13 files changed, 0 insertions, 8305 deletions

diff --git a/ult/examples/bar.txt b/ult/examples/bar.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index c0a5b08..0000000
--- a/ult/examples/bar.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-"Bar" as the second term in the series may have developed in
-electronics, where a digital signal which is considered "on" with a
-negative or zero-voltage condition is identified with a horizontal bar
-over the signal label; the notation for an inverted signal foo would
-then be pronounced "foo bar". Bar may also be read as beyond all
-repair, which is how it is used in the acronym FUBAR. 
-
-source: wikipedia
diff --git a/ult/examples/foo.txt b/ult/examples/foo.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fe9426..0000000
--- a/ult/examples/foo.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-FOO is an abbreviation of Forward Observation Officer, a British Army
-term in use as early as the First World War. The etymology of foo is
-explored in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for
-Comments 3092, which notes usage of foo in 1930s cartoons including
-The Daffy Doc (with Daffy Duck) and comic strips, especially Smokey
-Stover and Pogo. From there the term migrated into military slang,
-where it merged with FUBAR.
-
-source: wikipedia
diff --git a/ult/examples/items.txt b/ult/examples/items.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index e0828ee..0000000
--- a/ult/examples/items.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-Programming Pearls
-The C Programming Language
-The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering 
-Programming Pearls
-The C Programming Language
-Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
-Programming Pearls
-Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
-The C Programming Language
-The Art of UNIX Programming
-Programming Pearls
-The Art of Computer Programming
-Introduction to Algorithms
-The Art of UNIX Programming
-The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
-Programming Pearls
-Unix Power Tools
-The Art of UNIX Programming
diff --git a/ult/examples/marks.txt b/ult/examples/marks.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index f97b743..0000000
--- a/ult/examples/marks.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-89 92 85
-98 47 67
-67 82 76
-78 97 60
-67 68 69
diff --git a/ult/examples/marks1.txt b/ult/examples/marks1.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 9a5299d..0000000
--- a/ult/examples/marks1.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-5 89 92 85
-4 98 47 67
-1 67 82 76
-2 78 97 60
-3 67 68 69
diff --git a/ult/examples/primes.txt b/ult/examples/primes.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index b5cdec8..0000000
--- a/ult/examples/primes.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-2
-3
-5
-7
-11
-13
-17
-19
-23
-29
-31
-37
-41
-43
-47
-53
-59
-61
-67
-71
-73
-79
-83
-89
-97
-101
-103
-107
-109
-113
diff --git a/ult/examples/students.txt b/ult/examples/students.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index ddacd6b..0000000
--- a/ult/examples/students.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-Hussain 
-Dilbert 
-Anne    
-Raul    
-Sven    
diff --git a/ult/examples/wonderland.txt b/ult/examples/wonderland.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f62284..0000000
--- a/ult/examples/wonderland.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4047 +0,0 @@
-Project Gutenberg's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll

-

-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or

-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net

-

-

-Title: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

-       Illustrated by Arthur Rackham. With a Proem by Austin Dobson

-

-Author: Lewis Carroll

-

-Illustrator: Arthur Rackham

-

-Release Date: May 19, 2009 [EBook #28885]

-

-Language: English

-

-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

-

-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND ***

-

-

-

-

-Produced by Jana Srna, Emmy and the Online Distributed

-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was

-produced from images generously made available by the

-University of Florida Digital Collections.)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND

-

-[Illustration: "Alice"]

-

-[Illustration:

-

-          ALICE'S·ADVENTURES

-          IN·WONDERLAND

-          BY·LEWIS·CARROLL

-          ILLUSTRATED·BY

-          ARTHUR·RACKHAM

-

-          WITH A PROEM BY AUSTIN DOBSON

-

-          LONDON·WILLIAM·HEINEMANN

-          NEW·YORK·DOUBLEDAY·PAGE·&·Co]

-

-          PRINTED IN ENGLAND

-

-          _'Tis two score years since CARROLL'S art,

-             With topsy-turvy magic,

-           Sent ALICE wondering through a part

-             Half-comic and half-tragic._

-

-          _Enchanting ALICE! Black-and-white

-             Has made your deeds perennial;

-           And naught save "Chaos and old Night"

-             Can part you now from TENNIEL;_

-

-          _But still you are a Type, and based

-             In Truth, like LEAR and HAMLET;

-           And Types may be re-draped to taste

-             In cloth-of-gold or camlet._

-

-          _Here comes afresh Costumier, then;

-             That Taste may gain a wrinkle

-           From him who drew with such deft pen

-             The rags of RIP VAN WINKLE!_

-

-                                   _AUSTIN DOBSON._

-

-

-

-          All in the golden afternoon

-            Full leisurely we glide;

-          For both our oars, with little skill,

-            By little arms are plied,

-          While little hands make vain pretence

-            Our wanderings to guide.

-

-          Ah, cruel Three! In such an hour,

-            Beneath such dreamy weather,

-          To beg a tale of breath too weak

-            To stir the tiniest feather!

-          Yet what can one poor voice avail

-            Against three tongues together?

-

-          Imperious Prima flashes forth

-            Her edict "to begin it"--

-          In gentler tone Secunda hopes

-            "There will be nonsense in it!"--

-          While Tertia interrupts the tale

-            Not _more_ than once a minute.

-

-          Anon, to sudden silence won,

-            In fancy they pursue

-          The dream-child moving through a land

-            Of wonders wild and new,

-          In friendly chat with bird or beast--

-            And half believe it true.

-

-          And ever, as the story drained

-            The wells of fancy dry.

-          And faintly strove that weary one

-            To put the subject by,

-          "The rest next time--" "It _is_ next time!"

-            The happy voices cry.

-

-          Thus grew the tale of Wonderland:

-            Thus slowly, one by one,

-          Its quaint events were hammered out--

-            And now the tale is done,

-          And home we steer, a merry crew,

-            Beneath the setting sun.

-

-          Alice! a childish story take,

-            And with a gentle hand

-          Lay it where Childhood's dreams are twined

-            In Memory's mystic band,

-          Like pilgrim's wither'd wreath of flowers

-            Pluck'd in a far-off land.

-

-

-

-

-CONTENTS

-

-

-                                                      PAGE

-

-             I. DOWN THE RABBIT-HOLE                     1

-

-            II. THE POOL OF TEARS                       13

-

-           III. A CAUCUS-RACE AND A LONG TALE           24

-

-            IV. THE RABBIT SENDS IN A LITTLE BILL       35

-

-             V. ADVICE FROM A CATERPILLAR               49

-

-            VI. PIG AND PEPPER                          64

-

-           VII. A MAD TEA-PARTY                         82

-

-          VIII. THE QUEEN'S CROQUET-GROUND              96

-

-            IX. THE MOCK TURTLE'S STORY                111

-

-             X. THE LOBSTER QUADRILLE                  126

-

-            XI. WHO STOLE THE TARTS?                   139

-

-           XII. ALICE'S EVIDENCE                       150

-

-

-

-

-LIST OF THE PLATES

-

-

-                                            _To face page_

-

-          Alice                             _Frontispiece_

-

-          The Pool of Tears                             22

-

-          They all crowded round it panting and

-             asking, "But who has won?"                 28

-

-          "Why, Mary Ann, what are you doing out

-             here?"                                     36

-

-          Advice from a Caterpillar                     50

-

-          An unusually large saucepan flew close

-             by it, and very nearly carried it off      70

-

-          It grunted again so violently that she

-             looked down into its face in some alarm    74

-

-          A Mad Tea-Party                               84

-

-          The Queen turned angrily away from him

-             and said to the Knave, "Turn them over"   100

-

-          The Queen never left off quarrelling

-             with the other players, and shouting

-             "Off with his head!" or, "Off with her

-             head!"                                    116

-

-          The Mock Turtle drew a long breath and

-             said, "That's very curious"               132

-

-          Who stole the Tarts?                         140

-

-          At this the whole pack rose up into the

-             air, and came flying down upon her        158

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER I

-

-

-[Sidenote: _Down the Rabbit-Hole_]

-

-ALICE was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her

-sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had

-peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or

-conversations in it, "and what is the use of a book," thought Alice,

-"without pictures or conversations?"

-

-So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the

-hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid) whether the pleasure of

-making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and

-picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran

-close by her.

-

-There was nothing so _very_ remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it

-so _very_ much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, "Oh

-dear! Oh dear! I shall be too late!" (when she thought it over

-afterwards, it occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this,

-but at the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit

-actually _took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket_, and looked at it,

-and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across

-her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a

-waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with

-curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and was just in time to

-see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge.

-

-In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how

-in the world she was to get out again.

-

-The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then

-dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think

-about stopping herself before she found herself falling down what seemed

-to be a very deep well.

-

-[Illustration]

-

-Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had

-plenty of time as she went down to look about her, and to wonder what

-was going to happen next. First, she tried to look down and make out

-what she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; then she

-looked at the sides of the well and noticed that they were filled with

-cupboards and book-shelves: here and there she saw maps and pictures

-hung upon pegs. She took down a jar from one of the shelves as she

-passed; it was labelled "ORANGE MARMALADE," but to her disappointment it

-was empty; she did not like to drop the jar for fear of killing

-somebody underneath, so managed to put it into one of the cupboards as

-she fell past it.

-

-"Well!" thought Alice to herself. "After such a fall as this, I shall

-think nothing of tumbling down stairs! How brave they'll all think me at

-home! Why, I wouldn't say anything about it, even if I fell off the top

-of the house!" (Which was very likely true.)

-

-Down, down, down. Would the fall _never_ come to an end? "I wonder how

-many miles I've fallen by this time?" she said aloud. "I must be getting

-somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would be four

-thousand miles down. I think--" (for, you see, Alice had learnt several

-things of this sort in her lessons in the schoolroom, and though this

-was not a _very_ good opportunity for showing off her knowledge, as

-there was no one to listen to her, still it was good practice to say it

-over) "--yes, that's about the right distance--but then I wonder what

-Latitude or Longitude I've got to?" (Alice had no idea what Latitude

-was, or Longitude either, but thought they were nice grand words to

-say.)

-

-Presently she began again. "I wonder if I shall fall right _through_ the

-earth! How funny it'll seem to come out among the people that walk with

-their heads downwards! The Antipathies, I think--" (she was rather glad

-there _was_ no one listening, this time, as it didn't sound at all the

-right word) "--but I shall have to ask them what the name of the country

-is, you know. Please, Ma'am, is this New Zealand or Australia?" (and she

-tried to curtsey as she spoke--fancy _curtseying_ as you're falling

-through the air! Do you think you could manage it?) "And what an

-ignorant little girl she'll think me! No, it'll never do to ask: perhaps

-I shall see it written up somewhere."

-

-Down, down, down. There was nothing else to do, so Alice soon began

-talking again. "Dinah'll miss me very much to-night, I should think!"

-(Dinah was the cat.) "I hope they'll remember her saucer of milk at

-tea-time. Dinah, my dear, I wish you were down here with me! There are

-no mice in the air, I'm afraid, but you might catch a bat, and that's

-very like a mouse, you know. But do cats eat bats, I wonder?" And here

-Alice began to get rather sleepy, and went on saying to herself, in a

-dreamy sort of way, "Do cats eat bats? Do cats eat bats?" and sometimes,

-"Do bats eat cats?" for, you see, as she couldn't answer either

-question, it didn't much matter which way she put it. She felt that she

-was dozing off, and had just begun to dream that she was walking hand in

-hand with Dinah, and saying to her very earnestly, "Now, Dinah, tell me

-the truth: did you ever eat a bat?" when suddenly, thump! thump! down

-she came upon a heap of sticks and dry leaves, and the fall was over.

-

-Alice was not a bit hurt, and she jumped up on to her feet in a moment:

-she looked up, but it was all dark overhead; before her was another long

-passage, and the White Rabbit was still in sight, hurrying down it.

-There was not a moment to be lost: away went Alice like the wind, and

-was just in time to hear it say, as it turned a corner, "Oh my ears and

-whiskers, how late it's getting!" She was close behind it when she

-turned the corner, but the Rabbit was no longer to be seen: she found

-herself in a long, low hall, which was lit up by a row of lamps hanging

-from the roof.

-

-There were doors all round the hall, but they were all locked; and when

-Alice had been all the way down one side and up the other, trying every

-door, she walked sadly down the middle, wondering how she was ever to

-get out again.

-

-Suddenly she came upon a little three-legged table, all made of solid

-glass; there was nothing on it but a tiny golden key, and Alice's first

-idea was that this might belong to one of the doors of the hall; but,

-alas! either the locks were too large, or the key was too small, but at

-any rate it would not open any of them. However, on the second time

-round, she came upon a low curtain she had not noticed before, and

-behind it was a little door about fifteen inches high: she tried the

-little golden key in the lock, and to her great delight it fitted!

-

-Alice opened the door and found that it led into a small passage, not

-much larger than a rat-hole: she knelt down and looked along the passage

-into the loveliest garden you ever saw. How she longed to get out of

-that dark hall, and wander about among those beds of bright flowers and

-those cool fountains, but she could not even get her head through the

-doorway; "and even if my head would go through," thought poor Alice, "it

-would be of very little use without my shoulders. Oh, how I wish I could

-shut up like a telescope! I think I could, if I only knew how to begin."

-For, you see, so many out-of-the-way things had happened lately, that

-Alice had begun to think that very few things indeed were really

-impossible.

-

-There seemed to be no use in waiting by the little door, so she went

-back to the table, half hoping she might find another key on it, or at

-any rate a book of rules for shutting people up like telescopes: this

-time she found a little bottle on it ("which certainly was not here

-before," said Alice,) and tied round the neck of the bottle was a paper

-label, with the words "DRINK ME" beautifully printed on it in large

-letters.

-

-It was all very well to say "Drink me," but the wise little Alice was

-not going to do _that_ in a hurry. "No, I'll look first," she said, "and

-see whether it's marked '_poison_' or not;" for she had read several

-nice little stories about children who had got burnt, and eaten up by

-wild beasts, and other unpleasant things, all because they _would_ not

-remember the simple rules their friends had taught them: such as, that a

-red-hot poker will burn you if you hold it too long; and that, if you

-cut your finger _very_ deeply with a knife, it usually bleeds; and she

-had never forgotten that, if you drink much from a bottle marked

-"poison," it is almost certain to disagree with you, sooner or later.

-

-However, this bottle was _not_ marked "poison," so Alice ventured to

-taste it, and finding it very nice (it had, in fact, a sort of mixed

-flavour of cherry-tart, custard, pineapple, roast turkey, coffee, and

-hot buttered toast,) she very soon finished it off.

-

-       *       *       *       *       *

-

-"What a curious feeling!" said Alice. "I must be shutting up like a

-telescope."

-

-And so it was indeed: she was now only ten inches high, and her face

-brightened up at the thought that she was now the right size for going

-through that little door into that lovely garden. First, however, she

-waited for a few minutes to see if she was going to shrink any further:

-she felt a little nervous about this: "for it might end, you know," said

-Alice to herself, "in my going out altogether, like a candle. I wonder

-what I should be like then?" And she tried to fancy what the flame of a

-candle looks like after the candle is blown out, for she could not

-remember ever having seen such a thing.

-

-After a while, finding that nothing more happened, she decided on going

-into the garden at once; but, alas for poor Alice! when she got to the

-door, she found she had forgotten the little golden key, and when she

-went back to the table for it, she found she could not possibly reach

-it: she could see it quite plainly through the glass, and she tried her

-best to climb up one of the legs of the table, but it was too slippery;

-and when she had tired herself out with trying, the poor little thing

-sat down and cried.

-

-"Come, there's no use in crying like that!" said Alice to herself,

-rather sharply. "I advise you to leave off this minute!" She generally

-gave herself very good advice (though she very seldom followed it), and

-sometimes she scolded herself so severely as to bring tears into her

-eyes; and once she remembered trying to box her own ears for having

-cheated herself in a game of croquet she was playing against herself,

-for this curious child was very fond of pretending to be two people.

-"But it's no use now," thought poor Alice, "to pretend to be two people!

-Why there's hardly enough of me left to make _one_ respectable person!"

