From 6279fa19ac6e2a4087df2e6fe985430ecc2c2d5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kinitrupti Date: Fri, 12 May 2017 18:53:46 +0530 Subject: Removed duplicates --- .../Chapter8_1.ipynb | 931 +++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 931 insertions(+) create mode 100755 Applied_Physics_by_P._K._Palanisamy/Chapter8_1.ipynb (limited to 'Applied_Physics_by_P._K._Palanisamy/Chapter8_1.ipynb') diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_P._K._Palanisamy/Chapter8_1.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_P._K._Palanisamy/Chapter8_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..403a2566 --- /dev/null +++ b/Applied_Physics_by_P._K._Palanisamy/Chapter8_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,931 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:56ac13dd16475ea277515219c6087df27ecfe535e7f6298ab44a9065695ca2d8" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + " 8: Semiconductors" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.1, Page number 8.11" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "ni = 2.37*10**19; #intrinsic carrier density(per m^3)\n", + "mew_e = 0.38; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h = 0.18; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sigma_i = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "rho = 1/sigma_i; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "rho = math.ceil(rho*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"resistivity is\",rho,\"ohm m\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "resistivity is 0.471 ohm m\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.2, Page number 8.12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "import numpy as np\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Eg = 1.12; #band gap(eV)\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23;\n", + "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "m0 = 1; #for simplicity assume value of m0 to be unity\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "mh = 0.28*m0;\n", + "me = 0.12*m0;\n", + "EF = (Eg/2)+(3*k*T*np.log(mh/me)/(4*e)); #position of Fermi level(eV)\n", + "EF = math.ceil(EF*10**4)/10**4; #rounding off to 4 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"position of Fermi level is\",EF,\"eV from the top of valence band\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "position of Fermi level is 0.5765 eV from the top of valence band\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.3, Page number 8.12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "m = 9.109*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann's constant\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n", + "Eg = 0.7; #band gap(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Eg = Eg*e; #band gap(J)\n", + "A = (2*math.pi*m*k*T/h**2)**(3/2);\n", + "B = math.exp(-Eg/(2*k*T));\n", + "ni = 2*A*B; #concentration of intrinsic charge carriers per m^3\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"concentration of intrinsic charge carriers is\",round(ni/1e+19,3),\"*10^19 per m^3\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "concentration of intrinsic charge carriers is 3.348 *10^19 per m^3\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.4, Page number 8.13" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "ni = 2.4*10**19; #intrinsic carrier density(per m^3)\n", + "mew_e = 0.39; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h = 0.19; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sigma_i = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "rho = 1/sigma_i; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "rho = math.ceil(rho*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"resistivity is\",rho,\"ohm m\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "resistivity is 0.449 ohm m\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.5, Page number 8.13" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "ni = 2.5*10**19; #intrinsic carrier density(per m^3)\n", + "mew_e = 0.39; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h = 0.19; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "w = 1; #width(mm)\n", + "t = 1; #thickness(mm)\n", + "l = 1; #length(cm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sigma_i = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "w = w*10**-3; #width(m)\n", + "t = t*10**-3; #thickness(m)\n", + "A = w*t; #area(m^2)\n", + "l = l*10**-2; #length(m)\n", + "R = l/(sigma_i*A); #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "R = R/10**3;\n", + "R = math.ceil(R*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"resistance of intrinsic Ge rod is\",R,\"*10^3 ohm\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "resistance of intrinsic Ge rod is 4.311 *10^3 ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 18 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.6, Page number 8.14" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "m = 9.109*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n", + "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n", + "kT = 0.026;\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "Eg = 1.1; #energy gap(eV)\n", + "mew_e = 0.48; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h = 0.013; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "C = 2*(2*math.pi*m*k/h**2)**(3/2);\n", + "ni = C*(T**(3/2))*math.exp(-Eg/(2*kT)); #intrinsic carrier density per m^3\n", + "sigma_i = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "sigma_i = sigma_i*10**3;\n", + "sigma_i = math.ceil(sigma_i*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"conductivity is\",sigma_i,\"*10**-3 ohm-1 m-1\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "conductivity is 1.286 *10**-3 ohm-1 m-1\n", + "answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 24 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.7, Page number 8.15" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "m = 