 #Drain voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "RD = 3.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VDS = VDD - ID*RD #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VD = VDS #Drain voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VG = VGG #Gate voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VS = 0 #Source voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"ID = \",ID*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"VDS = \",VDS,\"V.\" \n",
+ "print \"VD = \",VD,\"V.\" \n",
+ "print \"VG = \",VG,\"V.\" \n",
+ "print \"VS = \",VS,\"V.\" \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation error in the value of VDS and VD in the book."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.13 , Page Number 350"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Drain-source voltage : 18.2 V.\n",
+ "Gate-source voltage : -0.8 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VDD = 25.0 #Drain Supply (in volts)\n",
+ "RD = 3.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 400.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "ID = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VDS = VDD - ID*(RD + RS) #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS = -ID*RS #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Drain-source voltage : \",VDS,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Gate-source voltage : \",VGS,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.14 , Page Number 350"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 46,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "RS : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VDD = 25.0 #Drain voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RG1 = 1.2 * 10**6 #Gate1 resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RG2 = 0.6 * 10**6 #Gate2 resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "ID = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VDS = 8.0 #Drain-source voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGS = Vp*(1 - (ID/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VG = VDD*RG2/(RG1 + RG2) #Gate voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RS = (VG - VGS)/ID #Source voltage (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"RS : \",round(RS*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.15 , Page Number 350"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 52,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Drain current at operating point : 4.46 mA.\n",
+ "Since , value of ID at operating point is almost equal to previously computed value of Id. Therefore , FET is operated in pinch-off region.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vp = -2.0 #pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IDSS = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RL = 910.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RF = 2.29 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 12.0 * 10**6 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 8.57 * 10**6 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "VDD = 24.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VG = VDD*R2/(R1 + R2) #Gate voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ID = 4.46 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VGS = VG - ID*RF #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ID1 = (VG - VGS)/RF #Drain current at operating point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Drain current at operating point : \",round(ID1*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Since , value of ID at operating point is almost equal to previously computed value of Id. Therefore , FET is operated in pinch-off region.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.16 , Page Number 353"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain : -30.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = 2500.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
+ "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "A = -gm*RL #Voltage gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain : \",A,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.17 , Page Number 353"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 57,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VOltage gain : -59.9 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = 4000.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
+ "RL = 15.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RD = 10.0 * 10**6 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "A = -gm*RD*RL/(RD + RL) #Voltage gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VOltage gain : \",round(A,1),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.18 , Page Number 353"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 62,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "RD : 5.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "RS : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Av : -20.0 .\n",
+ "Rin : 500.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Rout : 4.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGS = -1.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VDS = 4.0 #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IDS = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "gm = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
+ "RDS = 20.0 * 10**3 #Drain-source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RG = 500.0 * 10**3 #Gate resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "VDD = 10.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RS = abs(VGS/IDS) #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RD = (VDD - VDS)/IDS - RS #Drain resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Av = -gm*(RD*RDS/(RD + RDS)) #Voltage gain\n",
+ "Rin = RG #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Rout = RD*RDS/(RD + RDS) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"RD : \",RD*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"RS : \",RS*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Av : \",Av,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Rin : \",Rin*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Rout : \",Rout*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.19 , Page Number 355"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Input impedance : 1.33 Mega-ohm.\n",
+ "Output impedance : 345.0 ohm.\n",
+ "Voltage gain : 0.85 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = 25.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 2.5 * 10**3 #Source Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 4.0 * 10**6 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 2.0 * 10**6 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "gm = 2500.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Zin = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Zout = RS*1/gm/(RS + 1/gm) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = gm*RS*RL/(RS + RL)/(1 + gm*(RS*RL)/(RS + RL)) #Voltage gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin*10**-6,2),\"Mega-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Output impedance : \",round(Zout),\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.20 , Page Number 369"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 69,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Drain current : 1.25 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IDon = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in on state (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VGS = 8.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGST = 4.0 #Gate-source T voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS1 = 6.0 #Gate-source voltage1 (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "K = IDon/(VGS - VGST)**2 #K (in Ampere per volt-square) \n",
+ "ID = K*(VGS1 - VGST)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Drain current : \",round(ID*10**3,2),\"mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 10.21 , Page Number 369"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 83,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VGS : 6.0 V.\n",
+ "ID : 0.001 A.\n",
+ "VDS : 9.0 V.\n",
+ "Av : 12.0 .\n",
+ "Vout : 0.96 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IDon = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in on state (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VGS = 8.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGST = 4.0 #Gate-source T voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "gm = 2000.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
+ "VDD = 15.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RD = 6.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RD2 = 40.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RD1 = 60.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGS = VDD/(RD1 + RD2)*RD2 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "K = IDon/4**2 #K (in Ampere per volt-square)\n",
+ "ID = K*(VGS - VGST)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VDS = VDD - ID*RD #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Av = gm*RD #Voltage gain\n",
+ "Vout = Av*0.08 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VGS : \",VGS,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"ID : \",ID,\"A.\"\n",
+ "print \"VDS : \",abs(VDS),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Av : \",Av,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Vout : \",Vout,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..273bc5aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,844 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 13 , Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.1 , Page Number 481"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "CMRR : 80.0 db.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ad = 100.0 #Differential mode gain\n",
+ "Acm = 0.01 #Common-mode gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "CMRR = Ad/Acm #CMRR\n",
+ "CMRR1 = 20*math.log10(CMRR) #CMRR (in db)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"CMRR : \",CMRR1,\"db.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.2 , Page Number 481"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Common mode gain : 10.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ad = 1.0 * 10**5 #Differential mode gain\n",
+ "CMRR = 1.0 * 10**4 #CMRR\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Acm = Ad/CMRR #Common-mode gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Common mode gain : \",Acm,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.3 , Page Number 482"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage : 2.537125 V.\n",
+ "Percentage error : 1.4633 %.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V1 = 745.0 * 10**-6 #Input voltage1 (in volts)\n",
+ "V2 = 740.0 * 10**-6 #Input voltage2 (in volts)\n",
+ "Vcm = (V1 + V2)/2 #Commonn mode signal (in volts)\n",
+ "Vd = V1 - V2 #Differential voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Ad = 5 * 10**5 #Differential voltage gain\n",
+ "CMRR = 1.0 * 10**4 #CMRR\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vout = Ad*Vd*(1 + 1/CMRR*Vcm/Vd) #output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "error = Vout - Ad*Vd #Error voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Percerror = error/Vout*100 #Percentage error\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage :\",round(Vout,6),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Percentage error : \",round(Percerror,4),\"%.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.4 , Page Number 483"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage : + (or) - 5.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "A = 200000.0 #Open loop voltage gain\n",
+ "Vd = 25.0 * 10**-6 #Input differential voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vout = A*Vd #output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage : + (or) - \",Vout,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.5 , Page Number 486"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Rf : 27.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Af = 10.0 #Voltage gain\n",
+ "R1 = 3.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rf = (Af - 1)*R1 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Rf : \",Rf*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.6 , Page Number 486"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum closed loop voltage gain 51.0 .\n",
+ "Minimum closed loop voltage gain 1.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Rfmin = 0.0 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Rfmax = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Afmin = 1 + Rfmin/R1 #Minimum voltage gain\n",
+ "Afmax = 1 + Rfmax/R1 #Maximum voltage gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum closed loop voltage gain\",Afmax,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Minimum closed loop voltage gain\",Afmin,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.7 , Page Number 488"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain : -100.0 .\n",
+ "Input resistance : 5.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Output resistance : 0 ohm.\n",
+ "Output voltage : -10.0 V.\n",
+ "Input current : 0.02 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Rf = 500.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vin = 0.1 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Af = -Rf/R1 #Voltage gain\n",
+ "Rin = R1 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Rout = 0 #Output resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vout = Af*Vin #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Iin = Vin/R1 #Input current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain : \",Af,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Input resistance : \",Rin*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Output resistance : \",Rout,\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Input current : \",Iin*10**3,\"mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.8 , Page Number 488"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "O/P voltage when switch is open : -2.0 V.\n",
+ "O/P voltage when switch is closed : -2.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rf = 2.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance when S is open (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vin = 1.0 #Input voltage when S is open (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = R3 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vout = -Vin*Rf/R1 #Output voltage when S is open (in volts)\n",
+ "Af = -(R3 + R2)/R1 #gain\n",
+ "Vout1 = Af*Vin #Output voltage when S is closed (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"O/P voltage when switch is open : \",Vout,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"O/P voltage when switch is closed : \",Vout1,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.9 , Page Number 489"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain : -1.0 .\n",
+ "Current gain : 1 .\n",
+ "Power gain : 1.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rf = 1.0 * 10**6 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Ri = 1.0 * 10**6 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vi = 1 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo = -Rf/Ri*Vi #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Av = Vo/Vi #Voltage gain \n",
+ "Ai = 1 #Current gain\n",
+ "Ap = abs(Av*Ai) #Power gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Current gain : \",Ai,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.13 , Page Number 492"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Amplifier gain when S is open : 1.0 .\n",
+ "Amplifier gain when S is closed : -2.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rf = 20.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Aoffnoninv = 1 + Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S open and non inverted\n",
+ "Aoffinv = -Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S open and inverted\n",
+ "Aoff = Aoffinv + Aoffnoninv #Amplifier gain when S open\n",
+ "Aon = -Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S is closed \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Amplifier gain when S is open : \",Aoff,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Amplifier gain when S is closed : \",Aon,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.14 , Page Number 494"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R1 : 100.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R3 : 10.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R3 : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rf = 100.0 #Feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = Rf #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = Rf/10 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R3 = Rf/100 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R2,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.15 , Page Number 494"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage : 13.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rf = 12.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 12.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R3 = 3.0 * 10**3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vi1 = 9.0 #Input voltage1 (in volts)\n",
+ "Vi2 = -3.0 #Input voltage2 (in volts)\n",
+ "Vi3 = -1.0 #Input voltage3 (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vout = -Rf*(Vi1/R1 + Vi2/R2 + Vi3/R3) #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.16 , Page Number 495"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 23,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R1 : 6.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R3 : 3.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R3 : 2.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rf = 6.0 #Feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = Rf #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = Rf/2 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R3 = Rf/3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R2,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.17 , Page Number 495"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Rf : 40.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 13.33 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R1 : 20.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R3 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rf = 4*R3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = Rf/3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = Rf/2 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Rf : \",Rf,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2,2),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.18 , Page Number 495"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage : 1.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V1 = 2.0 #Voltage1 (in volts)\n",
+ "V2 = -1.0 #Voltage2 (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vs1 = V1*(1.0/2/(1+1.0/2)) #I/P at non-inverting I/P terminal (in volts)\n",
+ "V1o = Vs1*(1 + 2/1) #O/P voltage1 (in volts)\n",
+ "Vs2 = V2*(1.0/2/(1+1.0/2)) #I/P voltage2 (in volts)\n",
+ "V2o = Vs2*(1 + 2/1) #O/P voltage2 (in volts)\n",
+ "Vout = V1o + V2o #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.19 , Page Number 496"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 27,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Feedback resistor : 100.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rf = 10*R #feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Feedback resistor : \",Rf,\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.20 , Page Number 498"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "-10.0\n",
+ "Output voltage : 0.0113(cos(4000*t)-1) mV.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "C = 2.0 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n",
+ "R = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "scale_factor = -1/(C*R) #Scale factor (in second)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage : 0.0113(cos(4000*t)-1) mV.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.21 , Page Number 499"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage : 13.56*cos(4000*math.pi*t).\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "C = 2.0 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n",
+ "R = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "f = 2.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n",
+ "Vpeak = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "scale_factor = (C*R) #Scale factor (in second)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage : 13.56*cos(4000*math.pi*t).\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.22 , Page Number 505"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Input bias current : 8.75 micro-Ampere.\n",
+ "Input offset current : 2.5 micro-Ampere.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB1 = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB2 = 7.5 * 10**-6 #Base current2 (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Iinbias = (IB1 + IB2)/2 #Input bias current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Iinoffset = IB1 - IB2 #Input offset current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Input bias current : \",round(Iinbias*10**6,2),\"micro-Ampere.\"\n",
+ "print \"Input offset current : \",round(Iinoffset*10**6,2),\"micro-Ampere.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 13.23 , Page Number 505"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Slew rate : 5.0 V/micro-second.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dVout = 20.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "dt = 4.0 #time (in micro-seconds) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "SR = dVout/dt #Slew rate (in volt per micro-second)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Slew rate : \",SR,\" V/micro-second.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1196f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 14 , Electronics Instruments"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 14.1 , Page Number 516"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of shunt resistance required for the instrument : 0.0500025 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im = 50.0 * 10**-6 #Full scale deflection current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "Rm = 1.0 * 10**3 #Instrument resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "I = 1.0 #Total current to be measured (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RS = Rm/(1/Im - 1) #Resistance of ammeter shunt required (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of shunt resistance required for the instrument : \",round(RS,7),\"ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 14.2 , Page Number 518"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Required series resistance 99900.0 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Full scale deflection current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "Rm = 1.0 * 10**2 #Instrument resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "V = 100.0 #Voltage to be measured (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R = V/Im - Rm #Required series resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Required series resistance \",R,\"ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 14.3 , Page Number 528"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Resolution for full scale of range 1 V : 0.001 V.\n",
+ "Resolution for full scale of range 10 V : 0.01 V.\n",
+ "Total possible error : 0.015 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "num = 3.0 #Number of full digits on display\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R = 1/10**num #Resolution\n",
+ "V1 = 1 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 1 V (in volts) \n",
+ "V10 = 10 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 10 V (in volts)\n",
+ "dig = 5.0 * 1/10**3 #Least significant digit\n",
+ "toterror = 0.5/100 * 2 + dig #total possible error (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Resolution for full scale of range 1 V :\",V1,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Resolution for full scale of range 10 V : \",V10,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Total possible error : \",round(toterror,3),\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 14.4 , Page Number 528"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Resolution of 1 V range is 0.0001 V.\n",
+ "Any reading upto 4th decimal can be displayed.\n",
+ "Hence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.5243.\n",
+ "Resolution of 10 V range is 0.001 V.\n",
+ "Any reading upto 3rd decimal can be displayed.\n",
+ "Hence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.524 instead of 0.5243.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "num = 4.0 #Number of full digits on display\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R = 1/10**num #Resolution\n",
+ "V1 = 1 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 1 V (in volts) \n",
+ "V10 = 10 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 10 V (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Resolution of 1 V range is \",V1,\"V.\\nAny reading upto 4th decimal can be displayed.\\nHence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.5243.\"\n",
+ "print \"Resolution of 10 V range is \",V10,\"V.\\nAny reading upto 3rd decimal can be displayed.\\nHence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.524 instead of 0.5243.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..242a7d17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 15 , Cathode Ray Oscilloscope"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 15.1 , Page Number 537"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Deflection sensitivity : 0.167 mm/V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "l = 25.0 * 10**-3 #Length of plates (in meter)\n",
+ "d = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Distance between plates (in meter)\n",
+ "S = 0.20 #Distance between screen and centre of plates (in meter) \n",
+ "Va = 3000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "tracelen = 0.1 #Trace length (in meter)\n",
+ "y = tracelen/2 #vertical distance (in meter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vd = 2*d*Va*y/(l*S) #Deflecting voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vrms = Vd/2**0.5 #RMS value of voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "defsen = l*S/(2*d*Va) #Deflection sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Deflection sensitivity : \",round(defsen * 10**3,3),\"mm/V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 15.2 , Page Number 537"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum velocity of electrons : 18.75 e+6 m/s.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Va = 1000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "m = 9.1 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "v = (2*Va*e/m)**0.5 #Maximum velocity of electrons (in meter per second) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum velocity of electrons : \",round(v*10**-6,2),\"e+6 m/s.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 15.3 , Page Number 538"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Applied voltage : 100.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "defsen = 0.05 * 10**-3 #Deflection Sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n",
+ "spotdef = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Deflection factor (in volt per meter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V = spotdef/defsen #Applied voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Applied voltage : \",V,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 15.4 , Page Number 538"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Deflection sensitivity : 0.1667 mm/V.\n",
+ "Deflection factor : 6.0 V/mm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "l = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Length of plates (in meter)\n",
+ "d = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Distance between plates (in meter)\n",
+ "S = 0.25 #Distance between screen and centre of plates (in meter) \n",
+ "Va = 3000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "defsen = l*S/(2*d*Va) #Deflection Sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n",
+ "deffact = 1/defsen #Deflection factor (in volt per meter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Deflection sensitivity : \",round(defsen*10**3,4),\"mm/V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Deflection factor : \",deffact*10**-3,\"V/mm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 15.6 , Page Number 549"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ratio of freqency of vertical and horizontal signals : 1.5 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "tangv = 3.0 #Positive of Y - peak to vertical line\n",
+ "tangh = 2.0 #Positive of X - peak to horizontal line \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ratio = tangv/tangh #Ratio of freq. of vertical and horizontal signals \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Ratio of freqency of vertical and horizontal signals : \",ratio,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 15.7 , Page Number 549"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency of vertical input : 7500.0 Hz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "fx = 3.0 * 10**3 #Frequency of horizontal input (in Hertz)\n",
+ "tangv = 2.5 #Positive of Y - peak to vertical line\n",
+ "tangh = 1.0 #Positive of X - peak to horizontal line \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "fy = fx*tangv/tangh #Frequency of vertical input (in Hertz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Frequency of vertical input : \",fy,\"Hz.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 15.8 , Page Number 549"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency of vertical input : 2500.0 Hz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "fx = 1000.0 #Frequency of horizontal input (in Hertz)\n",
+ "tangv = 2.0 #Points of tangency to vertical line\n",
+ "tangh = 5.0 #Points of tangency to horizontal line \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "fy = fx*tangh/tangv #Frequency of vertical input (in Hertz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Frequency of vertical input : \",fy,\"Hz.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 15.9 , Page Number 549"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Mark to Space ratio : 0.25 .\n",
+ "Pulse frequency : 50.0 kHz.\n",
+ "Magnitude of pulse voltage : 0.43 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "div = 1.0 #One division = one cm (in cm)\n",
+ "mark = 0.4 #One mark (in cm)\n",
+ "space = 1.6 #One space (in cm)\n",
+ "Amp = 2.15 #Amplitude \n",
+ "Ampctrl = 0.2 #Signal amplitude control (in volt per division) \n",
+ "tbctrlset = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Time based control setting (in seconds)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "MtoS = mark/space #Mark to space ratio\n",
+ "T = (space + mark)*tbctrlset #Pulse time period (in seconds)\n",
+ "f = 1/T #Pulse frequency (in Hertz)\n",
+ "Vp = Amp * Ampctrl #Magnitude of pulse voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Mark to Space ratio : \",round(MtoS,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Pulse frequency : \",(f*10**-3),\"kHz.\"\n",
+ "print \"Magnitude of pulse voltage : \",Vp,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 15.10 , Page Number 550"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "RMS value of ac voltage : 17.678 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "L = 10 #Length of trace (in cm)\n",
+ "S = 5 #Deflection sensitivty (in volt per cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vpktopk = L*S #Voltage peak-to-peak (in volts)\n",
+ "Vpeak = Vpktopk/2 #Peak value of voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vrms = Vpeak/2**0.5 #RMS of peak value (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"RMS value of ac voltage : \",round(Vrms,3),\"V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variations due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45a48172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 2 , Energy Levels and Electron Emission"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 2.1 , Page Number 33 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Emission current is 0.0166 A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "phi = 3.4 #Voltage (in electron-volt)\n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "A = 6.0 * 10**4 #Emission constant (in Ampere per meter-square per kelvin-square)\n",
+ "T = 2000.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
+ "l = 40.0 * 10**-3 #Length (in meter)\n",
+ "D = 0.2 * 10**-3 #Diameter (in meter)\n",
+ "k = 1.38 * 10**-23 #Boltzmann constant (in meter-square kilogram per second-square per kelvin)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "b = phi * e /k #Constant \n",
+ "Js = A*T**2*math.exp(-b/T) #Emission current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n",
+ "S = math.pi * D * l #Emitting surface (in meter-square)\n",
+ "I = Js * S #Emission current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Emission current is \",round(I,4),\" A.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..170ae72b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,1099 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 3 , Semiconductor Physics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.1 , Page Number 54"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Velocity of electron at fermi level is 859007.52 m/s.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "m = 9.107 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram)\n",
+ "E = 2.1 #Energy associated (in electon-volt)\n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E = E * e #Energy associated (in Joules)\n",
+ "v = (2 * E / m)**0.5 #Velocity of electron (in meter per second)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Velocity of electron at fermi level is \",round(v,2),\" m/s.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.2 , Page Number 63 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Drift velocity is 0.0003 m/s.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "J = 2.4 * 10**6 #Current Density (in Ampere per meter-square) \n",
+ "n = 5.0 * 10**28 #Electron density \n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "v = J / (e * n) #Drift velocity (in meter per second) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Drift velocity is \",v,\" m/s.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.3 , Page Number 64"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Magnitude of current is 0.24 A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "n = 10**24 #Electron density \n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "v = 1.5 * 10**-2 #Drift velocity (in meter per second)\n",
+ "A = 1.0 * 10**-4 #Area of cross-section (in meter-square)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I = e * n * v * A #Current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Magnitude of current is \",I,\" A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.4 , Page Number 64"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Concentration of electrons is 4.44600943977e+16 /cm**3.\n",
+ "Concentration of holes is 14057550000.0 \\cm**3.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p = 0.039 #Resistivity of doped material (in ohm-centimeter)\n",
+ "e = 1.602 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "ue = 3600.0 #Carrier mobility (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sign = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-centimeter)\n",
+ "ND = sign /(e * ue) #Concentration of donor atoms (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "n = ND #Concentration of electron (per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "p = ni**2 / n #Concentration of hole (per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Concentration of electrons is \",n,\" /cm**3.\\nConcentration of holes is \",p,\" \\cm**3.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.5 , Page Number 64 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Resulting donor concentration is 50000000000000000 /cm**3.\n",
+ "Resulting mobile electron concentration is 50000000000000000 /cm**3.\n",
+ "Resulting hole concentration is 4205.0 /cm**3.\n",
+ "Conductivity of doped silicon sample is 10.413 (ohm-cm)**-1.\n",
+ "Resistivity is 0.096033803899 ohm-cm and Resistance is 1920.67607798 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "N = 5.0 * 10**22 #Number of silicon atoms (per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "N1 = 10**-6 #Donor impurity \n",
+ "ni = 1.45 * 10**10 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter) \n",
+ "l = 0.5 #Length (in centimeter)\n",
+ "A = (50.0 * 10**-4)**2 #Area of cross-section (in centimeter-square)\n",
+ "ue = 1300.0 #Mobility of electron (in ) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ND = 5 * 10**16 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "n = ND #Mobile electron concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "p = ni**2 / ND #Hole concentration (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "sig = n * e * ue #Conductivity of doped silicon sample (in per ohm-cetimeter)\n",
+ "p1 = 1/sig #Resistivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n",
+ "R = p1 * l / A #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Resulting donor concentration is \",ND,\" /cm**3.\\nResulting mobile electron concentration is \",n,\" /cm**3.\\nResulting hole concentration is \",p,\" /cm**3.\"\n",
+ "print \"Conductivity of doped silicon sample is \",sig,\" (ohm-cm)**-1.\\nResistivity is \",p1,\" ohm-cm and Resistance is \",R,\" ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.6 , Page Number 65 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ratio of electron to hole concentration is 1e+12 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ni = 1.4 * 10**18 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "ND = 1.4 * 10**24 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p = ni**2 / ND #Concentration of holes (in per cubic-centime) \n",
+ "ratio = n / p #Ratio of electron to hole concentration \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Ratio of electron to hole concentration is \",ratio,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.7 , Page Number 65"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Relaxation time is 4.004e-14 s.\n",
+ "Resistivity of conductor is 1.53066222571e-08 ohm-meter.\n",
+ "Velocity of electrons with fermi energy is 1390706.99073 m/s.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ef = 5.5 #Fermi energy (in electron-volt)\n",
+ "ue = 7.04 * 10**-3 #Mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "n = 5.8 * 10**28 #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "m = 9.1 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "tau = ue * m / e #Relaxation time (in seconds)\n",
+ "p = 1 / (n * e * ue) #Resistivity (in ohm-meter) \n",
+ "vf = (2 * Ef * e / m)**0.5 #Velocity of electron with fermi energy (in meter per second)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Relaxation time is \",tau,\" s.\\nResistivity of conductor is \",p,\"ohm-meter.\\nVelocity of electrons with fermi energy is \",vf,\" m/s.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.8 , Page Number 68"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Conductivity is 0.0224 (ohm-cm)**-1.\n",
+ "Resistivity is 44.64 ohm-cm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "uh = 1800.0 #Mobility of holes (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "ue = 3800.0 #Mobility of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity (in per ohm-centimeter)\n",
+ "pi = 1/sigi #Resistivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Conductivity is \",sigi,\" (ohm-cm)**-1.\\nResistivity is \",round(pi,2),\" ohm-cm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.9 , Page Number 68 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Density of electrons is 2.29273661042e+19 /m**3.\n",
+ "Drift velocity of electrons is 3900.0 m/s.\n",
+ "Drift velocity of holes is 1900.0 m/s.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "pi = 0.47 #intrinsic resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n",
+ "ue = 0.39 #Electron mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "uh = 0.19 #Hole mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "E = 10**4 #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sigi = 1 / pi #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n",
+ "ni = sigi/(e * (ue + uh)) #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
+ "vn = ue * E #Drift velocity of electrons (in meter per second)\n",
+ "vh = uh * E #Drift velocity of holes (in meter per second) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Density of electrons is \",ni,\" /m**3.\\nDrift velocity of electrons is \",vn,\" m/s.\\nDrift velocity of holes is \",vh,\" m/s.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.10 , Page Number 69 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is 4.2e-06 /ohm-cm.\n",
+ "Conductivity of P type silicon is 72.0 ohm-cm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ni = 1.5 * 10**10 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "uh = 450.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "ue = 1300.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "NA = 10**18 #Doping level (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity of silicon (in per ohm-centimeter)\n",
+ "sigp = e * NA * uh #COnductivity of P-type silicon (in per ohm-centimeter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is \",sigi,\" /ohm-cm.\\nConductivity of P type silicon is \",sigp,\" ohm-cm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.11 , Page Number 69 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor is 0.0224 /ohm-cm.\n",
+ "Conductivity of N-type semiconductor is 2.68 /ohm-cm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "uh = 1800.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "ue = 3800.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "ND = 4.41 * 10**22 * 10**-7 #Number of Germanium atoms (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sigi = ni * e * (uh + ue) #Intrinsic concentration (in per ohm-centimeter)\n",
+ "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "p = ni**2 / ND #Concentration of holes (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "sign = e * ND * ue #Conductivity of N-type germanium semiconductor (in per ohm-meter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor is \",sigi,\" /ohm-cm.\\nConductivity of N-type semiconductor is \",round(sign,2),\" /ohm-cm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.12 , Page Number 69"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Electron drift velocity is 152.0 m/s.\n",
+ "Holes drift velocity is 72.0 m/s.\n",
+ "Intrinsic conductivity of Ge is 2.24 /ohm-m.\n",
+ "Total current is 5.376 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V = 10.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "l = 0.025 #Length (in meter)\n",
+ "uh = 0.18 #mobility of holes (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "ue = 0.38 #mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "ni = 2.5 * 10**19 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-imeter)\n",
+ "a = 4.0 * 1.5 *10**-6 #Area of cross-section (in meter-square)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E = V / l #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n",
+ "ve = ue * E #Drift velocity of electrons (in meter per second)\n",
+ "vh = uh * E #Drift velocity of holes (in meter per second)\n",
+ "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor (in per ohm-meter)\n",
+ "I = sigi * E * a #Total current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Electron drift velocity is \",ve,\" m/s.\\nHoles drift velocity is \",vh,\" m/s.\\nIntrinsic conductivity of Ge is \",sigi,\" /ohm-m.\\nTotal current is \",I * 10**3,\" mA.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.13 , Page Number 70 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Diffusion constant of electron is 93.0 cm**2/s.\n",
+ "Diffusion constant of holes is 43.9875 cm**2/s.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "uh = 1700.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "ue = 3600.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "k = 1.38 * 10**-23 #Boltzmann constant (in Joule per kelvin)\n",
