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| author | prashantsinalkar | 2019-04-12 12:39:44 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | prashantsinalkar | 2019-04-12 12:39:44 +0530 |
| commit | 866b6e408c00566fdad029908c8384e26da7889f (patch) | |
| tree | 62caf698f7bea09bd981408c7abca701f6aa553c | |
| parent | 6ab23e3ee8972e2e5bbb40ad2fa32e19c7b13702 (diff) | |
| download | Scilab-TBC-Uploads-1-866b6e408c00566fdad029908c8384e26da7889f.tar.gz Scilab-TBC-Uploads-1-866b6e408c00566fdad029908c8384e26da7889f.tar.bz2 Scilab-TBC-Uploads-1-866b6e408c00566fdad029908c8384e26da7889f.zip | |
initial commit / add all books
225 files changed, 3626 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a0ac452a --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.1
+//calculation of position of zero order and twentieth order fringe
+//given data
+lambda=6000; //wavelength (in Armstrong) of light
+lambda1=5000; //new wavelength (in Armstrong) of light
+n=10; //order of maxima
+n1=20; //order of maxima
+D=1; //assuming D=1 for simplicity of calculation
+d=1; //assuming d=1 for simplicity of calculation
+y0=12.34; //position of zero order maxima
+y10=14.73; //position of tenth order maxima
+//calculation
+y_bn=y10-y0; //difference between position of tenth order maxima and zero order maxima (in mm)
+y_bn_dash=y_bn*(n1*lambda1*(D/d))/(n*lambda*(D/d)); //position of central bright fringe (in mm)
+y0_dash=y0; //position (in mm) of zero order fringe
+y_b20_dash=y0_dash+y_bn_dash; //position (in mm) of twentieth order fringe
+printf('\nposition of zero order fringe is %0.2f mm',y0_dash)
+printf('\nposition of twentieth order fringe is %0.2f mm',y_b20_dash)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a920d23f --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.10
+//calculation of depth of scratches
+//given data
+lambda=5350*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+//calculation
+t=4/10*lambda/2; //depth (in m) of scratches
+printf("\ndepth of scratches is %0.1f micrometer",t*10^6)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0af56c2c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.11
+//calculation of thickness of film
+//given data
+lambda1=6.1*10^-5; //wavelength (in cm) of light
+lambda2=6*10^-5; //wavelength (in cm) of light
+mu=4/3; //refractive index for film
+i=asin(4/5); //angle of incidence
+//calculation
+t=(lambda1*lambda2)/(lambda1-lambda2)*1/(2*sqrt(mu^2-sin(i)^2))
+printf('\nthickness of film is %0.4f cm',t)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffbff3c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.12
+//calculation of wavelengths which will be in visible region (4000 Armstrong-8000 Armstrong)
+//given data
+t=5*10^-7; //thickness (in m) of film of soapy water
+mu=1.33; //refractive index of soapy water
+r=0; //angle (in degrees) at which white light falls on a film of soapy water
+n1=1; //1st order
+n2=2; //2nd order
+n3=3; //3rd order
+n4=4; //4th order
+//calculation
+lambda1=(2*mu*t*cosd(r))/(n1-1/2); //wavelength (in m) of light in 1st order
+lambda2=(2*mu*t*cosd(r))/(n2-1/2); //wavelength (in m) of light in 2nd order
+lambda3=(2*mu*t*cosd(r))/(n3-1/2); //wavelength (in m) of light in 3rd order
+lambda4=(2*mu*t*cosd(r))/(n4-1/2); //wavelength (in m) of light in 4th order
+printf("\nwavelength of light in 1st order is %d Armstrong",lambda1*10^10)
+printf("\nwavelength of light in 2nd order is %d Armstrong",lambda2*10^10)
+printf("\nwavelength of light in 3rd order is %d Armstrong",lambda3*10^10)
+printf("\nwavelength of light in 4th order is %d Armstrong",lambda4*10^10)
+printf("\namongst these, the wavelength which falls in the visible region (4000-8000)Armstrong is 5319 Armstrong")
+//the second and third wavelength vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caeeef61b --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.15
+//calculation of wavelength of light
+//given data
+del_h=2.2*10^-6; //distance (in m) raised by the lens
+n_dash=15; //fifteenth bright ring
+n=7; //seventh bright ring
+//calculation
+lambda=(2*del_h)/(n_dash-n); //wavelength (in m) of light
+printf("\nwavelength of light used is %d Armstrong",lambda*10^10)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..badbd5f3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.16
+//calculation of new radius of ring when lens is raised
+//given data
+R=40; //radius of curvature of lens (in cm)
+r_dn=2.5; //radius of ring (in mm)
+del_h=5.0; //distance of lens raised from plate (in micrometer)
+//calculation
+r_d1n=sqrt(r_dn^2-2*del_h*10^-3*R*10^1); //new radius of ring (in mm)
+disp(r_d1n,'new radius (in mm) of ring when lens is raised is')
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6d07994c --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.17
+//calculation of radius of curvature of lens and thickness of air film at the ring
+//given data
+lambda=5.9*10^-5; //wavelength of light (in cm)
+D_d10=0.50; //diameter of tenth ring (in cm)
+n=10; //number of dark ting
+//calculation
+R=(D_d10^2)/(4*n*lambda); //radius of curvature of lens (in cm)
+t_dn=(n*lambda)/2; //thickness of the air film at the lens (in cm)
+printf('\nradius of curvature of lens is %0.1f cm',R)
+printf('\nthickness of film at the ring is %1.2e cm',t_dn)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ddf9c8d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.18
+//calculation of the order of the dark ring which will have double the diameter of that of the 20th dark ring
+D_nsq=1; //assuming the square of the diameter of nth ring to be 1 for simplicity of calculation
+D_20sq=(D_nsq)/4; //given that nth dark ring which will have double the diameter of that of the 20th dark ring (D_20sq is square of the diameter of 20th ring and D_nsq is square of the diameter of nth ring)
+n_20=20; //order of the 20th ring
+//from the formula D_n=sqrt(4*n*lambda*R), D_nsq is directly proportional to n
+n=n_20*(D_nsq)/(D_20sq); //order of the dark ring which will have double the diameter of that of the 20th dark ring
+printf("\norder of the dark ring which will have double the diameter of that of the 20th dark ring is %d",n)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..246e76924 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.19
+//calculation of n and diameter of the ring
+//given data
+lambda1=6560; //first wavelength of light (in Armstrong)
+lambda2=5248; //second wavelength of light (in Armstrong)
+R=0.8; //radius of curvature (in m)
+//calculation
+n=lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2); //number of dark ring
+D_n=sqrt(4*n*lambda1*10^-10*R); //diameter of the ring (in m)
+disp(n,'n is')
+printf("\ndiameter of ring is %0.3f mm",D_n*10^3)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..803285074 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.2
+//calculation of wavelength of light used in Fresnel's biprism experiment
+//given data
+W=0.196; //fringe width (in mm)
+D=1.00*10^3; //distance from the slit(in mm)
+//in the codes below, Dn+m is considered as D_n1
+d1=6.00; //separation between images when convex lens was placed at one place between biprism and eye piece (in mm)
+d2=1.5; //separation between images when convex lens was placed at another place between biprism and eye piece (in mm)
+//calculation
+d=sqrt(d1*d2); //actual separation (in mm)
+format (16)
+lambda=(W*d)/D; //wavelength (in mm) of light
+disp(lambda*10^7,'wavelength (in Armstrong) of light is')
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b531c1748 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.20
+//calculation of diameter of 25th and 37th bright rings and wavelength of light
+//given data
+D_n=0.314; //diameter of 5th bright ring (in cm)
+D_n1=0.584; //diameter of 16th bright ring (in cm)
+R=120; //radius of curvature (in cm)
+n=5; //number of bright ring
+n1=16; //number of bright ring
+n2=25; //number of bright ring
+n3=37; //number of bright ring
+//calculation
+m=n1-n; //difference between the number of bright rings
+lambda=(D_n1^2-D_n^2)/(4*m*R); //wavelength of light used (in cm)
+r_b25=sqrt((n2-1/2)*lambda*R); //diameter of 25th ring (in cm)
+r_b37=sqrt((n3-1/2)*lambda*R); //diameter of 37th ring (in cm)
+printf('\nwavelength of light used is %0.2f Armstrong',lambda*10^8)
+printf('\ndiameter of 25th ring is %0.2f mm',r_b25*10)
+printf('\ndiameter of 37th ring is %0.2f mm',r_b37*10)
+//answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bac5a4f63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.21
+//calculation of wavelength of light used
+//given data
+D15=0.59; //diameter of 15th ring (in cm)
+D5=0.336; //diameter of 5th ring (in cm)
+R=100; //radius of curvature (in cm)
+n=15; //fifteenth ring
+n1=5; //fifth ring
+//calculation
+m=n-n1; //difference between the number of rings
+lambda=(D15^2-D5^2)/(4*R*m); //wavelength of light used (in cm)
+printf('\nwavelength of light is %d Armstrong',lambda*10^8)
+//answer varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6c85f0cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.22
+//calculation of diameter of 20th ring and order of dark ring when thickness is equal to wavelength
+//given data
+n=4; //fourth ring
+n1=12; //seventh ring
+D_n=0.4; //diameter (in cm) of 4th ring
+D_n1=0.7; //diameter (in cm) of 12th ring
+t_n=1; //assuming thickness to be 1 for simplicity of calculation
+lambda=1; //assuming wavelength to be 1 for simplicity of calculation
+//calculation
+m=n1-n; //difference between the number of rings
+lambdaR=(D_n1^2-D_n^2)/(4*m); // for simplicity of calculation lamnbda*R is taken as one variable
+n2=20; //twentieth ring
+D_20d=sqrt(4*n2*lambdaR); //diameter (in cm) of twentieth ring
+n=(2*t_n)/lambda; //order of dark ring when thickness is equal to wavelength
+printf('\ndiameter of twentieth ring is %0.2f cm',D_20d)
+printf('\norder of dark ring is %d',n)
+//answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5f8fa9b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.23
+//calculation of wavelength of light used
+//given data
+D_n=4.2*10^-3; //diameter of nth dark ring (in m)
+D_n_plus_10=7.0*10^-3; //diameter of (n+10)th dark ring (in m)
+R=2; //radius of curvature (in m)
+//calculation
+m=10;
+lambda=((D_n_plus_10^2)-(D_n^2))/(4*m*R); //wavelength of light used (in m)
+disp(lambda*10^10,'Wavelength of light (in Armstrong) used is')
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4c0849ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.24
+//calculation of radius of curvature of lens
+//given data
+lambda=5*10^-7; //wavelength of light (in m)
+D_10d=0.5*10^-2; //diameter of 10th dark ring (in m)
+n=10; //number of dark ring
+//calculation
+R=D_10d^2/(4*n*lambda); //radius of curvature (in m)
+disp(R,'radius of curvature (in m) is')
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3389d0f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.25
+//calculation of refractive index of a liquid
+//given data
+lambda=5890; //wavelength of reflected light (in Armstrong)
+n=5; //number of dark ring
+D_n=0.32; //diameter of 5th ring (in cm)
+R=1.20; //radius of curvature (in m)
+//calculation
+mu=(4*n*lambda*10^-10*R)/(D_n*10^-2)^2; //refractive index of the liquid
+printf("\nrefractive index of the liquid is %0.2f",mu)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1db8d2008 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.26
+//calculation of diameter of nth ring
+//given data
+lambda1=6000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m)
+lambda2=4500*10^-10; //another wavelength (in m)
+R=0.9; //radius of curvature (in m)
+//calculation
+n=4*lambda2*R/(4*lambda1*R-4*lambda2*R); //order of ring
+D=sqrt(4*n*lambda1*R); //diameter (in m) of nth ring
+printf('\ndiameter of nth ring is %0.4f cm',D*10^2)
+//The answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fabaad5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.27
+//calculation of distance between 10th and 20th rings
+//given data
+R1=1.0; //radius of curvature (in m)
+R2=1.0; //another radius of curvature (in m)
+lambda=600*10^-9; //wavelength of light (in m)
+n=10; //order of ring
+n_dash=20; //order of ring
+//calculation
+r10=sqrt((n*lambda*R1*R2)/(R1+R2)); //radius (in m) of 10th ring
+r20=sqrt((n_dash*lambda*R1*R2)/(R1+R2)); //radius (in m) of 20th ring
+d=r20-r10; //difference between 10th and 20th rings (in m)
+printf('\ndifference between 10th and 20th rings is %0.3f mm',d*10^3)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1f56a2c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.29
+//calculation of diameter of nth dark ring
+//given data
+lambda1=6000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+lambda2=5000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+R=0.90; //radius of curvature (in m)
+//calculation
+n=(lambda2*R)/((lambda1-lambda2)*R); //order of dark ring
+D_n=sqrt(4*n*lambda1*R); //diameter (in m) of nth ring
+printf("\nThe diameter of nth ring is %0.3f mm",D_n*10^3)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca8124dcb --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.3
+//calculation of (i)separation of the coherent slit images (ii) fringe width
+//given data
+lambda=5893*10^-10; //wavelength (in m)
+mu=1.50; //refractive index of biprism
+alpha1=1.04; //refracting angle (in degrees)
+alpha2=1.23; //refracting angle (in degrees)
+b=56.1; //distance (in cm) of focal planes of eyepiece from the biprism
+a=12.4; //distance (in cm) from slit to the biprism
+//calculation
+d=a*(mu-1)*(alpha1+alpha2)/180*3.14; //separation of coherent slit images(in cm)
+D=(a+b); //distance from slit(in cm)
+W=(lambda*D*10^-2)/(d*10^-2); //fringe width (in m)
+printf("\nseparation of coherent slit images is %0.4f cm",d)
+printf("\nfringe width is %0.4f mm",W*10^3)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..973d2626b --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.31
+//calculation of difference of squares of diameters of successive rings if (a) wavelength of light is changed to 4.5*10^-5 cm (b)liquid of refractive index 1.33 is introduced between the lens and the plate (c) the plane glass plate is replaced by a planocomcave lens of radius of curvature twice that of the planoconvex lens (d) the plane glass plate is replaced by planoconvex lens identical to one and put on the top of it
+//given data
+lambda1=6*10^-5; //wavelength (in cm) of light
+lambda2=4.5*10^-5; //new wavelength (in cm) of light
+D1sq_minus_D2sq=0.125; //difference of squares of diameters (in cm^2)
+mu_liq=1.33; //refractive index of liquid
+mu=1; //refractive index of air
+m=1; //difference between the number of rings
+//calculation
+//in the codes, Dn+m is considered as D1 and Dn as D2
+lambda4R=(D1sq_minus_D2sq*mu)/m; //assuming lambda4R as one variable for simplicity of calculation
+D1sq_dash_minus_D2sq_dash_lambda2=D1sq_minus_D2sq*lambda2/lambda1; //difference of squares of diameters of successive rings if wavelength of light is changed (in cm^2)
+D1sq_minus_D2sq_liquid=D1sq_minus_D2sq/mu_liq; //difference of squares of diameters of successive rings if liquid of refractive index is introduced (in cm^2)
+D1sq_dash_minus_D2sq_dash_R=2*lambda4R; //difference of squares of diameters of successive rings if radius of curvature becomes twice (in cm^2)
+D1sq_dash_minus_D2sq_dash_t=1/2*(lambda4R); //difference of squares of diameters of successive rings when thickness is changed (in cm^2)
+printf("\n(a)difference of squares of diameters of successive rings if wavelength of light is changed is %0.3f cm^2",D1sq_dash_minus_D2sq_dash_lambda2)
+printf("\n(b)difference of squares of diameters of successive rings if liquid of refractive index is introduced is %0.3f cm^2",D1sq_minus_D2sq_liquid)
+printf("\n(c)difference of squares of diameters of successive rings if radius of curvature becomes twice is %0.3f cm^2",D1sq_dash_minus_D2sq_dash_R)
+printf("\n(d)difference of squares of diameters of successive rings when thickness is changed is %0.4f cm^2",D1sq_dash_minus_D2sq_dash_t)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfd1d9660 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.32
+//calculation of number of bright fringes
+//given data
+lambda=589.00; //wavelength (in nm) of yellow light
+x=1.0000; //distance (in cm) moved by the mirror
+//calculation
+n=round((2*x*10^-2)/(lambda*10^-9)); //number of bright fringes
+printf("\nthe number of bright bringes are %d",n)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4ad5a17e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.33
+//calculation of change in path length
+//given data
+lambda=5000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+n=50; //number of fringes
+//calculation
+x=(n*lambda)/2; //change in path length (in m)
+printf("\nchnge in path length is %1.4f mm",x*10^3)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c0bdb43e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.34
+//calculation of (i)angular radius of 10th bright fringe (ii) change of pathlength
+//given data
+m=10; //tenth bright fringe
+lambda=5000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+d=2.5*10^-3; //difference in the pathlengths (in m)
+n=60; //number of fringes
+//calculation
+theta=acosd(1-(lambda*(m-1))/(2*d)); //angular radius (in degrees)
+del_d=n/2*lambda; //change of pathlength (in m)
+printf("\n(i)angular radius is %0.2f degrees",theta)
+printf("\n(ii)change of pathlengh is %0.3f mm",del_d*10^3)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b1bcbe7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.35
+//calculation of difference between wavelengths
+//given data
+x=0.02945*10^-3; //distance (in m) moved by mirror
+lambda=5893*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+//calculation
+del_lambda=lambda^2/(2*x); //difference between wavelengths (in m)
+printf("\ndifference between wavelengths is %1.2f Armstrong",del_lambda*10^10)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25507414c --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.36
+//calculaton of wavelength of light
+//given data
+x=0.0589*10^-3; //distance (in m) moved by the mirror
+n=200; //number of fringes
+//calculation
+lambda=(2*x)/n; //wavelength (in m) of light
+printf("\nwavelength of light is %d nm",lambda*10^9)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6ea00994 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.37
+//calculation of angular diameter of tenth bright fringe
+//given data
+m=10; //tenth bright fringe
+lambda=5896*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of length
+d=3*10^-3; //difference between path lengths
+//calculation
+theta=acosd(1-(lambda*(m-1))/(2*d)); //angular radius (in degrees)
+twice_theta=2*theta; //angular diameter (in degrees)
+printf("\nangular diameter is %0.2f degrees",twice_theta)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..020c7ea77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.38
+//calculation of pressure within the tube
+//given data
+l=5*10^-2; //length (in m) of tube
+lambda=589.3*10^-9; //wavelength (in m) of sodium light
+n=10; //number of fringes
+//calculation
+//given that refractive index, mu=1+3*10^-4*p, where p is pressure in atm
+//from the formula 2*(mu-1)*l=n*lambda
+p=(n*lambda-1+1)/(2*l*3*10^-4); //pressure (in atm) within the tube (by replacing the value of mu by 1+3*10^-4*p)
+printf("\npressure within the tube is %1.4f atm",p)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e12636cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.39
+//calculation of distance between successive positions of movable mirror
+//given data
+lambda1=5896*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+lambda2=5890*10^-10; //another wavelength (in m) of light
+//calculation
+del_lambda=lambda1-lambda2; //difference of wavelengths (in m)
+d=(lambda1*lambda2)/(2*del_lambda); //distance between successive positions of movable mirror (in m)
+printf("\ndistance between successive positions of movable mirror is %0.2f Armstrong",d*10^10)
+//the answer provided in the book is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e8661745 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.40
+//calculation of distance to be moved by the mirror that fringes disappear
+//given data
+lambda1=4882*10^-10; //first wavelength (in m) of light
+lambda2=4886*10^-10; //second wavelength (in m) of light
+//calculation
+lambda_av=(lambda1+lambda2)/2; //average wavelength (in m)
+del_lambda=lambda2-lambda1; //difference of wavelength (in m)
+d=lambda_av^2/(4*del_lambda); //distance (in m) to be moved by the mirror that fringes disappear
+printf("\ndistance to be moved by the mirror that fringes disappear is %0.3f mm",d*10^3)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8264d2183 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.41
+//calculation of thickness of plate