-

-Soon her eye fell on a little glass box that was lying under the table:

-she opened it, and found in it a very small cake, on which the words

-"EAT ME" were beautifully marked in currants. "Well, I'll eat it," said

-Alice, "and if it makes me grow larger, I can reach the key; and if it

-makes me grow smaller, I can creep under the door; so either way I'll

-get into the garden, and I don't care which happens!"

-

-She ate a little bit, and said anxiously to herself, "Which way? Which

-way?" holding her hand on the top of her head to feel which way it was

-growing, and she was quite surprised to find that she remained the same

-size; to be sure, this is what generally happens when one eats cake,

-but Alice had got so much into the way of expecting nothing but

-out-of-the-way things to happen, that it seemed quite dull and stupid

-for life to go on in the common way.

-

-So she set to work, and very soon finished off the cake.

-

-       *       *       *       *       *

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER II

-

-

-[Sidenote: _Pool of Tears_]

-

-"CURIOUSER and curiouser!" cried Alice (she was so much

-surprised, that for a moment she quite forgot how to speak good

-English); "now I'm opening out like the largest telescope that ever was!

-Good-bye, feet!" (for when she looked down at her feet, they seemed to

-be almost out of sight, they were getting so far off). "Oh, my poor

-little feet, I wonder who will put on your shoes and stockings for you

-now, dears? I'm sure _I_ sha'n't be able! I shall be a great deal too

-far off to trouble myself about you: you must manage the best way you

-can--but I must be kind to them," thought Alice, "or perhaps they won't

-walk the way I want to go! Let me see: I'll give them a new pair of

-boots every Christmas."

-

-And she went on planning to herself how she would manage it. "They must

-go by the carrier," she thought; "and how funny it'll seem, sending

-presents to one's own feet! And how odd the directions will look!

-

-          Alice's Right Foot, Esq.

-              Hearthrug,

-                  near the Fender,

-                      (with Alice's love).

-

-Oh dear, what nonsense I'm talking!"

-

-Just then her head struck against the roof of the hall: in fact she was

-now rather more than nine feet high, and she at once took up the little

-golden key and hurried off to the garden door.

-

-Poor Alice! It was as much as she could do, lying down on one side, to

-look through into the garden with one eye; but to get through was more

-hopeless than ever: she sat down and began to cry again.

-

-"You ought to be ashamed of yourself," said Alice, "a great girl like

-you" (she might well say this), "to go on crying in this way! Stop this

-moment, I tell you!" But she went on all the same, shedding gallons of

-tears, until there was a large pool all round her, about four inches

-deep and reaching half down the hall.

-

-[Illustration: CURIOUSER AND CURIOUSER]

-

-After a time she heard a little pattering of feet in the distance, and

-she hastily dried her eyes to see what was coming. It was the White

-Rabbit returning, splendidly dressed, with a pair of white kid gloves in

-one hand and a large fan in the other: he came trotting along in a great

-hurry, muttering to himself as he came, "Oh! the Duchess, the Duchess!

-Oh! won't she be savage if I've kept her waiting!" Alice felt so

-desperate that she was ready to ask help of any one; so, when the

-Rabbit came near her, she began, in a low, timid voice, "If you please,

-sir----" The Rabbit started violently, dropped the white kid gloves and

-the fan, and scurried away into the darkness as hard as he could go.

-

-Alice took up the fan and gloves, and, as the hall was very hot, she

-kept fanning herself all the time she went on talking! "Dear, dear! How

-queer everything is to-day! And yesterday things went on just as usual.

-I wonder if I've been changed during the night? Let me think: _was_ I

-the same when I got up this morning? I almost think I can remember

-feeling a little different. But if I'm not the same, the next question

-is, who in the world am I? Ah, _that's_ the great puzzle!" And she began

-thinking over all the children she knew that were of the same age as

-herself, to see if she could have been changed for any of them.

-

-"I'm sure I'm not Ada," she said, "for her hair goes in such long

-ringlets, and mine doesn't go in ringlets at all; and I'm sure I can't

-be Mabel, for I know all sorts of things, and she, oh! she knows such a

-very little! Besides, _she's_ she, and _I'm_ I, and--oh dear, how

-puzzling it all is! I'll try if I know all the things I used to know.

-Let me see: four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen,

-and four times seven is--oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that

-rate! However, the Multiplication Table doesn't signify: let's try

-Geography. London is the capital of Paris, and Paris is the capital of

-Rome, and Rome--no, _that's_ all wrong, I'm certain! I must have been

-changed for Mabel! I'll try and say '_How doth the little----_'" and she

-crossed her hands on her lap as if she were saying lessons, and began to

-repeat it, but her voice sounded hoarse and strange, and the words did

-not come the same as they used to do:--

-

-          "How doth the little crocodile

-             Improve his shining tail,

-           And pour the waters of the Nile

-             On every golden scale!

-

-          "How cheerfully he seems to grin,

-             How neatly spreads his claws,

-           And welcomes little fishes in,

-             With gently smiling jaws!"

-

-"I'm sure those are not the right words," said poor Alice, and her eyes

-filled with tears again as she went on. "I must be Mabel, after all, and

-I shall have to go and live in that poky little house, and have next to

-no toys to play with, and oh! ever so many lessons to learn! No, I've

-made up my mind about it; if I'm Mabel, I'll stay down here! It'll be no

-use their putting their heads down and saying, 'Come up again, dear!' I

-shall only look up and say, 'Who am I then? Tell me that first, and

-then, if I like being that person, I'll come up: if not, I'll stay down

-here till I'm somebody else'--but, oh dear!" cried Alice with a sudden

-burst of tears, "I do wish they _would_ put their heads down! I am so

-_very_ tired of being all alone here!"

-

-As she said this she looked down at her hands, and was surprised to see

-that she had put on one of the Rabbit's little white kid gloves while

-she was talking. "How _can_ I have done that?" she thought. "I must be

-growing small again." She got up and went to the table to measure

-herself by it, and found that, as nearly as she could guess, she was now

-about two feet high, and was going on shrinking rapidly: she soon found

-out that the cause of this was the fan she was holding, and she dropped

-it hastily, just in time to avoid shrinking away altogether.

-

-"That _was_ a narrow escape!" said Alice, a good deal frightened at the

-sudden change, but very glad to find herself still in existence; "and

-now for the garden!" and she ran with all speed back to the little door:

-but alas! the little door was shut again, and the little golden key was

-lying on the glass table as before, "and things are worse than ever,"

-thought the poor child, "for I never was so small as this before, never!

-And I declare it's too bad, that it is!"

-

-As she said these words her foot slipped, and in another moment, splash!

-she was up to her chin in salt water. Her first idea was that she had

-somehow fallen into the sea, "and in that case I can go back by

-railway," she said to herself. (Alice had been to the seaside once in

-her life, and had come to the general conclusion, that wherever you go

-to on the English coast you find a number of bathing machines in the

-sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row

-of lodging houses, and behind them a railway station.) However, she soon

-made out that she was in the pool of tears which she had wept when she

-was nine feet high.

-

-"I wish I hadn't cried so much!" said Alice, as she swam about, trying

-to find her way out. "I shall be punished for it now, I suppose, by

-being drowned in my own tears! That _will_ be a queer thing, to be sure!

-However, everything is queer to-day."

-

-Just then she heard something splashing about in the pool a little way

-off, and she swam nearer to make out what it was: at first she thought

-it must be a walrus or hippopotamus, but then she remembered how small

-she was now, and she soon made out that it was only a mouse that had

-slipped in like herself.

-

-"Would it be of any use now," thought Alice, "to speak to this mouse?

-Everything is so out-of-the-way down here, that I should think very

-likely it can talk: at any rate, there's no harm in trying." So she

-began: "O Mouse, do you know the way out of this pool? I am very tired

-of swimming about here, O Mouse!" (Alice thought this must be the right

-way of speaking to a mouse; she had never done such a thing before, but

-she remembered having seen in her brother's Latin Grammar, "A mouse--of

-a mouse--to a mouse--a mouse--O mouse!") The Mouse looked at her rather

-inquisitively, and seemed to her to wink with one of its little eyes,

-but it said nothing.

-

-"Perhaps it doesn't understand English," thought Alice; "I daresay it's

-a French mouse, come over with William the Conqueror." (For, with all

-her knowledge of history, Alice had no very clear notion how long ago

-anything had happened.) So she began again: "Où est ma chatte?" which

-was the first sentence in her French lesson-book. The Mouse gave a

-sudden leap out of the water, and seemed to quiver all over with fright.

-"Oh, I beg your pardon!" cried Alice hastily, afraid that she had hurt

-the poor animal's feelings. "I quite forgot you didn't like cats."

-

-"Not like cats!" cried the Mouse, in a shrill, passionate voice. "Would

-_you_ like cats if you were me?"

-

-"Well, perhaps not," said Alice in a soothing tone: "don't be angry

-about it. And yet I wish I could show you our cat Dinah: I think you'd

-take a fancy to cats if you could only see her. She is such a dear quiet

-thing," Alice went on, half to herself, as she swam lazily about in the

-pool, "and she sits purring so nicely by the fire, licking her paws and

-washing her face--and she is such a nice soft thing to nurse--and she's

-such a capital one for catching mice----oh, I beg your pardon!" cried

-Alice again, for this time the Mouse was bristling all over, and she

-felt certain it must be really offended. "We won't talk about her any

-more if you'd rather not."

-

-"We, indeed!" cried the Mouse, who was trembling down to the end of his

-tail. "As if _I_ would talk on such a subject! Our family always _hated_

-cats: nasty, low, vulgar things! Don't let me hear the name again!"

-

-[Illustration: _The Pool of Tears_]

-

-"I won't indeed!" said Alice, in a great hurry to change the subject of

-conversation. "Are you--are you fond--of--of dogs?" The Mouse did not

-answer, so Alice went on eagerly: "There is such a nice little dog near

-our house I should like to show you! A little bright-eyed terrier, you

-know, with oh, such long curly brown hair! And it'll fetch things

-when you throw them, and it'll sit up and beg for its dinner, and all

-sorts of things--I can't remember half of them--and it belongs to a

-farmer, you know, and he says it's so useful, it's worth a hundred

-pounds! He says it kills all the rats and--oh dear!" cried Alice in a

-sorrowful tone, "I'm afraid I've offended it again!" For the Mouse was

-swimming away from her as hard as it could go, and making quite a

-commotion in the pool as it went.

-

-So she called softly after it, "Mouse dear! Do come back again, and we

-won't talk about cats or dogs either, if you don't like them!"

-

-When the Mouse heard this, it turned round and swam slowly back to her:

-its face was quite pale (with passion, Alice thought), and it said in a

-low trembling voice, "Let us get to the shore, and then I'll tell you my

-history, and you'll understand why it is I hate cats and dogs."

-

-It was high time to go, for the pool was getting quite crowded with the

-birds and animals that had fallen into it: there were a Duck and a Dodo,

-a Lory and an Eaglet, and several other curious creatures. Alice led the

-way, and the whole party swam to the shore.

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER III

-

-

-[Sidenote: _A Caucus-race and a Long Tale_]

-

-THEY were indeed a queer-looking party that assembled on

-the bank--the birds with draggled feathers, the animals with their fur

-clinging close to them, and all dripping wet, cross, and uncomfortable.

-

-The first question of course was, how to get dry again: they had a

-consultation about this, and after a few minutes it seemed quite natural

-to Alice to find herself talking familiarly with them, as if she had

-known them all her life. Indeed, she had quite a long argument with the

-Lory, who at last turned sulky, and would only say, "I am older than

-you, and must know better;" and this Alice would not allow without

-knowing how old it was, and, as the Lory positively refused to tell its

-age, there was no more to be said.

-

-At last the Mouse, who seemed to be a person of authority among them,

-called out "Sit down, all of you, and listen to me! _I'll_ soon make you

-dry enough!" They all sat down at once, in a large ring, with the Mouse

-in the middle. Alice kept her eyes anxiously fixed on it, for she felt

-sure she would catch a bad cold if she did not get dry very soon.

-

-"Ahem!" said the Mouse with an important air. "Are you all ready? This

-is the driest thing I know. Silence all round, if you please! 'William

-the Conqueror, whose cause was favoured by the pope, was soon submitted

-to by the English, who wanted leaders, and had been of late much

-accustomed to usurpation and conquest. Edwin and Morcar, the earls of

-Mercia and Northumbria--'"

-

-"Ugh!" said the Lory, with a shiver.

-

-"I beg your pardon!" said the Mouse, frowning, but very politely. "Did

-you speak?"

-

-"Not I!" said the Lory hastily.

-

-"I thought you did," said the Mouse, "--I proceed. 'Edwin and Morcar,

-the earls of Mercia and Northumbria, declared for him: and even

-Stigand, the patriotic Archbishop of Canterbury, found it advisable--'"

-

-"Found _what_?" said the Duck.

-

-"Found _it_," the Mouse replied rather crossly: "of course you know what

-'it' means."

-

-"I know what 'it' means well enough, when _I_ find a thing," said the

-Duck; "it's generally a frog or a worm. The question is, what did the

-archbishop find?"

-

-The Mouse did not notice this question, but hurriedly went on, "'--found

-it advisable to go with Edgar Atheling to meet William and offer him the

-crown. William's conduct at first was moderate. But the insolence of his

-Normans--' How are you getting on now, my dear?" it continued, turning

-to Alice as it spoke.

-

-"As wet as ever," said Alice in a melancholy tone; "doesn't seem to dry

-me at all."

-

-"In that case," said the Dodo solemnly, rising to its feet, "I move that

-the meeting adjourn, for the immediate adoption of more energetic

-remedies----"

-

-"Speak English!" said the Eaglet. "I don't know the meaning of half

-those long words, and, what's more, I don't believe you do either!" And

-the Eaglet bent down its head to hide a smile: some of the other birds

-tittered audibly.

-

-"What I was going to say," said the Dodo in an offended tone, "was that

-the best thing to get us dry would be a Caucus-race."

-

-"What _is_ a Caucus-race?" said Alice; not that she much wanted to know,

-but the Dodo had paused as if it thought that _somebody_ ought to speak,

-and no one else seemed inclined to say anything.

-

-"Why," said the Dodo, "the best way to explain it is to do it." (And, as

-you might like to try the thing yourself some winter day, I will tell

-you how the Dodo managed it.)

-

-First it marked out a race-course, in a sort of circle, ("the exact

-shape doesn't matter," it said,) and then all the party were placed

-along the course, here and there. There was no "One, two, three, and

-away," but they began running when they liked, and left off when they

-liked, so that it was not easy to know when the race was over. However,

-when they had been running half an hour or so, and were quite dry again,

-the Dodo suddenly called "The race is over!" and they all crowded round

-it, panting, and asking "But who has won?"

-

-This question the Dodo could not answer without a great deal of thought,

-and it stood for a long time with one finger pressed upon its forehead

-(the position in which you usually see Shakespeare, in the pictures of

-him), while the rest waited in silence. At last the Dodo said

-"_Everybody_ has won, and _all_ must have prizes."

-

-"But who is to give the prizes?" quite a chorus of voices asked.

-

-"Why, _she_, of course," said the Dodo, pointing to Alice with one

-finger; and the whole party at once crowded round her, calling out in a

-confused way, "Prizes! Prizes!"

-

-Alice had no idea what to do, and in despair she put her hand in her

-pocket, and pulled out a box of comfits (luckily the salt water had not

-got into it), and handed them round as prizes. There was exactly one

-apiece all round.

-

-          _They all crowded round it panting and asking,

-          "But who has won?"_

-

-[Illustration]

-

-"But she must have a prize herself, you know," said the Mouse.

-

-"Of course," the Dodo replied very gravely.

-

-"What else have you got in your pocket?" it went on, turning to Alice.

-

-"Only a thimble," said Alice sadly.

-

-"Hand it over here," said the Dodo.

-

-Then they all crowded round her once more, while the Dodo solemnly

-presented the thimble, saying "We beg your acceptance of this elegant

-thimble;" and, when it had finished this short speech, they all cheered.

-

-Alice thought the whole thing very absurd, but they all looked so grave

-that she did not dare to laugh; and, as she could not think of anything

-to say, she simply bowed, and took the thimble, looking as solemn as she

-could.

-

-The next thing was to eat the comfits; this caused some noise and

-confusion, as the large birds complained that they could not taste

-theirs, and the small ones choked and had to be patted on the back.

-However, it was over at last, and they sat down again in a ring, and

-begged the Mouse to tell them something more.

-

-"You promised to tell me your history, you know," said Alice, "and why

-it is you hate--C and D," she added in a whisper, half afraid that it

-would be offended again.

-

-[Illustration]

-

-"Mine is a long and sad tale!" said the Mouse, turning to Alice and

-sighing.

-

-"It _is_ a long tail, certainly," said Alice, looking down with wonder

-at the Mouse's tail; "but why do you call it sad?" And she kept on

-puzzling about it while the Mouse was speaking, so that her idea of the

-tale was something like this:--

-

-          "Fury said to

-              a mouse, That

-                  he met in the

-                      house, 'Let

-                        us both go

-                          to law: _I_

-                             will prose-

-                              cute _you_.--

-                             Come, I'll

-                           take no de-

-                         nial: We

-                     must have

-                 the trial;

-              For really

-             this morn-

-           ing I've

-          nothing

-           to do.'

-            Said the

-             mouse to

-              the cur,

-               'Such a

-                trial, dear

-                  sir, With

-                   no jury

-                     or judge,

-                       would

-                        be wast-

-                       ing our

-                      breath.'

-                    'I'll be

-                   judge,

-                 I'll be

-               jury,'

-             said

-           cun-

-          ning

-           old

-            Fury:

-             'I'll

-                try

-                 the

-                  whole

-                   cause,

-                       and

-                     con-

-                  demn

-              you to

-            death.'

-

-"You are not attending!" said the Mouse to Alice severely. "What are you

-thinking of?"

-

-"I beg your pardon," said Alice very humbly: "you had got to the fifth

-bend, I think?"

-

-"I had _not_!" cried the Mouse, angrily.

-

-"A knot!" said Alice, always ready to make herself useful, and looking

-anxiously about her. "Oh, do let me help to undo it!"

-

-"I shall do nothing of the sort," said the Mouse, getting up and walking

-away. "You insult me by talking such nonsense!"

-

-"I didn't mean it!" pleaded poor Alice. "But you're so easily offended,

-you know!"

-

-The Mouse only growled in reply.

-

-"Please come back and finish your story!" Alice called after it. And the

-others all joined in chorus, "Yes, please do!" but the Mouse only shook

-its head impatiently and walked a little quicker.

-

-"What a pity it wouldn't stay!" sighed the Lory, as soon as it was quite

-out of sight; and an old Crab took the opportunity of saying to her

-daughter, "Ah, my dear! Let this be a lesson to you never to lose

-_your_ temper!" "Hold your tongue, Ma!" said the young Crab, a little

-snappishly. "You're enough to try the patience of an oyster!"

-

-"I wish I had our Dinah here, I know I do!" said Alice aloud, addressing

-nobody in particular. "She'd soon fetch it back!"

-

-"And who is Dinah, if I might venture to ask the question?" said the

-Lory.

-

-Alice replied eagerly, for she was always ready to talk about her pet:

-"Dinah's our cat. And she's such a capital one for catching mice, you

-ca'n't think! And oh, I wish you could see her after the birds! Why,

-she'll eat a little bird as soon as look at it!"

-

-This speech caused a remarkable sensation among the party. Some of the

-birds hurried off at once; one old Magpie began wrapping itself up very

-carefully, remarking "I really must be getting home; the night-air

-doesn't suit my throat!" and a Canary called out in a trembling voice to

-its children "Come away, my dears! It's high time you were all in bed!"

-On various pretexts they all moved off, and Alice was soon left alone.

-

-"I wish I hadn't mentioned Dinah!" she said to herself in a melancholy

-tone. "Nobody seems to like her, down here, and I'm sure she's the best

-cat in the world! Oh, my dear Dinah! I wonder if I shall ever see you

-any more!" And here poor Alice began to cry again, for she felt very

-lonely and low-spirited. In a little while, however, she again heard a

-little pattering of footsteps in the distance, and she looked up

-eagerly, half hoping that the Mouse had changed his mind, and was coming

-back to finish his story.

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER IV

-

-

-[Sidenote: _The Rabbit sends in a Little Bill_]

-

-IT was the White Rabbit, trotting slowly back again, and

-looking anxiously about as it went, as if it had lost something; and she

-heard it muttering to itself, "The Duchess! The Duchess! Oh my dear

-paws! Oh my fur and whiskers! She'll get me executed, as sure as ferrets

-are ferrets! Where _can_ I have dropped them, I wonder?" Alice guessed

-in a moment that it was looking for the fan and the pair of white kid

-gloves, and she very good-naturedly began hunting about for them, but

-they were nowhere to be seen--everything seemed to have changed since

-her swim in the pool, and the great hall, with the glass table and the

-little door, had vanished completely.

-

-Very soon the Rabbit noticed Alice, as she went hunting about, and

-called out to her in an angry tone, "Why, Mary Ann, what _are_ you

-doing out here? Run home this moment, and fetch me a pair of gloves and

-a fan! Quick, now!" And Alice was so much frightened that she ran off at

-once in the direction it pointed to, without trying to explain the

-mistake it had made.

-

-"He took me for his housemaid," she said to herself as she ran. "How

-surprised he'll be when he finds out who I am! But I'd better take him

-his fan and gloves--that is, if I can find them." As she said this, she

-came upon a neat little house, on the door of which was a bright brass

-plate with the name "W. RABBIT" engraved upon it. She went in without

-knocking, and hurried up stairs, in great fear lest she should meet the

-real Mary Ann, and be turned out of the house before she had found the

-fan and gloves.

-

-[Illustration: "_Why, Mary Ann, what are you doing out here?_"]

-

-"How queer it seems," Alice said to herself, "to be going messages for a

-rabbit! I suppose Dinah'll be sending me on messages next!" And she

-began fancying the sort of thing that would happen: "'Miss Alice! Come

-here directly, and get ready for your walk!' 'Coming in a minute, nurse!

-But I've got to watch this mouse-hole till Dinah comes back, and see

-that the mouse doesn't get out.' Only I don't think," Alice went on,

-"that they'd let Dinah stop in the house if it began ordering people

-about like that!"

-

-By this time she had found her way into a tidy little room with a table

-in the window, and on it (as she had hoped) a fan and two or three pairs

-of tiny white kid gloves: she took up the fan and a pair of the gloves,

-and was just going to leave the room, when her eye fell upon a little

-bottle that stood near the looking-glass. There was no label this time

-with the words "DRINK ME," but nevertheless she uncorked it and put it

-to her lips. "I know _something_ interesting is sure to happen," she

-said to herself, "whenever I eat or drink anything; so I'll just see

-what this bottle does. I do hope it will make me grow large again, for

-really I'm quite tired of being such a tiny little thing!"

-

-It did so indeed, and much sooner than she had expected: before she had

-drunk half the bottle, she found her head pressing against the ceiling,

-and had to stoop to save her neck from being broken. She hastily put

-down the bottle, saying to herself "That's quite enough--I hope I

-sha'n't grow any more--As it is, I can't get out at the door--I do wish

-I hadn't drunk quite so much!"

-

-Alas! it was too late to wish that! She went on growing, and growing,

-and very soon had to kneel down on the floor: in another minute there

-was not even room for this, and she tried the effect of lying down with

-one elbow against the door, and the other arm curled round her head.

-Still she went on growing, and, as a last resource, she put one arm out

-of the window, and one foot up the chimney, and said to herself "Now I

-can do no more, whatever happens. What _will_ become of me?"

-

-Luckily for Alice, the little magic bottle had now had its full effect,

-and she grew no larger: still it was very uncomfortable, and, as there

-seemed to be no sort of chance of her ever getting out of the room

-again, no wonder she felt unhappy.

-

-"It was much pleasanter at home," thought poor Alice, "when one wasn't

-always growing larger and smaller, and being ordered about by mice and

-rabbits. I almost wish I hadn't gone down that rabbit-hole--and

-yet--and yet--it's rather curious, you know, this sort of life! I do

-wonder what _can_ have happened to me! When I used to read fairy-tales,

-I fancied that kind of thing never happened, and now here I am in the

-middle of one! There ought to be a book written about me, that there

-ought! And when I grow up, I'll write one--but I'm grown up now," she

-added in a sorrowful tone; "at least there's no room to grow up any more

-_here_."

-

-"But then," thought Alice, "shall I _never_ get any older than I am now?

-That'll be a comfort, one way--never to be an old woman--but

-then--always to have lessons to learn! Oh, I shouldn't like _that_!"

-

-"Oh, you foolish Alice!" she answered herself. "How can you learn

-lessons in here? Why, there's hardly room for _you_, and no room at all

-for any lesson-books!"

-

-And so she went on, taking first one side and then the other, and making

-quite a conversation of it altogether; but after a few minutes she heard

-a voice outside, and stopped to listen.

-

-"Mary Ann! Mary Ann!" said the voice. "Fetch me my gloves this moment!"

-Then came a little pattering of feet on the stairs. Alice knew it was

-the Rabbit coming to look for her, and she trembled till she shook the

-house, quite forgetting that she was now about a thousand times as large

-as the Rabbit, and had no reason to be afraid of it.

-

-Presently the Rabbit came up to the door, and tried to open it; but, as

-the door opened inwards, and Alice's elbow was pressed hard against it,

-that attempt proved a failure. Alice heard it say to itself "Then I'll

-go round and get in at the window."

-

-"_That_ you won't" thought Alice, and, after waiting till she fancied

-she heard the Rabbit just under the window, she suddenly spread out her

-hand, and made a snatch in the air. She did not get hold of anything,

-but she heard a little shriek and a fall, and a crash of broken glass,

-from which she concluded that it was just possible it had fallen into a

-cucumber-frame, or something of the sort.

-

-Next came an angry voice--the Rabbit's--"Pat! Pat! Where are you?" And

-then a voice she had never heard before, "Sure then I'm here! Digging

-for apples, yer honour!"

-

-"Digging for apples, indeed!" said the Rabbit angrily. "Here! Come and

-help me out of _this_!" (Sounds of more broken glass.)

-

-"Now tell me, Pat, what's that in the window?"

-

-"Sure, it's an arm, yer honour." (He pronounced it "arrum.")

-

-"An arm, you goose! Who ever saw one that size? Why, it fills the whole

-window!"

-

-"Sure, it does, yer honour? but it's an arm for all that."

-

-"Well, it's got no business there, at any rate: go and take it away!"

-

-There was a long silence after this, and Alice could only hear whispers

-now and then; such as, "Sure, I don't like it, yer honour, at all, at

-all!" "Do as I tell you, you coward!" and at last she spread out her

-hand again, and made another snatch in the air. This time there were

-_two_ little shrieks, and more sounds of broken glass. "What a number of

-cucumber-frames there must be!" thought Alice. "I wonder what they'll do

-next! As for pulling me out of the window, I only wish they _could_!

-I'm sure _I_ don't want to stay in here any longer!"

-

-She waited for some time without hearing anything more: at last came a

-rumbling of little cart-wheels, and the sound of a good many voices all

-talking together: she made out the words: "Where's the other

-ladder?--Why I hadn't to bring but one; Bill's got the other--Bill!

-Fetch it here, lad!--Here, put 'em up at this corner--No, tie 'em

-together first--they don't reach half high enough yet--Oh! they'll do

-well enough; don't be particular--Here, Bill! catch hold of this

-rope--Will the roof bear?--Mind that loose slate--Oh, it's coming down!

-Heads below!" (a loud crash)--"Now, who did that?--It was Bill, I

-fancy--Who's to go down the chimney?--Nay, _I_ sha'n't! _You_ do

-it!--_That_ I won't, then! Bill's to go down--Here, Bill! the master

-says you've to go down the chimney!"

-

-"Oh! So Bill's got to come down the chimney, has he?" said Alice to

-herself. "Why, they seem to put everything upon Bill! I wouldn't be in

-Bill's place for a good deal: this fireplace is narrow, to be sure; but

-I _think_ I can kick a little!"

-

-She drew her foot as far down the chimney as she could, and waited till

-she heard a little animal (she couldn't guess of what sort it was)

-scratching and scrambling about in the chimney close above her: then,

-saying to herself "This is Bill," she gave one sharp kick, and waited to

-see what would happen next.

-

-The first thing she heard was a general chorus of "There goes Bill!"

-then the Rabbit's voice alone--"Catch him, you by the hedge!" then

-silence, and then another confusion of voices--"Hold up his head--Brandy

-now--Don't choke him--How was it, old fellow? What happened to you? Tell

-us all about it!"

-

-At last came a little feeble, squeaking voice, ("That's Bill," thought

-Alice,) "Well, I hardly know--No more, thank ye; I'm better now--but I'm

-a deal too flustered to tell you--all I know is, something comes at me

-like a Jack-in-the-box, and up I goes like a sky-rocket!"

-

-"So you did, old fellow!" said the others.

-

-"We must burn the house down!" said the Rabbit's voice. And Alice

-called out as loud as she could, "If you do, I'll set Dinah at you!"

-

-There was a dead silence instantly, and Alice thought to herself "I

-wonder what they _will_ do next! If they had any sense, they'd take the

-roof off." After a minute or two they began moving about again, and

-Alice heard the Rabbit say "A barrowful will do, to begin with."

-

-"A barrowful of _what_?" thought Alice. But she had not long to doubt,

-for the next moment a shower of little pebbles came rattling in at the

-window, and some of them hit her in the face. "I'll put a stop to this,"

-she said to herself, and shouted out "You'd better not do that again!"

-which produced another dead silence.

-

-Alice noticed with some surprise that the pebbles were all turning into

-little cakes as they lay on the floor, and a bright idea came into her

-head. "If I eat one of these cakes," she thought, "it's sure to make

-_some_ change in my size; and, as it can't possibly make me larger, it

-must make me smaller, I suppose."

-

-So she swallowed one of the cakes, and was delighted to find that she

-began shrinking directly. As soon as she was small enough to get through

-the door, she ran out of the house, and found quite a crowd of little

-animals and birds waiting outside. The poor little Lizard, Bill, was in

-the middle, being held up by two guinea-pigs, who were giving it

-something out of a bottle. They all made a rush at Alice the moment she

-appeared; but she ran off as hard as she could, and soon found herself

-safe in a thick wood.

-

-"The first thing I've got to do," said Alice to herself, as she wandered

-about in the wood, "is to grow to my right size again; and the second

-thing is to find my way into that lovely garden. I think that will be

-the best plan."

-

-It sounded an excellent plan, no doubt, and very neatly and simply

-arranged; the only difficulty was, that she had not the smallest idea

-how to set about it; and, while she was peering about anxiously among

-the trees, a little sharp bark just over her head made her look up in a

-great hurry.

-

-An enormous puppy was looking down at her with large round eyes, and

-feebly stretching out one paw, trying to touch her. "Poor little

-thing!" said Alice, in a coaxing tone, and she tried hard to whistle to

-it; but she was terribly frightened all the time at the thought that it

-might be hungry, in which case it would be very likely to eat her up in

-spite of all her coaxing.

-

-Hardly knowing what she did, she picked up a little bit of stick, and

-held it out to the puppy; whereupon the puppy jumped into the air off

-all its feet at once, with a yelp of delight, and rushed at the stick,

-and made believe to worry it; then Alice dodged behind a great thistle,

-to keep herself from being run over; and, the moment she appeared on the

-other side, the puppy made another rush at the stick, and tumbled head

-over heels in its hurry to get hold of it; then Alice, thinking it was

-very like having a game of play with a cart-horse, and expecting every

-moment to be trampled under its feet, ran round the thistle again; then

-the puppy began a series of short charges at the stick, running a little

-way forwards each time and a long way back, and barking hoarsely all the

-while, till at last it sat down a good way off, panting, with its

-tongue hanging out of its mouth, and its great eyes half shut.

-

-This seemed to Alice a good opportunity for making her escape; so she

-set off at once, and ran till she was quite tired and out of breath, and

-till the puppy's bark sounded quite faint in the distance.

-

-"And yet what a dear little puppy it was!" said Alice, as she leant

-against a buttercup to rest herself, and fanned herself with one of the

-leaves. "I should have liked teaching it tricks very much, if--if I'd

-only been the right size to do it! Oh, dear! I'd nearly forgotten that

-I've got to grow up again! Let me see--how _is_ it to be managed? I

-suppose I ought to eat or drink something or other; but the great

-question is, what?"

-

-The great question certainly was, what? Alice looked all round her at

-the flowers and the blades of grass, but she could not see anything that

-looked like the right thing to eat or drink under the circumstances.

-There was a large mushroom growing near her, about the same height as

-herself; and, when she had looked under it, and on both sides of it, and

-behind it, it occurred to her that she might as well look and see what

-was on the top of it.

-

-She stretched herself up on tiptoe, and peeped over the edge of the

-mushroom, and her eyes immediately met those of a large blue

-caterpillar, that was sitting on the top with its arms folded, quietly

-smoking a long hookah, and taking not the smallest notice of her or of

-anything else.

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER V

-

-

-[Sidenote: _Advice from a Caterpillar_]

-

-THE Caterpillar and Alice looked at each other for some

-time in silence: at last the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its

-mouth, and addressed her in a languid, sleepy voice.

-

-"Who are _you_?" said the Caterpillar.

-

-This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. Alice replied,

-rather shyly, "I hardly know, sir, just at present--at least I know who

-I _was_ when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed

-several times since then."

-

-"What do you mean by that?" said the Caterpillar sternly. "Explain

-yourself!"

-

-"I can't explain _myself_, I'm afraid, sir," said Alice, "because I'm

-not myself, you see."

-

-"I don't see," said the Caterpillar.

-

-"I'm afraid I can't put it more clearly," Alice replied very politely,

-"for I can't understand it myself to begin with; and being so many

-different sizes in a day is very confusing."

-

-"It isn't," said the Caterpillar.

-

-"Well, perhaps you haven't found it so yet," said Alice, "but when you

-have to turn into a chrysalis--you will some day, you know--and then

-after that into a butterfly, I should think you'll feel it a little

-queer, won't you?"

-

-"Not a bit," said the Caterpillar.

-

-"Well, perhaps your feelings may be different," said Alice; "all I know

-is, it would feel very queer to _me_."

-

-"You!" said the Caterpillar contemptuously. "Who are _you_?"

-

-Which brought them back again to the beginning of the conversation.

-Alice felt a little irritated at the Caterpillar's making such _very_

-short remarks, and she drew herself up and said, very gravely, "I think

-you ought to tell me who _you_ are, first."

-

-"Why?" said the Caterpillar.

-

-[Illustration: _Advice from a Caterpillar_]

-

-Here was another puzzling question; and as Alice could not think of any

-good reason, and as the Caterpillar seemed to be in a _very_

-unpleasant state of mind, she turned away.

-

-"Come back!" the Caterpillar called after her. "I've something important

-to say!"

-

-This sounded promising, certainly: Alice turned and came back again.

-

-"Keep your temper," said the Caterpillar.

-

-"Is that all?" said Alice, swallowing down her anger as well as she

-could.

-

-"No," said the Caterpillar.

-

-Alice thought she might as well wait, as she had nothing else to do, and

-perhaps after all it might tell her something worth hearing. For some

-minutes it puffed away without speaking, but at last it unfolded its

-arms, took the hookah out of its mouth again, and said, "So you think

-you're changed, do you?"

-

-"I'm afraid I am, sir," said Alice; "I can't remember things as I

-used--and I don't keep the same size for ten minutes together!"

-

-"Can't remember _what_ things?" said the Caterpillar.

-

-"Well, I've tried to say '_How doth the little busy bee_,' but it all

-came different!" Alice replied in a very melancholy voice.

-

-"Repeat '_You are old, Father William_,'" said the Caterpillar.

-

-Alice folded her hands, and began:--

-

-          "You are old, Father William," the young man said,

-            "And your hair has become very white;

-          And yet you incessantly stand on your head--

-            Do you think, at your age, it is right?"

-

-          "In my youth," Father William replied to his son,

-            "I feared it might injure the brain;

-          But, now that I'm perfectly sure I have none,

-            Why, I do it again and again."

-

-          "You are old," said the youth, "as I mentioned before,

-            And have grown most uncommonly fat;

-          Yet you turned a back-somersault in at the door--

-            Pray, what is the reason of that?"

-

-          "In my youth," said the sage, as he shook his grey locks,

-            "I kept all my limbs very supple

-          By the use of this ointment--one shilling the box--

-            Allow me to sell you a couple?"

-

-          "You are old," said the youth, "and your jaws are too weak

-            For anything tougher than suet;

-          Yet you finished the goose, with the bones and the beak--

-            Pray, how did you manage to do it?"

-

-          "In my youth," said his father, "I took to the law

-            And argued each case with my wife;

-          And the muscular strength, which it gave to my jaw,

-            Has lasted the rest of my life."

-

-          "You are old," said the youth, "one would hardly suppose

-            That your eye was as steady as ever;

-          Yet you balanced an eel on the end of your nose--

-            What made you so awfully clever?"

-

-          "I have answered three questions, and that is enough,"

-            Said his father; "don't give yourself airs!

-          Do you think I can listen all day to such stuff?

-            Be off, or I'll kick you down stairs!"

-

-"That is not said right," said the Caterpillar.

-

-"Not _quite_ right, I'm afraid," said Alice, timidly; "some of the

-words have got altered."

-

-"It is wrong from beginning to end," said the Caterpillar, decidedly,

-and there was silence for some minutes.

-

-The Caterpillar was the first to speak.

-

-"What size do you want to be?" it asked.

-

-"Oh, I'm not particular as to size," Alice hastily replied; "only one

-doesn't like changing so often, you know."

-

-"I _don't_ know," said the Caterpillar.

-

-Alice said nothing: she had never been so much contradicted in all her

-life before, and she felt that she was losing her temper.

-

-"Are you content now?" said the Caterpillar.

-

-"Well, I should like to be a _little_ larger, sir, if you wouldn't

-mind," said Alice: "three inches is such a wretched height to be."

-

-"It is a very good height indeed!" said the Caterpillar angrily, rearing

-itself upright as it spoke (it was exactly three inches high).

-

-"But I'm not used to it!" pleaded poor Alice in a piteous tone. And she

-thought to herself, "I wish the creatures wouldn't be so easily

-offended!"

-

-"You'll get used to it in time," said the Caterpillar; and it put its

-hookah into its mouth and began smoking again.

-

-This time Alice waited patiently until it chose to speak again. In a

-minute or two the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth and

-yawned once or twice, and shook itself. Then it got down off the

-mushroom, and crawled away into the grass, merely remarking as it went,

-"One side will make you grow taller, and the other side will make you

-grow shorter."

-

-"One side of _what_? The other side of _what_?" thought Alice to

-herself.

-

-"Of the mushroom," said the Caterpillar, just as if she had asked it

-aloud; and in another moment it was out of sight.

-

-Alice remained looking thoughtfully at the mushroom for a minute, trying

-to make out which were the two sides of it; and as it was perfectly

-round, she found this a very difficult question. However, at last she

-stretched her arms round it as far as they would go, and broke off a bit

-of the edge with each hand.

-

-"And now which is which?" she said to herself, and nibbled a little of

-the right-hand bit to try the effect: the next moment she felt a violent

-blow underneath her chin: it had struck her foot!

-

-[Illustration]

-

-She was a good deal frightened by this very sudden change, but she felt

-that there was no time to be lost, as she was shrinking rapidly; so she

-set to work at once to eat some of the other bit. Her chin was pressed

-so closely against her foot that there was hardly room to open her

-mouth; but she did it at last, and managed to swallow a morsel of the

-left-hand bit.

-

-       *       *       *       *       *

-

-"Come, my head's free at last!" said Alice in a tone of delight, which

-changed into alarm in another moment, when she found that her shoulders

-were nowhere to be found: all she could see, when she looked down, was

-an immense length of neck, which seemed to rise like a stalk out of a

-sea of green leaves that lay far below her.

-

-"What _can_ all that green stuff be?" said Alice. "And where have my

-shoulders got to? And oh, my poor hands, how is it I ca'n't see you?"

-She was moving them about as she spoke, but no result seemed to follow,

-except a little shaking among the distant green leaves.

-

-As there seemed to be no chance of getting her hands up to her head, she

-tried to get her head down to them, and was delighted to find that her

-neck would bend about easily in any direction, like a serpent. She had

-just succeeded in curving it down into a graceful zigzag, and was going

-to dive in among the leaves, which she found to be nothing but the tops

-of the trees under which she had been wandering, when a sharp hiss made

-her draw back in a hurry: a large pigeon had flown into her face, and

-was beating her violently with its wings.

-

-"Serpent!" screamed the Pigeon.

-

-"I'm _not_ a serpent!" said Alice indignantly. "Let me alone!"

-

-"Serpent, I say again!" repeated the Pigeon, but in a more subdued tone,

-and added with a kind of a sob, "I've tried every way, and nothing seems

-to suit them!"

-

-"I haven't the least idea what you're talking about," said Alice.

-

-"I've tried the roots of trees, and I've tried banks, and I've tried

-hedges," the Pigeon went on, without attending to her; "but those

-serpents! There's no pleasing them!"

-

-Alice was more and more puzzled, but she thought there was no use in

-saying anything more till the Pigeon had finished.

-

-"As if it wasn't trouble enough hatching the eggs," said the Pigeon;

-"but I must be on the look-out for serpents night and day! Why, I

-haven't had a wink of sleep these three weeks!"

-

-"I'm very sorry you've been annoyed," said Alice, who was beginning to

-see its meaning.

-

-[Illustration]

-

-"And just as I'd taken the highest tree in the wood," continued the

-Pigeon, raising its voice to a shriek, "and just as I was thinking I

-should be free of them at last, they must needs come wriggling down from

-the sky! Ugh, Serpent!"

-

-"But I'm _not_ a serpent, I tell you!" said Alice. "I'm a---- I'm a

-----"

-

-"Well! _What_ are you?" said the Pigeon. "I can see you're trying to

-invent something!"

-

-"I--I'm a little girl," said Alice, rather doubtfully, as she remembered

-the number of changes she had gone through that day.

-

-"A likely story indeed!" said the Pigeon in a tone of the deepest

-contempt. "I've seen a good many little girls in my time, but never

-_one_ with such a neck as that! No, no! You're a serpent; and there's no

-use denying it. I suppose you'll be telling me next that you never

-tasted an egg!"

-

-"I _have_ tasted eggs, certainly," said Alice, who was a very truthful

-child; "but little girls eat eggs quite as much as serpents do, you

-know."

-

-"I don't believe it," said the Pigeon; "but if they do, why then

-they're a kind of serpent, that's all I can say."

-

-This was such a new idea to Alice, that she was quite silent for a

-minute or two, which gave the Pigeon the opportunity of adding, "You're

-looking for eggs, I know _that_ well enough; and what does it matter to

-me whether you're a little girl or a serpent?"

-

-"It matters a good deal to _me_," said Alice hastily; "but I'm not

-looking for eggs, as it happens; and if I was, I shouldn't want _yours_:

-I don't like them raw."

-

-"Well, be off, then!" said the Pigeon in a sulky tone, as it settled

-down again into its nest. Alice crouched down among the trees as well as

-she could, for her neck kept getting entangled among the branches, and

-every now and then she had to stop and untwist it. After a while she

-remembered that she still held the pieces of mushroom in her hands, and

-she set to work very carefully, nibbling first at one and then at the

-other, and growing sometimes taller and sometimes shorter, until she had

-succeeded in bringing herself down to her usual height.

-

-It was so long since she had been anything near the right size, that it

-felt quite strange at first; but she got used to it in a few minutes,

-and began talking to herself, as usual. "Come, there's half my plan done

-now! How puzzling all these changes are! I'm never sure what I'm going

-to be, from one minute to another! However, I've got back to my right

-size: the next thing is, to get into that beautiful garden--how _is_

-that to be done, I wonder?" As she said this, she came suddenly upon an

-open place, with a little house in it about four feet high. "Whoever

-lives there," thought Alice, "it'll never do to come upon them _this_

-size: why, I should frighten them out of their wits!" So she began

-nibbling at the right-hand bit again, and did not venture to go near the

-house till she had brought herself down to nine inches high.

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER VI

-

-

-[Sidenote: _Pig and Pepper_]

-

-FOR a minute or two she stood looking at the house, and

-wondering what to do next, when suddenly a footman in livery came

-running out of the wood--(she considered him to be a footman because he

-was in livery: otherwise, judging by his face only, she would have

-called him a fish)--and rapped loudly at the door with his knuckles. It

-was opened by another footman in livery, with a round face and large

-eyes like a frog; and both footmen, Alice noticed, had powdered hair

-that curled all over their heads. She felt very curious to know what it

-was all about, and crept a little way out of the wood to listen.

-

-The Fish-Footman began by producing from under his arm a great letter,

-nearly as large as himself, and this he handed over to the other,

-saying, in a solemn tone, "For the Duchess. An invitation from the

-Queen to play croquet." The Frog-Footman repeated, in the same solemn

-tone, only changing the order of the words a little, "From the Queen. An

-invitation for the Duchess to play croquet."

-

-Then they both bowed low, and their curls got entangled together.

-

-Alice laughed so much at this, that she had to run back into the wood

-for fear of their hearing her; and, when she next peeped out, the

-Fish-Footman was gone, and the other was sitting on the ground near the

-door, staring stupidly up into the sky.

-

-Alice went timidly up to the door and knocked.

-

-"There's no use in knocking," said the Footman, "and that for two

-reasons. First, because I'm on the same side of the door as you are;

-secondly, because they're making such a noise inside, no one could

-possibly hear you." And certainly there was a most extraordinary noise

-going on within--a constant howling and sneezing, and every now and then

-a great crash, as if a dish or kettle had been broken to pieces.

-

-"Please, then," said Alice, "how am I to get in?"

-

-"There might be some sense in your knocking," the Footman went on

-without attending to her, "if we had the door between us. For instance,

-if you were _inside_, you might knock, and I could let you out, you

-know." He was looking up into the sky all the time he was speaking, and

-this Alice thought decidedly uncivil. "But perhaps he can't help it,"

-she said to herself: "his eyes are so _very_ nearly at the top of his

-head. But at any rate he might answer questions. How am I to get in?"

-she repeated aloud.

-

-"I shall sit here," the Footman remarked, "till to-morrow----"

-

-At this moment the door of the house opened, and a large plate came

-skimming out, straight at the Footman's head: it just grazed his nose,

-and broke to pieces against one of the trees behind him.

-

-"----or next day, maybe," the Footman continued in the same tone,

-exactly as if nothing had happened.

-

-"How am I to get in?" asked Alice again in a louder tone.

-

-"_Are_ you to get in at all?" said the Footman. "That's the first

-question, you know."

-

-[Illustration]

-

-It was, no doubt: only Alice did not like to be told so. "It's really

-dreadful," she muttered to herself, "the way all the creatures argue.

-It's enough to drive one crazy!"

-

-The Footman seemed to consider this a good opportunity for repeating his

-remark, with variations. "I shall sit here," he said, "on and off, for

-days and days."

-

-"But what am _I_ to do?" said Alice.

-

-"Anything you like," said the Footman, and began whistling.

-

-"Oh, there's no use in talking to him," said Alice desperately: "he's

-perfectly idiotic!" And she opened the door and went in.

-

-The door led right into a large kitchen, which was full of smoke from

-one end to the other: the Duchess was sitting on a three-legged stool in

-the middle, nursing a baby, the cook was leaning over the fire, stirring

-a large cauldron which seemed to be full of soup.

-

-"There's certainly too much pepper in that soup!" Alice said to herself,

-as well as she could for sneezing.

-

-There was certainly too much of it in the air. Even the Duchess sneezed

-occasionally; and the baby was sneezing and howling alternately without

-a moment's pause. The only things in the kitchen that did not sneeze,

-were the cook, and a large cat which was sitting on the hearth and

-grinning from ear to ear.

-

-"Please would you tell me," said Alice a little timidly, for she was not

-quite sure whether it was good manners for her to speak first, "why your

-cat grins like that?"

-

-"It's a Cheshire cat," said the Duchess, "and that's why. Pig!"

