diff options
| author | kinitrupti | 2017-05-12 18:53:46 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | kinitrupti | 2017-05-12 18:53:46 +0530 |
| commit | 6279fa19ac6e2a4087df2e6fe985430ecc2c2d5d (patch) | |
| tree | 22789c9dbe468dae6697dcd12d8e97de4bcf94a2 /Applied_Physics_by_P._K._Palanisamy/Chapter8_1.ipynb | |
| parent | d36fc3b8f88cc3108ffff6151e376b619b9abb01 (diff) | |
| download | Python-Textbook-Companions-6279fa19ac6e2a4087df2e6fe985430ecc2c2d5d.tar.gz Python-Textbook-Companions-6279fa19ac6e2a4087df2e6fe985430ecc2c2d5d.tar.bz2 Python-Textbook-Companions-6279fa19ac6e2a4087df2e6fe985430ecc2c2d5d.zip | |
Removed duplicates
Diffstat (limited to 'Applied_Physics_by_P._K._Palanisamy/Chapter8_1.ipynb')
| -rwxr-xr-x | Applied_Physics_by_P._K._Palanisamy/Chapter8_1.ipynb | 931 |
1 files changed, 931 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_P._K._Palanisamy/Chapter8_1.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_P._K._Palanisamy/Chapter8_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..403a2566 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_P._K._Palanisamy/Chapter8_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,931 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:56ac13dd16475ea277515219c6087df27ecfe535e7f6298ab44a9065695ca2d8"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ " 8: Semiconductors"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.1, Page number 8.11"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ni = 2.37*10**19; #intrinsic carrier density(per m^3)\n",
+ "mew_e = 0.38; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h = 0.18; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma_i = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "rho = 1/sigma_i; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "rho = math.ceil(rho*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",rho,\"ohm m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "resistivity is 0.471 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.2, Page number 8.12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Eg = 1.12; #band gap(eV)\n",
+ "k = 1.38*10**-23;\n",
+ "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "m0 = 1; #for simplicity assume value of m0 to be unity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mh = 0.28*m0;\n",
+ "me = 0.12*m0;\n",
+ "EF = (Eg/2)+(3*k*T*np.log(mh/me)/(4*e)); #position of Fermi level(eV)\n",
+ "EF = math.ceil(EF*10**4)/10**4; #rounding off to 4 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"position of Fermi level is\",EF,\"eV from the top of valence band\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "position of Fermi level is 0.5765 eV from the top of valence band\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.3, Page number 8.12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "m = 9.109*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann's constant\n",
+ "h = 6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "Eg = 0.7; #band gap(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg = Eg*e; #band gap(J)\n",
+ "A = (2*math.pi*m*k*T/h**2)**(3/2);\n",
+ "B = math.exp(-Eg/(2*k*T));\n",
+ "ni = 2*A*B; #concentration of intrinsic charge carriers per m^3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"concentration of intrinsic charge carriers is\",round(ni/1e+19,3),\"*10^19 per m^3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "concentration of intrinsic charge carriers is 3.348 *10^19 per m^3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.4, Page number 8.13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ni = 2.4*10**19; #intrinsic carrier density(per m^3)\n",
+ "mew_e = 0.39; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h = 0.19; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma_i = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "rho = 1/sigma_i; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "rho = math.ceil(rho*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",rho,\"ohm m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "resistivity is 0.449 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.5, Page number 8.13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ni = 2.5*10**19; #intrinsic carrier density(per m^3)\n",
+ "mew_e = 0.39; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h = 0.19; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "w = 1; #width(mm)\n",
+ "t = 1; #thickness(mm)\n",
+ "l = 1; #length(cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma_i = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "w = w*10**-3; #width(m)\n",
+ "t = t*10**-3; #thickness(m)\n",
+ "A = w*t; #area(m^2)\n",
+ "l = l*10**-2; #length(m)\n",
+ "R = l/(sigma_i*A); #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "R = R/10**3;\n",
+ "R = math.ceil(R*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistance of intrinsic Ge rod is\",R,\"*10^3 ohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "resistance of intrinsic Ge rod is 4.311 *10^3 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 18
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.6, Page number 8.14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "m = 9.109*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "h = 6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "kT = 0.026;\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "Eg = 1.1; #energy gap(eV)\n",
+ "mew_e = 0.48; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h = 0.013; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "C = 2*(2*math.pi*m*k/h**2)**(3/2);\n",
+ "ni = C*(T**(3/2))*math.exp(-Eg/(2*kT)); #intrinsic carrier density per m^3\n",
+ "sigma_i = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "sigma_i = sigma_i*10**3;\n",