+//given data
+mu=1.5; //refractive index of glass plate
+n=100; //number of fringes
+lambda=6328*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of laser
+format(16)
+t=(n*lambda)/(2*(mu-1)); //thickness (in m) of the plate
+printf("\nthickness of the plate is %1.3e m",t)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fb04a19f --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.42
+//calculation of minimum thickness of a layer of cryolite and change in wavelength
+//given data
+mu=1.35; //refractive index of cryolite
+lambda0=5940*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+n=1
+mu0=1; //refractive index of air
+i=10; //angle of incidence (in degrees)
+//calculation
+t=(n*lambda0)/(2*mu); //minimum thickness of a layer of cryolite (in m)
+lambda=lambda0*sqrt(1-(sind(i)^2)/mu^2); //transmitted wavelength (in m)
+del_lambda=lambda0-lambda; //change in wavelength (in m)
+printf("\nminimum thickness of a layer of cryolite is %d Armstrong",t*10^10)
+printf("\nchange of wavelength is %d Armstrong",del_lambda*10^10)
+//answer varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3eed02772 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.43
+//calculation of refractive index of second layer
+//given data
+mu_1=1.38; //refractive index of first layer
+mu_air=1; //refractive index of air
+mu_g=1.52; //refractive index of glass
+//calculation
+mu_2=mu_1*sqrt(mu_g/mu_air); //refractive index of second layer
+printf("\nrefractive index of second layer is %0.2f",mu_2)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eee29d465 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.5
+//calculation of refractive index of the film material
+//given data
+t=6.3*10^-4*10^-2; //thickness of thin sheet of mica (in m)
+lambda= 5460*10^-10; //wavelength of light (in m)
+n=6; //sixth bright fringe
+//calculation
+mu=1+(n*lambda)/t; //refractive index of the film material
+disp(mu,'refractive index of the film material is')
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..053ef0cd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.6
+//calculation of shift of fringe system
+//given data
+lambda=5893; //wavelength of sodium light
+W=0.347; //fringe width (in mm)
+tA=0.016; //thickness of sheet A (in mm)
+tB=0.02; //thickness of sheet B (in mm)
+muA=1.65; //refractive index of sheet A
+muB=1.45; //refractive index of sheet B
+//calculation
+xA=(muA-1)*tA; //path difference introduced by film A (in mm)
+xB=(muB-1)*tB; //path difference introduced by film B (in mm)
+n=(xA-xB)/(lambda*10^-7); //number of fringe
+s=n*W; //shift in fringe system (in mm)
+printf("\nshift in fringe system is %0.3f mm",s)
+if xA>xB then
+ disp("pattern will shift towards A")
+else
+ disp("pattern will shift towards B")
+end
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78a41a89d --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.7
+//calculation of thickness of a plate
+//given data
+lambda=6000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+mu=1.50; //refractive index of glss plate
+n=6; //sixth bright fringe
+//calculation
+t=(n*lambda)/(mu-1); //thickness (in m) of the plate
+printf("\nthickness of the plate is %1.4f mm",t*10^3)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ac4b7167 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.8
+//calculation of fringe width
+//given data
+lambda= 6000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of monochromatic light
+L=0.15; //distance (in m) from the edge of the wedge
+h=0.03*10^-3; //diameter of wire (in m)
+mu=1; //refractive index of air
+//calculation
+W=(lambda*L)/h; //fringe width (in m)
+printf('\nfringe width is %1.0e m',W)
diff --git a/3909/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3909/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d6fadf01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 1.9
+//calculation of wavelength of light used
+//given data
+mu=1.4; //refractive index of wedge
+theta=40; //angle of wedge (in seconds)
+W=1.25*10^-3; //distance between successive fringes (in m)
+//calculation
+lambda=2*mu*(theta*3.14)/(3600*180)*W; //wavelength of light used (in m)
+printf('\nwavelength of light used is %1.0e m',lambda)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..819e2efb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.10
+//calculation of thickness of a quarter wave plate
+//given data
+mu_o=1.553; //refractive index of ordinary light
+mu_e=1.544; //refractive index of extraordinary light
+lambda=5000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+//calculation
+t_QWP=lambda/(4*(mu_o-mu_e)); //thickness (in m) of a quarter wave plate
+printf("\nthickness of a quarter wave plate is %2.2f micrometre",t_QWP*10^6)
+//the value of refractive index of extraordinary light is given different in the question than the calculation
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee75ba6d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.11
+//calculation of nature of retardation plate
+//given data
+t=8.56*10^-7; //thickness (in m) of calcite plate
+lambda=5890*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+mu_o=1.658; //refractive index of extraordinary light
+mu_e=1.486; //ordinary index of ordinary light
+//calculation
+delta_by_lambda=((mu_o-mu_e)*t)/lambda; //path difference
+printf("\npath difference creted by plate is %1.1f",delta_by_lambda)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10b5251b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.12
+//calculation of wavelengths in visible region for which it will act as (i)QW plate (ii)HW plate
+//given data
+l=0.1436*10^-3; //thickness (in m) of plate
+mu_o=1.5443; //refractive index of ordinary light
+mu_e=1.5533; //refractive index of extraordinary light
+n1=3
+n2=4
+n3=5
+n=2
+//calculation
+//for QWP
+lambda1=(4*l*(mu_e-mu_o))/(2*n1+1)
+lambda2=(4*l*(mu_e-mu_o))/(2*n2+1)
+lambda3=(4*l*(mu_e-mu_o))/(2*n3+1)
+//for HWP
+lambda=(2*l*(mu_e-mu_o))/(2*n+1)
+printf("\n(a)visible wavelength when n=3 is %d Armstrong",lambda1*10^10)
+printf("\n(a)visible wavelength when n=4 is %d Armstrong",lambda2*10^10)
+printf("\n(a)visible wavelength when n=5 is %d Armstrong",lambda3*10^10)
+printf("\n(b)visible wavelength when n=2 is %d Armstrong",lambda*10^10)
+//the second part of answer (a) is given wrong in the textbook
+//the third part of answer (a) varies due to round off error
+//the answer (b) varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7669fa120 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.15
+//calculation of wavelengths in visible region for which it will act as (i)HW plate (ii)QW plate
+//given data
+l=0.25*10^-3; //thickness (in m)
+mu_e_minus_mu_o=0.009; //difference between the refractive indices of ordinary and extraordinary light
+n1=3
+n2=4
+n3=6
+n4=7
+n5=8
+n6=9
+//calculation
+//for HWP
+lambda1=(2*l*(mu_e_minus_mu_o))/(2*n1+1)
+lambda2=(2*l*(mu_e_minus_mu_o))/(2*n2+1)
+//for QWP
+lambda3=(4*l*(mu_e_minus_mu_o))/(2*n3+1)
+lambda4=(4*l*(mu_e_minus_mu_o))/(2*n4+1)
+lambda5=(4*l*(mu_e_minus_mu_o))/(2*n5+1)
+lambda6=(4*l*(mu_e_minus_mu_o))/(2*n6+1)
+printf("\n(a)visible wavelength when n=3 is %d Armstrong",lambda1*10^10)
+printf("\n(a)visible wavelength when n=4 is %d Armstrong",lambda2*10^10)
+printf("\n(b)visible wavelength when n=6 is %d Armstrong",lambda3*10^10)
+printf("\n(b)visible wavelength when n=7 is %d Armstrong",lambda4*10^10)
+printf("\n(b)visible wavelength when n=8 is %d Armstrong",lambda5*10^10)
+printf("\n(b)visible wavelength when n=9 is %d Armstrong",lambda6*10^10)
+//the answer (b) when n=9 varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3dec87dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.16
+//calculation of thickness of a calcite plate which would convert plane polarized light into circularly polarized light
+//given data
+mu_o=1.658; //refractive index of o-ray
+mu_e=1.486; //refractive index of e-ray
+lambda=5890*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+//calculation
+l_QWP=lambda/(4*(mu_o-mu_e)); //thickness (in m) of quarter wave plate
+printf("\nthickness of a calcite plate which would convert plane polarized light into circularly polarized light is %1.3f micrometer or its odd multiple",l_QWP*10^6)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..140681e22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.18
+//calculation of maximum thickness of the plate to (i)to experience only rotation of polarization plane (ii)to acquire circular polarization after passing through the plate
+//given data
+lambda=5890*10^-10; //wavelength (in m)
+mu_e_minus_mu_o=0.009; //difference of refractive indices of quartz
+n=1
+t=5*10^-4; //thickness (in m)
+//calculation
+twice_n_plus_1=round((t*2*mu_e_minus_mu_o)/lambda)
+I_max=(twice_n_plus_1*lambda)/(2*mu_e_minus_mu_o)
+twice_n_plus_one=(t*4*mu_e_minus_mu_o)/lambda
+I_max_dash=(twice_n_plus_one*lambda)/(4*mu_e_minus_mu_o)
+printf("\n(i)maximum thickness of the plate to experience only rotation of polarization plane is %1.2f mm",I_max*10^3)
+printf("\n(ii)maximum thickness of the plate to experience only rotation of polarization plane is %1.2f mm",I_max_dash*10^3)
+//the answer (ii) varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..325062f69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.19
+//calculation of least thickness of the plate for which the emergent beam will be (i)plane polarized (ii)circularly polarized
+//given data
+mu_e=1.5533; //refractive index of extraordinary light
+mu_o=1.5442; //refractive index of ordinary light
+lambda=5000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+n=1; //taking 1st order
+//calculation
+t=((n+1/2)*lambda)/(mu_e-mu_o); //thickness (in m) of the plate for which the emergent beam will be plane polarized
+t_QWP=lambda/(4*(mu_e-mu_o)); //thickness (in m) of the plate for which the emergent beam will be circularly polarized
+printf("\n(i)thickness of the plate for which the emergent beam will be plane polarized is %2.1f micrometer or its odd multiple",t*10^6)
+printf("\n(ii)thickness of the plate for which the emergent beam will be circularly polarized is %2.2f micrometer or its odd multiple",t_QWP*10^6)
+//the first part of the answer is given wrong in the textbook
+//the second part of the answer varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ca7c5322 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.20
+//calculation of minimum thickness of plate required to produce (i)zero outgoing intensity (ii)intensity of incident light
+//given data
+mu_0=1.658; //refractive index of ordinary light
+mu_e=1.486; //refractive index of extra ordinary light
+lambda=5893*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of sodium light
+//calculation
+l=lambda/(mu_0-mu_e); //minimum thickness (in m) of plate required to produce zero outgoing intensity
+l_dash=lambda/(4*(mu_0-mu_e)); //minimum thickness (in m) of plate required to produce intensity of incident light
+printf("\n(i)minimum thickness of plate required to produce zero outgoing intensity is %1.2f micrometre",l*10^6)
+printf("\n(i)minimum thickness of plate required to produce intensity of incident light is %1.3f micrometre",l_dash*10^6)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68af039db --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.29
+//calculation of angle of rotation
+//given data
+l=2; //length of tube (in dm)
+c=15/100; //concentration of water (in gm/cc)
+S_T_lambda=66.5; //specific rotation of sugar (in (decimeter^-1)(gm/cc)^-1)
+//calculation
+theta=S_T_lambda*l*c; //optical rotation (in degrees)
+printf("\noptical rotation is %2.2f degrees",theta)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a38f78ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.3
+//calculation of angle either sheet must be turned
+//given data
+I0=1; //assuming I0 to be 1 for simplicity of calculation
+I=I0/2; //intensity is half the initial intensity
+//calculation
+theta=acosd(sqrt(I/I0)); //from Malus law, I=I0cos^2(theta)
+theta1=acosd(-sqrt(I/I0)); //from Malus law, I=I0cos^2(theta)
+printf("\nangle either sheet must be turned is %d degree",theta)
+printf("\nor")
+printf("\nangle either sheet must be turned is %d degree",theta1)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..638c9ed6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.30
+//calculation of concentration in a solution
+//given data
+//first case
+theta=20; //rotation (in degrees)
+l=1; //path length (in m)
+c=20; //concentration of solution (in gm/litre)
+//second case
+theta_dash=33; //rotation (in degrees)
+l_dash=0.5; //path length (in m)
+//calculation
+c_dash=(l*c*theta_dash)/(l_dash*theta); //concentration of solution (in gm/litre)
+printf("\nconcentration of solution is %d gm/litre",c_dash)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.31/Ex2_31.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.31/Ex2_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6f8209af --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.31/Ex2_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.31
+//calculation of strength of solution
+//given data
+S=66; //specific rotation (in dm/gm/lit)
+theta=11; //angle of rotation of plane of polarization (in degrees)
+l=2; //length (in m)
+//calculation
+c=theta/(S*l); //strength of solution (in gm/litre)
+printf("\nstrength of solution is %0.3f gm/litre",c)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.32/Ex2_32.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.32/Ex2_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2df4cc474 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.32/Ex2_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.32
+//calculation of optical rotation
+//given data
+l1=20; //length of a certain solution (in cm)
+l2=30; //length of another solution (in cm)
+l=30; //length of a mixture of both the solutions (in cm)
+r1=+42; //right handed rotation (in degrees)
+r2=-27; //left handed rotation (in degrees)
+ratio1=1; //ratio of first solution
+ratio2=2; //ratio of second solution
+//calculation
+theta1=r1/l1*l*ratio1/(ratio1+ratio2); //rotation of right handed solution
+theta2=r2/l2*ratio2/(ratio1+ratio2)*l; //rotation of left handed solutioncal rotation is
+theta=theta1+theta2; //total optical rotation
+printf("\ntotal optical rotation is %d",theta)
+if theta>0 then
+ disp("3 degree right handed rotation")
+else
+ disp("3 degree left handed rotation")
+end
+
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d264d0eb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.33
+//calculation of strength of solution
+//given data
+theta=13; //optical rotation (in degrees)
+S_T_lambda=65; //specific rotation (in degree/dm/(g/cc))
+l=2; //length (in cm) of tube of sugar solution
+//calculation
+c=theta/(S_T_lambda*l); //strength of solution (in gm/cc)
+printf("\nstrength of solution is %1.1f gm/cc",c)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.34/Ex2_34.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.34/Ex2_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78cc17710 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.34/Ex2_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.34
+//calculation of rotation of plane of polarization of light
+//given data
+lambda=7620*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+mu_R=1.53914; //refractive index for right handed polarized light
+mu_L=1.53920; //refractive index for left handed polarized light
+l=0.5*10^-3; //thickness (in m) of plate
+//calculation
+theta=%pi/lambda*l*(mu_L-mu_R)*180/%pi; //optical rotation (in degrees)
+printf("\nrotation of plane of polarization of light is %1.1f degree",theta)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.35/Ex2_35.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.35/Ex2_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e1c84a32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.35/Ex2_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.35
+//calculation of angle of rotation of hydrogen red and mercury blue
+//given data
+lambda_hr=6438; //wavelength (in m) of hydrogen red light
+lambda_mb=4358; //wavelength (in m) of mercury blue light
+S_6438=18.02; //specific rotation (in deg/mm) of hydrogen red light
+S_4358=41.55; //specific rotation (in deg/mm) of mercury blue light
+S_5893=21.72; //specific rotation (in deg/mm) of sodium yellow light
+pi=180; //value of pi (in degrees)
+//calculation
+theta_5893=pi/2; //angle of rotation (in degrees) of sodium yellow light
+l=theta_5893/S_5893; //path length (in mm)
+theta_6438=S_6438*l; //angle of rotation (in degrees) of hydrogen red light
+theta_4358=S_4358*l; //angle of rotation (in degrees) of mercury blue light
+printf("\nangle of rotation of hydrogen red light is %0.1f degrees",theta_6438)
+printf("\nangle of rotation of mercury blue light is %0.1f degrees",theta_4358)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.36/Ex2_36.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.36/Ex2_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26fa70349 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.36/Ex2_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.36
+//calculation of thickness of plate
+//given data
+theta=90; //rotation (in degrees) of plane of vibration of plane polarized light
+S=21.72; //specific rotation (in degree/mm)
+//calculation
+l=theta/S; //thickness (in mm) of plate
+printf("\nthickness of plate is %0.2f mm",l)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.37/Ex2_37.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.37/Ex2_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd3b7a118 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.37/Ex2_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.37
+//calculation of specific rotation for quartz yellow light
+//given data
+theta=90; //rotation (in degrees)
+l=3.5; //thickness (in mm) of the plate
+//calculation
+S=theta/l; //specific rotation (in degree/mm)
+printf("\nspecific rotation for quartz yellow light is %0.2f degree/mm",S)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.38/Ex2_38.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.38/Ex2_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a00cac97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.38/Ex2_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.38
+//calculation of thickness of quartz
+//given data
+theta=90; //angle of rotation (in degrees)
+S=18; //specific rotation (degree/mm)
+//calculation
+l=theta/S; //thickness (in mm) of quartz
+printf("\nthickness of quartz is %d mm",l)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.39/Ex2_39.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.39/Ex2_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5249aa5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.39/Ex2_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.39
+//calculation of percentage of purity of sugar
+//given data
+S=68; //specific rotation (in degrees) of sugar
+l=2; //length (in dm) of tube containing sugar solution
+theta=10.2; //optical rotation (in degrees)
+d=90; //amount of sugar dissolved (in gm)
+//calculation
+c=theta/(S*l)*1000; //concentration (in gm per litre)
+p=c/d*100; //per cent purity
+printf("\npercentage of purity of sugar is %2.2f percent",p)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.40/Ex2_40.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.40/Ex2_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..051d6269a --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.40/Ex2_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.40
+//calculation of specific rotation
+//given data
+mu_L=1.54427; //refractive index for left handed polarization
+mu_R=1.54420; //refractive index for right handed polarization
+lambda=5893*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of sodium light
+//calculation
+pi=180; //value of pi (in degrees)
+S=pi*(mu_L-mu_R)*10^-3/lambda; //specific rotation (in deg/mm)
+printf("\nspecific rotation is %0.2f deg/mm",S)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.41/Ex2_41.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.41/Ex2_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a12be0715 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.41/Ex2_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.41
+//calculation of specific rotation
+//given data
+muL_minus_muR=7*10^-5; //difference of refractive indices between left and right circular polarizations
+lambda=6000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+pi=180; //value of pi (in degrees)
+//calculation
+S=pi/lambda*(muL_minus_muR)*10^-3; //specific rotation
+printf("\nspecific rotation is %d deg/mm",S)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc6c00bee --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.6