-

-She said the last word with such sudden violence that Alice quite

-jumped; but she saw in another moment that it was addressed to the baby,

-and not to her, so she took courage, and went on again:

-

-"I didn't know that Cheshire cats always grinned; in fact, I didn't know

-that cats _could_ grin."

-

-"They all can," said the Duchess; "and most of 'em do."

-

-"I don't know of any that do," Alice said very politely, feeling quite

-pleased to have got into a conversation.

-

-"You don't know much," said the Duchess; "and that's a fact."

-

-Alice did not at all like the tone of this remark, and thought it would

-be as well to introduce some other subject of conversation. While she

-was trying to fix on one, the cook took the cauldron of soup off the

-fire, and at once set to work throwing everything within her reach at

-the Duchess and the baby--the fire-irons came first; then followed a

-shower of saucepans, plates, and dishes. The Duchess took no notice of

-them even when they hit her; and the baby was howling so much already,

-that it was quite impossible to say whether the blows hurt it or not.

-

-"Oh, _please_ mind what you're doing!" cried Alice, jumping up and down

-in an agony of terror. "Oh, there goes his _precious_ nose"; as an

-unusually large saucepan flew close by it, and very nearly carried it

-off.

-

-"If everybody minded their own business," the Duchess said in a hoarse

-growl, "the world would go round a deal faster than it does."

-

-[Illustration: _An unusually large saucepan flew close by it, and very

-nearly carried it off_]

-

-"Which would _not_ be an advantage," said Alice, who felt very glad to

-get an opportunity of showing off a little of her knowledge. "Just think

-what work it would make with the day and night! You see the earth

-takes twenty-four hours to turn round on its axis----"

-

-"Talking of axes," said the Duchess, "chop off her head."

-

-Alice glanced rather anxiously at the cook, to see if she meant to take

-the hint; but the cook was busily engaged in stirring the soup, and did

-not seem to be listening, so she ventured to go on again: "Twenty-four

-hours, I _think_; or is it twelve? I----"

-

-"Oh, don't bother _me_," said the Duchess; "I never could abide

-figures!" And with that she began nursing her child again, singing a

-sort of lullaby to it as she did so, and giving it a violent shake at

-the end of every line:

-

-          "Speak roughly to your little boy,

-            And beat him when he sneezes:

-          He only does it to annoy,

-            Because he knows it teases."

-

-CHORUS

-

-          (In which the cook and the baby joined):

-          "Wow! wow! wow!"

-

-While the Duchess sang the second verse of the song, she kept tossing

-the baby violently up and down, and the poor little thing howled so,

-that Alice could hardly hear the words:

-

-          "I speak severely to my boy,

-            I beat him when he sneezes;

-          For he can thoroughly enjoy

-            The pepper when he pleases!"

-

-          CHORUS.

-

-          "Wow! wow! wow!"

-

-"Here! you may nurse it a bit if you like!" the Duchess said to Alice,

-flinging the baby at her as she spoke. "I must go and get ready to play

-croquet with the Queen," and she hurried out of the room. The cook threw

-a frying-pan after her as she went out, but it just missed her.

-

-Alice caught the baby with some difficulty, as it was a queer-shaped

-little creature, and held out its arms and legs in all directions, "just

-like a star-fish," thought Alice. The poor little thing was snorting

-like a steam-engine when she caught it, and kept doubling itself up and

-straightening itself out again, so that altogether, for the first minute

-or two, it was as much as she could do to hold it.

-

-As soon as she had made out the proper way of nursing it, (which was to

-twist it up into a knot, and then keep tight hold of its right ear and

-left foot, so as to prevent its undoing itself,) she carried it out into

-the open air. "If I don't take this child away with me," thought Alice,

-"they're sure to kill it in a day or two: wouldn't it be murder to leave

-it behind?" She said the last words out loud, and the little thing

-grunted in reply (it had left off sneezing by this time). "Don't grunt,"

-said Alice; "that's not at all a proper way of expressing yourself."

-

-The baby grunted again, and Alice looked very anxiously into its face to

-see what was the matter with it. There could be no doubt that it had a

-_very_ turn-up nose, much more like a snout than a real nose; also its

-eyes were getting extremely small for a baby: altogether Alice did not

-like the look of the thing at all. "But perhaps it was only sobbing,"

-she thought, and looked into its eyes again, to see if there were any

-tears.

-

-No, there were no tears. "If you're going to turn into a pig, my dear,"

-said Alice, seriously, "I'll have nothing more to do with you. Mind

-now!" The poor little thing sobbed again (or grunted, it was impossible

-to say which), and they went on for some while in silence.

-

-Alice was just beginning to think to herself, "Now, what am I to do with

-this creature when I get it home?" when it grunted again, so violently,

-that she looked down into its face in some alarm. This time there could

-be _no_ mistake about it: it was neither more nor less than a pig, and

-she felt that it would be quite absurd for her to carry it any further.

-

-So she set the little creature down, and felt quite relieved to see it

-trot quietly away into the wood. "If it had grown up," she said to

-herself, "it would have made a dreadfully ugly child: but it makes

-rather a handsome pig, I think." And she began thinking over other

-children she knew, who might do very well as pigs, and was just saying

-to herself, "if one only knew the right way to change them----" when she

-was a little startled by seeing the Cheshire Cat sitting on a bough of a

-tree a few yards off.

-

-[Illustration: _It grunted again so violently that she looked down into

-its face in some alarm_]

-

-The Cat only grinned when it saw Alice. It looked good-natured, she

-thought: still it had _very_ long claws and a great many teeth, so she

-felt that it ought to be treated with respect.

-

-[Illustration]

-

-"Cheshire Puss," she began, rather timidly, as she did not at all know

-whether it would like the name: however, it only grinned a little wider.

-"Come, it's pleased so far," thought Alice, and she went on. "Would you

-tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?"

-

-"That depends a good deal on where you want to get to," said the Cat.

-

-"I don't much care where----" said Alice.

-

-"Then it doesn't matter which way you go," said the Cat.

-

-"---- so long as I get _somewhere_," Alice added as an explanation.

-

-"Oh, you're sure to do that," said the Cat, "if you only walk long

-enough."

-

-Alice felt that this could not be denied, so she tried another question.

-"What sort of people live about here?"

-

-"In _that_ direction," the Cat said, waving its right paw round, "lives

-a Hatter: and in _that_ direction," waving the other paw, "lives a March

-Hare. Visit either you like: they're both mad."

-

-"But I don't want to go among mad people," Alice remarked.

-

-"Oh, you ca'n't help that," said the Cat: "we're all mad here. I'm mad.

-You're mad."

-

-"How do you know I'm mad?" said Alice.

-

-"You must be," said the Cat, "or you wouldn't have come here."

-

-Alice didn't think that proved it at all; however, she went on. "And how

-do you know that you're mad?"

-

-"To begin with," said the Cat, "a dog's not mad. You grant that?"

-

-"I suppose so," said Alice.

-

-"Well, then," the Cat went on, "you see a dog growls when it's angry,

-and wags its tail when it's pleased. Now _I_ growl when I'm pleased, and

-wag my tail when I'm angry. Therefore I'm mad."

-

-"_I_ call it purring, not growling," said Alice.

-

-"Call it what you like," said the Cat. "Do you play croquet with the

-Queen to-day?"

-

-"I should like it very much," said Alice, "but I haven't been invited

-yet."

-

-"You'll see me there," said the Cat and vanished.

-

-Alice was not much surprised at this, she was getting so used to queer

-things happening. While she was looking at the place where it had been,

-it suddenly appeared again.

-

-"By-the-bye, what became of the baby?" said the Cat. "I'd nearly

-forgotten to ask."

-

-"It turned into a pig," Alice quietly said, just as if it had come back

-in a natural way.

-

-"I thought it would," said the Cat, and vanished again.

-

-Alice waited a little, half expecting to see it again, but it did not

-appear, and after a minute or two she walked on in the direction in

-which the March Hare was said to live. "I've seen hatters before," she

-said to herself; "the March Hare will be much the most interesting, and

-perhaps as this is May, it won't be raving mad--at least not so mad as

-it was in March." As she said this, she looked up, and there was the Cat

-again, sitting on the branch of a tree.

-

-"Did you say pig, or fig?" said the Cat.

-

-"I said pig," replied Alice; "and I wish you wouldn't keep appearing and

-vanishing so suddenly: you make one quite giddy."

-

-"All right," said the Cat; and this time it vanished quite slowly,

-beginning with the end of the tail, and ending with the grin, which

-remained some time after the rest of it had gone.

-

-"Well! I've often seen a cat without a grin," thought Alice; "but a grin

-without a cat! It's the most curious thing I ever saw in all my life."

-

-[Illustration]

-

-She had not gone much farther before she came in sight of the house of

-the March Hare: she thought it must be the right house, because the

-chimneys were shaped like ears and the roof was thatched with fur. It

-was so large a house, that she did not like to go nearer till she had

-nibbled some more of the left-hand bit of mushroom, and raised herself,

-to about two feet high: even then she walked up towards it rather

-timidly, saying to herself, "Suppose it should be raving mad after all!

-I almost wish I'd gone to see the Hatter instead!"

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER VII

-

-

-[Sidenote: _A Mad Tea-party_]

-

-THERE was a table set out under a tree in front of the

-house, and the March Hare and the Hatter were having tea at it: a

-Dormouse was sitting between them, fast asleep, and the other two were

-using it as a cushion resting their elbows on it, and talking over its

-head. "Very uncomfortable for the Dormouse," thought Alice; "only as

-it's asleep, suppose it doesn't mind."

-

-The table was a large one, but the three were all crowded together at

-one corner of it. "No room! No room!" they cried out when they saw Alice

-coming. "There's _plenty_ of room!" said Alice indignantly, and she sat

-down in a large arm-chair at one end of the table.

-

-"Have some wine," the March Hare said in an encouraging tone.

-

-Alice looked all round the table, but there was nothing on it but tea.

-"I don't see any wine," she remarked.

-

-"There isn't any," said the March Hare.

-

-"Then it wasn't very civil of you to offer it," said Alice angrily.

-

-"It wasn't very civil of you to sit down without being invited," said

-the March Hare.

-

-"I didn't know it was _your_ table," said Alice; "it's laid for a great

-many more than three."

-

-"Your hair wants cutting," said the Hatter. He had been looking at Alice

-for some time with great curiosity, and this was his first speech.

-

-"You should learn not to make personal remarks," Alice said with some

-severity; "it's very rude."

-

-The Hatter opened his eyes very wide on hearing this; but all he _said_

-was "Why is a raven like a writing-desk?"

-

-"Come, we shall have some fun now!" thought Alice. "I'm glad they've

-begun asking riddles.--I believe I can guess that," she added aloud.

-

-"Do you mean that you think you can find out the answer to it?" said

-the March Hare.

-

-"Exactly so," said Alice.

-

-"Then you should say what you mean," the March Hare went on.

-

-"I do," Alice hastily replied; "at least--at least I mean what I

-say--that's the same thing, you know."

-

-"Not the same thing a bit!" said the Hatter. "Why, you might just as

-well say that 'I see what I eat' is the same thing as 'I eat what I

-see'!"

-

-"You might just as well say," added the March Hare, "that 'I like what I

-get' is the same thing as 'I get what I like'!"

-

-"You might just as well say," added the Dormouse, which seemed to be

-talking in his sleep, "that 'I breathe when I sleep' is the same thing

-as 'I sleep when I breathe'!"

-

-"It _is_ the same thing with you," said the Hatter; and here the

-conversation dropped, and the party sat silent for a minute, while Alice

-thought over all she could remember about ravens and writing-desks,

-which wasn't much.

-

-[Illustration: _A Mad Tea Party_]

-

-The Hatter was the first to break the silence. "What day of the month

-is it?" he said, turning to Alice: he had taken his watch out of his

-pocket, and was looking at it uneasily, shaking it every now and then,

-and holding it to his ear.

-

-Alice considered a little, and then said "The fourth."

-

-"Two days wrong!" sighed the Hatter. "I told you butter would not suit

-the works!" he added, looking angrily at the March Hare.

-

-"It was the _best_ butter," the March Hare meekly replied.

-

-"Yes, but some crumbs must have got in as well," the Hatter grumbled:

-"you shouldn't have put it in with the bread-knife."

-

-The March Hare took the watch and looked at it gloomily: then he dipped

-it into his cup of tea, and looked at it again: but he could think of

-nothing better to say than his first remark, "It was the _best_ butter,

-you know."

-

-Alice had been looking over his shoulder with some curiosity. "What a

-funny watch!" she remarked. "It tells the day of the month, and doesn't

-tell what o'clock it is!"

-

-"Why should it?" muttered the Hatter. "Does _your_ watch tell you what

-year it is?"

-

-"Of course not," Alice replied very readily: "but that's because it

-stays the same year for such a long time together."

-

-"Which is just the case with _mine_," said the Hatter.

-

-Alice felt dreadfully puzzled. The Hatter's remark seemed to have no

-meaning in it, and yet it was certainly English. "I don't quite

-understand," she said, as politely as she could.

-

-"The Dormouse is asleep again," said the Hatter, and he poured a little

-hot tea upon its nose.

-

-The Dormouse shook its head impatiently, and said, without opening its

-eyes, "Of course, of course; just what I was going to remark myself."

-

-"Have you guessed the riddle yet?" the Hatter said, turning to Alice

-again.

-

-"No, I give it up," Alice replied: "what's the answer?"

-

-"I haven't the slightest idea," said the Hatter.

-

-"Nor I," said the March Hare.

-

-Alice sighed wearily. "I think you might do something better with the

-time," she said, "than wasting it asking riddles with no answers."

-

-"If you knew Time as well as I do," said the Hatter, "you wouldn't talk

-about wasting _it_. It's _him_."

-

-"I don't know what you mean," said Alice.

-

-"Of course you don't!" the Hatter said, tossing his head contemptuously.

-"I daresay you never spoke to Time!"

-

-"Perhaps not," Alice cautiously replied: "but I know I have to beat time

-when I learn music."

-

-"Ah! that accounts for it," said the Hatter. "He won't stand beating.

-Now, if you only kept on good terms with him, he'd do almost anything

-you liked with the clock. For instance, suppose it were nine o'clock in

-the morning, just time to begin lessons: you'd only have to whisper a

-hint to Time, and round goes the clock in a twinkling! Half-past one,

-time for dinner!"

-

-("I only wish it was," the March Hare said to itself in a whisper.)

-

-"That would be grand, certainly," said Alice thoughtfully: "but then--I

-shouldn't be hungry for it, you know."

-

-"Not at first, perhaps," said the Hatter: "but you could keep it to

-half-past one as long as you liked."

-

-"Is that the way _you_ manage?" Alice asked.

-

-The Hatter shook his head mournfully. "Not I!" he replied. "We

-quarrelled last March----just before _he_ went mad, you know----"

-(pointing with his teaspoon to the March Hare), "it was at the great

-concert given by the Queen of Hearts, and I had to sing

-

-          'Twinkle, twinkle, little bat!

-          How I wonder what you're at!'

-

-You know that song, perhaps?"

-

-"I've heard something like it," said Alice.

-

-"It goes on, you know," the Hatter continued, "in this way:--

-

-          'Up above the world you fly,

-          Like a tea-tray in the sky.

-                      Twinkle, twinkle----'"

-

-Here the Dormouse shook itself, and began singing in its sleep

-"_Twinkle, twinkle, twinkle, twinkle_----" and went on so long that they

-had to pinch it to make it stop.

-

-"Well, I'd hardly finished the first verse," said the Hatter, "when the

-Queen jumped up and bawled out 'He's murdering the time! Off with his

-head!'"

-

-"How dreadfully savage!" exclaimed Alice.

-

-"And ever since that," the Hatter went on in a mournful tone, "he won't

-do a thing I ask! It's always six o'clock now."

-

-A bright idea came into Alice's head. "Is that the reason so many

-tea-things are put out here?" she asked.

-

-"Yes, that's it," said the Hatter with a sigh: "it's always tea-time,

-and we've no time to wash the things between whiles."

-

-"Then you keep moving round, I suppose?" said Alice.

-

-"Exactly so," said the Hatter: "as the things get used up."

-

-"But what happens when you come to the beginning again?" Alice ventured

-to ask.

-

-"Suppose we change the subject," the March Hare interrupted, yawning.

-"I'm getting tired of this. I vote the young lady tells us a story."

-

-"I'm afraid I don't know one," said Alice, rather alarmed at the

-proposal.

-

-"Then the Dormouse shall!" they both cried. "Wake up, Dormouse!" And

-they pinched it on both sides at once.

-

-The Dormouse slowly opened his eyes. "I wasn't asleep," he said in a

-hoarse, feeble voice: "I heard every word you fellows were saying."

-

-"Tell us a story!" said the March Hare.

-

-"Yes, please do!" pleaded Alice.

-

-"And be quick about it," added the Hatter, "or you'll be asleep again

-before it's done."

-

-"Once upon a time there were three little sisters," the Dormouse began

-in a great hurry; "and their names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie; and

-they lived at the bottom of a well----"

-

-"What did they live on?" said Alice, who always took a great interest in

-questions of eating and drinking.

-

-"They lived on treacle," said the Dormouse, after thinking a minute or

-two.

-

-"They couldn't have done that, you know," Alice gently remarked; "they'd

-have been ill."

-

-"So they were," said the Dormouse; "_very_ ill."

-

-Alice tried a little to fancy to herself what such an extraordinary way

-of living would be like, but it puzzled her too much, so she went on:

-"But why did they live at the bottom of a well?"

-

-"Take some more tea," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.

-

-"I've had nothing yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't

-take more."

-

-"You mean you can't take _less_," said the Hatter; "it's very easy to

-take _more_ than nothing."

-

-"Nobody asked _your_ opinion," said Alice.

-

-"Who's making personal remarks now?" the Hatter asked triumphantly.

-

-Alice did not quite know what to say to this: so she helped herself to

-some tea and bread-and-butter, and then turned to the Dormouse, and

-repeated her question. "Why did they live at the bottom of a well?"

-

-The Dormouse again took a minute or two to think about it, and then

-said, "It was a treacle-well."

-

-"There's no such thing!" Alice was beginning very angrily, but the

-Hatter and the March Hare went "Sh! sh!" and the Dormouse sulkily

-remarked: "If you can't be civil, you'd better finish the story for

-yourself."

-

-"No, please go on!" Alice said very humbly. "I won't interrupt you

-again. I dare say there may be _one_."

-

-"One, indeed!" said the Dormouse indignantly. However, he consented to

-go on. "And so these three little sisters--they were learning to draw,

-you know----"

-

-"What did they draw?" said Alice, quite forgetting her promise.

-

-"Treacle," said the Dormouse, without considering at all this time.

-

-"I want a clean cup," interrupted the Hatter: "let's all move one place

-on."

-

-He moved as he spoke, and the Dormouse followed him: the March Hare

-moved into the Dormouse's place, and Alice rather unwillingly took the

-place of the March Hare. The Hatter was the only one who got any

-advantage from the change: and Alice was a good deal worse off than

-before, as the March Hare had just upset the milk-jug into his plate.

-

-Alice did not wish to offend the Dormouse again, so she began very

-cautiously: "But I don't understand. Where did they draw the treacle

-from?"

-

-"You can draw water out of a water-well," said the Hatter; "so I should

-think you could draw treacle out of a treacle-well--eh, stupid!"

-

-"But they were _in_ the well," Alice said to the Dormouse, not choosing

-to notice this last remark.

-

-"Of course they were," said the Dormouse; "----well in."

-

-This answer so confused poor Alice that she let the Dormouse go on for

-some time without interrupting it.

-

-"They were learning to draw," the Dormouse went on, yawning and rubbing

-its eyes, for it was getting very sleepy; "and they drew all manner of

-things--everything that begins with an M----"

-

-"Why with an M?" said Alice.

-

-"Why not?" said the March Hare.

-

-Alice was silent.

-

-The Dormouse had closed its eyes by this time, and was going off into a

-dose; but, on being pinched by the Hatter, it woke up again with a

-little shriek, and went on: "----that begins with an M, such as

-mouse-traps, and the moon, and memory, and muchness--you know you say

-things are 'much of a muchness'--did you ever see such a thing as a

-drawing of a muchness?"

-

-"Really, now you ask me," said Alice, very much confused, "I don't

-think----"

-

-"Then you shouldn't talk," said the Hatter.

-

-This piece of rudeness was more than Alice could bear: she got up in

-great disgust and walked off; the Dormouse fell asleep instantly, and

-neither of the others took the least notice of her going, though she

-looked back once or twice, half hoping that they would call after her:

-the last time she saw them, they were trying to put the Dormouse into

-the teapot.

-

-"At any rate I'll never go _there_ again!" said Alice as she picked her

-way through the wood. "It's the stupidest tea-party I ever was at in all

-my life!"

-

-Just as she said this, she noticed that one of the trees had a door

-leading right into it. "That's very curious!" she thought. "But

-everything's curious to-day. I think I may as well go in at once." And

-in she went.

-

-Once more she found herself in the long hall, and close to the little

-glass table. "Now I'll manage better this time," she said to herself,

-and began by taking the little golden key, and unlocking the door that

-led into the garden. Then she set to work nibbling at the mushroom (she

-had kept a piece of it in her pocket) till she was about a foot high:

-then she walked down the little passage: and _then_--she found herself

-at last in the beautiful garden, among the bright flower-beds and the

-cool fountains.

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER VIII

-

-

-[Sidenote: _The Queen's Croquet-Ground_]

-

-A LARGE rose-tree stood near the entrance of the garden:

-the roses growing on it were white, but there were three gardeners at

-it, busily painting them red. Alice thought this a very curious thing,

-and she went nearer to watch them, and just as she came up to them she

-heard one of them say "Look out now, Five! Don't go splashing paint over

-me like that!"

-

-"I couldn't help it," said Five, in a sulky tone. "Seven jogged my

-elbow."

-

-On which Seven looked up and said, "That's right, Five! Always lay the

-blame on others!"

-

-"_You'd_ better not talk!" said Five. "I heard the Queen say only

-yesterday you deserved to be beheaded!"

-

-"What for?" said the one who had first spoken.

-

-"That's none of _your_ business, Two!" said Seven.

-

-"Yes, it _is_ his business!" said Five. "And I'll tell him--it was for

-bringing the cook tulip-roots instead of onions."

-

-Seven flung down his brush, and had just begun "Well, of all the unjust

-things----" when his eye chanced to fall upon Alice, as she stood

-watching them, and he checked himself suddenly: the others looked round

-also, and all of them bowed low.

-

-"Would you tell me," said Alice, a little timidly, "why you are painting

-those roses?"

-

-Five and Seven said nothing, but looked at Two. Two began in a low

-voice, "Why, the fact is, you see, Miss, this here ought to have been a

-_red_ rose-tree, and we put a white one in by mistake; and if the Queen

-was to find it out, we should all have our heads cut off, you know. So

-you see, Miss, we're doing our best, afore she comes, to----" At this

-moment, Five, who had been anxiously looking across the garden, called

-out "The Queen! The Queen!" and the three gardeners instantly threw

-themselves flat upon their faces. There was a sound of many footsteps,

-and Alice looked round, eager to see the Queen.

-

-First came ten soldiers carrying clubs; these were all shaped like the

-three gardeners, oblong and flat, with their hands and feet at the

-corners: next the ten courtiers; these were ornamented all over with

-diamonds, and walked two and two, as the soldiers did. After these came

-the royal children; there were ten of them, and the little dears came

-jumping merrily along hand in hand, in couples; they were all ornamented

-with hearts. Next came the guests, mostly Kings and Queens, and among

-them Alice recognised the White Rabbit: it was talking in a hurried,

-nervous manner, smiling at everything that was said, and went by without

-noticing her. Then followed the Knave of Hearts, carrying the King's

-crown on a crimson velvet cushion; and last of all this grand

-procession, came THE KING AND QUEEN OF HEARTS.

-

-Alice was rather doubtful whether she ought not to lie down on her face

-like the three gardeners, but she could not remember ever having heard

-of such a rule at processions; "and besides, what would be the use of a

-procession," thought she, "if people had to lie down upon their faces,

-so that they couldn't see it?" So she stood still where she was, and

-waited.

-

-When the procession came opposite to Alice, they all stopped and looked

-at her, and the Queen said severely, "Who is this?" She said it to the

-Knave of Hearts, who only bowed and smiled in reply.

-

-"Idiot!" said the Queen, tossing her head impatiently; and turning to

-Alice, she went on, "What's your name, child?"

-

-"My name is Alice, so please your Majesty," said Alice very politely;

-but she added, to herself, "Why, they're only a pack of cards, after

-all. I needn't be afraid of them!"

-

-"And who are _these_?" said the Queen, pointing to the three gardeners

-who were lying round the rose-tree; for, you see, as they were lying on

-their faces, and the pattern on their backs was the same as the rest of

-the pack, she could not tell whether they were gardeners, or soldiers,

-or courtiers, or three of her own children.

-

-"How should _I_ know?" said Alice, surprised at her own courage. "It's

-no business of _mine_."

-

-The Queen turned crimson with fury, and, after glaring at her for a

-moment like a wild beast, screamed "Off with her head! Off----"

-

-"Nonsense!" said Alice, very loudly and decidedly, and the Queen was

-silent.

-

-The King laid his hand upon her arm, and timidly said "Consider my dear:

-she is only a child!"

-

-The Queen turned angrily away from him, and said to the Knave "Turn them

-over!"

-

-The Knave did so, very carefully, with one foot.

-

-"Get up!" said the Queen, in a shrill, loud voice, and the three

-gardeners instantly jumped up, and began bowing to the King, the Queen,

-the royal children, and everybody else.

-

-"Leave off that!" screamed the Queen. "You make me giddy." And then,

-turning to the rose-tree, she went on, "What _have_ you been doing

-here?"

-

-"May it please your Majesty," said Two, in a very humble tone, going

-down on one knee as he spoke, "we were trying----"

-

-[Illustration: _The Queen turned angrily away from him and said to the

-Knave, "Turn them over"_]

-

-"_I_ see!" said the Queen, who had meanwhile been examining the roses.

-"Off with their heads!" and the procession moved on, three of the

-soldiers remaining behind to execute the unfortunate gardeners, who ran

-to Alice for protection.

-

-"You shan't be beheaded!" said Alice, and she put them into a large

-flower-pot that stood near. The three soldiers wandered about for a

-minute or two, looking for them, and then quietly marched off after the

-others.

-

-"Are their heads off?" shouted the Queen.

-

-"Their heads are gone, if it please your Majesty!" the soldiers shouted

-in reply.

-

-"That's right!" shouted the Queen. "Can you play croquet?"

-

-The soldiers were silent, and looked at Alice, as the question was

-evidently meant for her.

-

-"Yes!" shouted Alice.

-

-"Come on, then!" roared the Queen, and Alice joined the procession,

-wondering very much what would happen next.

-

-"It's--it's a very fine day!" said a timid voice at her side. She was

-walking by the White Rabbit, who was peeping anxiously into her face.

-

-"Very," said Alice: "----where's the Duchess?"

-

-"Hush! Hush!" said the Rabbit in a low hurried tone. He looked anxiously

-over his shoulder as he spoke, and then raised himself upon tiptoe, put

-his mouth close to her ear, and whispered "She's under sentence of

-execution."

-

-"What for?" said Alice.

-

-"Did you say 'What a pity!'?" the Rabbit asked.

-

-"No, I didn't," said Alice: "I don't think it's at all a pity. I said

-'What for?'"

-

-"She boxed the Queen's ears--" the Rabbit began. Alice gave a little

-scream of laughter. "Oh, hush!" the Rabbit whispered in a frightened

-tone. "The Queen will hear you! You see she came rather late, and the

-Queen said----"

-

-"Get to your places!" shouted the Queen in a voice of thunder, and

-people began running about in all directions, tumbling up against each

-other; however, they got settled down in a minute or two, and the game

-began. Alice thought she had never seen such a curious croquet-ground in

-all her life; it was all ridges and furrows; the balls were live

-hedgehogs, the mallets live flamingoes, and the soldiers had to double

-themselves up and to stand upon their hands and feet, to make the

-arches.

-

-[Illustration]

-

-The chief difficulty Alice found at first was in managing her flamingo;

-she succeeded in getting its body tucked away, comfortably enough, under

-her arm, with its legs hanging down, but generally, just as she had got

-its neck nicely straightened out, and was going to give the hedgehog a

-blow with its head, it _would_ twist itself round and look up in her

-face, with such a puzzled expression that she could not help bursting

-out laughing: and when she had got its head down, and was going to

-begin again, it was very provoking to find that the hedgehog had

-unrolled itself and was in the act of crawling away: besides all this,

-there was generally a ridge or a furrow in the way wherever she wanted

-to send the hedgehog to, and, as the doubled-up soldiers were always

-getting up and walking off to other parts of the ground, Alice soon came

-to the conclusion that it was a very difficult game indeed.

-

-The players all played at once without waiting for turns, quarrelling

-all the while, and fighting for the hedgehogs; and in a very short time

-the Queen was in a furious passion, and went stamping about, and

-shouting "Off with his head!" or "Off with her head!" about once in a

-minute.

-

-Alice began to feel very uneasy: to be sure she had not as yet had any

-dispute with the Queen, but she knew that it might happen any minute,

-"and then," thought she, "what would become of me? They're dreadfully

-fond of beheading people here: the great wonder is that there's any one

-left alive!"

-

-She was looking about for some way of escape, and wondering whether she

-could get away without being seen, when she noticed a curious

-appearance in the air: it puzzled her very much at first, but, after

-watching it a minute or two, she made it out to be a grin, and she said

-to herself "It's the Cheshire Cat: now I shall have somebody to talk

-to."

-

-"How are you getting on?" said the Cat, as soon as there was mouth

-enough for it to speak with.

-

-Alice waited till the eyes appeared, and then nodded. "It's no use

-speaking to it," she thought, "till its ears have come, or at least one

-of them." In another minute the whole head appeared, and then Alice put

-down her flamingo, and began an account of the game, feeling very glad

-she had some one to listen to her. The Cat seemed to think that there

-was enough of it now in sight, and no more of it appeared.

-

-"I don't think they play at all fairly," Alice began, in rather a

-complaining tone, "and they all quarrel so dreadfully one can't hear

-oneself speak--and they don't seem to have any rules in particular; at

-least, if there are, nobody attends to them--and you've no idea how

-confusing it is all the things being alive; for instance, there's the

-arch I've got to go through next walking about at the other end of the

-ground--and I should have croqueted the Queen's hedgehog just now, only

-it ran away when it saw mine coming!"

-

-[Illustration]

-

-"How do you like the Queen?" said the Cat in a low voice.

-

-"Not at all," said Alice: "she's so extremely----" Just then she noticed

-that the Queen was close behind her listening: so she went on,

-"----likely to win, that it's hardly worth while finishing the game."

-

-The Queen smiled and passed on.

-

-"Who _are_ you talking to?" said the King, coming up to Alice, and

-looking at the Cat's head with great curiosity.

-

-"It's a friend of mine--a Cheshire Cat," said Alice: "allow me to

-introduce it."

-

-"I don't like the look of it at all," said the King: "however, it may

-kiss my hand if it likes."

-

-"I'd rather not," the Cat remarked.

-

-"Don't be impertinent," said the King, "and don't look at me like that!"

-He got behind Alice as he spoke.

-

-"A cat may look at a king," said Alice. "I've read that in some book,

-but I don't remember where."

-

-"Well, it must be removed," said the King very decidedly, and he called

-to the Queen, who was passing at the moment, "My dear! I wish you would

-have this cat removed!"

-

-The Queen had only one way of settling all difficulties, great or small.

-"Off with his head!" she said, without even looking round.

-

-"I'll fetch the executioner myself," said the King eagerly, and he

-hurried off.

-

-Alice thought she might as well go back and see how the game was going

-on, as she heard the Queen's voice in the distance, screaming with

-passion. She had already heard her sentence three of the players to be

-executed for having missed their turns, and she did not like the look of

-things at all, as the game was in such confusion that she never knew

-whether it was her turn or not. So she went in search of her hedgehog.

-

-The hedgehog was engaged in a fight with another hedgehog, which seemed

-to Alice an excellent opportunity for croqueting one of them with the

-other: the only difficulty was, that her flamingo was gone across to the

-other side of the garden, where Alice could see it trying in a helpless

-sort of way to fly up into one of the trees.

-

-By the time she had caught the flamingo and brought it back, the fight

-was over, and both the hedgehogs were out of sight: "but it doesn't

-matter much," thought Alice, "as all the arches are gone from this side

-of the ground." So she tucked it under her arm, that it might not escape

-again, and went back for a little more conversation with her friend.

-

-When she got back to the Cheshire Cat, she was surprised to find quite a

-large crowd collected round it: there was a dispute going on between the

-executioner, the King, and the Queen, who were all talking at once,

-while all the rest were quite silent, and looked very uncomfortable.

-

-The moment Alice appeared, she was appealed to by all three to settle

-the question, and they repeated their arguments to her, though, as they

-all spoke at once, she found it very hard indeed to make out exactly

-what they said.

-

-[Illustration]

-

-The executioner's argument was, that you couldn't cut off a head unless

-there was a body to cut it off from: that he had never had to do such a

-thing before, and he wasn't going to begin at _his_ time of life.

-

-The King's argument was, that anything that had a head could be

-beheaded, and that you weren't to talk nonsense.

-

-The Queen's argument was, that if something wasn't done about it in less

-than no time, she'd have everybody executed all round. (It was this last

-remark that had made the whole party look so grave and anxious.)

-

-Alice could think of nothing else to say but "It belongs to the Duchess:

-you'd better ask _her_ about it."

-

-"She's in prison," the Queen said to the executioner; "fetch her here."

-And the executioner went off like an arrow.

-

-The Cat's head began fading away the moment he was gone, and by the time

-he had come back with the Duchess, it had entirely disappeared; so the

-King and the executioner ran wildly up and down looking for it, while

-the rest of the party went back to the game.

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER IX

-

-

-[Sidenote: _The Mock Turtle's Story_]

-

-"YOU can't think how glad I am to see you again, you

-dear old thing!" said the Duchess, as she tucked her arm affectionately

-into Alice's, and they walked off together.

-

-Alice was very glad to find her in such a pleasant temper, and thought

-to herself that perhaps it was only the pepper that had made her so

-savage when they met in the kitchen.

-

-"When _I'm_ a Duchess," she said to herself (not in a very hopeful tone

-though), "I won't have any pepper in my kitchen _at all_. Soup does very

-well without--Maybe it's always pepper that makes people hot-tempered,"

-she went on, very much pleased at having found out a new kind of rule,

-"and vinegar that makes them sour--and camomile that makes them

-bitter--and--barley-sugar and such things that make children

-sweet-tempered. I only wish people knew _that_: then they wouldn't be

-so stingy about it, you know----"

-

-She had quite forgotten the Duchess by this time, and was a little

-startled when she heard her voice close to her ear. "You're thinking

-about something, my dear, and that makes you forget to talk. I can't

-tell you just now what the moral of that is, but I shall remember it in

-a bit."

-

-"Perhaps it hasn't one," Alice ventured to remark.

-

-"Tut, tut, child!" said the Duchess. "Every thing's got a moral, if only

-you can find it." And she squeezed herself up closer to Alice's side as

-she spoke.

-

-Alice did not much like her keeping so close to her: first, because the

-Duchess was _very_ ugly; and secondly, because she was exactly the right

-height to rest her chin on Alice's shoulder, and it was an uncomfortably

-sharp chin. However, she did not like to be rude, so she bore it as well

-as she could. "The game's going on rather better now," she said, by way

-of keeping up the conversation a little.

-

-"'Tis so," said the Duchess: "and the moral of that is--'Oh, 'tis love,

-'tis love, that makes the world go round!'"

-

-"Somebody said," Alice whispered, "that it's done by everybody minding

-their own business!"

-

-"Ah, well! It means much the same thing," said the Duchess, digging her

-sharp little chin into Alice's shoulder as she added, "and the moral of

-_that_ is--'Take care of the sense, and the sounds will take care of

-themselves.'"

-

-"How fond she is of finding morals in things!" Alice thought to herself.

-

-"I dare say you're wondering why I don't put my arm round your waist,"

-the Duchess said after a pause: "the reason is, that I'm doubtful about

-the temper of your flamingo. Shall I try the experiment?"

-

-"He might bite," Alice cautiously replied, not feeling at all anxious to

-have the experiment tried.

-

-"Very true," said the Duchess: "flamingoes and mustard both bite. And

-the moral of that is--'Birds of a feather flock together.'"

-

-"Only mustard isn't a bird," Alice remarked.

-

-"Right, as usual," said the Duchess: "what a clear way you have of

-putting things!"

-

-"It's a mineral, I _think_," said Alice.

-

-"Of course it is," said the Duchess, who seemed ready to agree to

-everything that Alice said: "there's a large mustard-mine near here. And

-the moral of that is--'The more there is of mine, the less there is of

-yours.'"

-

-"Oh, I know!" exclaimed Alice, who had not attended to this last remark.

-"It's a vegetable. It doesn't look like one, but it is."

-

-"I quite agree with you," said the Duchess; "and the moral of that

-is--'Be what you would seem to be'--or if you'd like it put more

-simply--'Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than what it might

-appear to others that what you were or might have been was not otherwise

-than what you had been would have appeared to them to be otherwise.'"

-

-"I think I should understand that better," Alice said very politely, "if

-I had it written down: but I can't quite follow it as you say it."

-

-"That's nothing to what I could say if I chose," the Duchess replied, in

-a pleased tone.

-

-"Pray don't trouble yourself to say it any longer than that," said

-Alice.

-

-"Oh, don't talk about trouble!" said the Duchess. "I make you a present

-of everything I've said as yet."

-

-"A cheap sort of present!" thought Alice. "I'm glad they don't give

-birthday presents like that!" But she did not venture to say it out

-loud.

-

-"Thinking again?" the Duchess asked with another dig of her sharp little

-chin.

-

-"I've a right to think," said Alice sharply, for she was beginning to

-feel a little worried.

-

-"Just about as much right," said the Duchess, "as pigs have to fly; and

-the m----"

-

-But here, to Alice's great surprise, the Duchess's voice died away, even

-in the middle of her favourite word "moral," and the arm that was linked

-into hers began to tremble. Alice looked up, and there stood the Queen

-in front of them, with her arms folded, frowning like a thunderstorm.

-

-"A fine day, your Majesty!" the Duchess began in a low, weak voice.

-

-"Now, I give you fair warning," shouted the Queen, stamping on the

-ground as she spoke; "either you or your head must be off, and that in

-about half no time! Take your choice!"

-

-The Duchess took her choice, and was gone in a moment.

-

-"Let's go on with the game," the Queen said to Alice; and Alice was too

-much frightened to say a word, but slowly followed her back to the

-croquet-ground.

-

-The other guests had taken advantage of the Queen's absence, and were

-resting in the shade: however, the moment they saw her, they hurried

-back to the game, the Queen merely remarking that a moment's delay would

-cost them their lives.

-

-[Illustration: _The Queen never left off quarrelling with the other

-players, and shouting "Off with his head!" or, "Off with her head!"_]

-

-All the time they were playing the Queen never left off quarrelling with

-the other players, and shouting "Off with his head!" or "Off with her

-head!" Those whom she sentenced were taken into custody by the soldiers,

-who of course had to leave off being arches to do this, so that by the

-end of half an hour or so there were no arches left, and all the

-players, except the King, the Queen, and Alice, were in custody and

-under sentence of execution.

-

-Then the Queen left off, quite out of breath, and said to Alice, "Have

-you seen the Mock Turtle yet?"

-

-"No," said Alice. "I don't even know what a Mock Turtle is."

-

-"It's the thing Mock Turtle Soup is made from," said the Queen.

-

-"I never saw one, or heard of one," said Alice.

-

-"Come on then," said the Queen, "and he shall tell you his history."

-

-As they walked off together, Alice heard the King say in a low voice, to

-the company generally, "You are all pardoned." "Come, _that's_ a good

-thing!" she said to herself, for she had felt quite unhappy at the

-number of executions the Queen had ordered.

-

-They very soon came upon a Gryphon, lying fast asleep in the sun. (If

-you don't know what a Gryphon is, look at the picture.) "Up, lazy

-thing!" said the Queen, "and take this young lady to see the Mock

-Turtle, and to hear his history. I must go back and see after some

-executions I have ordered," and she walked off, leaving Alice alone

-with the Gryphon. Alice did not quite like the look of the creature, but

-on the whole she thought it would be quite as safe to stay with it as to

-go after that savage Queen: so she waited.

-

-The Gryphon sat up and rubbed its eyes: then it watched the Queen till

-she was out of sight: then it chuckled. "What fun!" said the Gryphon,

-half to itself, half to Alice.

-

-"What _is_ the fun?" said Alice.

-

-"Why, _she_," said the Gryphon. "It's all her fancy, that: they never

-executes nobody, you know. Come on!"

-

-"Everybody says 'come on!' here," thought Alice, as she went slowly

-after it: "I never was so ordered about in my life, never!"

-

-[Illustration]

-

-They had not gone far before they saw the Mock Turtle in the distance,

-sitting sad and lonely on a little ledge of rock, and, as they came

-nearer, Alice could hear him sighing as if his heart would break. She

-pitied him deeply. "What is his sorrow?" she asked the Gryphon, and the

-Gryphon answered, very nearly in the same words as before, "It's all

-his fancy, that: he hasn't got no sorrow, you know. Come on!"

-

-So they went up to the Mock Turtle, who looked at them with large eyes

-full of tears, but said nothing.

-

-"This here young lady," said the Gryphon, "she wants to know your

-history, she do."

-

-"I'll tell it her," said the Mock Turtle in a deep, hollow tone; "sit

-down, both of you, and don't speak a word till I've finished."

-

-So they sat down, and nobody spoke for some minutes. Alice thought to

-herself, "I don't see how he can _ever_ finish, if he doesn't begin."

-But she waited patiently.

-

-"Once," said the Mock Turtle at last, with a deep sigh, "I was a real

-Turtle."

-

-These words were followed by a very long silence, broken only by an

-occasional exclamation of "Hjckrrh!" from the Gryphon, and the constant

-heavy sobbing of the Mock Turtle. Alice was very nearly getting up and

-saying "Thank you, sir, for your interesting story," but she could not

-help thinking there _must_ be more to come, so she sat still and said

-nothing.

-

-"When we were little," the Mock Turtle went on at last, more calmly,

-though still sobbing a little now and then, "we went to school in the

-sea. The master was an old Turtle--we used to call him Tortoise----"

-

-"Why did you call him Tortoise, if he wasn't one?" Alice asked.

-

-"We called him Tortoise because he taught us," said the Mock Turtle

-angrily: "really you are very dull!"

-

-"You ought to be ashamed of yourself for asking such a simple question,"

-added the Gryphon; and then they both sat silent and looked at poor

-Alice, who felt ready to sink into the earth. At last the Gryphon said

-to the Mock Turtle, "Drive on, old fellow. Don't be all day about it!"

-and he went on in these words:

-

-"Yes, we went to school in the sea, though you mayn't believe it----"

-

-"I never said I didn't!" interrupted Alice.

-

-"You did," said the Mock Turtle.

-

-"Hold your tongue!" added the Gryphon, before Alice could speak again.

-The Mock Turtle went on:--

-

-"We had the best of educations--in fact, we went to school every

-day----"

-

-"_I've_ been to a day-school, too," said Alice; "you needn't be so proud

-as all that."

-

-"With extras?" asked the Mock Turtle a little anxiously.

-

-"Yes," said Alice, "we learned French and music."

-

-"And washing?" said the Mock Turtle.

-

-"Certainly not!" said Alice indignantly.

-

-"Ah! then yours wasn't a really good school," said the Mock Turtle in a

-tone of relief. "Now at _ours_ they had at the end of the bill, 'French,

-music, _and washing_--extra.'"

-

-"You couldn't have wanted it much," said Alice; "living at the bottom of

-the sea."

-

-"I couldn't afford to learn it," said the Mock Turtle with a sigh. "I

-only took the regular course."

-

-"What was that?" inquired Alice.

-

-"Reeling and Writhing, of course, to begin with," the Mock Turtle

-replied; "and then the different branches of Arithmetic--Ambition,

-Distraction, Uglification, and Derision."

-

-"I never heard of 'Uglification,'" Alice ventured to say. "What is it?"

-

-The Gryphon lifted up both its paws in surprise. "Never heard of

-uglifying!" it exclaimed. "You know what to beautify is, I suppose?"

-

-"Yes," said Alice doubtfully: "it means--to--make--anything--prettier."

-

-"Well, then," the Gryphon went on, "if you don't know what to uglify is,

-you are a simpleton."

-

-Alice did not feel encouraged to ask any more questions about it, so she

-turned to the Mock Turtle and said, "What else had you to learn?"

-

-"Well, there was Mystery," the Mock Turtle replied, counting off the

-subjects on his flappers, "--Mystery, ancient and modern, with

-Seaography: then Drawling--the Drawling-master was an old conger-eel,

-that used to come once a week: _he_ taught us Drawling, Stretching, and

-Fainting in Coils."

-

-"What was _that_ like?" said Alice.

-

-"Well, I can't show it you myself," the Mock Turtle said: "I'm too

-stiff. And the Gryphon never learnt it."

-

-"Hadn't time," said the Gryphon: "I went to the Classical master,

-though. He was an old crab, _he_ was."

-

-"I never went to him," the Mock Turtle said with a sigh: "he taught

-Laughing and Grief, they used to say."

-

-"So he did, so he did," said the Gryphon, sighing in his turn; and both

-creatures hid their faces in their paws.

-

-"And how many hours a day did you do lessons?" said Alice, in a hurry to

-change the subject.

-

-"Ten hours the first day," said the Mock Turtle: "nine the next, and so

-on."

-

-"What a curious plan!" exclaimed Alice.

-

-"That's the reason they're called lessons," the Gryphon remarked:

-"because they lessen from day to day."

-

-This was quite a new idea to Alice, and she thought over it a little

-before she made her next remark. "Then the eleventh day must have been a

-holiday."

-

-"Of course it was," said the Mock Turtle.

-

-"And how did you manage on the twelfth?" Alice went on eagerly.

-

-"That's enough about lessons," the Gryphon interrupted in a very decided

-tone: "tell her something about the games now."

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER X

-

-

-[Sidenote: _The Lobster Quadrille_]

-

-THE Mock Turtle sighed deeply, and drew the back of one

-flapper across his eyes. He looked at Alice, and tried to speak, but,

-for a minute or two, sobs choked his voice. "Same as if he had a bone in

-his throat," said the Gryphon: and it set to work shaking him and

-punching him in the back. At last the Mock Turtle recovered his voice,

-and, with tears running down his cheeks, went on again:

-

-"You may not have lived much under the sea--" ("I haven't," said Alice)

-"and perhaps you were never even introduced to a lobster--" (Alice began

-to say "I once tasted----" but checked herself hastily, and said "No,

-never") "--so you can have no idea what a delightful thing a Lobster

-Quadrille is!"

-

-"No, indeed," said Alice. "What sort of a dance is it?"

-

-"Why," said the Gryphon, "you first form into a line along the

-sea-shore----"

-

-"Two lines!" cried the Mock Turtle. "Seals, turtles, and so on; then,

-when you've cleared the jelly-fish out of the way----"

-

-"_That_ generally takes some time," interrupted the Gryphon.

-

-"--you advance twice----"

-

-"Each with a lobster as a partner!" cried the Gryphon.

-

-"Of course," the Mock Turtle said: "advance twice, set to partners----"

-

-"--change lobsters, and retire in same order," continued the Gryphon.

-

-"Then, you know," the Mock Turtle went on, "you throw the----"

-

-"The lobsters!" shouted the Gryphon, with a bound into the air.

-

-"--as far out to sea as you can----"

-

-"Swim, after them!" screamed the Gryphon.

-

-"Turn a somersault in the sea!" cried the Mock Turtle, capering wildly

-about.

-

-"Change lobsters again!" yelled the Gryphon.

-

-"Back to land again, and--that's all the first figure," said the Mock

-Turtle, suddenly dropping his voice; and the two creatures, who had been

-jumping about like mad things all this time, sat down again very sadly

-and quietly, and looked at Alice.