+ "sigma_i = math.ceil(sigma_i*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",sigma_i,\"*10**-3 ohm-1 m-1\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 1.286 *10**-3 ohm-1 m-1\n",
+ "answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 24
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.7, Page number 8.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "m = 9.109*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "h = 6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "Eg = 0.7; #energy gap(eV)\n",
+ "mew_e = 0.4; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h = 0.2; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ni = 2*(2*math.pi*m*k*T/h**2)**(3/2)*math.exp(-Eg*e/(2*k*T)); #intrinsic carrier density per m^3\n",
+ "sigma = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "sigma = math.ceil(sigma*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off to 2 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic carrier density is\",round(ni/1e+19,2),\"*10^19 per m^3\"\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",sigma,\"ohm-1 m-1\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "intrinsic carrier density is 3.35 *10^19 per m^3\n",
+ "conductivity is 3.22 ohm-1 m-1\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 27
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.8, Page number 8.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho = 2.12; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "m = 9.109*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "h = 6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "mew_e = 0.36; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h = 0.17; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma = 1/rho; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "ni = sigma/(e*(mew_e+mew_h)); #intrinsic carrier density per m^3\n",
+ "C = 2*(2*math.pi*m*k/h**2)**(3/2);\n",
+ "#let exp(Eg/(2*k*T)) be a\n",
+ "a = (C*T**(3/2))/ni;\n",
+ "#Eg/(2*k*T) = log(a) and Eg = 2*k*T*log(a)\n",
+ "Eg = 2*k*T*np.log(a)/e; #forbidden energy gap(eV)\n",
+ "Eg = math.ceil(Eg*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"forbidden energy gap is\",Eg,\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "forbidden energy gap is 0.793 eV\n",
+ "answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.9, Page number 8.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho_2 = 4.5; #resistivity at 20C\n",
+ "rho_1 = 2; #resistivity at 32C\n",
+ "T1 = 20; #temperature(C)\n",
+ "T2 = 32; #temperature(C)\n",
+ "k = 8.616*10**-5;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T1 = T1+273; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2 = T2+273; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "dy = np.log10(rho_2)-np.log10(rho_1);\n",
+ "dx = (1/T1)-(1/T2);\n",
+ "Eg = 2*k*dy/dx; #energy band gap(eV)\n",
+ "Eg = math.ceil(Eg*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy band gap is\",Eg,\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "energy band gap is 0.452 eV\n",
+ "answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.10, Page number 8.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Eg = 1; #band gap(eV)\n",
+ "e = 1.602*10**-19;\n",
+ "me = 1; #for simplicity assume me to be unity\n",
+ "E_Ef = 10/100; #fermi level shift(eV)\n",
+ "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg = Eg*e; #band gap(J)\n",
+ "mh = 4*me; #effective mass of holes is 4 times of electrons\n",
+ "E_Ef = E_Ef*e; #fermi level shift(J)\n",
+ "#E_Ef = 3*k*T*np.log(mh/me)/4\n",
+ "T = 4*E_Ef/(3*k*np.log(mh/me)); #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"temperature is\",int(T),\"K\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "temperature is 1116 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 37
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.11, Page number 8.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Na = 5*10**23; #atoms of boron\n",
+ "Nd = 3*10**23; #arsenic atoms\n",
+ "ni = 2*10**16; #intrinsic charge carriers per m^3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p = 2*(Na-Nd)/2; #hole concentration per m^3\n",
+ "n = ni**2/p; #electron concentration per m^3\n",
+ "n = n/10**9;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electron concentration is\",int(n),\"*10**9 per m^3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "electron concentration is 2 *10**9 per m^3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.12, Page number 8.19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ni = 1.5*10**16; #intrinsic charge carriers per m^3\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "mew_e = 0.13; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h = 0.05; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "AW = 28.1; #atomic weight of Si(kg)\n",
+ "d = 2.33*10**3; #density of Si(kg/m^3)\n",
+ "N = 6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "sigma = sigma*10**3;\n",
+ "Nd = d*N/AW; #impurity atoms per m^3\n",
+ "Nd = Nd/10**8; #extent of 10^8 Si atoms\n",
+ "p = ni**2/Nd; #hole concentration per m^3\n",
+ "sigma_ex = Nd*e*mew_e; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "sigma_ex = math.ceil(sigma_ex*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
+ "Na = Nd;\n",
+ "n = ni**2/Na; #electron concentration per m^3\n",
+ "sigma_EX = Na*e*mew_h; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "sigma_EX = math.ceil(sigma_EX*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",sigma,\"*10^-3 ohm-1 m-1\"\n",
+ "print \"conductivity if donor type impurity is added is\",sigma_ex,\"ohm-1 m-1\"\n",
+ "print \"conductivity if acceptor type impurity is added is\",sigma_EX,\"ohm-1 m-1\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 0.432 *10^-3 ohm-1 m-1\n",
+ "conductivity if donor type impurity is added is 10.383 ohm-1 m-1\n",
+ "conductivity if acceptor type impurity is added is 3.994 ohm-1 m-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 47
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.13, Page number 8.21"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ni = 1.5*10**16; #intrinsic charge carriers per m^3\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "mew_e = 0.135; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h = 0.048; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "Nd = 10**23; #phosphorus atoms per m^3\n",
+ "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "sigma = sigma*10**3;\n",
+ "p = (ni**2)/Nd; #hole concentration per m^3\n",
+ "p = p/10**9;\n",
+ "sigma_ex = Nd*e*mew_e; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "#EF = (Eg/2)+(3*k*T*log(mew_e/mew_h)/4)\n",
+ "X = 3*k*T*np.log(mew_e/mew_h)/(4*e);\n",
+ "X = math.ceil(X*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
+ "#EF = (Eg/2)+X\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",sigma,\"*10^-3 ohm-1 m-1\"\n",
+ "print \"hole concentration is\",p,\"*10**9 per m^3\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for hole concentration given in the book is wrong\"\n",
+ "print \"EF = Eg/2 + \",X\n",
+ "print \"Fermi level will be positioned at \",X,\"eV above intrinsic level\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 0.4392 *10^-3 ohm-1 m-1\n",
+ "hole concentration is 2.25 *10**9 per m^3\n",
+ "answer for hole concentration given in the book is wrong\n",
+ "EF = Eg/2 + 0.021\n",
+ "Fermi level will be positioned at 0.021 eV above intrinsic level\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.14, Page number 8.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew_e = 0.19; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Dn = mew_e*k*T/e; #diffusion coefficient(m^2/s)\n",
+ "Dn = Dn*10**4;\n",
+ "Dn = math.ceil(Dn*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off to 2 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"diffusion coefficient of electrons is\",Dn,\"*10^-4 m^2/s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "diffusion coefficient of electrons is 49.17 *10^-4 m^2/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 59
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.15, Page number 8.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "RH = 3.66*10**-4; #Hall coefficient(m^3/coulomb)\n",
+ "I = 10**-2; #current(amp)\n",
+ "B = 0.5; #magnetic field(Wb/m^2)\n",
+ "t = 1; #thickness(mm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t = t*10**-3; #thickness(m)\n",
+ "VH = RH*I*B/t; #Hall voltage(V)\n",
+ "VH = VH*10**3; #Hall voltage(mV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Hall voltage developed is\",VH,\"mV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Hall voltage developed is 1.83 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 60
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.16, Page number 8.47"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Vy = 37; #voltage(micro-V)\n",
+ "t = 1; #thickness(mm)\n",
+ "Bz = 0.5; #flux density(Wb/m^2)\n",
+ "Ix = 20; #current(mA)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vy = Vy*10**-6; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "t = t*10**-3; #thickness(m)\n",
+ "Ix = Ix*10**-3; #current(A)\n",
+ "RH = Vy*t/(Ix*Bz); #Hall coefficient(C-1 m^3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Hall coefficient of semiconductor is\",RH,\"C-1 m^3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Hall coefficient of semiconductor is 3.7e-06 C-1 m^3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 62
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.17, Page number 8.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "RH = -7.35*10**-5; #Hall coefficient(m^3/C)\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "sigma = 200; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n = -1/(RH*e); #density(m^3)\n",
+ "mew = sigma/(n*e); #mobility(m^2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew = mew*10**3;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"density of charge carriers is\",round(n/1e+22,3),\"*10^22 m^3\"\n",
+ "print \"mobility of charge carriers is\",mew,\"*10^-3 m^2/Vs\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "density of charge carriers is 8.503 *10^22 m^3\n",
+ "mobility of charge carriers is 14.7 *10^-3 m^2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 66
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.18, Page number 8.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I = 50; #current(A)\n",
+ "B = 1.5; #magnetic field(T)\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "n = 8.4*10**28; #free electron concentration(electron/m^3)\n",
+ "t = 0.5; #thickness(cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t = t*10**-2; #thickness(m)\n",
+ "VH = I*B/(n*e*t); #hall voltage(V)\n",
+ "VH = VH*10**6; #hall voltage(micro-V)\n",
+ "VH = math.ceil(VH*10**4)/10**4; #rounding off to 4 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnitude of Hall voltage is\",VH,\"micro-V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "magnitude of Hall voltage is 1.1161 micro-V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 69
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.19, Page number 8.49"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "RH = 3.66*10**-4; #Hall coefficient(m^3/C)\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "rho_n = 8.93*10**-3; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n = 1/(RH*e);\n",
+ "mew_e = RH/rho_n;\n",
+ "mew_e = math.ceil(mew_e*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"value of n is\",round(n/1e+22,3),\"*10^22 per m^3\"\n",
+ "print \"value of mew_e is\",mew_e,\"m^2/Vs\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "value of n is 1.708 *10^22 per m^3\n",
+ "value of mew_e is 0.041 m^2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 72
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file |