+//calculation of degree of polarization
+I0=1; //assuming maximum intensity to be 1 for simplicity of calculation
+I=75/100; //intensity change
+I_max=I0; //maximum intensity
+I_min=I0-I*I0; //minimum intensity
+D_p=(I_max-I_min)/(I_max+I_min); //degree of polarization
+printf("\ndegree of polarization is %d percent",D_p*100)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7eb1d17ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.7
+//calculation of intensity of light emerging out of Nicol B
+//given data
+theta=30; //angle (in degrees) made by Nicol C with Nicol A
+I0=32; //intensity (in W/m^2) of unpolarized light
+//calculation
+I_t=I0/8*(sind(2*theta)); //intensity (in W/m^2) of light emerging out of Nicol B
+printf("\nintensity of light emerging out of Nicol B is %d W/m^2",I_t)
diff --git a/3909/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3909/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..591a477d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 2.8
+//calculation of ratio of intensities of two beams
+theta1=90-30; //rotation of B (in degrees)
+theta2=90-60; //rotation of A (in degrees)
+IA_by_IB=cosd(theta1)^2/cosd(theta2)^2; //ratio of intensities of two beams
+printf("\nratio of intensities of two beams is %0.2f",IA_by_IB)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22a548aa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.1
+//calculation of distances of the first dark band and the next bright band
+//given data
+lambda=4890*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+a=0.5*10^-2; //width (in m) of slit
+f=40*10^-2; //focal length (in m) of lens
+//calculation
+y_1_d=lambda/a*f; //position of first dark band
+y_1_b=3/2*lambda/a*f; //position of the first bright band next to dark
+del_y=y_1_b-y_1_d; //distances of the first dark band and the next bright band
+printf("\ndistances of the first dark band and the next bright band is %1.3e m",del_y)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aba8f9da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.10
+//(i)to show if white light source (4000 Armstrong to 7000 Armstrong) is used, the second and third order spectra overlap (ii) calculation of angular separation of D1 and D2 lines
+//given data
+N=15000; //number of lines per inch
+dlambda=6000*10^-10; //average wavelength of light (in m)
+lambda_v=4000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of violet light
+lambda_r=7000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of red light
+n=2; //D2 line
+//calculation
+a_plus_b=2.54/N*10^-2; //grating element (in m)
+theta_2v=asind((2*lambda_v)/a_plus_b); //second order spectra of violet light
+theta_2r=asind((2*lambda_r)/a_plus_b); //second order spectra of red light
+theta_3v=asind((2*lambda_v)/a_plus_b); //second order spectra of violet light
+format(16)
+d=a_plus_b;
+dtheta=(n*6*10^-10)/(sqrt(1-(n*dlambda/d)^2)*a_plus_b); //angular separation of D1 and D2 lines (in radians)
+if theta_3v<theta_2r then
+ disp("second and third order spectra overlap")
+else
+ disp("second and third order spectra do not overlap")
+end
+printf("\nangular separation of D1 and D2 lines is %0.4f radians",dtheta)
+
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a2fa3104 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.12
+//calculation of angles at which first and second order maxima are observed
+//given data
+lambda=632.8*10^-9; //wavelength (in m) of light
+a_plus_b=10^-2/6000; //number of lines per m
+//calculation
+theta1=asind(lambda/a_plus_b); //angle at which first order maxima is observed
+theta2=asind(2*lambda/a_plus_b); //angle at which second order maxima is observed
+printf("\nangle at which first order maxima is observed is %0.2f degrees",theta1)
+printf("\nangle at which second order maxima is observed is %0.2f degrees",theta2)
+//result
+//angle at which first order maxima is observed is 22.31 degrees
+//angle at which second order maxima is observed is 49.41 degrees
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8401bc978 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.13
+//calculation of separation of lines in first order spectrum
+//given data
+lambda1=5000*10^-10; //first wavelength (in m)
+lambda2=3200*10^-10; //second wavelength (in m)
+a_plus_b=10^-2/10000; //grating lines per m
+f=150*10^-2; //focal length (in m)
+//calculation
+theta1=asind(lambda1/a_plus_b); //first diffraction angle (in degrees)
+theta2=asind(lambda2/a_plus_b); //second diffraction angle (in degrees)
+x1=f*tand(theta1); //position of first diffraction angle (in m)
+x2=f*tand(theta2); //position of second diffraction angle (in m)
+x=x1-x2; //separation of lines in first order spectrum
+printf("\nseparation of lines in first order spectrum is %0.2f cm",x*10^2)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56a448ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.14
+//calculation of wavelength of used
+//given data
+theta=%pi/6; //angle (in degrees) at which second order spectral line is observed
+n=2; //order of spectral line
+a_plus_b=10^-2/4250; //number of lines
+//calculation
+lambda=a_plus_b*sin(theta)/n; //wavelength of light (in m)
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light is %2d Armstrong", lambda*10^10)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab1ab6a6d --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.15
+//calculation of lines per cm
+//given data
+theta=%pi/6; //angle of diffraction (in degrees)
+lambda=6*10^-5; //wavelength of light used (in cm)
+n=1; //order of line
+//calculation
+a_plus_b=sin(theta)/(n*lambda); //number of lines per cm
+printf("\nThe number of lines per cm is %2d",a_plus_b)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae25fe139 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.16
+//calculation of number of lines on grating
+//given data
+W=5; //width of diffraction grating (in cm)
+lambda1=6000; //wavelength (in Armstrong) of one line
+lambda2=4500; //wavelength (in Armstrong) of another line
+theta=%pi/6; //angle of diffraction (in degrees)
+//calculation
+n=lambda2*10^-10/((lambda1-lambda2)*10^-10); //order of spectrum
+a_plus_b=n*lambda1*10^-10/sin(theta); //number of lines per m
+N=round(W*10^-2/a_plus_b); //number of lines
+printf("\nNumber of lines on grating are %0.3d",N)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20cd0b034 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.17
+//calculation of (i)highest order spectrum and (ii)longest wavelength of light
+//given data
+a_plus_b=10^-2/6000; //number of lines per m
+theta=%pi/2; //maximum angle (in degrees)
+lambda=4000; //wavelength of light (in Armstrong)
+n=a_plus_b/(lambda*10^-10); //highest order of spectrum
+n1=1; //minimum order of spectrum
+lambda_max=round((a_plus_b)*sin(theta)*10^10/n1); //maximum wavelength (i Armstrong)
+printf("\n(i)Highest order of spectrum is %d",n)
+printf("\n(ii)Longest wavelength of light is %5.2d Armstrong", lambda_max)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c847a501a --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.18
+//calculation of number of lines per cm
+//given data
+lambda1=5400*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of green light
+lambda2=4050*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of violet light
+theta=30; //angle of diffraction (in degrees)
+//calculation
+n1=lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2); //order of light
+//the above equation was derived from the formula n1*lambda1=n2*lambda2 where n2=n1+1
+a_plus_b=(n1*lambda1)/sind(theta)*10^2; //grating lines (in cm)
+n=1/a_plus_b; //number of lines per cm
+printf('\nnumber of lines per cm is %d',n)
+
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8e77f246 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.19
+//calculation of (i) angular positions of first two maxima (ii) half-widths of maxima
+//given data
+a_plus_b=(0.5+1.9)*10^-2; //grating lines (in m)
+lambda=0.6*10^-2; //wavelength (in m) of light
+N=10; //number of slits
+//calculation
+theta1=asind(lambda/a_plus_b); //angular position of first maximum (in degrees)
+dtheta1=tand(theta1)/N; //half width of first maximum (in degres)
+theta2=asind(2*lambda/a_plus_b); //angular position of second maximum (in degrees)
+dtheta2=tand(theta2)/(2*N); //half width of second maximum (in degrees)
+printf("\n(i)angular position of first minimum is %0.2f degrees",theta1)
+printf("\nangular position of second minimum is %d degrees",theta2)
+printf("\n(ii)half width of first maximum is %0.2f degrees",dtheta1*180/%pi)
+printf("\nhalf width of second maximum is %0.2f degrees",dtheta2*180/%pi)
+
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96d6d3d0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.2
+//calculation of width of the slit
+//given data
+lambda=5000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+y=5*10^-3; //distance (in m) of first minimum
+f=2; //focal length (in m)
+//calculation
+a=(lambda*f)/y; //width (in m) of the slit
+printf("\nwidth of the slit is %1.1f mm",a*10^3)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..801099b15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.20
+//calculation of (a)orders of spectra that will be shown by a plane diffraction grating (b)which wavelengths in the range of 3500 Armstrong and 8000 Armstrong will overlap with the third order
+//given data
+lambda=5000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m)
+a_plus_b=10^-2/6000; //grating lines per m
+theta=90; //maximum angle
+n=3; //third order in which wavelengths will overlap
+n1=1; //first order
+n2=2; //second order
+n3=3; //third order
+n4=4; //fourth order
+n5=5; //fifth order
+//calculation
+n_max=(a_plus_b*sind(theta))/lambda; //maximum n
+lambda1=n*lambda*10^10/n1; //wavelength (in Armstrong) for n=1
+lambda2=n*lambda*10^10/n2; //wavelength (in Armstrong) for n=2
+lambda3=n*lambda*10^10/n3; //wavelength (in Armstrong) for n=3
+lambda4=n*lambda*10^10/n4; //wavelength (in Armstrong) for n=4
+lambda5=n*lambda*10^10/n5; //wavelength (in Armstrong) for n=5
+printf("\n(a)orders of spectra that will be shown by a plane diffraction grating is %d",n_max)
+printf("\n(b)wavelength (in Armstrong) for n=1 is %d Armstrong",lambda1)
+printf("\nwavelength (in Armstrong) for n=2 is %d Armstrong",lambda2)
+printf("\nwavelength (in Armstrong) for n=2 is %d Armstrong",lambda3)
+printf("\nwavelength (in Armstrong) for n=2 is %d Armstrong",lambda4)
+printf("\nwavelength (in Armstrong) for n=2 is %d Armstrong",lambda5)
+printf("\nthus, amongst the above wavelengths, 7500 Armstrong and 3750 Armstrong fall in the visible region (3500 to 8000 Armstrong)")
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d633aad0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.21
+//calculation of distance between two stars
+//given data
+D=0.5; //diameter (in m) of objective of a telescope
+lambda=5600*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+d=5*365*24*60*60*3*10^8; //distance (in m) of two stars from earth
+//calculation
+theta=(1.22*lambda)/D; //resolving limit (in radians)
+x=theta*d; //distance (in m) between two stars
+printf("\ndistance between two stars is %1.2e m",x)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59a893297 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.22
+//calculation of resolving limit
+//given data
+lambda=5500*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+alpha=atand(0.5/0.25)
+x_min=(0.61*lambda)/sind(alpha); //resolving limit
+printf("\nresolving limit is %1.1e m",x_min)
+//the answer provided in the book is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5eb8265c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.24
+//to check if transmission grating with 1200 elements resolve principal maxima in the first order
+//given data
+lambda1=589.0*10^-9; //first wavelength (in m) of sodium discharge lamp
+lambda2=589.6*10^-9; //second wavelength (in m) of sodium discharge lamp
+n=1
+lambda=(lambda1+lambda2)/2; //average wavelength (in m)
+d_lambda=lambda2-lambda1; //difference between wavelengths
+N=lambda/(n*d_lambda); //minimum number of lines
+printf("\nminimum number of lines needed to resolve given spectral lines is %3.1f",N)
+if N<1200 then
+ disp("spectral lines will be resolved in first order")
+else
+ disp("spectral lines will not be resolved in first order")
+end
+
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44ce67dda --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.25
+//calculation of minimum number of lines per cm in a half inch wide grating
+//given data
+lambda_D1=5896*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of D1 line
+lambda_D2=5890*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of D2 line
+W=1.27; //width of grating (in cm)
+//calculation
+lambda=(lambda_D1+lambda_D2)/2; //average wavelength (in m) of light
+dlambda=lambda_D1-lambda_D2; //difference between the two wavelengths (in m)
+N=lambda/dlambda; //number of lines
+N_dash=N/W; //number of lines per cm in a half inch wide grating
+printf("\nnumber of lines per cm in a half inch wide grating is %1.2f",N_dash)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..493d5f0e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.26
+//calculation of number of lines per cm
+//given data
+W=2.5; //width of grating (in cm)
+lambda1=5890; //wavelength (in Armstrong) of line D1
+lambda2=5896; //wvelength (in Armstrong) of line D2
+n=2; //second order
+//calculation
+lambda=(lambda1+lambda2)/2; //average wavelength (in m)
+dlambda=lambda2-lambda1; //difference of wavelengths (in m)
+N=lambda/(n*dlambda); //number of lines
+N_dash=N/W; //number of lines per cm
+printf("\nnumber of lines per cm is %3.1f",N_dash)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ecce3a9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.27
+//calculation of (a) minimum number of lines required for grating (b) slit spacing for a grating
+//given data
+lambda1=531.62; //wavelength (nm) of light
+lambda2=531.81; //wavelength (nm) of light
+W=1.32; //number of lines (in cm)
+//calculation
+lambda=(lambda1+lambda2)/2; //average wavelength (in nm)
+dlambda=lambda2-lambda1; //difference of wavelengths (in m)
+n=1; //first order
+N=round(lambda/dlambda); //number of lines
+a_plus_b=W*10^-2/N; //slit spacing for a grating (in m)
+printf("\n(a)minimum number of lines required for grating is %d",N)
+printf("\n(b)slit spacing for a grating is %0.2f micrometer",a_plus_b*10^6)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c675bb94c --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.28
+//calculation of (a)resolving power of grating in the first three orders (b)wavelength separation
+//given data
+W=4; //width per cm
+N_dash=3000; //number of lines/cm
+n=3; //third order
+lambda=400*10^-9; //wavelength (in m) of light
+//calculation
+N=W*N_dash; //number of lines
+RP_I=1*N; //resolving powder of first order
+RP_II=2*N; //resolving power of second order
+RP_III=3*N; //resolving power of third order
+dlambda=lambda/(n*N); //wavelength separation (in m)
+//result
+printf("\n(a)resolving power of first order is %d",RP_I)
+printf("\nresolving power of second order is %d",RP_II)
+printf("\nresolving power of third order is %d",RP_III)
+printf("\n(b)wavelength separation is %0.3f Armstrong",dlambda*10^10)
+//The answers vry due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76a7681a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.29
+//calculation of wavelength of lines and minimum grating width required to resolve
+//given data
+dlambda=0.5*10^-10; //difference between wavelength of lines (in m)
+theta=10; //angle (in degrees) at which spectral line appears
+dtheta=3/3600*%pi/180; //angle at which it appears higher by 3 second (in radians)
+//calculation
+lambda=tand(theta)*dlambda/dtheta; //wavelength (in m) of lines
+lambda1=lambda+dlambda; //wavelength (in m) of light higher than the other wavelength
+W=lambda^2/(dlambda*sind(theta)); //resolving power
+//result
+printf("\nwavelength of one line is %0.1f Armstrong",lambda*10^10)
+printf("\nwavelength of another line is %0.1f Armstrong",lambda1*10^10)
+printf("\nresolving power is %0.3f",W)
+//the first part of the answer varies due to round off error
+//second part of the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f79b0b11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.3
+//calculation of width of slit for which receiver would show zero intensity
+//given data
+nu=6000*10^6; //frequency (in Hz)
+theta=30; //angle (in degrees)
+n1=1
+n2=2
+n3=3
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+lambda=c/nu; //wavelength (in m)
+//for n=1
+a1=(n1*lambda)/sind(theta); //width of slit (in m)
+//for n=2
+a2=(n2*lambda)/sind(theta); //width of slit (in m)
+//for n=3
+a3=(n3*lambda)/sind(theta); //width of slit (in m)
+printf("\nwidth of slit for which receiver would show zero intensity when n is 1 is %1.1f",a1)
+printf("\nwidth of slit for which receiver would show zero intensity when n is 2 is %1.1f",a2)
+printf("\nwidth of slit for which receiver would show zero intensity when n is 3 is %1.1f",a3)
+printf("\nthe width of slit thus increases in the same way with the increase in n")
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3197cb96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.30
+//calculation of (a)angle at which first order maximum occurs for wavelength 5890 Armstrong (b)angular separation of these lines in first order (c)maximum wavelength separation resolvable by grating in its first order (d)minimum number of lines on the grating needed to resolve doublet in first order
+function[mint, secnd]=degmin(theta)
+ mint=(theta-floor(theta))*60;
+ secnd=(mint-floor(mint))*60;
+ endfunction
+//given data
+n=1; //order of maximum
+lambda1=5890*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of one line of light
+lambda2=5895.59*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of another line of light
+W=2.50*10^-2; //width of grating (in m)
+N=1.20*10^4; //number of rulings
+n=1; //order of maximum
+//calculation
+a_plus_b=W/N; //slit spacing for grating (in m)
+theta=asind((n*lambda1)/a_plus_b); //angle (in degrees) at which first order maximum occurs for wavelength 5890 Armstrong
+dlambda=lambda2-lambda1; //difference between wavelengths (in m)
+dtheta=dlambda*n/(a_plus_b*cosd(theta)); //angular separation of these lines in first order
+[mint, secnd]=degmin(dtheta); //call deg_2_degmin function
+RP=N*n; //maximum wavelength separation resolvable by grating in its first order
+N=(lambda2/dlambda)/n; //minimum number of lines on the grating needed to resolve doublet in first order
+printf("\n(a)angle at which first order maximum occurs for wavelength 5890 Armstrong is %0.1f degrees",theta)
+printf("\n(b)angular separation of these lines in first order is %0.4f minutes %0.2f seconds",mint,secnd)
+printf("\n(c)maximum wavelength separation resolvable by grating in its first order is %d",RP)
+printf("\n(d)minimum number of lines on the grating needed to resolve doublet in first order is %d",N)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
+//the value of lambda2 is taken different in the question and the calculation
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c60e1477b --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.32
+//calculation of (i)dispersion (ii)resolving power (iii)smallest difference in wavelength resolved and when half the ruling is covered
+//given data
+a_plus_b=10^-2/5000; //number of lines per m
+lambda=5000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m)
+dlambda=0.1*10^-10; //difference of wavelengths (in m)
+n=2; //order of diffraction
+N=5000*5; //number of lines
+//calculation
+dtheta=(n*dlambda)/sqrt(a_plus_b^2-n^2*lambda^2); //dispersion (in radian)
+RP=n*N; //resolving power
+d_lambda=lambda/(n*N); //smallest difference in wavelength resolved (in m)
+//when half the ruling is covered
+N_dash=50000/2; //number of lines
+RP_dash=RP/2; //resolving power
+d_lambda_dash=lambda/(n*N_dash); //difference in wavelength (in m)
+dtheta_dash=2*2.38; //dispersion (in minutes) since the value of dispersion is 2.38 in minutes
+printf("\n(i)dispersion is %1.2e rad",dtheta)
+printf("\n(ii)resolving power is %d",RP)
+printf("\n(iii)smallest difference in wavelength resolved is %1.1f Armstrong",d_lambda*10^10)
+printf("\n(i)resolving power when half the ruling is covered is %d",RP_dash)
+printf("\n(ii)difference in wavelength is when half the ruling is covered is %1.1f Armstrong",d_lambda_dash*10^10)
+printf("\n(iii)dispersion when half the ruling is covered is %1.2f minutes",dtheta_dash)
+//the answer provided for difference in wavelength is when half the ruling is covered is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df7f77532 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.33