9.109*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n", + "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "Eg = 0.7; #energy gap(eV)\n", + "mew_e = 0.4; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h = 0.2; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "ni = 2*(2*math.pi*m*k*T/h**2)**(3/2)*math.exp(-Eg*e/(2*k*T)); #intrinsic carrier density per m^3\n", + "sigma = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "sigma = math.ceil(sigma*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off to 2 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"intrinsic carrier density is\",round(ni/1e+19,2),\"*10^19 per m^3\"\n", + "print \"conductivity is\",sigma,\"ohm-1 m-1\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "intrinsic carrier density is 3.35 *10^19 per m^3\n", + "conductivity is 3.22 ohm-1 m-1\n", + "answer given in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 27 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.8, Page number 8.16" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "import numpy as np\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rho = 2.12; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "m = 9.109*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n", + "mew_e = 0.36; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h = 0.17; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sigma = 1/rho; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "ni = sigma/(e*(mew_e+mew_h)); #intrinsic carrier density per m^3\n", + "C = 2*(2*math.pi*m*k/h**2)**(3/2);\n", + "#let exp(Eg/(2*k*T)) be a\n", + "a = (C*T**(3/2))/ni;\n", + "#Eg/(2*k*T) = log(a) and Eg = 2*k*T*log(a)\n", + "Eg = 2*k*T*np.log(a)/e; #forbidden energy gap(eV)\n", + "Eg = math.ceil(Eg*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"forbidden energy gap is\",Eg,\"eV\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "forbidden energy gap is 0.793 eV\n", + "answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.9, Page number 8.17" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "import numpy as np\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rho_2 = 4.5; #resistivity at 20C\n", + "rho_1 = 2; #resistivity at 32C\n", + "T1 = 20; #temperature(C)\n", + "T2 = 32; #temperature(C)\n", + "k = 8.616*10**-5;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "T1 = T1+273; #temperature(K)\n", + "T2 = T2+273; #temperature(K)\n", + "dy = np.log10(rho_2)-np.log10(rho_1);\n", + "dx = (1/T1)-(1/T2);\n", + "Eg = 2*k*dy/dx; #energy band gap(eV)\n", + "Eg = math.ceil(Eg*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"energy band gap is\",Eg,\"eV\"\n", + "print \"answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "energy band gap is 0.452 eV\n", + "answer given in the book differs due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.10, Page number 8.17" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "import numpy as np\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Eg = 1; #band gap(eV)\n", + "e = 1.602*10**-19;\n", + "me = 1; #for simplicity assume me to be unity\n", + "E_Ef = 10/100; #fermi level shift(eV)\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Eg = Eg*e; #band gap(J)\n", + "mh = 4*me; #effective mass of holes is 4 times of electrons\n", + "E_Ef = E_Ef*e; #fermi level shift(J)\n", + "#E_Ef = 3*k*T*np.log(mh/me)/4\n", + "T = 4*E_Ef/(3*k*np.log(mh/me)); #temperature(K)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"temperature is\",int(T),\"K\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "temperature is 1116 K\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 37 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.11, Page number 8.18" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Na = 5*10**23; #atoms of boron\n", + "Nd = 3*10**23; #arsenic atoms\n", + "ni = 2*10**16; #intrinsic charge carriers per m^3\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "p = 2*(Na-Nd)/2; #hole concentration per m^3\n", + "n = ni**2/p; #electron concentration per m^3\n", + "n = n/10**9;\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"electron concentration is\",int(n),\"*10**9 per m^3\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "electron concentration is 2 *10**9 per m^3\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.12, Page number 8.19" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "ni = 1.5*10**16; #intrinsic charge carriers per m^3\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "mew_e = 0.13; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h = 0.05; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "AW = 28.1; #atomic weight of Si(kg)\n", + "d = 2.33*10**3; #density of Si(kg/m^3)\n", + "N = 6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sigma = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "sigma = sigma*10**3;\n", + "Nd = d*N/AW; #impurity atoms per m^3\n", + "Nd = Nd/10**8; #extent of 10^8 Si atoms\n", + "p = ni**2/Nd; #hole concentration per m^3\n", + "sigma_ex = Nd*e*mew_e; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "sigma_ex = math.ceil(sigma_ex*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "Na = Nd;\n", + "n = ni**2/Na; #electron concentration per m^3\n", + "sigma_EX = Na*e*mew_h; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "sigma_EX = math.ceil(sigma_EX*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"conductivity is\",sigma,\"*10^-3 ohm-1 m-1\"\n", + "print \"conductivity if donor type impurity is added is\",sigma_ex,\"ohm-1 m-1\"\n", + "print \"conductivity if acceptor type impurity is added is\",sigma_EX,\"ohm-1 m-1\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "conductivity is 0.432 *10^-3 ohm-1 m-1\n", + "conductivity if donor type impurity is added is 10.383 ohm-1 m-1\n", + "conductivity if acceptor type impurity is added is 3.994 ohm-1 m-1\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 47 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.13, Page number 8.21" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "import numpy as np\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "ni = 1.5*10**16; #intrinsic charge carriers per m^3\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "mew_e = 0.135; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "mew_h = 0.048; #hole mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "Nd = 10**23; #phosphorus atoms per m^3\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "sigma = ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "sigma = sigma*10**3;\n", + "p = (ni**2)/Nd; #hole concentration per m^3\n", + "p = p/10**9;\n", + "sigma_ex = Nd*e*mew_e; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "#EF = (Eg/2)+(3*k*T*log(mew_e/mew_h)/4)\n", + "X = 3*k*T*np.log(mew_e/mew_h)/(4*e);\n", + "X = math.ceil(X*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "#EF = (Eg/2)+X\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"conductivity is\",sigma,\"*10^-3 ohm-1 m-1\"\n", + "print \"hole concentration is\",p,\"*10**9 per m^3\"\n", + "print \"answer for hole concentration given in the book is wrong\"\n", + "print \"EF = Eg/2 + \",X\n", + "print \"Fermi level will be positioned at \",X,\"eV above intrinsic level\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "conductivity is 0.4392 *10^-3 ohm-1 m-1\n", + "hole concentration is 2.25 *10**9 per m^3\n", + "answer for hole concentration given in the book is wrong\n", + "EF = Eg/2 + 0.021\n", + "Fermi level will be positioned at 0.021 eV above intrinsic level\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.14, Page number 8.36" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "mew_e = 0.19; #electron mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n", + "T = 300; #temperature(K)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Dn = mew_e*k*T/e; #diffusion coefficient(m^2/s)\n", + "Dn = Dn*10**4;\n", + "Dn = math.ceil(Dn*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off to 2 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"diffusion coefficient of electrons is\",Dn,\"*10^-4 m^2/s\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "diffusion coefficient of electrons is 49.17 *10^-4 m^2/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 59 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.15, Page number 8.46" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "RH = 3.66*10**-4; #Hall coefficient(m^3/coulomb)\n", + "I = 10**-2; #current(amp)\n", + "B = 0.5; #magnetic field(Wb/m^2)\n", + "t = 1; #thickness(mm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "t = t*10**-3; #thickness(m)\n", + "VH = RH*I*B/t; #Hall voltage(V)\n", + "VH = VH*10**3; #Hall voltage(mV)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Hall voltage developed is\",VH,\"mV\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Hall voltage developed is 1.83 mV\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 60 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.16, Page number 8.47" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Vy = 37; #voltage(micro-V)\n", + "t = 1; #thickness(mm)\n", + "Bz = 0.5; #flux density(Wb/m^2)\n", + "Ix = 20; #current(mA)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Vy = Vy*10**-6; #voltage(V)\n", + "t = t*10**-3; #thickness(m)\n", + "Ix = Ix*10**-3; #current(A)\n", + "RH = Vy*t/(Ix*Bz); #Hall coefficient(C-1 m^3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Hall coefficient of semiconductor is\",RH,\"C-1 m^3\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Hall coefficient of semiconductor is 3.7e-06 C-1 m^3\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 62 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.17, Page number 8.48" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "RH = -7.35*10**-5; #Hall coefficient(m^3/C)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "sigma = 200; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n = -1/(RH*e); #density(m^3)\n", + "mew = sigma/(n*e); #mobility(m^2/Vs)\n", + "mew = mew*10**3;\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"density of charge carriers is\",round(n/1e+22,3),\"*10^22 m^3\"\n", + "print \"mobility of charge carriers is\",mew,\"*10^-3 m^2/Vs\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "density of charge carriers is 8.503 *10^22 m^3\n", + "mobility of charge carriers is 14.7 *10^-3 m^2/Vs\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 66 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.18, Page number 8.48" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "I = 50; #current(A)\n", + "B = 1.5; #magnetic field(T)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "n = 8.4*10**28; #free electron concentration(electron/m^3)\n", + "t = 0.5; #thickness(cm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "t = t*10**-2; #thickness(m)\n", + "VH = I*B/(n*e*t); #hall voltage(V)\n", + "VH = VH*10**6; #hall voltage(micro-V)\n", + "VH = math.ceil(VH*10**4)/10**4; #rounding off to 4 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"magnitude of Hall voltage is\",VH,\"micro-V\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "magnitude of Hall voltage is 1.1161 micro-V\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 69 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example number 8.19, Page number 8.49" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "RH = 3.66*10**-4; #Hall coefficient(m^3/C)\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n", + "rho_n = 8.93*10**-3; #resistivity(ohm m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "n = 1/(RH*e);\n", + "mew_e = RH/rho_n;\n", + "mew_e = math.ceil(mew_e*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"value of n is\",round(n/1e+22,3),\"*10^22 per m^3\"\n", + "print \"value of mew_e is\",mew_e,\"m^2/Vs\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "value of n is 1.708 *10^22 per m^3\n", + "value of mew_e is 0.041 m^2/Vs\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 72 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit