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-* Dictionaries
-*** Outline
-***** Dictionaries
-***** Sets
-***** Arsenal Required
-*** Script
- Welcome friends.
-
- In previous tutorial we covered Lists, Tuples and related
- functions. In this session we shall continue with Python
- data structures and cover Dictionaries and sets. We have already
- covered some basics of Dictionaries in session on Statistics. Here
- we shall revisit those concepts and some new ones.
-
- We give it a name and it returns a corresponding number.
- Dictionaries are just key-value pair. For each 'key' there is
- corresponding 'value' associated with it. In lists we use indexes
- to access elements, here we use the 'key'.
-
- Lets start by opening IPython interpreter.
- '{}' are used to create Python dictionaries. Lets create a dictionary say
-
- player = {'Mat': 134,'Inn': 233,
- 'Runs': 10823, 'Avg': 52.53}
- Let's see what player contains by typing:
-
- print player
-
- Its a dictionary storing statistics of a cricket player.
- Here 'Mat', 'Inn' etc are the keys. Now in order to get the 'average' of
- this player we simply type
- print player['Avg']
- 52.53
-
- To add a new key-value pair to this dictionary we type
- player['Name'] = 'Rahul Dravid'
- print player
- As you can see the given key-value pair has been added.
- Please note that Python dictionaries don't maintain the order
- in which the key-value pairs are stored. The order might change
- as we add new entries.
-
- In dictionaries Duplicate keys are overwritten, that is when we do
- player['Mat'] = 139
- It wont create a new entry, rather it will simply overwrite previous
- value with the new one. So
- print player
- will have updated value
-
- As we covered in one of previous sessions 'for' can be used to iterate
- through lists. The same is possible in case of dictionaries too. We can
- iterate over them using the 'keys', for example:
- for key in player:
- print key, player[key]
- This prints the keys in the dictionary along with their corresponding
- values. Notice that the order is not the same as we entered it.
-
- We saw how containership works in lists. There we can check if a
- value is present in a list or not but in case of Dictionaries we
- can only check for the containership of the keys. so
- 'Inn' in player
- returns True
- 'Econ' in Player
- returns False as there is no such 'key'
- If you try to look or search for a 'value' it will not work.
- Dictionaries support functions to retrieve keys and values
- such as
- player.keys()
- returns the list of all 'keys'
- player.values()
- return list of all 'values'
-
- Now we shall move on to 'sets'. Sets in Python are an unordered
- collection of unique elements. This data structure comes in handy in
- situations while removing duplicates from a sequence, and computing
- standard math operations on sets such as intersection, union,
- difference, and symmetric difference.
-
- Lets start by creating a set
- f10 = set([1,2,3,5,8])
- And thats how a set is created.
- f10 is the set of Fibonacci numbers less than 10
- lets print the value of f10
- print f10
-
- As we mentioned earlier, these are unordered structure so order of
- elements is not maintained, and output order is different than
- input order, just as in dictionaries. Lets create one more set, a set of
- all prime numbers less than 10
- p10 = set([2,3,5,7])
- print p10.
-
- To get union of these two sets we use the or '|' operator
- f10 | p10
-
- For intersection we use the and '&' operator:
- f10 & p10
-
- f10 - p10 gives difference between f10 and p10, that is, the set of all elements
- present in f10 but not in p10.
- The carat '^' operator gives us the symmetric difference of 2 sets. That is
- f10 union p10 minus f10 intersection p10
- f10 ^ p10
-
- To check if a set is the super set or a subset of another set, the greater than
- and the lesser than operators are used
- set([2,3]) < p10
- returns True as p10 is superset of given set
-
- Similar to lists and dictionaries, sets also supports containership so
- 2 in p10
- returns True as 2 is part of set p10 and
- 4 in p10
- returns False.
-
- The 'len' function works with sets also:
- len(f10) returns the length, which is 5 in this case.
- We can also use 'for' loops to iterate through a set just as with dictionaries and lists.
-
- With this we come to the end of this tutorial on Dictionaries and
- sets. We have seen how to initialize dictionaries, how to index them using keys
- and a few functions supported by dictionaries. We then saw how to initialize
- sets, perform various set operations and a few functions supported
- by sets. Hope you have enjoyed it, Thank you.
-
-*** Notes