+//calculation of separation of wavelengths in first order and resolving power in second order
+//given data
+N=1000; //number of lines a grating has
+lambda=6000; //wavelength (in Armstrong)
+n=1; //for first order
+n_dash=2; //for second order
+//calculation
+d_lambda=lambda/N; //separation between two wavelengths (in Armstrong) for first order
+RP=n_dash*N; //resolving power for second order
+printf("\nseparation between two wavelengths for first order is %d Armstrong",d_lambda)
+printf("\nresolving power for second order is %d",RP)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1ab17f40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.34
+//calculation of diffraction angle
+//given data
+lambda1=6000*10^-10; //wavelenght (in m) of one line of light
+lambda2=6000.5*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of another line of light
+W=10*10^-3; //width of grating (in m)
+//calculation
+dlambda=lambda2-lambda1; //difference between the two wavelengths (in m)
+theta=asind((lambda1^2)/(W*dlambda)); //diffraction angle (in degrees)
+printf('diffraction angle is %d degrees',theta)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c7363064 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.35
+//calculation of minimum wavelength separation
+//given data
+lambda1=5890; //wavelength (in Armstrong) of light
+lambda2=5896; //another wavelength (in Armstrong) of light
+W=3; //width of grating (in cm)
+W_dash=0.3; //new width of grating (in cm)
+//calculation
+a_plus_b=1; //assuming for simplicity of calculation
+N_dash=(W_dash*a_plus_b)/(W*a_plus_b); //number of lines per cm
+dlambda=lambda2-lambda1; //separation of wavelengths (in m)
+lambda_by_n=dlambda; //formula of separation of wavelengths
+dlambda_dash=lambda_by_n/N_dash; //minimum wavelength separation (in Armstrong)
+printf("\nminimum wavelength separation is %d Armstrong",dlambda_dash)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88cf27f99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.36
+//calculation of wavelength separation
+//given data
+del_lambda=6; //wavelength (in Armstrong) of light
+W=1; //assuming width to be 1 for simplicity of calculation
+//calculation
+lambdaa_plus_b_by_n=del_lambda; //formula for separation of wavelength
+W_dash=10*W; //new width
+dlambda_dash=lambdaa_plus_b_by_n/W_dash; //wavelength separation (in Armstrong)
+printf("\nwavelength separation is %0.1f Armstrong",dlambda_dash)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f98b40e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.37
+//calculation of angular dispersion and effective width of grating
+//given data
+lambda=5000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+n=2; //order of diffraction
+dlambda=10^-10; //difference of wavelengths (in m)
+a_plus_b=10^-2/6000; //number of lines per m
+//calculation
+dtheta=(n*dlambda)/sqrt(a_plus_b^2-n^2*lambda^2); //angular dispersion (in radians)
+N=lambda/(n*dlambda); //resolving power
+W=N*a_plus_b; //width of grating
+printf("\nangular dispersion is %1.1e rad",dtheta)
+printf("\nwidth of grating is %0.3f cm",W*10^2)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd75844e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.38
+//calculation of resolving power
+//given data
+lambda=5000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+n=2; //order of diffraction
+W=2.5*10^-2; //width of grating (in m)
+//calculation
+a_plus_b=lambda/0.1; //grating element (in m)
+N=W/a_plus_b; //number of lines on grating
+RP=n*N; //resolving power
+printf("\nResolving power is %d",RP)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.39/Ex3_39.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.39/Ex3_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c747dcc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.39/Ex3_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.39
+//calculation of (a)dispersion around 5460 Armstrong in third order (b)resolving power in its fifth order
+//given data
+N=9600; //number of lines
+W=3*10^-2; //width of grating (in m)
+n=3; //third order
+n_dash=5; //fifth order
+lambda=5460*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+//calculation
+a_plus_b=W/N; //grating element (in m)
+theta=asind(n*lambda)/a_plus_b; //from the gratig equation (a+b)*sin(theta)=n*lambda (in degrees)
+dtheta_by_dlambda=n/((a_plus_b)*cosd(theta)); //dispersion (in rad/nm)
+RP=n_dash*N; //resolving power
+printf("\n(a)dispersion around 5460 Armstrong is %1.4f rad/nm",dtheta_by_dlambda/10^9)
+printf("\n(b)resolving power in its fifth order is %d",RP)
+//the first part of the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..265251e19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//example 3.4
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//calculation of lambda1 and lambda2
+//given data
+f=1; //focal length (in m) of lens
+a=0.04*10^-2; //width (in m) of slit
+y_d_4=0.5*10^-2; //position (in m) of fourth minima corresposding to lambda1
+y_d_5=0.5*10^-2; //position (in m) of fifth minima corresposding to lambda2
+//calculation
+lambda1=(y_d_4*a)/(4*f); //wavelength (in m) corresponding to fourth minima
+lambda2=(y_d_5*a)/(5*f); //wavelength (in m) corresponding to fifth minima
+printf("\nlambda1 is %d Armstrong",lambda1*10^10)
+printf("\nlambda2 is %d Armstrong",lambda2*10^10)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.40/Ex3_40.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.40/Ex3_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a1a985cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.40/Ex3_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.40
+//calculation of minimum number of lines of grating
+//given data
+lambda1=589.593*10^-9; //first wavelength of sodium D lines (in m)
+lambda2=588.996*10^-9; //second wavelength of sodium D lines (in m)
+n=1; //order of grating
+//calculation
+lambda=(lambda1+lambda2)/2; //average wavelength of both thewavelengths of sodium D lines (in m)
+d_lambda=lambda1-lambda2; //difference of both the wavelengths (in m)
+N=lambda/(n*d_lambda); //minimum number of lines of grating
+printf("\nminimum number of lines of grating is %d",N)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.41/Ex3_41.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.41/Ex3_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df89f8879 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.41/Ex3_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.41
+//to check if spectral lines will be resolved
+//given data
+//in first order
+lambda1=5160.34; //first wavelength of spectral line a plane diffraction just resolves (in Armstrong)
+lambda2=5160.85; //second wavelength of spectral line a plane diffraction just resolves (in Armstrong)
+//calculation
+lambda=(lambda1+lambda2)/2; //average wavelength (in Armstrong)
+d_lambda=lambda2-lambda1; //difference of wavelengths (in Armstrong)
+N=lambda/d_lambda; //number of lines
+//in second order
+lambda_1=8037.20; //first wavelength (in Armstrong)
+lambda_2=8037.50; //second wavelength (in Armstrong)
+lambda_dash=(lambda_1+lambda_2)/2; //average wavelength (in Armstrong)
+n=2; //order of grating
+dlambda=lambda_2-lambda_1; //difference of wavelengths (in Armstrong)
+N_dash=lambda_dash/(n*dlambda); //number of lines
+printf("\nfor first order number of lines is %d",N)
+printf("\nfor first order number of lines is %d",N_dash)
+if N>N_dash then
+ disp("the given lines are resolved")
+else
+ disp("the given lines remain unresolved")
+end
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.42/Ex3_42.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.42/Ex3_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..638935fcd --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.42/Ex3_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.42
+//to check if spectral lines will be resolved
+//given data
+//in first order
+lambda1=5140.34; //first wavelength of spectral line a plane diffraction just resolves (in Armstrong)
+lambda2=5140.85; //second wavelength of spectral line a plane diffraction just resolves (in Armstrong)
+//calculation
+lambda=(lambda1+lambda2)/2; //average wavelength (in Armstrong)
+d_lambda=lambda2-lambda1; //difference of wavelengths (in Armstrong)
+N=lambda/d_lambda; //number of lines
+//in second order
+lambda_1=8037.2; //first wavelength (in Armstrong)
+lambda_2=8037.50; //second wavelength (in Armstrong)
+lambda_dash=(lambda_1+lambda_2)/2; //average wavelength (in Armstrong)
+n=2; //order of grating
+dlambda=lambda_2-lambda_1; //difference of wavelengths (in Armstrong)
+N_dash=lambda_dash/(n*dlambda); //number of lines
+printf("\nfor first order number of lines is %d",N)
+printf("\nfor first order number of lines is %d",N_dash)
+if N>N_dash then
+ disp("the given lines are resolved")
+else
+ disp("the given lines remain unresolved")
+end
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.43/Ex3_43.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.43/Ex3_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a05010a21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.43/Ex3_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.43
+//calculation of fringe spacing
+//given data
+n=1; //order of grating
+lambda=632.8*10^-9; //wavelength (in m) of laser
+theta=0.1/1
+//calculation
+d=lambda/theta; //fringe spacing (in m)
+printf("\nfringe spacing is %1.3f micrometer",d*10^6)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c7f9b133 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.5
+//calculation of angular position of first and second minima if observation point is far away
+//given data
+lambda=5890*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+a=0.003*10^-3; //width of slit (in m)
+n=1; //order of minima
+n_dash=2; //order of minima
+//calculation
+theta_d1=n*lambda/a*180/%pi; //angular position of first minima (in degrees) if observation point is far away
+theta_d2=n_dash*lambda/a*180/%pi; //angular position of second minima (in degrees) if observation point is far away
+theta1=asind((n*lambda)/a); //angular position of first minima if the observation point is near
+theta2=asind((n_dash*lambda)/a); //angular position of second minima if the observation point is near
+printf("\nangular position of first minima if observation point is far away is %0.2f degrees",theta_d1)
+printf("\nangular position of second minima if observation point is far away is %0.1f degrees",theta_d2)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d7f036ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.6
+//calculation of width of slit
+//given data
+del_y=0.4*10^-3; //distance (in m) between second and fifth minimum
+lambda=6000*10^-10; //wavelenth (in m) of light used
+f=60*10^-2; //distance (in m) of screen from slit
+//calculation
+a=(3*lambda*f)/del_y; //width (in m) of slit
+printf("\nwidth of slit is %1.1f mm",a*10^3)
diff --git a/3909/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3909/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5791d7ae3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 3.7
+//calculation of wavelength of light used
+//given data
+a=0.2; //width of slit (in mm)
+f=2; //distance of slit from screen (in m)
+y=6; //distance of first minimum on either side of central maxima (in mm)
+//calculation
+lambda=y*10^-3*a*10^-3/f; //wavelength of light (in m)
+printf("\nwavelength of light is %d Armstrong",lambda*10^10)
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e85e6b0aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.1
+//calculation of coherent length and coherent time
+//given data
+lambda=4800*10^-10; //wavelength of light (in m)
+n=25; //number of waves
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+l_c=n*lambda; //coherent length (in metre)
+tau_c=l_c/c; //coherent time (in s)
+printf("\ncoherent length is %d micrometer",l_c*10^6)
+printf("\ncoherent time is %1.0e s",tau_c)
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59580180f --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.10
+//calculation of size of pin-hole
+//given data
+F=60; //focal length (in cm)
+l=10; //length of aperture (in cm)
+lambda=633*10^-4; //wavelength (in cm) of light
+//calculation
+//for zero coherence at the periphery over lens aperture
+a=1.22*lambda*F/l; //size of hole (in cm)
+//for degree of coherence not below 80% over the aperture
+a_dash=0.36*F/l*lambda; //size of hole (in cm)
+printf("\nsize of the hole for zero coherence at the periphery over lens aperture is %0.1f micrometer",a*10^4)
+printf("\nsize of the hole for degree of coherence not below 80 percent over the aperture is %0.2f micrometer",a_dash*10^4)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94e2042d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.11
+//calculation of efficiency of laser
+//given data
+C=1000*10^-6; //capacitance (in Farad)
+V=4000; //voltage (in volts)
+E=10; //energy (in Joule)
+//calculation
+opo=E; //optical power output
+ip=1/2*C*V^2; //input power
+nu=opo/ip; //efficiency of laser
+printf ("\nefficiency of laser is %0.3f percent",nu*100)
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da45abe3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.12
+//calculation of ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneous emission
+//given data
+lambda=632.8*10^-9; //wavelength (in m) of He-Ne laser
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+h=6.63*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+r=(1*10^-3)/2; //beam radius (in m) of laser
+d_nu=1.5*10^8; //line width of laser line (in Hz)
+E=99*10^-3; //energy (in W) within resonator
+//calculation
+nu=c/lambda; //frequency (in Hz) of laser
+B21_by_A21=(c^3)/(8*%pi*h*nu^3); //ratio of Einstein's coefficients (in m^3/J.s)
+I=E/(%pi*r^2); //intensity
+rho_v=I/(c*d_nu); //density (in J.s/m^3)
+rho_vB21_by_A21=(B21_by_A21)*rho_v; //ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneous emission
+printf("\nratio of stimulated emission to spontaneous emission is %2.1f",rho_vB21_by_A21)
+
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fe904cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.13
+//calculation of (i)angular speed and (ii)areal spread
+//given data
+lambda=7000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of light
+a=5*10^-3; //aperture (in m)
+D=4*10^8; //distance from the earth (in m)
+//calculation
+theta=(1.22*lambda)/a; //angle (in radian) of diffraction
+A=%pi*(D*theta)^2; //areal spread (in m^2)
+printf('\n(i)angular spread is %1.1e rad',theta)
+printf('\n(ii)areal spead is %1.2e m^2',A)
+//(ii)the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..baca8bf37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.14
+//calculation of area and intensity of image
+//given data
+lambda=720*10^-9; //wavelength (in m) of light
+d=5*10^-3; //aperture (in m)
+f=0.1; //focal length (in m)
+P=50*10^-3; //power (in Watt)of laser beam
+//calculation
+d_theta=(1.22*lambda)/d; //angular spread
+D=f
+A=%pi*(D*d_theta)^2 //area of image (in m^2)
+I=P/A; //intensity of image (in W/m^2)
+printf("\narea of image is %1.2e m^2",A)
+printf("\nintensity of image is %1.2e W/m^2",I)
+//the answers provided in the textbook are wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..636b36127 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.15
+//calculation of coherent length,band width and line width of laser
+//given data
+lambda=650.0*10^-9; //wavelength (in m) of light
+del_tau=0.5*10^-9; //time of pulses (in seconds)
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+l_c=c*del_tau; //coherent length (in m)
+del_nu=1/del_tau; //band width (in Hz)
+del_lambda=lambda^2/c*del_nu; //line width (in m)
+printf("\ncoherent length is %0.2f m",l_c)
+printf("\nband width is %1.0e Hz",del_nu)
+printf("\nline width is %0.3f Armstrong",del_lambda*10^10)
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4f66334f --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.16
+//to show if diffraction contribute seriously to energy loss at lassing wavelength 694.3 nm
+//given data
+lambda=694.3*10^-9; //wavelength (in m)
+a=0.1; //in m
+L=0.1; //length (in m)
+//calculation
+theta=a^2/lambda; //diffraction angle
+if theta>L then
+ disp("diffraction is not an important energy loss mechanism")
+else
+ disp("diffraction is an important energy loss mechanism")
+end
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4eb3dae2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.17
+//calculation of minimum number of ions present
+//given data
+lambda=720; //wavelength (in nm)
+E=0.1; //energy (in J)
+h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant (in m sq kg/s)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+nu=c/(lambda*10^-9); //frequency (in Hz)
+n=E/(h*nu); //number of ions present
+printf("Number of ions present is %1.3e",n)
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55c3d2232 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.18
+//calculation of number of passes radiation has to make before the threshold
+//given data
+E=0.1; //energy (in Joule)
+beta_th=0.15; //threshold gain (per m)
+l=0.2; //length (in m)
+//calculation
+m=12/(beta_th*l); //number of passes radiation has to make before the threshold
+printf("\nnumber of passes radiation has to make before the threshold is %d",m)
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe3f0107f --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.19
+//calculation of number of longitudinal modes for gas lasers A and B
+//given data
+lambda_A=700*10^-9; //wavelength (in m) of red region
+lambda_B=400*10^-9; //wavelength (in m) of blue region
+L_A=0.35; //minor separation (in m) of red region
+L_B=0.40; //minor separation (in m) of blue region
+n0=1; //refractive index of laser medium
+//calculation
+qA=round(2*n0*L_A/lambda_A); //number of longitudinal models for gas laser A
+qB=round(2*n0*L_B/lambda_B); //number of longitudinal models for gas laser B
+printf("\nnumber of longitudinal models for gas laser A is %1.0e",qA)
+printf("\nnumber of longitudinal models for gas laser B is %1.0e",qB)
+//answer for qB provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38c01ccf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.2
+//calcuation of (a)coherent time, coherent length and Q value for sodium D1 line(b)coherent time, coherent length and Q value for sodium light of D1 and D2 line
+//(a)for sodium D1 line
+//given data
+lambda=5890*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of line D1
+w=0.1*10^-10; //spectral width (in m)
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+Q=round(lambda/w); //Q value
+l_c=Q*lambda; //coherent length (in m)
+tau_c=l_c/c; //coherent time (in sec)
+//(b)for sodium D1 and D2 lines
+//given data
+lambda1=5890*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of line D1
+lambda2=5896*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of line D2
+//calculation
+w_dash=lambda2-lambda1; //spectral width (in m)
+Q_dash=((lambda1+lambda2)/2)/w_dash; //Q value
+format(16)
+lambda_dash=(lambda1+lambda2)/2; //average wavelength of D1 and D2 lines
+lc=lambda_dash*Q_dash; //coherent length (in m)
+tauc=lc/c; //coherent time (in s)
+printf("\n(a)for sodium D1 line")
+printf("\nQ value is %d",Q)
+printf("\ncoherent length is %1.2f cm",l_c*10^2)
+printf("\ncoherent time is %1.2e s",tau_c)
+printf("\n(b)for sodium D1 and D2 lines")
+printf("\nQ value is %3.2f",Q_dash)
+printf("\ncoherent length is %1.2f micrometre",lc*10^6)
+printf("\ncoherent time is %1.2e s",tauc)
+//the answer for coherent time in (a) varies due to round off error
+//the answers provided in the textbook for coherent length and coherent time in (b) are wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12ed163a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.20
+//calculation of number of modes operating in the cavity region
+//given data
+l=0.5; //separation of laser (in m)
+Dg=1.5; //Doppler's gain band width (in Ghz)
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+n0=1; //refractive index of laser
+//calculation
+del_nu=c*10^-9/(2*l); //frequency (in GHz)
+m=Dg/del_nu; //number of modes
+disp(m,'number of modes operating in the cavity region is')
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c8a4821b --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.21
+//calculation of wavelength of laser emitted out
+//given data
+h=6.626*10^-34; //planck's constant (in m sq kg/s)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+E=1.85; //energy (in eV)
+//calculation
+lambda=(h*c)/(E*1.602*10^-19); //wavelength (in m)
+printf("\nWavelength of laser emitted out is %d Armstrong",lambda*10^10)
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e5ba0bc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.22
+//calculation of minimum population for He-Ne laser
+//given data
+lambda0=6328*10^-10; //wavelength (in m)
+tau_m=10^-7; //transition time of metastable state (in s)
+n0=1; //refractive index of laser
+l=20*10^-2; //length (in m)
+R1=0.98
+del_nu=10^9; //frequency (in Hz)
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+alpha=0; //neglecting losses
+//calculation
+R2=R1
+tau_c=(2*l*n0)/(c*(2*alpha*l-log(R1*R2))); //characteristic time of resonator (in s)
+N2_minus_N1=(4*n0^3*tau_m*del_nu)/(c*lambda0^2*tau_c); //threshold population (per m^3)
+printf("\nminimum population for He-Ne laser is %1.2e per cm^3",N2_minus_N1*10^2)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..942b5341a --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.23
+//to calculate threshold population inversion density and threshold pump power
+//given data
+lambda0=632.8*10^-9; //in m
+del_nu=10*9; //in Hz
+tau_m=10^-7; //in s
+l=10*10^-2; //in m
+R1=0.98
+R2=0.98
+n0=1
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+nu=5*10^15
+h=6.6*10^-34; //Planck's constant
+//calculation
+tau=-(2*n0*l)/(c*log(R1*R2)); //in s
+N2_minus_N1=(4*n0^3*tau_m*del_nu)/(c*lambda0^2*tau); //threshold popularity inversion density (in m^3)
+P_th=((N2_minus_N1)*h*nu)/tau_m; //threshold power (in W/m^3)
+printf("\nthreshold popularity inversion density is %1.1e m^3",N2_minus_N1)
+disp(P_th,'threshold power (in W/m^3) is' )
+//the answers provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a60029df6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.24
+//comparison between He-Ne laser and dye-laser
+//given data
+//for He-Ne laser
+L=0.5; //mirror separation (in m)
+lambda=632.8; //wavelength (in nm)
+del_nu=1.5*10^3; //frequency (in Hz)
+n=1
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//for dye-laser
+L_dash=2.0; //mirror separation (in m)
+lambda1=570*10^-9; //wavelength (in m)
+lambda2=640*10^-9; //wavelength (in m)
+n_dash=1.4
+//calculation
+del_tsp_He_Ne=(2*n*L)/c; //separation between pulses (in s) in He-Ne
+del_tsp_dye=(2*n_dash*L_dash)/c; //separation between pulses (in s) in dye
+del_tp_He_Ne=1/del_nu; //pulse width of He_Ne (in s)
+del_lambda=lambda2-lambda1; //wavelength range (in nm)
+lambda_dash=(lambda1+lambda2)/2; //wavelength (in nm)
+del_tp_dye=1/((c/lambda_dash^2)*del_lambda); //pulse-width of dye (in s)
+printf("\nseparation between pulses in He-Ne is %1.2e s",del_tsp_He_Ne)
+printf("\nseparation between pulses in dye is %1.2e s",del_tsp_dye)
+printf("\npulse width of He_Ne is %1.3f ns",del_tp_He_Ne*10^9)
+printf("\npulse-width of dye is %2.1f fs",del_tp_dye*10^15)
+if del_tsp_He_Ne > del_tsp_dye then
+ disp("He-Ne lasers are more suited for mode-locking")
+else
+ disp("Dye lasers are more suited for mode-locking")
+end
+if del_tp_He_Ne < del_tp_dye then
+ disp("He-Ne lasers are more suited for mode-locking")
+else
+ disp("Dye lasers are more suited for mode-locking")
+end
+//the answer of pulse width of He_Ne laser is wrong because the value of frequency is given different in the question and the answer in the textbook
+//the answer of pulse width of dye varies due to round off error
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..185764d4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.25
+//calculation of numerical aperture and maximum acceptance angle
+//given data
+n1=1.45; //refractive index of core
+delta=0.01; //relative refractive index of core-cladding
+//calculation
+NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta); //numerical aperture
+i_m=asind(NA); //maximum acceptance angle
+printf("\nnumerical aperture is %0.3f",NA)
+printf("\nmaximum acceptance angle is %0.2f degrees",i_m)
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d6df60d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.27
+//calculation of numerical aperture and maximum acceptance angle
+//given data
+n1=1.5; //refractive index of core
+delta=0.01; //relative refractive index of core-cladding
+//calculation
+NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta); //numerical aperture
+i_m=asind(NA); //maximum acceptance angle
+printf("\nnumerical aperture is %0.2f",NA)
+printf("\nmaximum acceptance angle is %0.2f degrees",i_m)
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7b23a11b --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.28
+//calculation of refractive indices of core and cladding
+//given data
+NA=0.22; //numerical aperture
+delta=0.012 //relative refractive index difference
+//calculation
+n1=NA/sqrt(2*delta); //refractive index of core
+n2=n1-delta*n1; //refractive index of cladding
+printf("\nrefractive index of core is %0.2f",n1)
+printf("\nrefractive index of cladding is %0.2f",n2)
+
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52c250058 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.29
+//calculation of numerical aperture and angle of acceptance
+//given data
+n1=1.50; //refractive index of the core
+n2=1.47; //refractive index of the cladding
+//calculation
+NA=(sqrt(n1^2- n2^2)); //numerical aperture
+i_m=asind(NA); //acceptance angle (in degrees)
+printf("\nnumerical aperture is %0.2f",NA)
+printf("\nacceptance angle is %0.2f degrees",i_m)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa23d11fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.3
+//calculation of (i)coherent length (ii)quality factor
+//given data
+lambda=6000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m)
+del_nu=10^-2; //spectral width (in Hz)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+nu=c/lambda; //frequency (in Hz)
+Q=nu/del_nu; //quality factor
+l_c=Q*lambda; //coherent length (in m)
+printf("\nquality factor is %1.0e",Q)
+printf("\ncoherent length is %d km",l_c*10^-3)
+//the answer provided in the txtbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1624045ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.30
+//to compare the maximum angle of acceptance and light gathering power of two fibres
+//given data
+n1=1.6; //core indice
+n2=1.5; //cladding indice
+n1_dash=2.1; //core indice
+n2_dash=1.5; //cladding indice
+//calculation
+NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); //light gathering power
+i_m=asind(NA); //maximum angle of acceptance
+NA_dash=sqrt(n1_dash^2-n2_dash^2); //light gathering power
+printf("\n(a)light gathering power is %1.3f",NA)
+printf("\n(a)maximum angle of acceptance is %2.2f degree",i_m)
+printf("\n(b)light gathering power is %1.2f",NA_dash)
+//(b)there is no limit to maximum angle of acceptance as its sin inverse does not exist
+
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74c1ae519 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.4
+//calculation of coherent length, coherent time and Q value
+//given data
+lambda1=0.4*10^-6; //first wavelength (in m)
+lambda2=0.8*10^-6; //second wavelength (in m)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+lambda=(lambda1+lambda2)/2; //mean wavelength (in m)
+del_lambda=lambda2-lambda1; //difference between wavelengths(in m)
+Q=lambda/del_lambda; //Q value
+l_c=Q*lambda; //coherent length (in m)
+tau_c=l_c/c; //coherent time (in sec)
+printf("\nQ value is %1.1f",Q)
+printf("\ncoherent length is %1.1f micrometer",l_c*10^6)
+printf("\ncoherent time is %1.0e s",tau_c)
+//answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b4adaac0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.5
+//calculation of spectral purity of line
+//given data
+lambda=643.8*10^-9; //wavelength (in m)
+tau_c=10^-9; //coherent time (in sec)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+del_lambda=lambda^2/(c*tau_c); //spectral spread (in nm)
+sp=lambda/del_lambda; //spectral purity of the line
+printf("\nThe spectral purity of the line is %d",sp)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd7b2efcc --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.6
+//calculation of separation of two slits
+//given data
+lambda=5000*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) f light
+theta=(32*%pi)/(180*60); //angle (in minutes) subtended by the sun on the earth
+//calculation
+l_w=lambda/theta; //separation of two slits (in m)
+printf("\nseparation of two slits is %1.0e m",l_w)
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cf8d3049 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.7
+//calculation of units of light received by minima
+//given data
+visibility=0.29
+I_max=20; //maximum intensity of resulting interference pattern (in units)
+//calculation
+I_min=(I_max-0.29*I_max)/1.29; //units of light received by minima obtained from the formula, visibility=(I_max-I_min)/(I_max+I_min)
+printf("\nlight received by minima is %d units",I_min)
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..078d9cee8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.8
+//(i)calculation of coherent length of wavetrain (ii) to check whether interference is observed by human eye
+//given data
+tau_c=10^-8; //coherent time (in s)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+x1=5; //distance travelled by one beam (in m)
+x2=10; //distance travelled by other beam (in m)
+//calculation
+l_c=c*tau_c; //coheret length (in m)
+del_x=x2-x1; //path difference between two beams (in m)
+printf("\n(i)coherent length of wavetrain is %d m",l_c)
+printf("\n(ii)path difference between two beams is %d m",del_x)
+if del_x<l_c then
+ disp("interference is observable by human eye")
+else
+ disp("interference is not observable by human eye")
+end
diff --git a/3909/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3909/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ce8ba505 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 4.9
+//calculation of spectral purity factor, coherence length and coherence time
+//given data
+lambda=643.8; //wavelength of light (in nm)
+del_lambda=0.001; //sectral spread (in nm)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+Q=round(lambda/del_lambda); //spectral purity factor
+l_c=Q*lambda*10^-9; //coherence length (in m)
+tau_c=l_c/c; //coherence time (in s)
+printf("\nSpectral purity factor is %d",Q)
+printf("\nCoherence length is %0.1f cm",l_c*10^2)
+printf("\nCoherence time is %4.2e s",tau_c)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7857096b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.1
+//calculation of maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons and the stopping potential
+//given data
+phi=2; //work function (in eV)
+h=6.63*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of an electron (in C)
+//from the equation E=(100V/m)[(sin 5*10^13)*t+sin(8*10^15)*t]
+omega=8*10^15; //angular frequency (in rad per s)
+//calculation
+nu_0=(phi*e)/h; //threshold frequency (in Hz)
+nu=omega/(2*%pi); //larger frequency (in Hz)
+E=(h*nu)/e; //energy of photon (in eV)
+Kmax=E-phi; //maximum kinetic energy (in eV)
+V=(Kmax*e)/e; //stopping potential (in V)
+printf("\nmaximum kinetic energy is %0.2f eV",Kmax)
+printf("\nstopping potential is %0.2f V",V)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12ce377e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.10
+//calculation of maximum percentage change in wavelength
+//given data
+h=6.6*10^-34; //Planck's constant
+lambda=1; //wavelength (in Armstrong) of photon
+lambda1=10; //wavelength (in Armstrong) of incident photons
+m0=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron (in kg)
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+del_lambda_max=(2*h*10^10)/(m0*c); //maximum wavelength (in Armstrong)
+p=del_lambda_max/lambda*100; //percent change in wavelength (in %)
+p1=del_lambda_max/lambda1*100; //percent change in wavelength (in %)
+printf("\npercent change in wavelength 1A is %1.1f percent",p)
+printf("\npercent change in wavelength 10A is %1.2f percent",p1)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3524b2b14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.11
+//calculation of (a)Compton shift (b)the energy imparted to recoil electron in joules
+//given data
+m0=9.1*10^-31; //rest mass (in kg) of electron
+c=3*10^8; //velocity (in m/s) of light
+h=6.6*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+theta=90; //angle (in degrees) of scattering
+lambda=1*10^-10; //wavelength (in m)
+//calculation
+del_lambda=h/(m0*c)*(1-cosd(theta)); //wavelength (in m)
+lambda_dash=lambda+del_lambda; //Compton shift (in m)
+K=h*c*(1/lambda-1/lambda_dash); //recoil energy of electron (in Joules)
+printf("\n(a)Compton shift is %1.5f Armstrong",lambda_dash*10^10)
+printf("\n(b)recoil energy of electron is %1.3e Joule",K)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdeb68726 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.12
+//calculation of angle of scattering
+//given data
+h=6.62*10^-34; //Planck's constant
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+E=150*10^3; //energy of incident X-ray photon (in eV)
+E_dash=130*10^3; //energy of scattered photon (in eV)
+m0=9.1*10^-31; //rest mass (in kg) of electron
+//calculation
+lambda=(h*c)/(E*1.6*10^-19); //wavelength (in m) of incident photons
+lambda_dash=(h*c)/(E_dash*1.6*10^-19); //wavelength (in m) of scattered photon
+theta=acosd(1-(lambda_dash-lambda)/(h/(m0*c))); //angle of scattering from Compton scattering formula
+printf("\nangle of scattering is %2.1f degrees",theta)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a1de5144 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.13
+//calculation of wavelength of scattered gama rays at 90 degree and energy and direction of recoil electron of Al atom
+//given data
+h=6.6*10^-34; ////Planck's constant (in Js)
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+E=450*10^3; //energy of gama rays (in J)
+theta=90; //angle (in degree) of scattering
+m0=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron (in kg)
+//calcultion
+lambda=(h*c)/(E*1.6*10^-19); //wavelength (in m) of incident photon
+lambda_dash=lambda+h/(m0*c)*(1-cosd(theta)); //wavelength (in m) from Compton formula
+E_dash=(h*c)/(lambda_dash*1.6*10^-19); //energy (in eV) of scattered photon
+E_k=E-E_dash; //energy of recoil electron
+printf("\nwavelength of scattered gama rays at 90 degree is %1.5f Armstrong",lambda_dash*10^10)
+printf("\nenergy of recoil electron is %d keV",E_k*10^-3)
+//the first part of the answer varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75e80b100 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.16
+//to show that the energy which a photon must have so that it may transfer half of its energy to electron at rest is about 256 keV in Compton scattering experiment
+//given data
+theta=180; //angle (in degree) of scattering
+h=6.62*10^-34; ////Planck's constant (in Js)
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+m0=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron (in kg)
+//calculation
+lambda_max=h/(m0*c)*(1-cosd(theta)); //maximum value of wavelength (in m)
+hnu_min=round((h*c)*10^-3/((1.6*10^-19)*lambda_max)); //energy of photon (in keV)
+printf("\nenergy of photon is %d keV",hnu_min)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1bd88412 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.19
+//calculation of probability of finding the particle
+//given data
+L=10e-010; //length of box (in m)
+x1=0.45*L; //lower limit
+x2=0.55*L; //upper limit
+P=integrate('2/L*(sin(%pi*x/L))^2','x',x1,x2)
+printf("\nprobability of finding the particle is %2.1f percent",P*100)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b087892d --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.2
+//calculation of velocity of electrons
+//given data
+d=0.9086*10^-10; //first Bragg maximum (in m)
+theta=65; //glazing angle (in degrees)
+h=6.6*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+m_e=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron (in kg)
+//calculation
+v=h/(2*d*sin(theta)*m_e); //velocity (in m/s) of electrons
+printf("\nvelocity of electrons is %1.2e m/s",v)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04747f148 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.20
+//calculation of lowest energy of an electron
+//given data
+h=6.62*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron (in kg)
+a=1*10^-10; //length (in m)
+//calculation
+El=h^2/(8*m*a^2); //lowest energy (in Joule)
+printf("\nlowest energy is %0.1f eV",El/(1.602*10^-19))
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1b262315 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.21
+//calculation of fraction of time an electron spends in central one-third of the well
+//given data
+a=1; //For simplicity assuming length of well to be unity
+//calculation
+x1=a/3; //lower limit
+x2=2*a/3; //upper limit
+P=integrate('2/a*(sin(%pi*x/a))^2','x',x1,x2)
+printf("\nfraction of time an electron spends in central one-third of the well is %d percent",P*100)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2ae35606 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.22
+//calculation of release of energy
+//given data
+m=1.6*10^-27; //mass of proton (in kg)
+a=1.0*10^-14; //size of nucleus (in m)
+h=6.62*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+n=1; //for ground state
+e=1.6*10^-19; //electronic charge (in C)
+n_dash=2; //for excited state
+//calculation
+del_E=h^2/(8*m*a^2)*(n_dash^2-n^2); //release of energy (in J)
+printf("\nrelease of energy is %0.1f MeV",(del_E*10^-6)/e)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54647b89e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.26
+//calculation of zero point energy,energy gap between first two energy states and wavelength of absorption
+//given data
+h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of an electron (in kg)
+a=5*10^-10; //length of molecule (in m)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //electronic charge (in C)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+E_l=h^2/(8*m*a^2); //zero point energy (in J)
+del_E=4*h^2/(8*m*a^2)-h^2/(8*m*a^2); //energy gap (in J) between first two energy states
+lambda=(h*c)/(4.5*e); //wavelength (in m) of absorption
+printf('\nzero point energy is %0.1f eV',E_l/e)
+printf('\nenergy gap (in eV) between first two energy states is %0.1f eV',del_E/e)
+printf('\nwavelength of absorption is %d Armstrong',lambda*10^10)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7b190e69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.28
+//calculation of energy and momentum for ground state and first excited state
+//given data
+a=1*10^-10; //side of cubical box (in m)
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass (in kg) of an electron
+h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //electronic charge (in C)
+//for ground state
+nx=1; //quantum number in x direction
+ny=1; //quantum number in y direction
+nz=1; //quantum number in z direction
+//for first excited state
+nx1=2; //quantum number in x direction
+ny1=1; //quantum number in y direction
+nz1=1; //quantum number in z direction
+//calculation
+E_111=h^2/(8*m*a^2*e)*(nx^2+ny^2+nz^2); //energy of the particle (in eV) for ground state
+P_111=sqrt(2*m*E_111*e); //momentum (in kg m/s) for ground state
+E_211=h^2/(8*m*a^2*e)*(nx1^2+ny1^2+nz1^2); //energy of the particle (in eV) for first excited state
+P_211=sqrt(2*m*E_211*e); //momentum (in kg m/s) for first excited state
+printf('\nenergy of the particle for ground state is %d eV',E_111)
+printf('\nmomentum for ground state is %1.2e kg m/s',P_111)
+printf('\nenergy of the particle for first excited state is %d eV',E_211)
+printf('\nmomentum for first excited state is %1.2e kg m/s',P_211)
+
+
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96df41c02 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.3
+//calculation of Planck's constant
+//given data
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron (in C)
+//first case
+V1=4.6; //stopping potential (in V)
+nu1=2*10^15; //frequency (in Hz)
+//second case
+V2=12.9; //stopping potential (in V)
+nu2=4*10^15; //frequency (in Hz)
+//calculation
+h=(e*(V2-V1))/(nu2-nu1); //Planck's constant (in Js)
+printf("\nPlancks constant is %1.2e J.s",h)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe4bf9487 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.30
+//calculation of binding energy of the neutron in the neucleus
+//given data
+a=2*10^-15; //side of cubical box (in m)
+m=1.6*10^-27; //mass (in kg) of an neutron
+h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //electronic charge (in C)
+//calculation
+E_111=(3*h^2)/(8*m*a^2); //binding energy (in J) of the neutron in the neucleus
+printf("\nbinding energy of the neutron in the neucleus is %0.1f Mev",E_111/(e*10^6)')
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31bc38f4f --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.31
+//calculation of probability that electron will tunnel through the barrier if its width is (a)0.10 nm (b)1.0 nm
+//given data
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass (in kg) of electron
+U=40*1.6*10^-19
+E=30*1.6*10^-19; //energy (in J) of electron
+h=1.054*10^-34; //height (in m)
+a1=0.1*10^-9; //width (in m) of barrier
+a2=1.0*10^-9; //width (in m) of barrier
+//(i)when a=0.1 nm
+twoalpha_a1=(2*sqrt(2*m*(U-E)))/h*a1
+T1=exp(-twoalpha_a1)*100; //probability that electron will tunnel through the barrier if its width is 0.10 nm
+//(ii)when a=1.0 nm
+twoalpha_a2=(2*sqrt(2*m*(U-E)))/h*a2
+T2=exp(-twoalpha_a2); //probability that electron will tunnel through the barrier if its width is 1.0 nm
+printf("\n(i)probability that electron will tunnel through the barrier if its width is 0.10 nm is %1.1f percent",T1)
+printf("\n(ii)probability that electron will tunnel through the barrier if its width is 1.0 nm is %1.1e",T2)
+//the answer (ii) varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13b529e41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.33
+//calculation of width of potential barrier and number of collisions alpha particle makes per second
+//given data
+A=222; //atomic mass
+Z=86-2; //atomic number
+E=5.5; //energy (in eV)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of an electron
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+m0=9.1*10^-31; //mass of an electron (in kg)
+four_pi_epsilon0=1/(9*10^9)
+//calculation
+r0=1.2*A^(1/3); //radius of nucleus (in fm)
+r=(Z*2*e^2)/(E*1.6*10^-13*four_pi_epsilon0)*10^15; //in m
+w=(r-r0)*10^-15; //width of the barrier (in m)
+mc_sq=E+m0*c^2*10^6
+v=c*sqrt(1+1/12^2); //velocity of electron (in m/s)
+n=v/(2*r0*10^-15); //number of collisions
+printf("\nwidth of potential barrier is %2.2e m",w)
+printf("\nnumber of collisions alpha particle makes per second is %1.2e",n)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
+
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.34/Ex5_34.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.34/Ex5_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba1fb34c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.34/Ex5_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.34
+//calculation of de Broglie wavelength of incident electron and transmission probabilities
+//given data
+h=6.63*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of an electron (in kg)
+U0=6*1.6*10^-19; //barrier height
+a=7*10^-10; //width of barrier (in m)
+E=5*1.6*10^-19; //energy (in eV)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electrons
+V=5; //in eV
+//calculation
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*V); //de Broglie wavelength of incident electron
+alpha=sqrt(2*m*(U0-E))/(h/(2*%pi))
+T=16*E/U0*(1-E/U0)*exp(-2*alpha*a); //transmission probability
+printf("\nde Broglie wavelength of incident electron is %1.1f Armstrong",lambda*10^10)
+printf("\ntransmission probabilities is %1.2e",T)
+//the second part of the answer varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.35/Ex5_35.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.35/Ex5_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fef38e9b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.35/Ex5_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.35
+//calculation of transmission probabilities
+//given data
+h=6.63*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of an electron (in kg)
+U0=5*1.6*10^-19; //barrier height
+a=5*10^-10; //width of barrier (in m)
+E1=1*1.6*10^-19; //first energy of electron
+E2=2*1.6*10^-19 //second energy of electrons (in J)
+//calculation
+//for 1 eV electrons
+alpha=sqrt(2*m*(U0-E1))/(h/(2*%pi))
+T1=16*E1/U0*(1-E1/U0)*exp(-2*alpha*a); //transmission probability of 1 eV electrons
+//for 2 eV electrons
+alpha1=sqrt(2*m*(U0-E2))/(h/(2*%pi))
+T2=16*E2/U0*(1-E2/U0)*exp(-2*alpha1*a); //transmission probability of 2 eV electrons
+//when barrier width is doubled
+a_dash=10*10^-10; //width of barrier when doubled (in m)
+T1_dash=16*E1/U0*(1-E1/U0)*exp(-2*alpha*a_dash); //transmission probability of 1 eV electrons
+T2_dash=16*E2/U0*(1-E2/U0)*exp(-2*alpha1*a_dash); //transmission probability of 2 eV electrons
+//when barrier height is doubled
+U0_dash=10*1.6*10^-19; //barrier height when doubled
+T1_dashdash=16*E1/U0_dash*(1-E1/U0_dash)*exp(-2*alpha*a); //transmission probability of 1 eV electrons
+T2_dashdash=16*E2/U0_dash*(1-E2/U0_dash)*exp(-2*alpha1*a); //transmission probability of 2 eV electrons
+printf("\ntransmission probability of 1 eV electrons is %1.1e",T1)
+printf("\ntransmission probability of 2 eV electrons is %1.1e",T2)
+printf("\n(i)transmission probability of 1 eV electrons when barrier width is doubled is %1.1e",T1_dash)
+printf("\ntransmission probability of 2 eV electrons when barrier width is doubled is %1.1e",T2_dash)
+printf("\n(ii)transmission probability of 1 eV electrons when barrier height is doubled is %1.1e",T1_dashdash)
+printf("\ntransmission probability of 2 eV electrons when barrier height is doubled is %1.1e",T2_dashdash)
+//the first four answers vary due to round off error
+//the last two answers given in the textbook are wrong and the variables are given wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.36/Ex5_36.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.36/Ex5_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4791d3b23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.36/Ex5_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.36
+//calculation of electron density of the metal for which the Fermi energy is 4.72 eV
+//given data
+EF1=2.14; //Fermi energy of potassium (in eV)
+EF2=4.72; //Fermi energy of another metal (in eV)
+n_e1=1.4*10^28; //electron density (per m^3) of potassium
+//calculation
+n_e2=n_e1*(EF2/EF1)^(3/2); //electron density (per m^3) of the metal
+printf("\nelectron density of the metal is %1.2e m^-3",n_e2)
+//theanswers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.37/Ex5_37.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.37/Ex5_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65630ea3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.37/Ex5_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.37
+//calculation of Fermi energy for copper
+//given data
+h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron (in kg)
+n=8.49*10^28; //number of conduction electrons per unit volume
+e=1.6*10^-19; //electronic charge (in C)
+//calculation
+E_F=h^2/(2*m)*((3*n)/(8*%pi))^(2/3); //Fermi energy (in J) for copper
+printf("\nFermi energy for copper is %0.2f eV",E_F/e)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.38/Ex5_38.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.38/Ex5_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e30ed095e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.38/Ex5_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.38
+//calculation of Fermi energy and speed of electron at Fermi energy
+//given data
+n_e=5.8*10^28; //electron density (in m^-3)
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass (in kg) of an electron
+h=6.6*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+e=1.602*10^-19; //electronic charge (in C)
+//calculation
+E_F=(h^2/(2*m)*(3*n_e/(8*%pi))^(2/3))/e; //Fermi energy (in eV)
+v_F=sqrt((2*E_F*e)/m); //Fermi velocity (in m/s)
+printf("\nFermi energy is %0.1f eV",E_F)
+printf("\nFermi velocity is %1.2e m/s",v_F)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.39/Ex5_39.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.39/Ex5_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f067d253c --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.39/Ex5_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.39
+//calculation of probability of occupancy for a state whose energy is (a)0.1 eV above Fermi energy (b)0.1 eV below the Fermi energy (c)equal to Fermi energy
+//given data
+T=800; //temperature (in K)
+k=1.38*10^-23; //Boltzmann constant in J/K
+E_minus_EF=0.1*1.6*10^-19; //energy above Fermi level
+EF_minus_E=-E_minus_EF; //energy below Fermi level
+E1_minus_EF=0; //energy equal to Fermi energy
+//calculation
+a_f_FD=1/(exp(E_minus_EF/(k*T))+1)*100
+b_f_FD=round(1/(exp(EF_minus_E/(k*T))+1)*100)
+c_f_FD=1/(exp(E1_minus_EF/(k*T))+1)*100
+printf("\nprobability of occupancy for a state whose energy is")
+printf("\n(a)0.1 eV above Fermi energy is %d percent",a_f_FD)
+printf("\n(b)0.1 eV below the Fermi energy is %d percent",b_f_FD)
+printf("\n(c)equal to Fermi energy is %d percent",c_f_FD)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67e182830 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.4
+//calculation of de Broglie wavelength
+//given data
+m0=1.66*10^-27; //mass of proton (in kg)
+h=6.62*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+K=1.6*10^-19*10^6; //kinetic energy (in V)
+//calculation
+lambda=(h*c)/(sqrt(K*(K+2*m0*c^2))); //de Broglie wavelength (in m)
+printf("\nde Broglie wavelength is %1.2e Armstrong",lambda*10^10)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.40/Ex5_40.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.40/Ex5_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a6a64fab --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.40/Ex5_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.40
+//calculation of number of states available for conduction
+//given data
+h=6.63*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of an electron (in kg)
+E=5*1.6*10^-19; //energy (in joules)
+E_dash=5.01*1.6*10^-19; //energy (in joules)
+a=10^-2; //edge of copper cube (in m)
+//calculation
+g_of_E=(8*sqrt(2)*%pi*m^(3/2))/h^3*E^(1/2)*1.6*10^-19; //number of energy states per unit energy
+dE=E_dash-E; //energy interval
+N=g_of_E*dE*a^3; //number of desired states
+del_Eadj=dE/N; //average energy interval between successive level
+printf("\nnumber of states available for conduction is %1.0e eV",del_Eadj)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.41/Ex5_41.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.41/Ex5_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfcfcacc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.41/Ex5_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.41
+//calculation of (i)number of energy states available for conduction (ii)density of conduction electrons
+//given data
+h=6.63*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of an electron (in kg)
+V=10^-6; //volume of the cube (in m)
+E_F=7*1.6*10^-19; //Fermi energy (in joules)
+//calculation
+N=(8*sqrt(8))/3*(%pi*V)/h^3*m^(3/2)*E_F^(3/2)
+n=((7*8*m*%pi^(2/3))/3^(2/3))^(3/2)
+printf("\n(i)number of energy states available for conduction is %1.1e",N)
+printf("\n(ii)density of conduction electrons is %1.1e m^3",n)
+//the answer (ii) provided in the textbook is wrong
+
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.42/Ex5_42.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.42/Ex5_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..492f3f4e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.42/Ex5_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.42
+//calculation of Fermi energy, Fermi velocity and Fermi temperature
+//given data
+h=6.62*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of an electron (in kg)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //electronic charge (in C)
+K_B=1.38*10^-23; //Boltzmann constant (in J/K)
+n=5.8*10^28; //number of electrons per unit volume (in m^-3)
+//calculation
+E_F=(h^2/(2*m)*(3*n/(8*%pi))^(2/3))/e; //Fermi energy (in eV)
+v_F=sqrt((2*E_F*e)/m); //Fermi velocity (in m/s)
+T_F=(E_F*e)/K_B; //Fermi temperature (in K)
+printf("\nFermi energy is %0.2f eV",E_F)
+printf("\nFermi velocity is %1.2e m/s",v_F)
+printf("\nFermi temperature is %1.2e K",T_F)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cfb20142 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.5
+//calculation of uncertainty in the determining position of the electron
+//given data
+h=6.62*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+delta_p=5*10^-27*0.003/100; //uncertainty in momentum (in kg-m/s)
+//calculation
+delta_x=h/(4*%pi*delta_p); //uncertainty in position (in m)
+printf("\nuncertainty in position is %1.1e m",delta_x)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7fa1bc27 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.6
+//calculation of uncertainty in position
+//given data
+t=1; //time(in s)
+m0=1.67*10^-27; //mass of proton (in kg)
+delta_x0=10^-11; //accuracy of position (in m)
+h=6.62*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+//calculation
+delta_x=(h*t)/(4*%pi*m0*delta_x0); //uncertainty in position (in m)
+printf("\nuncertainty in position after 1s is %1.2f km",delta_x*10^-3)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80ff1222c --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.7
+//calculation of precision with which position of electron is measured simultaneously and precision if electron is replaced by a golf ball
+//given data
+v=1.88*10^6; //speed (in m/s) of electron
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass (in kg) of electron
+h=6.62*10^-34; //Plank's constant (in Js)
+v1=40; //speed (in m/s) of golf ball
+m1=45*10^-3; //mass (in kg) of golf ball
+//calculation
+//for electron
+p_x=m*v;
+del_p_x=1/100*p_x;
+del_x=h/(4*%pi*del_p_x); //uncertainty in position
+//for golf ball
+p_x_dash=m1*v1;
+del_p_x_dash=1/100*p_x_dash;
+del_x_dash=h/(4*%pi*del_p_x_dash);
+printf("\nprecision with which position of electron is measured is %1.1f nm",del_x*10^9)
+printf("\nprecision with which position of golf ball is measured is %1.0e m",del_x_dash)
+//the second part of the answer is given wrong in the textbook
+
+
+
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..437c73adb --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.8
+//calculation of uncertainty in momentum and frequency of photons transmitted
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+delta_t=10^-3; //time (in s)
+h=6.6*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+//calculation
+delta_x=c*delta_t; //uncertainty in position (in m)
+delta_p=h/(4*%pi*delta_x); //uncertainty in momentum (in kg m/s)
+delta_nu=round(1/(4*%pi*delta_t)); //frequency (in Hz) of photons
+printf("\nuncertainty in momentum is %1.2e kg m/s",delta_p)
+printf("\nfrequency of photons is %d Hz",delta_nu)
diff --git a/3909/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3909/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84f398ac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 5.9
+//calculation of wavelength of scattered photon and recoil energy of the electron
+//given data
+lambda=0.3*10^-10; //wavelength (in m) of X-ray photon
+h=6.6*10^-34; //Planck's constant (in Js)
+m0=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron (in kg)
+theta=60; //angle (in degree) of scattering
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+lambda0=h/(m0*c); //Compton wavelength (in m)
+lambda_dash=lambda+h/(m0*c)*(1-cosd(theta)); //wavelength of scattered photon (in m)
+E_k=h*c*(lambda_dash-lambda)/(lambda*lambda_dash); //recoil energy of the electron (in J)
+printf("\nwavelength of scattered photon is %1.5f Armstrong",lambda_dash*10^10)
+printf("\nrecoil energy of the electron is %1.1f keV",E_k/(1.6*10^-19*10^3))
+//the first part of answer varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b400ced2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.10
+//calculation of distance and altitude covered by muons using (a)time dilation (b)length contraction
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+v=0.998*c; //speed (in m/s) of muons
+T0=2*10^-6; //mean life (in s) of muons
+h0=6000; //altitude (in m)
+//calculation
+T=T0/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //average life (in s)
+s=v*T; //distance covered by muons (in m)
+h=h0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //altitude covered by muons (in m)
+H=9.5*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //altitude of 9.5km shall appear to muons as (in km)
+printf("\ndistance covered by muons using (a)time dilation is %d m",s)
+printf("\ndistance covered by muons using (b)length contraction is %d m",h)
+printf("\naltitude of 9.5km shall appear to muons as %1.1f km",H)
+//the first part of answer varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eca3ae19d --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.11
+//calculation of distance travelled by in one mean time
+//given data
+T0=2*10^-6; //mean life (in s)
+v=2.994*10^8; //speed of particle (in m/s)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+T=T0/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //time (in s) taken by a particle
+d=T*v; //distance travelled (in m) by in one mean time
+printf("\ndistance travelled by in one mean time is %0.2f km",d*10^-3)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90032baae --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.12
+//calculation of speed of spacecraft
+del_t=3600; //time (in s) of a clock on earth
+del_t_dash=3599; //time (in s) of a clock on spacecraft
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+v=c*sqrt(1-del_t_dash^2/del_t^2); //speed (in m/s) of spacecraft
+printf("\nspeed of spacecraft is %1.0e m/s",v)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cbcb1b1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.13
+//calculation of speed of muons
+//given data
+T0=2.2*10^-6; //average life (in s) of muons
+T=15.6*10^-6; //time (in s)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+v=c*sqrt(1-T0^2/T^2); //velocity of muons (in m/s)
+printf("\nvelocity of muons is %1.2e m/s",v)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f9152ce3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.14
+//calculation of mean lifetime
+//given data
+T0=2.5*10^-8; //proper mean life (in s)
+v_by_c=0.73; //speed of mason is 0.73 times speed of light
+//calculation
+T=T0/sqrt(1-v_by_c^2); //mean lifetime (in s)
+printf("\nmean lifetime of mason is %1.1e s",T)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..730b5da52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.15
+//calculation of velocity relative to the earth
+//given data
+l0=50; //proper length (in m) of rocket
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+t=2*10^-6; //time (in s) taken to move length l
+//calculation
+v=c/sqrt(((t*c)/l0)^2+1); //speed (in m/s) of rocket
+printf("\nvelocity relative to the earth is %1.2f times the speed of light",v/c)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..618081ff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.16
+//calculation of length and orientation of the rod
+Lx0=5*cosd(30); //component of length in x direction
+Ly0=5*sind(30); //component of length in y direction
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+v=0.6*c; //velocity (in m/s) of rod
+Lx=Lx0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //length in x direction as seen by the observer
+Ly=Ly0; //length in y direction as seen by the observer
+L=sqrt(Lx^2+Ly^2); //length (in m)
+theta=atand(Ly/Lx); //orientation of the rod (in degree)
+printf("\nlength of rod is %1.1f m",L)
+printf("\norientation of the rod is %2.1f degree",theta)
+//the answers of length vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc8b54e18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.17
+//calculation of distance travelled
+//given data
+T0=2.0*10^-8; //half life (in s)
+v_by_c=0.96; //speed of mason is 0.967 times speed of light
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+v=0.96*c; //speed of mason is 0.96 times speed of light
+T=T0/sqrt(1-v_by_c^2); //half-life (in s)
+d=v*T; //distance (in m)
+printf("\ndistance travelled is %0.2f m",d)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d81fb47ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.18
+//calculation of velocity of spaceship
+//given data
+a=55; //age of Narayan on earth (in years)
+a_dash=45; //age of Narayan in spaceship (in years)
+b=75; //age of Raghu on earth (in years)
+b_dash=25; //age of Raghu in spaceship (in years)
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+T0=a_dash-a; //proper time interval (in years)
+T=b-b_dash; //dilated time interval (in years)
+v=c*sqrt(1-(T0/T)^2); //velocity (in m/s) of spaceship
+printf("\nvelocity of spaceship is %1.2e m/s",v)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d46824a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.19
+//calculation of length and diameter of spacecraft measured by observer on earth
+//given data
+L0=120; //length (in m) of spacecraft
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+D0=20; //diameter (in m) of spacecraft
+//calculation
+v=0.99*c; //speed (in m/s) of spacecraft
+L=round(L0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2)); //length (in m) of spacecraft observed on earth
+D=D0; //diameter being perperpendicular to motion is observed to be the same
+printf("\nlength of spacecraft measured by observer on earth is %d m",L)
+printf("\ndiameter of spacecraft measured by observer on earth is %2.1f m",D)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94481b856 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.20
+//calculation of time interval measured by astronaut in his clock and time observed by observer on earth
+//given data
+L0=8; //number of light years
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+v=0.8*c; //speed (in m/s) of spaceship
+L=L0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //contracted length (in light years)
+del_t=round((L*3*10^8)/v); //time interval (in years) measured by astronaut in his clock
+t=10+8; //time (in years) observed by observer on earth
+printf("\ntime interval measured by astronaut in his clock is %d years",del_t)
+printf("\ntime observed by observer on earth is %d years",t)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8780852d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.21
+//calculation of space and time interval in S_dash frame
+//given data
+del_x=3*10^3; //distance (in m) apart of two sources of light A and B
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+t1=1; //assuming t to be 1 for simplicity of calculation
+//calculation
+t2=t1; //since light from A and B flashes simultaneously
+del_t=t2-t1; //difference between the time flashed by A and B
+v=c/3; //velocity (in m/s) of observer
+alpha=1/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2)
+del_x_dash=alpha*del_x; //space interval in S_dash frame (in m)
+del_t_dash=-alpha*v*del_x/c^2; //time interval (in s)
+printf("\nspace interval in S_dash frame is %1.2f km",del_x_dash*10^-3)
+printf("\ntime interval is %1.2e s",del_t_dash)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cb8849f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.22
+//calculation of age of A and B when determined in (a)A's frame of reference (b)B's frame of reference
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+l0=30; //distance of star (in light years)
+a=20; //age (in years) of A and B
+//calculation
+v=0.8*c; //speed (in m/s) of A
+//in B's frame of reference
+t=(2*l0*3*10^8)/v; //time (in years) spent in the journey
+T=t*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //time (in years) spend by A
+bA=a+T; //age of A (in years)
+bB=a+t; //age of B (in years)
+//in A's frame of reference
+L=l0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //contracted length (in light years)
+t_dash=(L*3*10^8)/v; //time (in years) taken in outward trip
+T_dash=T/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //time dilation (in years)
+aA=a+T; //age of A (in years)
+aB=a+T_dash; //age of B (in years)
+printf("\n(a)age of A when determined in Bs frame of reference is %d years",bA)
+printf("\nage of B when determined in Bs frame of reference is %d years",bB)
+printf("\n(b)age of A when determined in As frame of reference is %d years",aA)
+printf("\nage of B when determined in As frame of reference is %d years",aB)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.23/Ex6_23.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.23/Ex6_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..497d0a357 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.23/Ex6_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.23
+//calculation of time difference
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+del_x=1400*10^3; //nautical distance between Delhi and Mumbai
+//calculation
+v=0.9*c; //speed (in m/s) of travelling from Delhi to Mumbai
+del_t_dash=(-v*del_x/c^2)/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //time difference in the reference frme of travelling from Delhi to Mumbai
+printf("\ntime difference in the reference frme of travelling from Delhi to Mumbai is %1.1f ms",del_t_dash*10^3)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1122ec2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.24
+//to show how time dilation accounts for the given result of distance of 39 m
+//given data
+T0=1.77*10^-8; //half-life (in s) of pions
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+v=0.99*c; //speed (in m/s) of collimated ion beam
+d=T0*v; //distance (in m) travelled by pions in Lab frame
+T=T0/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //half-life of pion observed in pion frame
+d_dash=T*v; //distance (in m) travelled by pions in time T
+printf("\nDistance travelled by pions in time T is %2.1f m", d_dash)
+printf("\nThus,time dilation accounts for the given result of distance of 39 m")
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.25/Ex6_25.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.25/Ex6_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f98e8cadd --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.25/Ex6_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.25
+//calculation of period of time measured by moving observer
+//given data
+T0=3; //proper period of pendulum (in s)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+v=0.95*c; //speed of pendulum is 0.95 times speed of light
+T=T0/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2); //period (in s) of time measured by moving observer
+printf("\nperiod of time measured by moving observer is %1.2f s",T)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a0a28a01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.26
+//calculation of length of laboratory
+//given data
+T=4*10^-8; //proper time (in s)
+l0=10; //length (in m) beam crosses
+v=l0/T; //velocity (in m/s)
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s)of light
+l=l0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //length of laboratory (in m)
+printf("\nlength of laboratory is %1.2f m",l)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.27/Ex6_27.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.27/Ex6_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99575ff1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.27/Ex6_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.27
+//calculation of time taken to reach the star with respect to (a)earth (b)spaceship
+//given data
+v=3*10^6; //speed (in m/s) of spaceship
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+d=10; //distance (in light years) of star
+//calculation
+x=d*c
+T0=x/v; //time (in years) measured by the earth
+T=x/v*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //time (in years) measured on the spaceship
+printf("\ntime measured by the earth is %d years",T0)
+printf("\ntime measured on the spaceship is %3.1f years",T)
+//the formula given in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.28/Ex6_28.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.28/Ex6_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0b1d1032 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.28/Ex6_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.28
+//calculation of increase of time dilation
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+v0=1+5/100; //increase in speed is 5% (in m/s)
+//calculation
+del_T0=1; //assuming T0 to be 1 for simplicity of calculation
+v=0.95*c; //speed (in m/s) of clock
+del_T=del_T0/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //time dilation
+v_dash=v0*v; //increasing speed (in m/s)
+del_T_dash=del_T0/sqrt(1-(v_dash/c)^2); //new time dilation
+T=round((del_T_dash-del_T)/del_T*100); //percent increase in time dilation
+printf("\npercent increase in time dilation is %d percent",T)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.29/Ex6_29.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.29/Ex6_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de4ed68dd --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.29/Ex6_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.29
+//calculation of speed of spacecraft moving relative to earth
+//given data
+T0=3600; //proper time (in s)
+T=3601; //dilated time (in s)
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+v=c*sqrt(1-(T0/T)^2); //speed (in m/s) of spacecraft
+printf("\nspeed of spacecraft moving relative to earth is %1.1e m/s",v)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea45e2897 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.3
+//calculation of speed
+//given data
+l=48; //length (in m) of rocket in flight
+l0=50; //length (in m) of rocket on ground
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m) of light
+//calculation
+v=c*sqrt(1-(l/l0)^2); //speed (in m)
+v0=v/c
+printf("\nspeed is %0.1f times the speed of light",v0)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.30/Ex6_30.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.30/Ex6_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80cf84500 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.30/Ex6_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.30
+//calculation of shift in the wavelength
+//given data
+v=6.12*10^7; //speed (in m/s) of a distant galaxy receding from earth
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+lambda0=500; //wavelength (in nm) of green spectral line
+//calculation
+v_by_c=v/c
+lambda=lambda0*sqrt((1+v/c)/(1-v/c)); //wavelength (in nm)
+s=round(lambda-lambda0); //shift in wavelength (in nm)
+printf("\nshift in the wavelength is %d nm",s)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.31/Ex6_31.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.31/Ex6_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..338479070 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.31/Ex6_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.31
+//calculation of (a)interval at which B receives signals from A (b)interval at which C receives signals from A (c)interval at which B receive C's flashes
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+T0=6; //interval (in minutes) observer A signals with flash light
+//calculation
+v=0.6*c; //speed (in m/s) of a spaceship
+//using longitudinal Doppler's effect
+T1=T0; //since there is no relative motion between A and B, B receives signal in the same time as A flashes
+T=T0*sqrt((1+v/c)/(1-v/c)); //interval (in minutes)at which C receives signals from A
+T_dash=T*sqrt((1-v/c)/(1+v/c)); //interval (in minutes)at which B receives signals from C
+printf("\n(a)interval at which B receives signals from A is %d minutes",T1)
+printf("\n(b)interval at which C receives signals from A is %d minutes",T)
+printf("\n(c)interval at which B receives signals from C is %d minutes",T1)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.32/Ex6_32.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.32/Ex6_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fc3b0db4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.32/Ex6_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.32
+//examination of twin paradox
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+v=0.8*c; //separation speed (in m/s) of A and B on onward trip
+T0=1; //time period as per Doppler's effect (in year)
+L_by_v=22.5; //time taken in outward trip (as given in ex 6.22)
+//calculation
+T=T0*sqrt((1+v/c)/(1-v/c)); //time period (in years) on onward trip
+T_dash=T0*sqrt((1+v/c)/(1-v/c)); //time period (in years) on return trip
+A=L_by_v/3; //signals A receive from B
+A_dash=L_by_v*3; //signals A receive in return trip
+B_yr=20+7.5+67.5; //age of sister (in years) A perceives
+A_yr=20+22.5+22.5; //age of A (in years)
+L0_by_v=30/0.8; //no of years B's brother needs to reach the star because the star is is 30 light years away
+B1=(L0_by_v+30)/3; //no of signals B receives at the interval of three years for the totl duration
+B2=7.5/(1/3); //for the remaining 7.5 years,signals received by B in years
+A_age=20+22.5+22.5; //age of A (in years)
+B_age=20+37.5+37.5; //age of B (in years)
+printf("\nfrom the point of view of the travelling twin, age of A is %d years",A_yr)
+printf("\nfrom the point of view of the travelling twin, age of B is %d years",B_yr)
+printf("\nfrom the point of view of the earth bound twin, age of A is %d years",A_age)
+printf("\nfrom the point of view of the earth bound twin, age of B is %d years",B_age)
+printf("\nthus,the observations of both yield the same result in the domain of Doppler effect")
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.33/Ex6_33.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.33/Ex6_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a5f35660 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.33/Ex6_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.33
+//calculation of velocity of Hydra in moving away from the earth
+//given data
+lambda=394; //wavelength (in nm) of absorbtion of light by ionized calcium atom
+lambda_dash=475; //wavelength (in nm) of absorption line of Hydra
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+v_r=c*(lambda_dash^2-lambda^2)/(lambda_dash^2+lambda^2); //velocity of Hydra in moving away from the earth
+printf("\nvelocity of Hydra in moving away from the earth is %1.2e m/s",v_r)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.35/Ex6_35.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.35/Ex6_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..930e158f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.35/Ex6_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.35
+//calculation of velocity of particle B relative to A
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+Vx=0; //velocity along x-direction
+//calculation
+v=0.5*c; //velocity (in m/s) of particle A along x-direction
+Vy=0.4*c; //velocity (in m/s) of particle B along y-direction
+Vx_dash=(Vx-v)/(1-(v*Vx)/c^2); //velocity component along x-direction of particle B in reference frame of A
+Vy_dash=(Vy*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2))/(1-(v*Vx)/c^2); //velocity component along y-direction of particle B in reference frame of A
+V_dash=sqrt(Vx_dash^2+Vy_dash^2); //velocity of particle B relative to A (in m/s)
+theta=atand(Vx_dash/Vy_dash); //nangle at which it is inclined with the y_dash axis along the negative x_dash direction (in degrees)
+printf("\nvelocity of particle B relative to A is %0.2f times the speed of light",V_dash/c)
+printf("\nangle at which it is inclined with the y_dash axis along the negative x_dash direction is %d degree",theta)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.36/Ex6_36.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.36/Ex6_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c1465eef --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.36/Ex6_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.36
+//calculation of velocity of electron w.r.t laboratory observer when (a)electron is ejected in the x-direction and (b)it is ejected in the y-direction
+//given data
+//for x-direction
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+Vx_dash=0.8*c; //speed of electron (in m/s) in rest frame of the atom
+v=0.3*c; //speed (in m/s) of radioactive atom w.r,t laboratory in x-direction
+//for y-direction
+Vx_dash_=0
+Vy_dash=0.8*c; //speed of electron (in m/s) in rest frame of the atom
+//calculation
+Vx=(Vx_dash+v)/(1+(v*Vx_dash)/c^2); //velocity (in m/s) of electron w.r.t laboratory observer when electron is ejected in the x-direction
+Vy=(Vy_dash*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2))/(1+(v*Vx_dash_)/c^2); //velocity of electron w.r.t laboratory observer when electron is ejected in the y-direction
+Vx_dash1=0
+Vx1=(Vx_dash1+v)/(1+(v*Vx_dash1)/c^2); //velocity (in m/s) in x-direction
+V=sqrt(Vx1^2+Vy^2); //speed (in m/s) of electron
+theta=atand(Vy/Vx1); //angle (in degree) made with x-axis
+printf("\n(a)velocity of electron w.r.t laboratory observer when electron is ejected in the x-direction is %1.2f times the speed of light",Vx/c)
+printf("\n(b)velocity of electron w.r.t laboratory observer when electron is ejected in the y-direction is %1.2f times the speed of light",Vy/c)
+printf("\nvelocity of electron is %0.2f times the speed of light",V/c)
+printf("\nangle made with x-axis is %2.1f degree",theta)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94dcd819e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.37
+//calculation of velocity of spacecraft B relative to the ground
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+Vx_dash=0.5*c; //relative velocity (in m/s) of spacecraft B with which it overtakes A
+v=0.9*c; //velocity (in m/s) of spacecraft A
+Vx=(Vx_dash+v)/(1+(v*Vx_dash)/c^2); //velocity (in m/s) of spacecraft B relative to the ground
+Vx1=Vx_dash+v; //clasically, velocity of spacecraft B relative to the ground, which is relativistically impossible
+printf("\nvelocity of spacecraft B relative to the ground is %0.4f times the speed of light",Vx/c)
+printf("\nclasically,velocity of spacecraft B relative to the ground is %0.1f times the speed of light, which is relativistically impossible",Vx1/c)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.38/Ex6_38.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.38/Ex6_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29251835c --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.38/Ex6_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.38
+//calculation of velocity of rocket as observed from earth moving (a)away from the earth (b)towards the earth
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+Vx_dash=0.8*c; //velocity (in m/s) of rocket relative to the spaceship
+v=0.5*c; //velocity (in m/s) of spaceship moving away from earth
+//calculation
+V=(Vx_dash+v)/(1+(v*Vx_dash)/c^2); //velocity (in m/s) of rocket as observed from earth moving away from the earth
+V1=(-Vx_dash+v)/(1+(v*-Vx_dash)/c^2); //velocity (in m/s) of rocket as observed from earth moving towards the earth
+printf("\n(a)velocity of rocket as observed from earth moving away from the earth is %1.2f times the speed of light",V/c)
+printf("\n(b)velocity of rocket as observed from earth moving towards the earth is %1.1f times the speed of light",V1/c)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.39/Ex6_39.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.39/Ex6_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d1ff6dbf --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.39/Ex6_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.39
+//calculation of velocity of A relative to B
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+Vx=0.9*c; //velocity (in m/s) of particle A in the frame S
+v=-0.8*c; //velocity (in m/s) of particle B moving in negative x-direction
+//calculation
+Vx_dash=(Vx-v)/(1-(v*Vx)/c^2); //velocity (in m/s) of A relative to B
+printf("\nvelocity of A relative to B is %0.3f times the speed of light",Vx_dash/c)
+if Vx_dash/c>0 then
+ disp("velocity of A relative to B is along positive x-direction")
+else
+ disp("velocity of A relative to B is along negative x-direction")
+end
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd94c8cb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.4
+//calculation of per cent contraction in length
+//given data
+v=0.9; //velocity is 0.9 times the speed of light
+theta=45; //inclination (in degrees)
+//calculation
+l0=1; //assuming l0 to be 1 for simplicity of calculation
+lx=l0/sqrt(2)*sqrt(1-v^2); //length of rod moving in x-direction
+ly=l0/sqrt(2); //length of rod moving in y-direction
+l=sqrt(lx^2+ly^2); //length
+p=(l0-l)/l0; //percent contraction in length
+printf("\npercent contraction in length is %2.1f percent",p*100)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.40/Ex6_40.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.40/Ex6_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46b06c7a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.40/Ex6_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.40
+//calculation of velocity of beta particles in lab frame
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+v=0.2*c; //speed (in m/s) of a radioactive nucleus
+Vx_dash=0; //speed (in m/s) inn x-direction
+Vy_dash=0.6*c; //speed (in m/s) of beta particle relative to the nucleus
+//calculation
+Vx=(Vx_dash+v)/(1+(v*Vx_dash)/c^2); //component Vx in the lab frame
+Vy=(Vy_dash*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2))/(1+(v*Vx_dash)/c^2); //component Vy in the lab frame
+V=sqrt(Vx^2+Vy^2); //magnitude of resultant velocity (in m/s)
+theta=atand(Vy/Vx); //angle (in degree) made by beta particle with the direction of the nucleus
+printf("\nvelocity of beta particles in lab frame is %1.2f times the speed of light",V/c)
+printf("\nangle made by beta particle with the direction of the nucleus is %2.1f degrees",theta)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.41/Ex6_41.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.41/Ex6_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1729a6219 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.41/Ex6_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.41
+//calculation of rest mass of the bomb
+//given data
+m_01=2; //rest mass (in kg) of one fragment of stationary bomb
+m_02=2;//rest mass (in kg) of another fragment of stationary bomb
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+v1=0.6*c; //speed of one fragment is 0.6 times speed of light
+v2=0.6*c; //speed of another fragment is 0.6 times speed of light
+m_0=((m_01*c^2)/sqrt(1-(v1/c)^2)+(m_02*c^2)/sqrt(1-(v2/c)^2))/c^2; //rest mass (in kg) of the bomb
+printf("\nrest mass of the bomb is %0.1f kg",m_0)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.42/Ex6_42.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.42/Ex6_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd3f66d21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.42/Ex6_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.42
+//calculation of momentum of a proton
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+m0=1.67*10^-27; //mass (in kg) of a proton
+v=0.86*c; //speed (in m/s) of a proton
+//calculation
+p=(m0*v)/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //momentum (in kg m/s) of proton
+printf("\nmomentum of a proton is %d MeV/c",p*10^-6/(5.36*10^-28))
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.43/Ex6_43.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.43/Ex6_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cb3e2bf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.43/Ex6_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.43
+//calculation of velocity of particle
+//given data
+m0=1; //assuming rest mass to be one for simpicity in solving
+c=3.0*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+m=5*m0; //mass of a particle is five times the rest mass
+v=c*sqrt(1-(m0/m)^2); //velocity (in m/s) of the particle
+printf("\nvelocity of the particle is %1.3e m/s",v)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.45/Ex6_45.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.45/Ex6_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6a704075 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.45/Ex6_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.45
+//calculation of rest mass of original bomb
+//given data
+m_01=1.5; //rest mass (in kg) of one fragment of stationary bomb
+m_02=1.5; //rest mass (in kg) of another fragment of stationary bomb
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+v=0.8*c; //speed of one fragment is 0.8 times speed of light
+m_0=((m_01*c^2)/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)+(m_02*c^2)/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2))/c^2; //rest mass (in kg) of the original bomb
+printf("\nrest mass of the original bomb is %0.1f kg",m_0)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.46/Ex6_46.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.46/Ex6_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3671f4d30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.46/Ex6_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.46
+//calculation of work done
+//given data
+m0=0.5*10^6; //rest mass (in eV) of an electron
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //value of charge
+//calculation
+v1=0.6*c; //speed of electron is 0.6 times speed of light
+v2=0.8*c; //speed of electron is 0.8 times speed of light
+KE_f=(m0*c^2)/(sqrt(1-(v2/c)^2))-(m0*c^2); //final kinetic energy (in eV)
+KE_i=(m0*c^2)/(sqrt(1-(v1/c)^2))-(m0*c^2); //initial kinetic energy (in eV)
+WD=KE_f-KE_i; //work done (in eV)
+printf("\nwork done is %1.1e J",WD*e)
+//the answer provideed in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.47/Ex6_47.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.47/Ex6_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..300bd50ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.47/Ex6_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.47
+//calculation of (a)change in mass (b)work done on the electron to change its velocity (c)accelerating potential in volts
+//given data
+m0=9.1*10^-31; //rest mass (in kg) of an electron
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+v1=0.98*c; //initial speed (in m/s) of an electron
+v2=0.99*c; //final speed (in m/s) of an electron
+m1=m0/sqrt(1-v1^2/c^2); //initial mass (in kg)
+m2=m0/sqrt(1-v2^2/c^2); //final mass (i kg)
+del_m=m2-m1; //change in mass (in kg)
+W=del_m*c^2*6.242*10^12; //work done (in MeV)
+V=W*10^6; //accelerating potential (in volts)
+printf("\n(a)change in mass is %2.2e kg",del_m)
+printf("\n(b)work done is %1.3f MeV",W)
+printf("\n(c)accelerting potential is %1.3e volts",V)
+//answer (b) and (c) vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.49/Ex6_49.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.49/Ex6_49.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f30483e48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.49/Ex6_49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.49
+//calculation of per cent error in classical expression of kinetic energy
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+m0=1; //assuming m0 to be 1 for simplicity of calculation
+//calculation
+v=0.5*c; //speed (in m/s) of a body
+KE=1/2*m0*v^2; //classical kinetic energy
+m=1/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //mass of body
+KE1=(m-m0)*c^2; //relativistic kinetic energy
+P=(KE1-KE)/KE*100; //per cent error in classical kinetic energy
+printf("\nper cent error in classical kinetic energy is %d",P)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e13ea7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.5
+//calculation of proper half-time of the particles and contracted length
+//given data
+T=4.14*10^-8; //improper time (in s)
+l_0=12; //length of the lab (in m)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+v=l_0/T; //velocity (in m/s) of the particles
+T0=T*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //proper half-time (in s)
+l=l_0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //contracted length (in m)
+printf("\nproper half-time is %1.2e s",T0)
+printf("\ncontracted length is %0.2f m",l)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.50/Ex6_50.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.50/Ex6_50.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cf65ce91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.50/Ex6_50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.50
+//calculation of energy required to remove one neutron
+//given data
+BE_C12=7.68; //binding energy per nucleon (in Mev) for C12
+BE_C13=7.47; //binding energy per nucleon (in Mev) for C13
+//calculation
+E=BE_C13*13-BE_C12*12; //energy (in Mev) required to remove one neutron
+printf("\nenergy required to remove one neutron is %1.2f MeV",E)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.53/Ex6_53.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.53/Ex6_53.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8294818f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.53/Ex6_53.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.53
+//calculation of mass of electron
+//given data
+m0=9.1*10^-31; //rest mass of electron (in kg)
+KE=2*10^6*1.6*10^-19; //kinetic energy (in J)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+m=m0+KE/c^2; //mass (in kg) of an electron
+printf("\nmass of an electron is %2.2e kg",m)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.56/Ex6_56.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.56/Ex6_56.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..764d85124 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.56/Ex6_56.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.56
+//calculation of total energy and kinetic energy
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+m0=(9.1*10^-31)/(1.6*10^-13); //rest mass (in MeV) of electron
+//calculation
+v=0.25*c; //speed (in m/s) of electron
+m=m0/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //mass (in kg)
+E=(m0*c^2)/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //total energy (in MeV)
+K=m*c^2-m0*c^2; //kinetic energy (in MeV)
+printf("\ntotal energy is %1.3f MeV",E)
+printf("\nkinetic energy is %1.3f MeV",K)
+//the first part of answer varies due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.59/Ex6_59.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.59/Ex6_59.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09d9900a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.59/Ex6_59.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.59
+//calculation of mass of electron
+//given data
+E=1.5; //kinetic energy (in MeV)
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+m0=9.11*10^-31; //rest mass (in kg) of electron
+//calculation
+m0csq=(m0*c^2)/(1.6*10^-13)
+m=((m0csq+E)*1.6*10^-13)/c^2
+printf("\nmass of electron is %2.1e kg",m)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce21887f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.6
+//calculation of proper half-time of the particles and traversed length
+//given data
+l_0=2; //length (in m) observed by lab observer
+T=1.0*10^-8; //improper time (in s)
+c=3*10^8; //speed of light (in m/s)
+//calculation
+v=l_0/T; //velocity (in m/s) of particles
+T0=T*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //proper half-time (in s)
+l=l_0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //contracted length (in m)
+printf("\nproper half-time is %1.2e s",T0)
+printf("\ncontracted length is %0.2f m",l)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf6376948 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.7
+//calculation of speed of an object
+l0=1; //assumption made for simplicity of calculation
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+//calculation
+//for 50% contraction
+v=c*(sqrt(1-(l0/(2*l0))^2)); //speed (in m/s) of object
+v0=v/c
+printf("\nspeed of object is %1.3f times the speed of light",v0)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1da5330bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.8
+//calculation of percentage change in the area if its speed is c/2
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+v=c/2; //speed (in m/s) of square
+P=[(1-v^2/c^2)^(1/2)-1]*100; //P is the percentage change in area. In book it is given as (S'-S)/S*100
+printf("\npercentage change in the area is %0.1f percent",P)
+printf("\nthus, area decreases by %0.1f percent",-P)
diff --git a/3909/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3909/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00f5be174 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 6.9
+//calculation of (a)time necessary according to S for the rocket to pass a particular point on the platform (b)rest length of the rocket (c)length D of the platform according to observer S_dash (d)time taken for oberver S to pass the entire length of the rocket, according to S_dash (e)to check whether the ends of the rocket simultaneously line up with the ends of the platform are simultaneous to S_dash
+//given data
+c=3*10^8; //speed (in m/s) of light
+L=65; //length (in m) of platform
+//calculation
+D0=L; //length (in m) of platform
+v=0.8*c; //speed (in m/s) of rocket
+T0=L/v; //time (in s) necessary according to S for the rocket to pass a particular point on the platform
+L0=L/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //proper length (in m)
+D=D0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); //length of platform (in m) as appeared to S_dash
+T_dash=L0/v; //time (in s) taken for oberver S to pass the entire length of the rocket, according to S_dash
+del_T_dash=(L0-D)/v; //time interval (in s) to pass the difference in the length of rocket and platform
+printf("\n(a))time necessary according to S for the rocket to pass a particular point on the platform is %1.3f microsecond",T0*10^6)
+printf("\n(b)rest length of the rocket is %d m",L0)
+printf("\n(c)length D of the platform according to observer S_dash is %d m",D)
+printf("\n(d)time taken for oberver S to pass the entire length of the rocket, according to S_dash is %1.2f microsecond",T_dash*10^6)
+printf("\n(e)time interval (in s) to pass the difference in the length of rocket and platform is %1.2f microsecond",del_T_dash*10^6)
+//the answer (a) varies due to round off error
+
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..142cfe6ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.1
+//calculation of saturated ion current
+//given data
+E_bar=49*10^3; //average energy deposited per unit disintegration (eV)
+alpha=150*10^3; //total activity of the sample (in Bq)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //electronic charge (in C)
+W=32; //average energy deposited per ion pair in the gas (eV)
+//calculation
+I=(E_bar*alpha*e)/W; //saturated ion current (in Ampere)
+printf("\nsaturated ion current is %1.2e Ampere",I)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce24c5eef --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.10
+//calculation of ionization current
+//given data
+N=600/60; //count rate per minute
+p=10^8; //number of electrons per count
+e=1.6*10^-19; //value of charge (in C)
+t=1; //time (in s)
+//calculation
+n=N*p; //total number of electrons
+q=n*e; //charge (in C)
+I=q/t; //ionization current (in Ampere)
+printf("\nionization current is %1.1e Ampere",I)
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63c9f499a --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.11
+//calculation of maximum voltage fluctuation in applied voltage
+//given data
+n2_minus_n1_by_n_av=0.1/100; //counter error
+s=3; //slope of plateau region
+//calculation
+V2_minus_V1=n2_minus_n1_by_n_av*100*100/s; //maximum voltage fluctuation (in V)
+printf("\nmaximum voltage fluctuation in applied voltage is %1.1f V",V2_minus_V1)
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b747fea7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.12
+//calculation of number of disintegrations per minute within the source
+//given data
+n=5.0*10^4; //number of alpha particles reaching the window of counter
+A=3.0; //perpendicular area (in sq.cm) of window
+d=7.0; //distance (in cm) of nuclide
+//calculation
+d_ohm=A/d^2; //solid angle subtended by the counter at the point source
+N=(n*4*%pi)/d_ohm; //number of disintegrations per minute within the source (in counts/min)
+printf("\nnumber of disintegrations per minute within the source is %1.3e counts/min",N)
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d3b6396b --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.13
+//calculation of dead time of the counter
+//given data
+nu=80/100; //efficiency of GM counter
+n=6000/60; //number of counts per minute
+//calculation
+t_d=(1-nu)/n; //dead time of the counter (in s)
+disp(t_d*10^3,'dead time of the counter (in ms) is')
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3d12ca08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.14
+//calculation of actual count rate
+//given data
+n=4000; //number of counts per minute
+t_d=(300*10^-6)/60; //dead time (in min)
+//calculation
+N=n/(1-n*t_d); //count rate (per minute)
+T=N+sqrt(N); //total count rate (per minute)
+printf("\nactual count rate is %d per minute",T)
+//the answer provided in the textbook is wrong
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44303a2c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.15
+//calculation of (i)true count rate (ii)observed count rate when source strength is increased bya factor of 10
+//given data
+t_d=200*10^-6; //dead time of counter (in s)
+n=1000; //observed count rate
+//calculation
+N=n/(1-n*t_d); //count rate
+T=N+sqrt(N); //actual count rate (per minute)
+n_dash=(N*10)/(1+N*10*t_d); //observed count rate when source strength is increased bya factor of 10
+printf("\n(i)true count rate is %d",T)
+printf("\n(ii)observed count rate when source strength is increased is %4.1f",n_dash)
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0ab7f783 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.2
+//calculation of pulse amplitude
+//given data
+W=35; //energy required per ion pair (in eV)
+C=10^-10; //capacitance (in F)
+E0=10^6; //charge (in eV)
+e=1.602*10^-19; //value of charge (in C)
+//calculation
+n0=E0/W; //number of ion pairs
+V0=(n0*e)/C; //pulse amplitude (in V)
+printf("\npulse amplitude is %0.1f microvolt",V0*10^6)
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa0eb137e --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.3
+//calculation of gas multiplication factor
+//given data
+E0=5*10^3; //energy (in eV) of charged particles
+W=26.2; //energy (in eV) required per ion pair
+e=1.6*10^-19; //electronic charge (in C)
+C=200*10^-12; //capacitance (in F)
+V=10^-2; //voltage (in V) (printing mistake in book)
+//calculation
+n0=E0/W; //number of original ion pairs generated
+M=(V*C)/(n0*e); //gas multiplication factor
+disp(M,'gas multiplication factor is')
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdd217009 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.4
+//calculation of ionization current
+//given data
+n=15; //number of alpha particles
+E=5*10^6; //energy of alpha particles (in eV)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //value of charge
+E_dash=35.2; //energy (in eV) needed to produce ion pair
+//calculation
+TE=n*E; //total energy of alpha particles (in eV)
+N=TE/E_dash; //number of ion pairs produced
+dq_by_dt=N*e; //ionization current (in Ampere)
+printf("\nionization current is %1.3f pA",dq_by_dt*10^12)
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3a546aab --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.5
+//calculation of change in the voltage of condensor
+//given data
+d=5; //distance moved (in cm)
+n_av=3*10^4; //average number of ion pairs
+e=1.602*10^-19; //value of charge (in C)
+c=5*10^-12; //capacitance (in F)
+//calcultion
+n=d*n_av
+q=n*e; //charge (in C) deposited on the condenser
+V0=q/c; //change in the voltage of condensor (in V)
+printf("\nchange in the voltage of condensor is %0.1f mV",V0*10^3)
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32e2ef3de --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.6
+//calculation of output pulse height
+//given data
+E=11*10^6; //energy (in eV) of alpha particles
+E_dash=35.2; //energy (in eV) needed to produce ion pair
+M=1000; //multiplication factor
+e=1.6*10^-19; //value of charge
+C=30*10^-12; //effective capacity between the wire and the earth (in F)
+//calculation
+N_T=E/E_dash; //total no. of ion pairs produced
+N=N_T*M; //number of secondary ions produced
+q=N*e; //charge collected by capacitor (in C)
+V_O=q/C; //pulse height (in V)
+printf("\noutput pulse height is %1.2f V",V_O)
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47d3912ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.7
+//calculation of height of pulse
+//given data
+E0=10*10^6; //energy (in eV) of protons
+W=34; //energy (in eV) required per ion pair
+M=1000; //gas multiplication factor
+e=1.6*10^-19; //electronic charge (in C)
+R=10^4; //resistance (in ohm) between the electrodes
+t=10*10^-6; //current pulse time (in s)
+//calculation
+n0=E0/W; //number of primary ions
+n_dash=n0*M; //total number of ions in proportionate region
+q=n_dash*e; //charge on the electrodes (in C)
+i=q/t; //current on the electrodes (in Ampere)
+V0=i*R; //height of the pulse (in V)
+printf("\nheight of the pulse is %0.3f V",V0)
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7365de7ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.8
+//calculation of maximum radial field and duration of time the counter lasts
+//given data
+V0=1000; //voltage at which halogen and quenched GM works (in V)
+r=0.2*10^-3; //radius (in m) of central wire
+b=20*10^-3; //radius (in m) of outer cylinder
+n=50; //number of weeks
+l=10^9; //certified life of tube (in count)
+h=30; //number of hours
+s=60; //seconds
+m=3000; //number of counts per minute
+//calculation
+a=r; //since field is maximum near central wire
+E_max=V0/(r*log(b/a)); //maximum radial field (in V/m)
+t=n*m*h*s; //counts each year
+T=l/t; //life of counter
+printf("\nmaximum radial field is %1.2e V/m",E_max)
+printf("\ntime the counter lasts is %1.2f years",T)
diff --git a/3909/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3909/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fc590768 --- /dev/null +++ b/3909/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;clear;
+//OS windows 7
+//scilab 6.0.1
+//example 7.9
+//calculation of actual count rate
+////given data
+n=1.51*10^4; //number of counts per minute
+t_d=(250*10^-6)/60; //dead time (in min)
+//calculation
+N=n/(1-n*t_d); //count rate (per minute)
+T=N+sqrt(N); //total count rate (per minute)
+printf("\nactual count rate is %d per minute",T)
+//the answers vary due to round off error
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