+ "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "De = ue * k * T / e #Diffusion constant of electrons (in centimeter-square per second)\n",
+ "Dh = uh * k * T / e #Diffusion constant of holes (in centimeter-square per second)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Diffusion constant of electron is \",round(De),\" cm**2/s.\\nDiffusion constant of holes is \",Dh,\" cm**2/s.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation in Dh due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.14 , Page Number 72"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Mobility of charge carriers is 4e-08 m**2/V-s.\n",
+ "Density of charge carriers is 1.73611111111e+22 /m**3.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p = 9.0 * 10**3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n",
+ "RH = 3.6 * 10**-4 #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n",
+ "P = 1/ RH #Charge density (in Coulomb per cubic meter)\n",
+ "n = P / e #Density of charge carriers (in per cubic-meter)\n",
+ "u = sig * RH #Mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Mobility of charge carriers is \",u,\" m**2/V-s.\\nDensity of charge carriers is \",n,\" /m**3.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.15 , Page Number 73"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The current density in the specimen is 2482.76 A/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E = 100.0 #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n",
+ "RH = 0.0145 #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb)\n",
+ "un = 0.36 #Mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "n = 1/(e * RH) #Concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
+ "J = n * e * un * E #Current density (in Ampere per cubic-meter) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The current density in the specimen is \",round(J,2),\" A/m**2\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.16 , Page Number 73"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hall coefficient is 0.00027 m**3/C.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p = 9.0 * 10**-3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "u = 0.03 #Mobility of carrier ion (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n",
+ "RH = u / sig #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Hall coefficient is \",RH,\" m**3/C.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.17 , Page Number 73"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Hall coefficient is 0.0003049 m**3/C.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p = 9.0 * 10**3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "n = 2.05 * 10**22 #Charge carrier density (in per cubic-meter) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RH = 1/(n * e) #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Hall coefficient is \",round(RH,7),\" m**3/C.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.18 , Page Number 73"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hall voltage is 76.0 mV.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ex = 5.0 * 10**2 #Applied Electric field (in volt per meter)\n",
+ "ue = 3800.0 * 10**-4 #Mobility of electron (in meter-square per volt-second) \n",
+ "Bz = 0.1 #Magnetic flux density (in Weber per meter-square) \n",
+ "d = 4.0 * 10**-3 #width (in meter) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "v = ue * Ex #Drift velocity (in meter per second)\n",
+ "VH = Bz * v * d #Hall voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Hall voltage is \",VH * 10**3,\" mV.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.19 , Page Number 74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Mobility of holes is 0.075 m**2/V-s.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p = 200.0 * 10 #Bar resistivity (in ohm-meter) \n",
+ "VH = 50.0 * 10**-3 #Hall voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "BZ = 0.1 #Magnetic flux density (in Weber per meter-square) \n",
+ "w = 3.0 * 10**-3 #width (in meter)\n",
+ "d = w #length (in meter)\n",
+ "I = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RH = VH * w / (BZ * I) #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb)\n",
+ "uh = RH / p #Mobility of holes (in meter-square per volt-second) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Mobility of holes is \",uh,\" m**2/V-s.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.20 , Page Number 74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 33,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hall voltage is 3.0 mV.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ND = 1.0 * 10**21 #Concentration of donor atoms (in per cubic-meter)\n",
+ "BZ = 0.2 #Magnetic field density (in Tesla)\n",
+ "J = 600.0 #Current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n",
+ "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-meter)\n",
+ "d = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Length (in meter) \n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VH = BZ * J * d / (n * e) #Hall voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Hall voltage is \",VH * 10**3,\" mV.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.21 , Page Number 82 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 37,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "New position of Fermi level is 0.328 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
+ "Ec_Ef = 0.3 #Energy level (in electron-volt) \n",
+ "T1 = 273 + 55 #New temperature (in kelvin)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "logencbyND = Ec_Ef/T #Value of loge(nc / ND)\n",
+ "Ec_Ef1 = T1 * logencbyND #New position of Fermi level (in electron-volt) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"New position of Fermi level is \",Ec_Ef1,\" eV\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Unit in the book should be eV instead of V."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.22 , Page Number 83"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Potential barrier is 0.19 eV.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ND = NA = 8.0 * 10**14 #Concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
+ "ni = 2.0 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
+ "k = 8.61 * 10**-5 #Boltzmann constant (in electron-volt per kelvin)\n",
+ "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo = k * T * math.log(ND * NA/ni**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Potential barrier is \",round(Vo,2),\" eV.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Unit in the book should be eV instead of V."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.23 , Page Number 83"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R1 is 250.0 ohm.\n",
+ "R2 is 40.0 ohm.\n",
+ "R3 is 10.0 Mega-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ID1 = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Diode current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VD1 = 0.5 #Diode voltage1 (in volts)\n",
+ "ID2 = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Diode current2 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VD2 = 0.8 #Diode voltage2 (in volts)\n",
+ "ID3 = -1.0 * 10**-6 #Diode current3 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VD3 = -10.0 #Diode voltage3 (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = VD1 / ID1 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = VD2 / ID2 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R3 = VD3 / ID3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 is \",R1,\" ohm.\\nR2 is \",R2,\" ohm.\\nR3 is \",R3 * 10**-6,\" Mega-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.24 , Page Number 83"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Fraction of the total number of electrons in the conduction band at 300 K is 8.85 e-7 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "k = 8.61 * 10**-5 #Boltzmann constant (in electron-volt per kelvin)\n",
+ "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
+ "EG = 0.72 #Energy band gap (in electron-volt) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "EF = 1.0/2 * EG #Fermi level (in electron-volt)\n",
+ "ncbyn = 1/(1 + math.exp((EG-EF)/(k*T))) #Ratio\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Fraction of the total number of electrons in the conduction band at 300 K is \",round(ncbyn*pow(10,7),2),\"e-7 .\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3.25 , Page Number 83"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Since electron concentration 5.32 e+16 is more than hole concentration 1.33 e+16 .Therefore , Si is of n-type.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ao = 4.83 * 10**21 #Constant\n",
+ "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
+ "EG = 1.1 #Energy level (in electron-volt)\n",
+ "kT = 0.026 #Product of k and T (in electron-volt)\n",
+ "ND = 5.0 * 10**15 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-meter) \n",
+ "NA = 2.0 * 10**16 #Acceptor concentration (in per cubic-meter) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ni = Ao * T**1.5 * math.exp(-EG/(2*kT)) #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
+ "h = ni**2 / NA #Hole concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
+ "n = ni**2 / ND #Electron concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Since electron concentration\",round(n*10**-16,2),\"e+16 is more than hole concentration \",round(h*10**-16,2),\"e+16 .Therefore , Si is of n-type.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variations due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a80267f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,878 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 4 , Junction Diode"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.1 , Page Number 103 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current flowing through Germanium diode is 15.0 micro-A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Io = 0.15 * 10**-6 #Peak reverse biased current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "V = 0.12 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VT = 26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt-equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I = Io * (math.exp(V/VT)-1) #Current flowing (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current flowing through Germanium diode is \",round(I * 10**6),\" micro-A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.2 , Page Number 103 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Forward Voltage = 0.43 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I = 10 * 10**-3 #Forward biased current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Io = 2.5 * 10**-6 #Peak reverse biased current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "nVT = 2*26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt-equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n",
+ "n = 2 #For Silicon\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V = nVT*math.log(I/Io + 1) #Forward Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Forward Voltage = \",round(V,2),\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.3 , Page Number 103 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Reverse saturation current density is 0.16 micro Ampere.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ND = 10**21 #Donor concentration (in per cubic meter)\n",
+ "NA = 10**22 #Acceptor concentration (in per cubic meter)\n",
+ "De = 3.4 * 10**-3 #Diffusion constant for electron (in meter square per second)\n",
+ "Dh = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Diffusion constant for holes (in meter square per second)\n",
+ "Le = 7.1 * 10**-4 #Diffusion length for electrons (in meter)\n",
+ "Lh = 3.5 * 10**-4 #Diffusion length for holes (in meter)\n",
+ "ni = 1.6 * 10**16 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
+ "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Io_by_A = (Dh/(Lh*ND) + De/(Le*NA))*e*ni**2 #Reverse saturation current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Reverse saturation current density is \",round(Io_by_A * 10**6,2),\"micro Ampere.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.4 , Page Number 107 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Dynamic resistance = 12.5 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I = 2 * 10**-3 #Forward current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VT = 25 * 10**-3 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in Volts)\n",
+ "n = 1 #eeta for the given semiconductor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "r = n*VT/I #Dynamic resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Dynamic resistance = \",r,\" ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.5 , Page Number 107 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "A.C. resistance = 11.86 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VT = 26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in Volts)\n",
+ "V = 200 * 10**-3 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Io = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "n = 1 #For Germanium\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "r = n*VT/(Io*math.exp(V/(n*VT)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"A.C. resistance = \",round(r,2),\"ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.6 , Page Number 108 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current flowing through the circuit is 0.043 A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n",
+ "V = 5 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R = 100 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I = (V-Vo)/R #Current flowing through circuit (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current flowing through the circuit is \",I,\"A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.7 , Page Number 109"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage drop across 7 ohm resistance is 13.6 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n",
+ "V = 15 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R = 7.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I = (V-2*Vo)/R #Current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VA = I * R #Voltage drop (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage drop across 7 ohm resistance is \",VA,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.8 , Page Number 109"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage drop = 14.7 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V = 15 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vo = 0.3 #Voltage across parallel connection (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VA = V - Vo #Voltage drop (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage drop = \",VA,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.9 , Page Number 110"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current flowing is 62.5 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x4deeef0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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lg7SXgySdKOnQ2r7PpU5BAVxySdi7AEKJaPZsLxE552qv1i0BSXOBbsCbZnZeWqLCWwK1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\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x4a3f310>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VS = 10.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RL = 160 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I = VS / RL #Current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current flowing is \",I * 10**3,\" mA.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,10)\n",
+ "plot(x,62.5 -62.5/10*x,'b')\n",
+ "title(\"VI Characteristics\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Diode Voltage , v in volts\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Diode Forward Current , I in A\")\n",
+ "annotate(\"Load Line\",xy=(5,35))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.11 , Page Number 120"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Temperature coefficient is -0.0533 %.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V25 = 5 #Initial voltage at 25 degree celsius (in volts)\n",
+ "V100 = 4.8 #Voltage at 100 degree celsius (in volts)\n",
+ "t1 = 25 #Temperature (in celsius)\n",
+ "t2 = 100 #Temperature (in celsius)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dVZ = V100 - V25 #Change in zener voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "dt = t2 - t1 #Change in temperature (in celsius)\n",
+ "tc = dVZ/(V25*dt) #Temperature coefficient\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Temperature coefficient is \",round(tc*100,4),\"%.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.12 , Page Number 123"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output Voltage = 8 V.\n",
+ "Voltage across Rs = 12 V.\n",
+ "Current through series resistance = 0 A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vs = 12 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vout = VZ = 8 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VRs = VS - Vout #Voltage across resistance in series (in volts)\n",
+ "RL = 10 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Rs = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IL = Vout/RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Is = (Vs-Vout)/Rs #Current through series resistance (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IZ = Is - IL #Current through zener diode (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output Voltage = \",Vout,\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage across Rs = \",Vs,\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Current through series resistance = \",IZ,\" A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.13 , Page Number 123"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum value of zener diode current is 9.0 mA.\n",
+ "Minimum value of zener diode current is 1.0 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vout = VZ = 50 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VSmax = 120 #Maximum voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n",
+ "VSmin = 80 #Minimum voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IL = Vout / RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ISmax = (VSmax - Vout)/RS #Maximum series current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IZmax = ISmax - IL #Maximum zener current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ISmin = (VSmin - Vout)/RS #Minumum series current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IZmin = ISmin - IL #Minimum zener current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum value of zener diode current is \",IZmax * 10**3,\" mA.\\nMinimum value of zener diode current is \",IZmin * 10**3,\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.14 , Page Number 123"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 46,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Series resistance is 192.3 ohm.\n",
+ "When the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6 + 10 i.e. 16 mA. Thus the current through the series resistance RS will remain unchanged as 6 + 20 i.e. 26 mA. Thus voltage drop in series resistance RS will remain constant. Consequently the output voltage (Vout = VS - IS*RS) will also remain constant.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IZK = 6 * 10**-3 #Minimum zener current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ILmax = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum load current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VS = 20 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vout = 15 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RS = (VS - Vout)/(IZK + ILmax) #Series resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Series resistance is \",round(RS,1),\" ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"When the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6 + 10 i.e. 16 mA. Thus the current through the series resistance RS will remain unchanged as 6 + 20 i.e. 26 mA. Thus voltage drop in series resistance RS will remain constant. Consequently the output voltage (Vout = VS - IS*RS) will also remain constant.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.15 , Page Number 124"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The output voltage is 50.0 V.\n",
+ "Voltage drop across RS is 70.0 V.\n",
+ "Current through zener is 9.0 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VL = VZ = 50.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VS = 120.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VRS = VS - VZ #Voltage across resistance in series (in volts)\n",
+ "IL = VL/RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IS = VRS / RS #Current through resistance in series (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IZ = IS - IL #Current through zener diode (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The output voltage is \",VL,\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage drop across RS is \",VRS,\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Current through zener is \",IZ * 10**3,\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.16 , Page Number 124"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 54,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VL = 8.73 V.\n",
+ "IZ = 0 A.\n",
+ "PZ = 0.0 W.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VS = 16.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RL = 1.2 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VL = VS * RL/(RS + RL) #Voltage across load (in volts)\n",
+ "IZ = 0 #Current through zener diode (in Ampere) \n",
+ "PZ = VZ*IZ #Power across zener diode (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VL = \",round(VL,2),\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"IZ = \",IZ,\" A.\"\n",
+ "print \"PZ = \",PZ,\" W.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.17 , Page Number 124"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 60,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VL1 = 15.0 V.\n",
+ "IL1 = 47.62 \n",
+ "IZ1 = 0 A.\n",
+ "IR1 = 47.62 A.\n",
+ "VL2 = 3.7 V.\n",
+ "IL2 = 74.07 A.\n",
+ "IZ2 = 0 A.\n",
+ "IR2 = 74.07 A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vin = 20 #input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RS = 220.0 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VZ = 10 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RL1 = 200 #Load resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL2 = 50 #Load resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "PZmax = 400 * 10**-3 #Power (in watt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VL1 = Vin*RL1/(RS + RL1) #Voltage across load1 (in volts)\n",
+ "IL1 =IR=Vin/(RS + RL1) #Load1 current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IZ1 = 0 #Zener current 1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VL2 = Vin*RL2/(RS + RL2) #Voltage across load2 (in volts)\n",
+ "IL2 =IR=Vin/(RS + RL2) #Load2 current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IZ2 = 0 #Zener current 2 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VL1 = \",round(V,2),\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"IL1 = \",round(IL1*10**3,2),\"\"\n",
+ "print \"IZ1 = \",IZ1,\" A.\"\n",
+ "print \"IR1 = \",round(IL1*10**3,2),\" A.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VL2 = \",round(VL2,1),\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"IL2 = \",round(IL2*10**3,2),\" A.\"\n",
+ "print \"IZ2 = \",IZ2,\" A.\"\n",
+ "print \"IR2 = \",round(IL2*10**3,2),\" A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.18 , Page Number 125"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 61,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage drop across 5 kilo-ohm resistor is 50 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VS = 100 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VL = VZ = 50 #Voltage across load (in volts)\n",
+ "V = 10.0/(10 + 5) #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VR = VS - VL #Voltage across resistance using KVL (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage drop across 5 kilo-ohm resistor is \",VR,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.19 , Page Number 125"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 68,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ri for minimum voltage is 25.0 ohm.\n",
+ "Ri for maximum voltage is 25.0 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V = 12 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R = 120 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VDCmin = 15 #Minimum dc voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VZ = 12 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VDCmax = 19.5 #Maximum dc voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IZmin = 20 * 10**-3 #Minimum current through zener (in Ampere) \n",
+ "IL = 100 * 10**-3 #Current through load (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IZmax = 200 * 10**-3 #Maximum current through zener (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VSmin = VDCmin - VZ #Minimum voltage across Ri (in volts)\n",
+ "VSmax = VDCmax - VZ #Maximum voltage across Ri (in volts)\n",
+ "ISmin = IZmin + IL #Minimum current through Ri (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Rimin = VSmin/ISmin #Resistance Ri1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "ISmax = IZmax + IL #Minimum current through Ri (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Rimax =VSmax/ISmax #Resistance Ri2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Ri for minimum voltage is \",Rimin,\" ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Ri for maximum voltage is \",Rimax,\" ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.20 , Page Number 126 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 78,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Range of RL : From 250.0 ohm to 1.25 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Range of IL : From 8.0 mA to 40.0 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vi = 50.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VZ = 10.0 #Voltage across zener (in volts)\n",
+ "IZmax = 32.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum current across zener (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IZmin = 0.0 #Minimum current across zener (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IR = (Vi - VZ)/R #Supply current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ILmax = IR - IZmin #Maximum load current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RLmin = VZ/ILmax #Minimum corresponding load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "ILmin = IR - IZmax #Minimum load current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "RLmax = VZ/ILmin #Maximum corresponding load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Range of RL : From \",RLmin,\"ohm to \",RLmax*10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Range of IL : From \",ILmin* 10**3,\" mA to \",ILmax*10**3,\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ce58f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 5 , Diode Applications - DC Power Supplies and Waveshaping Circuits "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.1 , Page Number 140"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Idc = 1.957 A.\n",
+ "Irms = 3.074 A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "VSrms = 10 #Supply voltage\n",
+ "VSmax = 10* 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RF = 0.3 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 2 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Peak value of current in load (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Idc = Imax/math.pi #DC ouput current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Irms = Imax/2 #RMS value of output current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Idc = \",round(Idc,3),\" A.\"\n",
+ "print \"Irms = \",round(Irms,3),\" A.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.2 , Page Number 141"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Imax = 148.156 mA.\n",
+ "Idc = 47.16 mA.\n",
+ "Irms = 74.078 mA.\n",
+ "PIV = 311.127 V.\n",
+ "Load output voltage = 94.32 V.\n",
+ "DC output power = 4.448 W.\n",
+ "AC input power = 11.524 W.\n",
+ "Ripple factor = 1.21 .\n",
+ "Transformer utilisation factor = 0.2724 .\n",
+ "Rectification efficiency = 38.6 %.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "VSrms = 220.0 #Supply voltage\n",
+ "VSmax = 220.0 * 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RF = 100.0 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 2.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Maximum value of current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Idc = Imax/math.pi #DC ouput current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Irms = Imax/2 #RMS value of output current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "PIV = VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vdc = Idc*RL #Load output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Pdc = Idc**2 * RL #DC output power (in watt)\n",
+ "Pac = Imax**2/4*(RF + RL) #AC input power (in watt)\n",
+ "gamma = ((Irms/Idc)**2 - 1)**.5 #Ripple factor \n",
+ "TUF = 0.286/(1 + RF/RL) #Transformer utilisation factor\n",
+ "eeta = Pdc/Pac * 100 #Rectification efficiency\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Imax = \",round(Imax * 10**3,3),\" mA.\\nIdc = \",round(Idc * 10**3,2),\" mA.\\nIrms = \",round(Irms * 10**3,3),\" mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"PIV = \",round(PIV,3),\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Load output voltage = \",round(Vdc,2),\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"DC output power = \",round(Pdc,3),\" W.\\nAC input power = \",round(Pac,3),\" W.\"\n",
+ "print \"Ripple factor = \",round(gamma,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Transformer utilisation factor = \",round(TUF,4),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Rectification efficiency = \",round(eeta,1),\"%.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.3 , Page Number 141"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Percentage voltage regulation : 4.76 %.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "VNL = 44.0 #No load voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VFL = 42.0 #Full load voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Reg = (VNL - VFL)/VFL * 100 #Percentage voltage regulation \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Percentage voltage regulation : \",round(Reg,2),\" %.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.4 , Page Number 141"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "DC output voltage : 4.4 V.\n",
+ "PIV : 17.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "RF = 10 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IL = 100 * 10**-3 #Load current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VSrms = 12 #RMS value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VSmax = 12 * 2**0.5 #Maximum value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Idc = 0.1 #DC current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vdc = VSmax/math.pi - Idc*RF #DC output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "PIV = VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"DC output voltage : \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"PIV : \",round(PIV),\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.5 , Page Number 146 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Peak value of current : 0.109 A.\n",
+ "Average value of current : 0.0694 A.\n",
+ "RMS value of current : 0.077 A.\n",
+ "Ripple factor : 0.483 .\n",
+ "Efficiency of rectifier : 73.82 %.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "VSmax = 60.0 #Maximum value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RF = 50.0 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 500.0 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Peak current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Idc = 2*Imax/math.pi #Average current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Irms = Imax/2**0.5 #RMS value of current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "r = ((Irms/Idc)**2 - 1)**0.5 #Ripple factor \n",
+ "n = 0.812/(1 + RF/RL)*100 #Efficiency of rectifier \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Peak value of current : \",round(Imax,3),\" A.\\nAverage value of current : \",round(Idc,4),\" A.\\nRMS value of current : \",round(Irms,3),\" A.\"\n",
+ "print \"Ripple factor : \",round(r,3),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Efficiency of rectifier : \",round(n,2),\"%.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.6 , Page Number 147"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "DC output voltage : 10.8 V.\n",
+ "DC load current : 108.0 mA.\n",
+ "PIV rating required : 33.94 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "VSmax = 12 * 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RL = 100.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Idc = 2*VSmax/(RL*math.pi) #Average current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vdc = Idc * RL #Average voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "PIV = 2*VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"DC output voltage : \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"DC load current : \",round(Idc * 10**3),\" mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"PIV rating required : \",round(PIV,2),\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.7 , Page Number 153 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output DC voltage : 25.46 V.\n",
+ "Ripple fator : 0.0149 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "VLmax = VSmax = 40.0 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "f = 50 #Frequency (in Hertz) \n",
+ "w = 2*math.pi*50 #Angular frequency (in rad/sec)\n",
+ "L = 2.0 #Inductance (in Henry)\n",
+ "C = 40 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vdc = 2*VSmax/math.pi #Average voltage (in bolts)\n",
+ "r = 1/(6*2**0.5*w**2*L*C) #Ripple factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output DC voltage : \",round(Vdc,2),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Ripple fator : \",round(r,4),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.8 , Page Number 161"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Peak output voltage : 14.3 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n",
+ "Vinpeak = 15 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Voutpeak = Vinpeak - Vo #Peak output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Peak output voltage : \",Voutpeak,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.9 , Page Number 161"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage (rms value) : 1.27 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vinpeak = 10 #peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(R2+RL) #Peak voltage across load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vrms = Voutpeak/math.pi #RMS value of output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage (rms value) : \",round(Vrms,2),\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.10 , Page Number 162 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voutpeak : 8.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6186270>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x702b130>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vinpeak = 20 #peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(R2+RL) #Peak voltage across load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voutpeak : \",Voutpeak,\"V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
+ "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
+ "plot(x,8*y,'b')\n",
+ "ylim(0,9)\n",
+ "xlim(0,math.pi)\n",
+ "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.11 , Page Number 162"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Peak output voltage : 10.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6dc1210>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7504050>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vinpeak = 12.0 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n",
+ "RS = 500 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 2.5 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(RS+RL) #Peak output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Peak output voltage : \",Voutpeak,\" V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
+ "x2 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
+ "x3=numpy.linspace(0,8,100)\n",
+ "y2 = numpy.sin(x2)\n",
+ "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
+ "plot(x,8*y,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x1,-0.7+x1-x1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x2,12*y2,'--')\n",
+ "plot(x3,0+x3-x3,'k')\n",
+ "ylim(-13,9)\n",
+ "xlim(0,2*math.pi+1)\n",
+ "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.12 , Page Number 163 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "PIV of diode : 5 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7d41190>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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EjiQ648bZAHCLFqEjcdWxww62GCkbGhyJb6l/9ZW1hL74ArbYItZLuQzo2tVK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\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7cb4d50>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vi = 10 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo = Vi * 1.0/2 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vdc = 0.636 * Vo #DC output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "PIV = 5 #Peak inverse voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"PIV of diode : \",PIV,\"V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
+ "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.sin(x1)\n",
+ "ylim(0,8)\n",
+ "xlim(0,2*math.pi)\n",
+ "plot(x,5*(y),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x1,-5*(y1),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x1,0+x1-x1,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x,5+x-x,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(x1,5+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.13 , Page Number 164"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "PIV rating of diode : 200 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x802a9d0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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lrI/cXLW10Y5z3XXZmWitW7dYknLEiLQjab5nn4WpU2OEcBaYxd/qVVfF7zAt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\naYxcEr/99ob3qbSvY0HTHuk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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x86934f0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vimax = 200 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 4 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Iimax = Vimax/R #Peak input current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VLmax = Iimax * RL #Peak voltage across load (in volts) \n",
+ "PIV = 200 #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"PIV rating of diode :\",PIV,\"V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
+ "x2 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
+ "x3 = numpy.linspace(2*math.pi,3*math.pi,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.sin(x1)\n",
+ "y2 = numpy.sin(x2)\n",
+ "y3 = numpy.sin(x3)\n",
+ "plot(x1,80*(y1),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x2,(-1)*80*(y2),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x3,80*(y3),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x1/2,80+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "xlim(0,3*math.pi)\n",
+ "ylim(0,200)\n",
+ "annotate('80 V',xy=(0.5 ,80))\n",
+ "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.14 , Page Number 165 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 33,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "During positive half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V when Vi < 2 V.\n",
+ "Output voltage Vo = Vi when Vi > 2 V.\n",
+ "During negative half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo = 2 #Output voltage when Vi < 2 V (in volts)\n",
+ "#Vo1 = Vi #Output voltage when Vi > 2 V (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo = 2 #Output voltage during negative half (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"During positive half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V when Vi < 2 V.\\nOutput voltage Vo = Vi when Vi > 2 V.\"\n",
+ "print \"During negative half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.15 , Page Number 166 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "During positive half , Output voltage : 5.0 V.\n",
+ "During negative half , Output voltage : -10 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "(-12, 10)"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x8939390>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vi = 10 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V1 = 2.5 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Rnet = 3 * 10**3 #Net resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I = (Vi - V1)/Rnet #Current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vo = I * (R2) + 2.5 #Output voltage positive half (in volts)\n",
+ "Voneg = -Vi #Output voltage negative half (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"During positive half , Output voltage : \",Vo,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"During negative half , Output voltage : \",Voneg,\"V.\" \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,9,100) \n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
+ "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n",
+ "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.linspace(-10,5,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x1,-10+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(x1,5-x1+x1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x2,-10+x2-x2,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x3,5+x3-x3,'b')\n",
+ "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
+ "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n",
+ "xlim(0,9)\n",
+ "ylim(-12,10)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.16 , Page Number 166"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "During positive half , peak voltage : 12 V.\n",
+ "During negative half , peak voltage : -8 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x9864710>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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Sq64OLrssdhSSBW19nsFfShLFpn5pZk+b2VOEkUz/XoZ9SkaNGhW+8GRzb74Z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\nRK5CYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x8f02ef0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "V1 = 12 #Voltage1 (in volts)\n",
+ "V2 = 8 #Voltage2 (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vopos = V1 #Peak Output voltage during positive half (in volts)\n",
+ "Voneg = -V2 #Peak Output voltage during negative half (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"During positive half , peak voltage : \",Vopos,\"V.\\nDuring negative half , peak voltage : \",Voneg,\"V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph \n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
+ "x2 = numpy.linspace(2,6,100)\n",
+ "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,8,100)\n",
+ "x4 = numpy.linspace(8,8+8.0/6,100)\n",
+ "x5 = numpy.linspace(8+8.0/6,12+8.0/6,100)\n",
+ "x6 = numpy.linspace(12+8.0/6,12+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
+ "x7 = numpy.linspace(12+2*8.0/6,14+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
+ "x8 = numpy.linspace(14+2*8.0/6,18+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
+ "x9 = numpy.linspace(18+2*8.0/6,20+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
+ "x10 = numpy.linspace(0,8+8.0/6,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x1,6*x1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x2,12-x2+x2,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x3,12-6*(x3-6),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x4,-6*(x4-8),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x5,-8+x5-x5,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x6,-8+6*(x6-(12+8.0/6)))\n",
+ "plot(x7,6*(x7-(12+2*8.0/6)),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x8,12-x8+x8,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x9,12-6*(x9-(18+2*8.0/6)),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x10,-8+x10-x10,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(x1,12+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "ylim(-20,15)\n",
+ "xlim(0,20+2*8.0/6)\n",
+ "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.17 , Page Number 167 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Following is the output wave generated when Vinmax is changed to 60 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x9d5c490>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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ZbQtsDzwXJ5ZIOmyzDey/P0yeHDuJtIXHHgstx333jZ0k3mWux5vZYmAwcJ+Z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\nBU7NAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9582910>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vinmax1 = 25 #Peak input voltage1 (in volts)\n",
+ "Vinmax2 = 60 #Peak input voltage2 (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Voutmax1 = 20 #Peak output voltage1 (in volts)\n",
+ "Voutmax2 = 10 #Peak output voltage2 (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Following is the output wave generated when Vinmax is changed to 60 V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
+ "x2 = numpy.linspace(2,6,100)\n",
+ "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,8,100)\n",
+ "x4 = numpy.linspace(8,10,100)\n",
+ "x5 = numpy.linspace(10,14,100)\n",
+ "x6 = numpy.linspace(14,16,100)\n",
+ "x7 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x1,10*x1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x2,20-x2+x2,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x3,20-10*(x3-6),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x4,-10*(x4-8),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x5,-20+x5-x5,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x6,-20+10*(x6-14))\n",
+ "plot(x7,-20+x7-x7,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "xlim(0,16)\n",
+ "ylim(-22,22)\n",
+ "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.18 , Page Number 168 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 60,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage Vout = Vin/2.\n",
+ "Voutmax = 5.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0xa9b53f0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 60,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xafafd90>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vinmax = 10.0 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vout = Vinmax/(R1 + R2)*R2 #Output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage Vout = Vin/2.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voutmax = \",Vout,'V.'\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,12,100) \n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
+ "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n",
+ "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.linspace(-5,0,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x1,0-x1+x1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x2,-5+x2-x2,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x3,0+x3-x3,'b')\n",
+ "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(9+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x2,-2+x2-x2,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n",
+ "xlim(0,9)\n",
+ "ylim(-6,5)\n",
+ "annotate('T/2',xy=(4.25,-2))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.19 , Page Number 168 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 92,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "OUtput voltage lies in range : -8 V to +6 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0xccf9450>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 92,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xcbb18d0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vinmax = 10 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V1 = 5.3 #Voltage source1 (in volts)\n",
+ "V2 = 7.3 #Voltage source2 (in volts) \n",
+ "R = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vomax = 6 #Peak output voltage in positive half (in volts)\n",
+ "Vomin = -8 #Peak output voltage in negative half (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"OUtput voltage lies in range : -8 V to +6 V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph \n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
+ "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,5,100)\n",
+ "x3 = numpy.linspace(5,7,100)\n",
+ "x4 = numpy.linspace(7,10,100)\n",
+ "x5 = numpy.linspace(10,14,100)\n",
+ "x6 = numpy.linspace(14,15,100)\n",
+ "x7 = numpy.linspace(15,16,100)\n",
+ "x8 = numpy.linspace(16,20,100)\n",
+ "x9 = numpy.linspace(0,5,100)\n",
+ "x10 = numpy.linspace(0,14,100)\n",
+ "x11 = numpy.linspace(0,15,100)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x1,2*x1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x2,2*x2,'--',color='b')\n",
+ "plot(x3,10-2*(x3-5),'--',color='b')\n",
+ "plot(x4,6-2*(x4-7),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x5,-2*(x5-10),'b')\n",
+ "plot(x6,-8-2*(x6-14),'--',color='b')\n",
+ "plot(x7,-10+2*(x7-15),'--',color='b')\n",
+ "plot(x8,-8+2*(x8-16),'b')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "plot(x1,6-x1+x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(x2,6-x2+x2,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x3,6-x3+x3,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x6,-8-x6+x6,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x7,-8-x7+x7,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x9,10+x9-x9,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(x10,-8+x10-x10,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(x11,-10+x11-x11,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "xlim(0,20)\n",
+ "ylim(-12,12)\n",
+ "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5.20 , Page Number 173 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 98,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage in positive half : 35 V.\n",
+ "Output voltage in negative half : -5 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "(-10, 40)"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 98,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xcbb1ad0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vin = 20 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V1 = 5 #Battery voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Voutp = (2*Vin - V1) #Output voltage in positive half (in volts)\n",
+ "Voutn = 0 - V1 #Output voltage in negative half (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage in positive half : \",Voutp,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage in negative half :\",Voutn,\"V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,9,100) \n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
+ "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n",
+ "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.linspace(-5,35,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
+ "plot(x1,-10+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(x1,35-x1+x1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x2,-5+x2-x2,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x3,35+x3-x3,'b')\n",
+ "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
+ "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n",
+ "xlim(0,9)\n",
+ "ylim(-10,40)"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c00d48c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,1078 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 6 , Bipolar Junction Trasistor"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.1 , Page Number 192"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Base current : 0.05 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = 10 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = 9.95 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.2 , Page Number 192 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current gain (alphadc) : 0.995 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = 0.5 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "alphadc = IC/IE #Current amplification factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current amplification factor (alphadc) : \",round(alphadc,3),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.3 , Page Number 193 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Emitter current : 2.7 mA.\n",
+ "Collector current : 2.65 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = 50 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICBO = 4 * 10**-6 #Collector-to-base leakage current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "alphadc = 0.98 #Current amplification factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = (alphadc*IB + ICBO)/(1-alphadc) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Emitter current : \",IE * 10**3,\" mA.\\nCollector current : \",IC * 10**3,\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.4 , Page Number 193 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Emitter current : 20.4 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = 50 #Current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Emitter current : \",IE * 10**3,\"mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.5 , Page Number 194 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Emitter current : 1.0 mA.\n",
+ "Current Amplification factor : 0.98 .\n",
+ "Current gain factor : 49.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = 0.98 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "alphadc = IC/IE #Current amplification factor\n",
+ "beta = IC/IB #Current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Emitter current : \",IE*10**3,\"mA.\\nCurrent Amplification factor : \",alphadc,\".\\nCurrent gain factor : \",beta,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.6 , Page Number 194 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector current : 1.09 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = 10 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICBO = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Collector-to-base leakage current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = 99 #Current amplification factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB + (1 + beta)*ICBO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Collector current : \",IC*10**3,\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.7 , Page Number 199 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current amplification factor : 0.9697 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = -6.4 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = 6.6 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "alpha = -IC/IE #Current amplification factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current amplification factor : \",round(alpha,4),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.8 , Page Number 199 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Dynamic input resistance : 40.0 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dVEB = 200 * 10**-3 #Change in emitter voltage \n",
+ "dIE = 5 * 10**-3 #Change in emitter current \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rin = dVEB/dIE #Dynamic input resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Dynamic input resistance : \",rin,\" ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.9 , Page Number 199 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Base current : 30.0 micro-A.\n",
+ "Collector current : 1.97 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ICO = 10 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = 2 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "alpha = 0.98 #Current amplification factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = alpha*IE + ICO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**6,\" micro-A.\\nCollector current : \",IC * 10**3,\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.10 , Page Number 199 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current gain : 0.979 .\n",
+ "Base current : 0.03 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = 1.97 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICBO = 12.5 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "alpha = (IC-ICBO)/IE #Current amplification factor\n",
+ "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current gain : \",round(alpha,3),\".\\nBase current : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.11 , Page Number 199 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Base current : 0.03 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = 4.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VL = 3 #Voltage drop across load (in volts)\n",
+ "alpha = 0.96 #Current amplification factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = IC/alpha #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Base current : \",round(IB * 10**3,2),\"mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.12 , Page Number 204 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current gain in CE configuration : 99.0 .\n",
+ "Current gain in CB configuration : 0.988 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "alpha1 = 0.99 #Current gain1 in CB\n",
+ "beta2 = 80.0 #Current gain2 in CE \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta1 = alpha1/(1-alpha1) #Current gain1 in CE \n",
+ "alpha2 = beta2/(1 + beta2) #Current gain2 in CB\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current gain in CE configuration : \",beta1,\".\\nCurrent gain in CB configuration : \",round(alpha2,3),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.13 , Page Number 204 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 23,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Base current : 20.0 micro-A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VL = 1.2 #Voltage across load (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 60 #Current gain in CE \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**6,\"micro-A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.14 , Page Number 204 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VCE : 9.2 V.\n",
+ "Base current : 41.67 micro-A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VL = 0.8 #Voltage drop across load (in volts)\n",
+ "RL = 800 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "alpha = 0.96 #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - VL #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE \n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VCE : \",VCE,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Base current : \",round(IB * 10**6,2),\" micro-A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.15 , Page Number 205 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 27,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector current : 11.28 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ICO = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "alpha = 0.98 #Current gain in CB \n",
+ "IB = 0.22 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = (alpha*IB + ICO)/(1-alpha) #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Collector current : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.16 , Page Number 205 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Dynamic input resistance : 250.0 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dVBE = 250 * 10**-3 #Change in base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "dIB = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rin = dVBE/dIB #Dynamic input resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Dynamic input resistance : \",rin,\" ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.17 , Page Number 205 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Dynamic output resistance : 6.25 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dVCE = 5 #Change in collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "dIC = 0.8 * 10**-3 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rout = dVCE/dIC #Dynamic output resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Dynamic output resistance : \",rout * 10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.18 , Page Number 209 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Operating point Q is ( 5.2 V , 0.6 mA.)\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x642f590>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x6f3ec10>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 8.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IB = 15.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "beta = 40 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC1 = beta * IB #Zero signal collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC1*RC #Zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Operating point Q is (\",VCE,\"V ,\",IC1 * 10**3,\"mA.)\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,0.6,100)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,5.2,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,1.25-1.25/10*x,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x1,0.6+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(5.2+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "annotate('Q',xy=(5.2,0.6))\n",
+ "xlim(0,11)\n",
+ "ylim(0,1.5)\n",
+ "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.19 , Page Number 210"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Operating point is ( 6.0 V, 1.2 mA ).\n",
+ "Changed operating point is ( 3.0 V, 1.2 mA ).\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 12.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RL #Zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RL1 = 7.5 * 10**3 #Changed load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCE1 = VCC - IC*RL1 #Changed zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Operating point is (\",VCE,\"V,\",IC*10**3,\"mA ).\"\n",
+ "print \"Changed operating point is (\",VCE1,\"V,\",IC*10**3,\"mA ).\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.20 , Page Number 210 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 62,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "At cut-off point VCE : 20 V.\n",
+ "At saturation point IC : 6.0 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x721b590>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 62,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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R3BhnIfDFZNJpwJ3J878lc1OM1oxp1gR0QEuryHk+BPhpRIwEtgD/0ML8jUck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\nSUVORK5CYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x642f370>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = 0 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC = 20 #Collector supply (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 3.3 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCE1 = 0 #Saturation point collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"At cut-off point VCE :\",VCE,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"At saturation point IC :\",round(IC * 10**3),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph \n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,25,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,6-6.0/20*x,'b')\n",
+ "annotate('(0,6 mA)',xy=(0.5,6))\n",
+ "annotate('(20 V,0)',xy=(20,0.5))\n",
+ "xlim(0,25)\n",
+ "ylim(0,10)\n",
+ "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.21 , Page Number 210 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 56,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VC for the network : -4.482 V.\n",
+ "VB for the network : 9.7 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 0 #Collector supply (in volts) \n",
+ "beta = 45.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VEE = 9 #Emitter supply (in volts) \n",
+ "RB = 100 * 10**3 #Resistance in base branch (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.2 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VEE - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VC = VCC - IC * RC #Collector voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VB = VBE + VEE #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VC for the network :\",VC,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"VB for the network :\",VB,\"V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.22 , Page Number 211 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "IB : 0.0167 mA.\n",
+ "IC : 1.96 mA.\n",
+ "Since, beta * IB < IC , therefore , transistor is in saturation.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.8 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE = 0.2 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBB = 5 #base supply (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 50 * 10**3 #Resistance in base branch (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 2 * 10**3 #Resistance in emitter branch (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 3 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VBB - VBE)/(RB+(1+beta)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = (VCC - VCE)/(RE + RC) #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",round(IB* 10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"IC : \",IC* 10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Since, beta * IB < IC , therefore , transistor is in saturation.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 6.23 , Page Number 215 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 68,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum level of collector current : 4.26 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Tf = 105 #Free air temp. (in Celsius degree)\n",
+ "Tf1 = 80 #Temp. in excess of 25 degree celsius (in Celsius degree) \n",
+ "df = 2.81 #derating factor (in milli-Watt per Celsius degree) \n",
+ "VCE = 20 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Porig = 310.0 #Original maximum power dissipation (in milli-Watt) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Pcmax = Porig - Tf1 * df #Derated power dissipation (in milli-watt)\n",
+ "ICmax = Pcmax/VCE #Device dissipation (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum level of collector current : \",ICmax,\" mA.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation error in book."
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d02cc6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,2175 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 7 , Transistor Amplifiers , Biasing and Thermal Stabilization"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.1 , Page Number 230"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is 3.0 mA.\n",
+ "Minimum zero signal collector current required : 1.5 mA.\n",
+ "Maximum base current 0.03 mA.\n",
+ "Signal voltage (VBE) : 0.75 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vknee = 1 #Knee voltage for silicon transistor (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain\n",
+ "ICperVBE = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Change in IC per volt change in VBE (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCmax = VCC - Vknee #Maximum voltage drop across resistance RC (in volts)\n",
+ "ICmax = VCmax/RC #Maximum allowable collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICzero = ICmax/2 #Zero signal collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IBmax = ICmax/beta #Maximum base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VBE = ICmax/ICperVBE #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is \",ICmax* 10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Minimum zero signal collector current required : \",ICzero*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Maximum base current \",IBmax*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Signal voltage (VBE) : \",VBE,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.2 , Page Number 232 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Following is the graph showing necessary details : \n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x63c07b0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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2ZmY54GBvZpYDDvZmZjngYG9mlgMO9mZmOfD/AehmWolB7gEbAAAAAElFTkSu\nQmCC\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x615d910>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector load ressitance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 3.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "IC = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE1 = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IC1 = VCC/(RC + RE) #Cut-off point collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Following is the graph showing necessary details : \"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,4-4.0/20*x,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(10,2))\n",
+ "xlim(0,30)\n",
+ "ylim(0,6)\n",
+ "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.3 , Page Number 237"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Q-point will be ICQ = 0.6 mA and VCEQ = 3.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 6 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n",
+ "RC = 5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = VCC/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Q-point will be ICQ = \",IC * 10**3,\"mA and VCEQ = \",VCE,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.4 , Page Number 237 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Base current : 10.0 micro-A.\n",
+ "Collector current : 1.0 mA.\n",
+ "VC : 8.0 V.\n",
+ "VB : 0.7 V.\n",
+ "VCB : 7.3 V.\n",
+ "Operating point is ICQ : 1.0 mA and VCEQ : 8.0 V.\n",
+ "Stability factof : 101 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 1130.0 * 10**3 #base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n",
+ "RC = 4 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VCC-VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VC = VCE #Collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VB = VBE #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCB = VC - VB #Collector-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "S = beta + 1 #Stability factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Base current : \",IB*10**6,\"micro-A.\"\n",
+ "print \"Collector current : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"VC : \",VC,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVCB : \",VCB,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Operating point is ICQ : \",IC*10**3,\"mA and VCEQ : \",VC,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factof : \",S,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.5 , Page Number 237 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Stability factor : 31.37 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dIC = 1.6 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "dt = 30 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n",
+ "ICO = 1.7 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current change (in Ampere per Celsius-degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dICO = dt*ICO #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.6 , Page Number 237 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Base current : 28.2 micro-A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VBB = 10.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 330 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Base current : \",round(IB*10**6,1),\"micro-A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.7 , Page Number 238 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cut-off point : (0, 6.06 mA).\n",
+ "Saturation point : ( 20 V ,0).\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6e21990>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x62e3290>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 3.3 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current at cut-off point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n",
+ "VCE1 = VCC #Collector-to-emitter voltage at saturation point (in volts)\n",
+ "IC1 = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Cut-off point : (0,\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA).\"\n",
+ "print \"Saturation point : (\",VCE1,\"V ,0).\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,6-6.0/20*x,'b')\n",
+ "xlim(0,30)\n",
+ "ylim(0,10)\n",
+ "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.8 , Page Number 238 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 1.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta *IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.9 , Page Number 238 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 27,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is 4.667 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBB = 5 #Base supply votlage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 200 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBEsat = 0.8 #Base-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n",
+ "VCEsat = 0.2 #Collector-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VBB-VBEsat)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RC = (VCC - VCEsat)/IC #Collector resistance (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is \",round(RC*10**-3,3),\"ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.10 , Page Number 239"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "IC : 1.98 mA.\n",
+ "IB : 0.02 mA.\n",
+ "VEE : 2.7 V.\n",
+ "VCC : 8.92 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "alpha = 0.99 #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VCB = 1 #Collector-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 4.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VEE = IE*RE + VBE #Emitter supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCC = IC*RC + VCB #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"IC : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\\nIB : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\\nVEE : \",VEE,\"V.\\nVCC : \",VCC,\"V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision in the value of VCC."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.11 , Page Number 239 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "IB : 5.3 micro-A and IC : 0.54 mA at 25 Celsius degree.\n",
+ "IB : 5.375 micro-A and IC : 0.6183 mA at 55 Celsius degree.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 30 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBB = 6 #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "ICBO = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "dt = 55-25 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB + (beta+1)*ICBO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICBO55 = ICBO * 2**(dt/10.0) #ICBO at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VBE55 = 0.7 - 2.5*10**-3*dt #VBE at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB55 = (VBB - VBE55)/RB #Base current at 55 Celsius degree(in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC55 = beta*IB55 + (beta+1)*ICBO55 #Collector current 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA at 25 Celsius degree.\"\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",round(IB55 * 10**6,3),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC55*10**3,4),\"mA at 55 Celsius degree.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation in IC55 due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.12 , Page Number 239 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\n",
+ "VC : -2.3365 V.\n",
+ "Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : 36.27 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = 0.8 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBB = 3.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 7.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 500 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VCE = 1 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# 7500IB + 500IC = 2.2 ----Eq. 1\n",
+ "# 500IB + 2500IC = 9.0 ----Eq. 2\n",
+ "IC = 2.55 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = 0.123 #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = IC/IB #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "VC = -VCE - (IB + IC)*RL*10**-3 #Collector voltage in saturation (in volts)\n",
+ "IBmax = IC/hfe #Maximum base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "RB = (VBB - VBE - IC*RL*10**-3 )/IBmax #Base resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\"\n",
+ "print \"VC :\",VC,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : \",round(RB,2),\" kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.13 , Page Number 242 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R1 : 133.55 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "RC : 4.06 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "S : 18.65 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R2 = 30.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 133.55 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VCE = 6 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE \n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.2 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = R2/(R1 + R2)*VCC #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n",
+ "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalence resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "S = (1+beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth+RE)) #Stability factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",round(R1 * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"RC : \",round(RC * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"S : \",round(S,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.14 , Page Number 243 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "IB : 0.04 mA.\n",
+ "IE : 2.04 mA.\n",
+ "Rth : 5.765 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Vth : 3.4826 V.\n",
+ "R1 : 33.1 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 6.98 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 50.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = 0.6 #Base-emitter voltage (in\n",
+ "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = 8 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.3 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "S = 5 #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Rth = (S - 1)*RE/(1 -S/(1+beta)) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = IB * Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"IE : \",IE*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,4),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"R1 :\",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.15 , Page Number 244 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "RC : 5.376 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "RE : 9.75 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R1 : 248.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 141.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dICbyIC = 10 #Percentage change in IC \n",
+ "VBE25max = 0.7 #Max VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE25min = 0.6 #Min VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n",
+ "ICO25 = 5 * 10**-9 #Reverse saturation current at 25 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICO145 = 3 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current at 145 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE = 10 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dIC = 5.0/100 * 0.6 #Change in collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "dICO = ICO145 - ICO25 #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor\n",
+ "dVBE = -2.5 * (145 - 25) #Change in VBE (in volts)\n",
+ "SV = dIC/dVBE #SV\n",
+ "beta = hfe = 400 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "#Rth + Re = 99750.6 \n",
+ "#RE = 391.0/3609 * Rth\n",
+ "RE = 9.75 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "Rth = 90 #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "dIC1 = S*ICO145 + SV*dVBE #Change in collector current1 (in milli-Ampere) \n",
+ "IC = 0.6 + dIC1 #Collector current (in milli- Ampere) \n",
+ "IE = IC + IC/beta #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "RC = (VCC - IE*RE - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.65 #emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vth = IC/beta*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"RC : \",round(RC,3),\" kilo-ohm.\\nRE : \",RE,\" kilo-ohm.\\nR1 : \",round(R1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2),\" kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.16 , Page Number 245 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R1 : 36.238 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "RC : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICO = 0 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = 2.5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 36.238 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm) \n",
+ "RC = (VCC - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",R1*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\\nRC : \",RC*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Printing mistake in the value of RC in book."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.17 , Page Number 245 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VCE : 5.0 V.\n",
+ "IE : 1.1 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 3.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RB = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE - Rth/(beta + 1)) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*1.0/(beta + 1)*IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VCE : \",round(VCE),\"V.\\nIE : \",round(IE*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight varaition due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.18 , Page Number 246 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VC : -14.25 V.\n",
+ "IB : -17.62 micro-A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 200 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "R1 = 82.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = -22 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 750 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = -0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VC = VCC - IC*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VC : \",round(VC,2),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,2),\" micro-A\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.19 , Page Number 246"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "IB : 0.04 mA.\n",
+ "IC : 2.0 mA.\n",
+ "VCE : 14.0 V.\n",
+ "VE : 2.0 V.\n",
+ "VB : 2.8 V.\n",
+ "VC : 16.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 50 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VC = VCC - RC*IC #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VE = VC - VCE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IB = 0.04 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = (1+beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VB = VCC - 430*10**3*IB #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\\nIC : \",IC*10**3,\"mA.\\nVCE : \",VCE,\"V.\\nVE : \",VE,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVC : \",VC,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.20 , Page Number 246 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 52,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Operating point will be ICQ : 2.23 mA , VCEQ : 8.85 V.\n",
+ "Stability factor : 7.35 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "R1 = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*(RE/(Rth + RE))) #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Operating point will be ICQ : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.21 , Page Number 247 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R1 : 81.54 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 26.5 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 200 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VCC = 9 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICQ = 3.75 * 10**-3 #Q-point Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEQ = 4.5 #Q-point collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = ICQ/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = (1 + beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE +IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.22 , Page Number 248 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 59,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Operating point , Q will be ICQ = 1.9 mA and VCEQ = 9.9 V.\n",
+ "Stability factor : 8.62 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 22.5 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 55 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 5.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "R1 = 90 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Vth = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth + RE)) #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Operating point , Q will be ICQ =\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA and VCEQ =\",VCE,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.23 , Page Number 248"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 69,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "beta : 153.4 .\n",
+ "VCC : 17.6842 V.\n",
+ "RB : 779.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RC = 2.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 0.68 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IB = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = 7.3 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VE = 2.1 #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = IE/IB - 1 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VCC = beta*IB*RC + VCE + IE*RE #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = (VCC - VE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"beta : \",round(beta,1),\".\\nVCC : \",round(VCC,4),\"V.\\nRB : \",round(RB*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.24 , Page Number 249"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R1 : 45.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 9.14 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta=hfe = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = .6 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "S = 8 #Stability factor\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Rth = RE*(beta*S/(1+beta-S) -1) #Thevenin's resistance(in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = (Vth*R1)/(VCC-Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.25 , Page Number 249"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VCEQ : 3.2 V.\n",
+ "ICQ : 1.8 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VA = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage at A (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEQ = VCC - IE*RE #Q-point VCE (in volts)\n",
+ "ICQ = IE #Q-point IC (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VCEQ : \",VCEQ,\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"ICQ : \",ICQ * 10**3,\"mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.26 , Page Number 250"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VCEQ : 9.74 V.\n",
+ "ICQ : 1.13 mA.\n",
+ "IB : 11.3 micro-A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 100 #current gain in CE \n",
+ "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = 15.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 2.7 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VA = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Potential at A (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VCEQ = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q (in volts)\n",
+ "ICQ = IE #IC at Q (in volts)\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VCEQ : \",round(VCEQ,2),\"V.\\nICQ : \",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.27 , Page Number 250"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Operation point : ICQ = 1.955 mA , VCQ = 6.224 V.\n",
+ "Stability factor : 7.54 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 56.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = 0.3 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VB = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IC = (VB - VBE)/RE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Rth = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "S = (1 + beta)*(1 + Rth/RE)/(1 + beta + Rth/RE) #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Operation point : ICQ = \",round(IC*10**3,3),\"mA , VCQ = \",round(VCE,3),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.28 , Page Number 251"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "0.002 8.95e-05 0.0018795 3192.33838787 20000.0 8.49\n",
+ "R1 : 47.1 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 34.75 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RL = 4.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCE = 6.0 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta=hfe = 20 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "ICO = 10 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (IC - (1 + beta)*ICO)/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB + (1 + beta)*ICO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RE = (VCC - IC*RL - VCE)/IE #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.29 , Page Number 252"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Following is the graph: \n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x637cf70>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x5e39390>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 100\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ICQ = 1.07 #Collector current at Q-point (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCQ = 5.067 #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Following is the graph: \"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,5.07,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,1.07/2,100)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,5.067/2,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,1.07-1.07/5.07*x,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x1,1.07/2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(5.067/2+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(5.067/2,1.07/2))\n",
+ "xlim(0,6)\n",
+ "ylim(0,1.1)\n",
+ "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.30 , Page Number 253"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of RB : 61.43 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 50 #current gain in CE \n",
+ "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VCC - VBE)/(beta*RC + RB) #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE1 = 5 #New collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IC1 = (VCC - VCE1)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB1 = IC1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RB1 = (VCC - VBE - beta*IB1*RC)/IB1 #Base resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of RB :\",round(RB1*10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.31 , Page Number 254"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "0.016 0.0158415841584 0.000158415841584\n",
+ "Value of collector to base resistance : 25.25 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Stability factor : 21.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 20.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCEQ = 4 #VCE at Q-point (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I1C = (VCC - VCEQ)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = I1C/(1+1/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = I1C - IC #base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RB = (VCEQ + VBE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RB + RC)) #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of collector to base resistance :\",RB*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor :\",S,\".\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.32 , Page Number 254"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ICQ : 2.475 mA , VCEQ : 4.95 V.\n",
+ "Stability factor : 25.75 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 50 #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 100 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*RC) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICQ = IC #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RC + RB)) #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"ICQ : \",round(ICQ * 10**3,3),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.33 , Page Number 255"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum collector current : 3.66 mA.\n",
+ "Minimum collector current : 2.13 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "betamax = 180 #Current gain max. in CE\n",
+ "betamin = 60 #Current gain min. in CE\n",
+ "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 2.5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#IC = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/beta + RB/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICmax = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamax + RB/betamax) #Max. collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICmin = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamin + RB/betamin) #Min. collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum collector current : \",round(ICmax*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Minimum collector current : \",round(ICmin*10**3,2),\"mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.34 , Page Number 256"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 90 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VCC = 18 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 510.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 1.8 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*(RC+RE)) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC -IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.35 , Page Number 257"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Old ICQ : 1.06 mA and new ICQ : 1.2 mA.\n",
+ "Old VCEQ : 3.65 V and new VCEQ : 2.85 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 90.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 1.2 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta1 = 135 #New current gain in CE\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta + 1) + RB/beta)#Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICQ = IC #Collector current at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCEQ = VCE #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n",
+ "ICQ1 = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta1 + 1) + RB/beta1) #Collector current1 at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB1 = ICQ1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VCEQ1 = VCC - (ICQ1 + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Old ICQ :\",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA and new ICQ :\",round(ICQ1*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Old VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ,2),\"V and new VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ1,2),\"V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.36 , Page Number 258"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 60,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Vo : 13.9 V.\n",
+ "RF : 110.91 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IE = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = 99 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = 17.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (IE)/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IR1 = (VBE + IE*RE)/R1 #Current through R1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IRF = IR1 + IB #Current through RF (in Ampere)\n",
+ "I1C = IC + IRF #Current through RC (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vo = VCC - I1C*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RF = (Vo - VBE - IE*RE)/IRF #Resistance RF (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Vo : \",round(Vo,1),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"RF : \",round(RF*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation error in book for value of RF."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.37 , Page Number 258"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 65,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R : 106.9 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 24 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 270.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "beta = 45 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = (VCC - VCE )/(RC + RE) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IE/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RB = (VCC - VBE - IE*(RE + RC))/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R : \",round(RB*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.38 , Page Number 259"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 71,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Rth : 9989.0 ohm.\n",
+ "IB : 20.0 micro-A.\n",
+ "IE : 2.0 mA.\n",
+ "Vth : 2.9 V.\n",
+ "R1 : 68.4 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 11.7 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "S = 10 #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Rth = beta*S*RE/(1 + beta - S) - RE #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth),\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"IB : \",round(IB*10**6),\"micro-A.\"\n",
+ "print \"IE : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,1),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variations due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.39 , Page Number 266"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 94,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x858b350>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 94,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": 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97Gw35Of22+Guu6yOb+KWJXsTc8I+d//bb6F3b2jQwB0pLueZX5s3b+amm25i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\nBwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x8721e70>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 4.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCEcutoff = VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = VCC/(RC + RE) #Collector current(in Ampere) \n",
+ "VE = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICQ = IE #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEQ = VCC - ICQ*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Rac = RC*RL/(RC + RL) #AC resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "ICsat = ICQ + VCEQ/Rac #IC saturation (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEoff = VCEQ + ICQ*Rac #VCE cut-off for ac load line (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n",
+ "x2 = numpy.linspace(0,14.8,100)\n",
+ "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,4-4/20.0*x,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x2,6.17-6.17/14.8*x2,'r')\n",
+ "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n",
+ "annotate('Q',xy=(10,2.2))\n",
+ "annotate('DC load line',xy=(14,1.3))\n",
+ "annotate('AC load line',xy=(5.5,4))\n",
+ "xlim(0,20)\n",
+ "ylim(0,7)\n",
+ "title(\"DC and AC Load lines\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 7.40 , Page Number 268"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 95,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Input resistance : 1.667 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Current gain : 80.0 .\n",
+ "AC load : 4.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Voltage gain : 192.0 .\n",
+ "Power gain : 15360.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dVBE = 0.025 #Change in VBE (in volts)\n",
+ "dIB = 15.0 * 10**-6 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "dIC = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RC = 6.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rin = dVBE/dIB #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = dIC/dIB #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "Rac = RC*RL/(RC+RL) #AC load (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = beta*Rac/Rin #Voltage gain \n",
+ "Ap = beta*beta*Rac/Rin #Power gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Input resistance : \",round(Rin*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Current gain : \",beta,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"AC load : \",Rac*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6db881de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,1134 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 8 , Hybrid Parameteres and Transistor Amplifiers"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.1 , Page Number 285"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hie : 1.1 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "hfe : 50.0 .\n",
+ "hre : 0.00025 .\n",
+ "hoe : 30.0 micro-S.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB1 = 20.0 *10**-6 #Base current with ac o/p shorted (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC1 = 1.0 *10**-3 #Collector current with ac o/p shorted (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VBC1 = 22.0 * 10**-3 #Base-collector voltage with ac o/p shorted (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE1 = 0 #Collector-emitter voltage wwith ac o/p shorted (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB2 = 0 #Base current with ac i/p open-circuited (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VBE2 = 0.25 *10**-3 #Base-emitter voltage with ac i/p open-circuited (in volts)\n",
+ "IC2 = 30.0 * 10**-6 #Collector current with ac i/p open-circuited (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VCE2 = 1 #Collector-emitter voltage with ac i/p open-circuited (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hie = VBC1/IB1 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hfe = IC1/IB1 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "hre = VBE2/VCE2 #hre \n",
+ "hoe = IC2/VCE2 #hoe (in Siemen)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"hie : \",hie*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"hfe : \",hfe,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"hre : \",hre,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"hoe : \",hoe * 10**6,\"micro-S.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.2 , Page Number 290"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hfb : -0.98 .\n",
+ "hib : 16.27 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hfe = 50.0 #hfe\n",
+ "hie = 0.83 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hfb = -hfe/(1 + hfe) #Current gain\n",
+ "hib = hie/(1 + hfe) #Input impedance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"hfb : \",round(hfb,2),\".\\nhib : \",round(hib,2),\"ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.3 , Page Number 290"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hic : 2600.0 ohm.\n",
+ "hfc : -101 .\n",
+ "hrc : 1.0 .\n",
+ "hoc : 5e-06 S.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hfe = 100 #hfe\n",
+ "hre = 0.02 * 10**-2 #hre\n",
+ "hoe = 5 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens) \n",
+ "hic = hie = 2600.0 #hie (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n",
+ "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n",
+ "hoc = hoe #hoe (in Siemens) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"hic :\",hic,\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"hfc :\",hfc,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"hrc :\",round(hrc),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"hoc :\",hoc,\"S.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.4 , Page Number 294 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current gain : -19.6 .\n",
+ "Input resistance : 1905.92 ohm.\n",
+ "Voltage gain : -308.5 .\n",
+ "Overall voltage gain : -235.0 .\n",
+ "Overall current gain : -4.7 .\n",
+ "Output conductance : 4.69846153846e-05 S.\n",
+ "Output resistance : 21284.0 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hie = 2000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hre = 1.6 * 10**-4 #hre\n",
+ "hfe = 49 #Current gain \n",
+ "hoe = 50 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "RL = 30.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 600.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n",
+ "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n",
+ "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n",
+ "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
+ "Gout = hoe - hfe*hre/(hie + RS) #Output conductance (in Siemens)\n",
+ "Rout = 1/Gout #Output resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current gain :\",Ai,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Input resistance :\",Rin,\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,1),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,1),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Output conductance :\",Gout,\"S.\"\n",
+ "print \"Output resistance :\",round(Rout),\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variations due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.5 , Page Number 294 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current gain : -48.78 .\n",
+ "Input resistance : 1087.8 ohm.\n",
+ "Voltage gain : -44.84 .\n",
+ "Overall voltage gain : -23.36 .\n",
+ "Overall current gain : -23.364 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hie = 1.1 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hre = 0.25 * 10**-3 #hre\n",
+ "hfe = 50 #Current gain\n",
+ "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
+ "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Series resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n",
+ "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n",
+ "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n",
+ "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,1),\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.6 , Page Number 295 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current gain : -100.0 .\n",
+ "Input resistance : 1000.0 ohm.\n",
+ "Voltage gain : -200.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hfe = 100 #Current gain\n",
+ "RL = 2.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "hre = hoe = 0 #hre \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n",
+ "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,1),\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.7 , Page Number 295 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current gain : 0.979 .\n",
+ "Input resistance : 24.47 ohm.\n",
+ "Voltage gain : 48.02 .\n",
+ "Overall voltage gain : 5.24 .\n",
+ "Overall current gain : 0.873 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RS = 200.0 #internal resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 1200.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "hib = 24.0 #hib (in ohm)\n",
+ "hrb = 4.0 * 10**-4 #hrb\n",
+ "hfb = -0.98 #hfb\n",
+ "hob = 0.6 * 10**-6 #hob (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ai = - hfb/(1 + hob*RL) #Current gain\n",
+ "Rin = hib + hrb*Ai*RL #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = Ai*RL/Rin #Voltage gain \n",
+ "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n",
+ "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,3),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,2),\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.8 , Page Number 296 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hfe : 120.0 .\n",
+ "hoe : 2.5e-05 S.\n",
+ "hie : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Current amplification factor : 0.99 .\n",
+ "hob : 2.06611570248e-07 .\n",
+ "hib : 20.83 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = 120.0 #Current gain\n",
+ "ro = 40.0 * 10**3 #O/p resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "hre = 0 #hre \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hfe = beta #hfe\n",
+ "hoe = 1/ro #hoe (in Siemen)\n",
+ "hie = 25.0*10**-3/IE*beta #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "alpha = beta/(1 + beta) #Current gain in CB\n",
+ "hob = hoe/(1 + beta) #hob (in Siemen) \n",
+ "hib = 25 * 10**-3/IE #hib (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"hfe :\",hfe,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"hoe :\",hoe,\"S.\"\n",
+ "print \"hie :\",hie*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Current amplification factor :\",round(alpha,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"hob :\",hob,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"hib :\",round(hib,2),\"ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.9 , Page Number 296 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 33,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current gain : 99.75 .\n",
+ "Input resistance : 51864.074 ohm.\n",
+ "Voltage gain : 0.9617 .\n",
+ "Overall voltage gain : 0.9435 .\n",
+ "Overall current gain : 1.887 .\n",
+ "Output resistance : 29.69 ohm.\n",
+ "Output conductance : 0.0337 Siemen.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hic = hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hic (in ohm)\n",
+ "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "hre = 2.5 * 10**-4 #hre\n",
+ "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 500.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n",
+ "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n",
+ "hoc = hoe #hoc (in Siemens)\n",
+ "Ai = -hfc/(1 + hoc*RL) #Current gain\n",
+ "Rin = hic - hrc*hfc/(hoc + 1/RL) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -hfc/((hoc + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain\n",
+ "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain\n",
+ "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
+ "Go = hoc -(hfc*hrc/(hic + RS)) #O/P conductance (in Siemens)\n",
+ "Ro = 1/Go #O/P resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,3),\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,4),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,4),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Output resistance :\",round(Ro,2),\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Output conductance :\",round(Go,4),\"Siemen.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variations due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.10 , Page Number 300"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Power gain : 826.0 .\n",
+ "EMF E : 0.29 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
+ "hfe = 55.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "Pin = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Output power (in watt)\n",
+ "RB = 80.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resitance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Zb = hie #Zb (in ohm)\n",
+ "Zin = RB #Impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "ZS = RS + Zin #Imput impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Zout = RC/hoe*(1/(RC + 1/hoe)) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Rac = Zout*RL/(Zout + RL) #AC load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vout = -34.3*0.29 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Pout = Vout**2/RL #Output power (in watt) \n",
+ "E = 0.29 #EMF (in volts)\n",
+ "Ap = Pin/0.29**2*6.95*10**3 #Power gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Power gain : \",round(Ap),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"EMF E : \",E,\"V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.11 , Page Number 301 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 46,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Input impedance : 0.87 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Output impedance : 1.9 kilo-ohm\n",
+ "Current gain : -43.5 .\n",
+ "Voltage gain : -100.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain \n",
+ "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
+ "RC = 2* 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 2* 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Zb = hie #Zb (in ohm) \n",
+ "Zin = Zb*R1*R2/(Zb*R1 + Zb*R2 + R1*R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Zout = 1/hoe*RC/(RC + 1/hoe) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -(RC*RL)/(RC + RL)*hfe/hie #Voltage gain\n",
+ "RB = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Ai = -hfe*RB*RC/((RC + RL)*(RB + Zb)) #Current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Output impedance : \",round(Zout * 10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,1),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.12 , Page Number 302 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 56,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ai : -100.0 .\n",
+ "Av : -9.597 .\n",
+ "Avs : -4.19 .\n",
+ "Rin : 7.74 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hre = 0 #hre\n",
+ "hfe = 50.0 #Current gain \n",
+ "hoe = 100.0 #hoe \n",
+ "R1 = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RS = 10.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RB = hie + (1 + hfe)*RE #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Rin = RB*R1*R2/((RB*R1 + RB*R2 + R1*R2)) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Ai = -hoe #Current gain\n",
+ "Av = -hoe*RL/(hie + (1 + hfe)*RE) #Voltage gain\n",
+ "Avs = Av * Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Ai : \",Ai,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Avs : \",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Rin : \",round(Rin*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.13 , Page Number 302 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 60,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Quiescent collector current : 1.0 mA.\n",
+ "Small signal voltage gain : -40.63 .\n",
+ "Maximum possible swing of collector current : 4.55 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RE = 100.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 420.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "VCC = 5.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VCC -VBE)/(RB + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICQ = beta * IB #Q-point collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "r1e = 25.0*10**-3/IE #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Rin = RB*(beta*r1e)/(RB + beta*r1e) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Rout = RC #Output resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -ICQ/IB*Rout/Rin #Small signal voltage gain \n",
+ "swing = VCC/(RC + RE) #Max. possible swing (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Quiescent collector current : \",round(ICQ*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"Small signal voltage gain : \",round(Av,2),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Maximum possible swing of collector current : \",round(swing*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to high precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.14 , Page Number 303 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "1.20603015075e-05 0.00156783919598 0.00156783919598 0.00157989949749\n",
+ "ICQ : 0.945 mA and VCEQ : 2.251 V.\n",
+ "VCE when R2 is open circuited : -8.117 V.\n",
+ "AV : -455.0 .\n",
+ "Rin : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = hfe = 130 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "R1 = 510.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 510.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 7.5 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 9.1 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 18.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0 #Base-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rth = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vth = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "ICQ = IC #Q-point IC (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEQ = VCC - ICQ*RC - IE*RE #Q-point VCE (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB1 = (VCC - VBE)/(R1 + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC1 = beta*IB1 #Collector current1 (in Ampere) \n",
+ "ICQ1 = IC1 #Q-point IC (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE1 = (beta + 1)*IB1 #Emitter current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEQ1 = VCC - ICQ1*RC - IE1*RE #Q-point VCE (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rin = (R1*R2*hie)/(R1*R2 + hie*R2 + hie*R1) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -50/hie*RC #Voltage gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print IB1,IC1,ICQ1,IE1\n",
+ "print \"ICQ : \",round(ICQ*10**3,3),\"mA and VCEQ : \",round(VCEQ,3),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"VCE when R2 is open circuited : \",round(VCEQ1,3),\"V.\"\n",
+ "print \"AV : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Rin : \",round(Rin*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Mistake in book for the value of hfe in calculation of Av."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.15 , Page Number 304 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Zin : 1.595 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Zout : 4.296 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Av : -323.125 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hfe = 110 #Current gain in CE\n",
+ "hie = 1.6 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hre = 2 * 10**-4 #hre\n",
+ "hoe = 20.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt) \n",
+ "RB = 470.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Zin = RB*hie/(RB + hie) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Zout = RC*1/hoe/(RC + 1/hoe) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -RC*hfe/hie #Voltage gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin*10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Zout : \",round(Zout*10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.16 , Page Number 307 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Zin : 24.84 ohm.\n",
+ "Zout : 7.97 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Av : 134.4 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hib = 25.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hfb = -0.98 #Current gain in CB \n",
+ "hob = 0.5 * 10**-6 #hob (in Siemens) \n",
+ "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 4.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 6.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RC = 8.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Zin = hib*RE/(hib + RE) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Zout = RC*1/hob/(RC + 1/hob) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -(RC*RL)/(RC+RL)*hfb/hib #Voltage gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin,2),\" ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Zout : \",round(Zout*10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.17 , Page Number 309 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Input impedance : 4.9 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Outpur impedance : 28.0 ohm.\n",
+ "Voltage gain : 1 .\n",
+ "Current gain : 101.0 .\n",
+ "Power gain : 101.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hie = 2000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain \n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 5.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hic = hie #hic\n",
+ "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n",
+ "Zb = hic - hfc*(RE*RL)/(RE + RL) #ZB (in ohm)\n",
+ "Zin = Zb*R1*R2/(Zb*R1 + R1*R2 + Zb*R2)#Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Ze = -(hic + (R1*R2*RS/(R1*R2 + R2*RS + R1*RS)))/hfc #Ze (in ohm)\n",
+ "Zout = Ze*RE/(Ze + RE) #Output impedance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Av = 1 #Coltage gain\n",
+ "RB = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Ai = -hfc #Current gain\n",
+ "Ap = Ai #Power gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Outpur impedance : \",round(Zout),\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Current gain : \",Ai,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.18 , Page Number 310 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Input impedance : 227.667 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Voltage gain : 0.9956 .\n",
+ "Current gain : 45.33 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "RS = 0.5 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "hie = 1000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hfe = 50.0 #Current gain \n",
+ "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hor (in Siemens) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hic = hie #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hrc = 1 #hrc\n",
+ "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n",
+ "hoc = hoe #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
+ "Ai = -hfc/(1 + hoc*RL) #Current gain\n",
+ "Ri = hic - hrc*hfc/(hoc + 1/RL) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = Ai*RL/Ri #Voltage gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Ri * 10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,4),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.19 , Page Number 310"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Input impedance : 34.254 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Outpur impedance : 21.1 ohm.\n",
+ "Voltage gain : 0.9789 .\n",
+ "Current gain : 33.53 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 15.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hfe = 50 #hfe\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hic = hie #hic (in ohm)\n",
+ "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n",
+ "Zin = (hic - hfc*RE)*RB/((hic - hfc*RE) + RB) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Zout = RE*(-hic/hfc)/(RE - hic/hfc) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -hfc*RE/(hic - hfc*RE) #Voltage gain\n",
+ "Ai = Av*Zin/RE #Current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Outpur impedance : \",round(Zout,1),\"ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,4),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation mistake in the value of Zout in the book."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 8.20 , Page Number 311 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Zin : 1.0883 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Av : 0.99 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hre = hoe = 0 #hre\n",
+ "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
+ "hfe = 100.0 #hfe\n",
+ "VCC = 5.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "hic = hie #hic (in ohm)\n",
+ "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n",
+ "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n",
+ "hoc = hoe = 0 #hoc\n",
+ "Zin = (hic - hfc*RE)*R1*R2/(((hic - hfc*RE)*(R1+R2))+R1*R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -hfc*RE/(hic - hfc*RE) #Voltage gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin*10**-3,4),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "print \"Av : \",round(Av,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2bc7858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 9 , Regulated Power Supplies"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 9.1 , Page Number 328"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Breakdown voltage : 8.0 V.\n",
+ "Resistor R : 206.0 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = IL = 1.2 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vout = 7.5 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.5 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 50.0 #Current gain\n",
+ "VCC = 15.0 #Supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IZmin = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Minimum zener current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VZ = Vout + VBE #Zener diode breakdown voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VR = VCC - VZ #Voltage drop in resistor R (in volts)\n",
+ "IR = IB + IZmin #Current through R (in AMpere) \n",
+ "R = VR/IR #Resistance R (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Breakdown voltage : \",VZ,\"V.\\nResistor R : \",round(R),\"ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 9.2 , Page Number 328"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Breakdown voltage : 9.6 V.\n",
+ "Series Resistor RSE : 37.5 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vout = 10 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.4 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IL = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Load current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vinmin = 11.25 #Min. input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vinmax = 13.75 #Max. input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VZ = Vout - VBE #Zener breakdown voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VRSE = Vinmax - Vout #Max. voltage drop in series resistor (in volts)\n",
+ "Imax = IL #Series resistor current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RSE = VRSE/Imax #Series resistor (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Breakdown voltage : \",VZ,\"V.\\nSeries Resistor RSE : \",round(RSE,1),\"ohm.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png
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diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png
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diff --git a/sample_notebooks/PRAVEENKUMAR C/STATICS_CHAPTER_1.ipynb b/sample_notebooks/PRAVEENKUMAR C/STATICS_CHAPTER_1.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8e5464b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sample_notebooks/PRAVEENKUMAR C/STATICS_CHAPTER_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION TO FLUID STATICS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## SAMPLE PROBLEM 1/1,PAGE NUMBER:19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The weight of a car in newton,W= 13734.0 N\n",
+ "The mass of the car in slugs,m= 95.9 slugs\n",
+ "The weight of the car in pounds,W= 3089.0 lb(roundoff error)\n",
+ "The mass of the car in lbm,m= 3086.0 lbm(roundoff error)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "m=1400; # Mass of car in kg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "g=9.81; # The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2\n",
+ "W_1=m*g;# Weight in N\n",
+ "m_1=m/14.594;# Mass of the car in slugs (1slug=14.594kg)\n",
+ "g=32.2; # The acceleration due to gravity in ft/s^2\n",
+ "W_2=m_1*g;# Weight in pounds (lb)\n",
+ "m_2=m/0.45359; #Mass of the car in lbm\n",
+ "print \"The weight of a car in newton,W=\",round(W_1,0),\"N\"\n",
+ "print \"The mass of the car in slugs,m=\",round(m_1,1),\"slugs\"\n",
+ "print \"The weight of the car in pounds,W=\",round(W_2,0),\"lb\"\"(roundoff error)\"\n",
+ "print \"The mass of the car in lbm,m=\",round(m_2,0),\"lbm\"\"(roundoff error)\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## SAMPLE PROBLEM 1/2,PAGE NUMBER:19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The weight of a person by using Newton's Law of gravitation,W= 688.0 N\n",
+ "The weight of a person standing on the surface of the earth,W= 687.0 N\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "G=6.673* 10**-11;# m^3/(kg.s^2)\n",
+ "m_e=5.976* 10**24;# kg\n",
+ "R=6371*10**3;# m\n",
+ "m=70;# kg\n",
+ "g=9.81;# m/s^2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "W_n=(G*m_e*m)/R**2;# N\n",
+ "W=m*g;# N\n",
+ "print\"The weight of a person by using Newton's Law of gravitation,W=\",round(W_n,0),\"N\"\n",
+ "print\"The weight of a person standing on the surface of the earth,W=\",round(W,0),\"N\"\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}