-

-"It must be a very pretty dance," said Alice, timidly.

-

-"Would you like to see a little of it?" said the Mock Turtle.

-

-"Very much indeed," said Alice.

-

-"Come, let's try the first figure!" said the Mock Turtle to the Gryphon.

-"We can do it without lobsters, you know. Which shall sing?"

-

-"Oh, _you_ sing," said the Gryphon. "I've forgotten the words."

-

-So they began solemnly dancing round and round Alice, every now and then

-treading on her toes when they passed too close, and waving their

-forepaws to mark the time, while the Mock Turtle sang this, very slowly

-and sadly:--

-

-  "Will you walk a little faster?" said a whiting to a snail,

-  "There's a porpoise close behind us, and he's treading on my tail.

-  See how eagerly the lobsters and the turtles all advance!

-  They are waiting on the shingle--will you come and join the dance?

-    Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, will you join the dance?

-    Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, won't you join the dance?

-

-  "You can really have no notion how delightful it will be,

-  When they take us up and throw us, with the lobsters, out to sea!"

-  But the snail replied: "Too far, too far!" and gave a look askance--

-  Said he thanked the whiting kindly, but he would not join the dance.

-    Would not, could not, would not, could not, would not join the dance.

-    Would not, could not, would not, could not, could not join the dance.

-

-  "What matters it how far we go?" his scaly friend replied;

-  "There is another shore, you know, upon the other side.

-  The further off from England the nearer is to France--

-  Then turn not pale, beloved snail, but come and join the dance.

-    Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, will you join the dance?

-    Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, won't you join the dance?"

-

-"Thank you, it's a very interesting dance to watch," said Alice, feeling

-very glad that it was over at last: "and I do so like that curious song

-about the whiting!"

-

-"Oh, as to the whiting," said the Mock Turtle, "they--you've seen them,

-of course?"

-

-"Yes," said Alice, "I've often seen them at dinn----" she checked

-herself hastily.

-

-"I don't know where Dinn may be," said the Mock Turtle, "but if you've

-seen them so often, of course you know what they're like."

-

-"I believe so," Alice replied thoughtfully. "They have their tails in

-their mouths--and they're all over crumbs."

-

-"You're wrong about the crumbs," said the Mock Turtle: "crumbs would all

-wash off in the sea. But they _have_ their tails in their mouths; and

-the reason is--" here the Mock Turtle yawned and shut his eyes. "Tell

-her about the reason and all that," he said to the Gryphon.

-

-"The reason is," said the Gryphon, "that they _would_ go with the

-lobsters to the dance. So they got thrown out to sea. So they had to

-fall a long way. So they got their tails fast in their mouths. So they

-couldn't get them out again. That's all."

-

-"Thank you," said Alice. "It's very interesting. I never knew so much

-about a whiting before."

-

-"I can tell you more than that, if you like," said the Gryphon. "Do you

-know why it's called a whiting?"

-

-"I never thought about it," said Alice. "Why?"

-

-"_It does the boots and shoes_," the Gryphon replied very solemnly.

-

-Alice was thoroughly puzzled. "Does the boots and shoes!" she repeated

-in a wondering tone.

-

-"Why, what are _your_ shoes done with?" said the Gryphon. "I mean, what

-makes them so shiny?"

-

-Alice looked down at them, and considered a little before she gave her

-answer. "They're done with blacking, I believe."

-

-"Boots and shoes under the sea," the Gryphon went on in a deep voice,

-"are done with whiting. Now you know."

-

-"And what are they made of?" Alice asked in a tone of great curiosity.

-

-"Soles and eels, of course," the Gryphon replied rather impatiently:

-"any shrimp could have told you that."

-

-"If I'd been the whiting," said Alice, whose thoughts were still running

-on the song, "I'd have said to the porpoise, 'Keep back, please: we

-don't want _you_ with us!'"

-

-"They were obliged to have him with them," the Mock Turtle said: "no

-wise fish would go anywhere without a porpoise."

-

-"Wouldn't it really?" said Alice in a tone of great surprise.

-

-"Of course not," said the Mock Turtle: "why, if a fish came to _me_, and

-told me he was going a journey, I should say, 'With what porpoise?'"

-

-"Don't you mean 'purpose'?" said Alice.

-

-"I mean what I say," the Mock Turtle replied in an offended tone. And

-the Gryphon added, "Come, let's hear some of _your_ adventures."

-

-[Illustration: _The Mock Turtle drew a long breath and said, "That's

-very curious"_]

-

-"I could tell you my adventures--beginning from this morning," said

-Alice a little timidly: "but it's no use going back to yesterday,

-because I was a different person then."

-

-"Explain all that," said the Mock Turtle.

-

-"No, no! The adventures first," said the Gryphon in an impatient tone:

-"explanations take such a dreadful time."

-

-So Alice began telling them her adventures from the time when she first

-saw the White Rabbit. She was a little nervous about it just at first,

-the two creatures got so close to her, one on each side, and opened

-their eyes and mouths so _very_ wide, but she gained courage as she went

-on. Her listeners were perfectly quiet till she got to the part about

-her repeating "_You are old, Father William_," to the Caterpillar, and

-the words all coming different, and then the Mock Turtle drew a long

-breath, and said, "That's very curious."

-

-"It's all about as curious as it can be," said the Gryphon.

-

-"It all came different!" the Mock Turtle repeated thoughtfully. "I

-should like to hear her repeat something now. Tell her to begin." He

-looked at the Gryphon as if he thought it had some kind of authority

-over Alice.

-

-"Stand up and repeat '_'Tis the voice of the sluggard_,'" said the

-Gryphon.

-

-"How the creatures order one about, and make one repeat lessons!"

-thought Alice. "I might as well be at school at once." However, she got

-up, and began to repeat it, but her head was so full of the Lobster

-Quadrille, that she hardly knew what she was saying, and the words came

-very queer indeed:--

-

-          "'Tis the voice of the Lobster; I heard him declare,

-          'You have baked me too brown, I must sugar my hair.'

-          As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose

-          Trims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.

-          When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark,

-          And will talk in contemptuous tones of the Shark:

-          But, when the tide rises and sharks are around,

-          His voice has a timid and tremulous sound."

-

-"That's different from what _I_ used to say when I was a child," said

-the Gryphon.

-

-"Well, _I_ never heard it before," said the Mock Turtle: "but it sounds

-uncommon nonsense."

-

-Alice said nothing; she had sat down with her face in her hands,

-wondering if anything would _ever_ happen in a natural way again.

-

-"I should like to have it explained," said the Mock Turtle.

-

-"She ca'n't explain it," hastily said the Gryphon. "Go on with the next

-verse."

-

-"But about his toes?" the Mock Turtle persisted. "How _could_ he turn

-them out with his nose, you know?"

-

-"It's the first position in dancing," Alice said; but was dreadfully

-puzzled by the whole thing, and longed to change the subject.

-

-"Go on with the next verse," the Gryphon repeated: "it begins '_I passed

-by his garden_.'"

-

-Alice did not dare to disobey, though she felt sure it would all come

-wrong, and she went on in a trembling voice:

-

-          "I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye,

-          How the Owl and the Panther were sharing a pie:

-          The Panther took pie-crust, and gravy, and meat,

-          While the Owl had the dish as its share of the treat.

-          When the pie was all finished, the Owl, as a boon,

-          Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon:

-          While the Panther received knife and fork with a growl,

-          And concluded the banquet by----"

-

-"What _is_ the use of repeating all that stuff," the Mock Turtle

-interrupted, "if you don't explain it as you go on? It's by far the most

-confusing thing _I_ ever heard!"

-

-[Illustration]

-

-"Yes, I think you'd better leave off," said the Gryphon: and Alice was

-only too glad to do so.

-

-"Shall we try another figure of the Lobster Quadrille?" the Gryphon went

-on. "Or would you like the Mock Turtle to sing you another song?"

-

-"Oh, a song, please, if the Mock Turtle would be so kind," Alice

-replied, so eagerly that the Gryphon said, in a rather offended tone,

-"H'm! No accounting for tastes! Sing her '_Turtle Soup_,' will you, old

-fellow?"

-

-The Mock Turtle sighed deeply, and began, in a voice choked with sobs,

-to sing this:--

-

-          "Beautiful Soup, so rich and green,

-          Waiting in a hot tureen!

-          Who for such dainties would not stoop?

-          Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup!

-          Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup!

-              Beau--ootiful Soo--oop!

-              Beau--ootiful Soo--oop!

-          Soo--oop of the e--e--evening,

-              Beautiful, beautiful Soup!

-

-          "Beautiful Soup! Who cares for fish,

-          Game, or any other dish?

-          Who would not give all else for two

-          Pennyworth only of beautiful Soup?

-          Pennyworth only of beautiful Soup?

-              Beau--ootiful Soo--oop!

-              Beau--ootiful Soo--oop!

-          Soo--oop of the e--e--evening,

-              Beautiful, beauti--FUL SOUP!"

-

-"Chorus again!" cried the Gryphon, and the Mock Turtle had just begun

-to repeat it, when a cry of "The trial's beginning!" was heard in the

-distance.

-

-"Come on!" cried the Gryphon, and, taking Alice by the hand, it hurried

-off, without waiting for the end of the song.

-

-"What trial is it?" Alice panted as she ran; but the Gryphon only

-answered "Come on!" and ran the faster, while more and more faintly

-came, carried on the breeze that followed them, the melancholy words:--

-

-          "Soo--oop of the e--e--evening,

-              Beautiful, beautiful Soup!"

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER XI

-

-

-[Sidenote: _Who Stole the Tarts?_]

-

-THE King and Queen of Hearts were seated on their throne

-when they arrived, with a great crowd assembled about them--all sorts of

-little birds and beasts, as well as the whole pack of cards: the Knave

-was standing before them, in chains, with a soldier on each side to

-guard him; and near the King was the White Rabbit, with a trumpet in one

-hand, and a scroll of parchment in the other. In the very middle of the

-court was a table, with a large dish of tarts upon it: they looked so

-good, that it made Alice quite hungry to look at them--"I wish they'd

-get the trial done," she thought, "and hand round the refreshments!" But

-there seemed to be no chance of this, so she began looking about her, to

-pass away the time.

-

-Alice had never been in a court of justice before, but she had read

-about them in books, and she was quite pleased to find that she knew the

-name of nearly everything there. "That's the judge," she said to

-herself, "because of his great wig."

-

-The judge, by the way, was the King; and as he wore his crown over the

-wig, he did not look at all comfortable, and it was certainly not

-becoming.

-

-"And that's the jury-box," thought Alice, "and those twelve creatures,"

-(she was obliged to say "creatures," you see, because some of them were

-animals, and some were birds,) "I suppose they are the jurors." She said

-this last word two or three times over to herself, being rather proud of

-it: for she thought, and rightly too, that very few little girls of her

-age knew the meaning of it at all. However, "jurymen" would have done

-just as well.

-

-The twelve jurors were all writing very busily on slates. "What are they

-all doing?" Alice whispered to the Gryphon. "They can't have anything to

-put down yet, before the trial's begun."

-

-[Illustration: _Who stole the tarts?_]

-

-"They're putting down their names," the Gryphon whispered in reply,

-"for fear they should forget them before the end of the trial."

-

-"Stupid things!" Alice began in a loud, indignant voice, but she stopped

-hastily, for the White Rabbit cried out "Silence in the court!" and the

-King put on his spectacles and looked anxiously round, to see who was

-talking.

-

-Alice could see, as well as if she were looking over their shoulders,

-that all the jurors were writing down "stupid things!" on their slates,

-and she could even make out that one of them didn't know how to spell

-"stupid," and that he had to ask his neighbour to tell him. "A nice

-muddle their slates will be in before the trial's over!" thought Alice.

-

-One of the jurors had a pencil that squeaked. This, of course, Alice

-could _not_ stand, and she went round the court and got behind him, and

-very soon found an opportunity of taking it away. She did it so quickly

-that the poor little juror (it was Bill, the Lizard) could not make out

-at all what had become of it; so, after hunting all about for it, he

-was obliged to write with one finger for the rest of the day; and this

-was of very little use, as it left no mark on the slate.

-

-"Herald, read the accusation!" said the King.

-

-On this the White Rabbit blew three blasts on the trumpet, and then

-unrolled the parchment scroll, and read as follows:

-

-          "The Queen of Hearts, she made some tarts,

-              All on a summer day:

-          The Knave of Hearts, he stole those tarts,

-              And took them quite away!"

-

-"Consider your verdict," the King said to the jury.

-

-"Not yet, not yet!" the Rabbit hastily interrupted. "There's a great

-deal to come before that!"

-

-"Call the first witness," said the King; and the Rabbit blew three

-blasts on the trumpet, and called out "First witness!"

-

-The first witness was the Hatter. He came in with a teacup in one hand

-and a piece of bread-and-butter in the other. "I beg pardon, your

-Majesty," he began, "for bringing these in; but I hadn't quite finished

-my tea when I was sent for."

-

-"You ought to have finished," said the King. "When did you begin?"

-

-The Hatter looked at the March Hare, who had followed him into the

-court, arm-in-arm with the Dormouse. "Fourteenth of March, I _think_ it

-was," he said.

-

-"Fifteenth," said the March Hare.

-

-"Sixteenth," said the Dormouse.

-

-"Write that down," the King said to the jury, and the jury eagerly wrote

-down all three dates on their slates, and then added them up, and

-reduced the answer to shillings and pence.

-

-"Take off your hat," the King said to the Hatter.

-

-"It isn't mine," said the Hatter.

-

-"_Stolen!_" the King exclaimed, turning to the jury, who instantly made

-a memorandum of the fact.

-

-"I keep them to sell," the Hatter added as an explanation: "I've none of

-my own. I'm a hatter."

-

-Here the Queen put on her spectacles, and began staring hard at the

-Hatter, who turned pale and fidgeted.

-

-"Give your evidence," said the King; "and don't be nervous, or I'll have

-you executed on the spot."

-

-This did not seem to encourage the witness at all: he kept shifting from

-one foot to the other, looking uneasily at the Queen, and in his

-confusion he bit a large piece out of his teacup instead of the

-bread-and-butter.

-

-Just at this moment Alice felt a very curious sensation, which puzzled

-her a good deal until she made out what it was: she was beginning to

-grow larger again, and she thought at first she would get up and leave

-the court; but on second thoughts she decided to remain where she was as

-long as there was room for her.

-

-"I wish you wouldn't squeeze so," said the Dormouse, who was sitting

-next to her. "I can hardly breathe."

-

-"I can't help it," said Alice very meekly: "I'm growing."

-

-"You've no right to grow _here_," said the Dormouse.

-

-"Don't talk nonsense," said Alice more boldly: "you know you're growing

-too."

-

-"Yes, but _I_ grow at a reasonable pace," said the Dormouse; "not in

-that ridiculous fashion." And he got up very sulkily and crossed over to

-the other side of the court.

-

-All this time the Queen had never left off staring at the Hatter, and,

-just as the Dormouse crossed the court, she said to one of the officers

-of the court, "Bring me the list of the singers in the last concert!" on

-which the wretched Hatter trembled so, that he shook off both his shoes.

-

-"Give your evidence," the King repeated angrily, "or I'll have you

-executed, whether you're nervous or not."

-

-"I'm a poor man, your Majesty," the Hatter began, in a trembling voice,

-"--and I hadn't begun my tea--not above a week or so--and what with the

-bread-and-butter getting so thin--and the twinkling of the tea----"

-

-"The twinkling of _what_?" said the King.

-

-"It _began_ with the tea," the Hatter replied.

-

-"Of course twinkling _begins_ with a T!" said the King sharply. "Do you

-take me for a dunce? Go on!"

-

-"I'm a poor man," the Hatter went on, "and most things twinkled after

-that--only the March Hare said----"

-

-"I didn't!" the March Hare interrupted in a great hurry.

-

-"You did!" said the Hatter.

-

-"I deny it!" said the March Hare.

-

-"He denies it," said the King: "leave out that part."

-

-"Well, at any rate, the Dormouse said----" the Hatter went on, looking

-anxiously round to see if he would deny it too: but the Dormouse denied

-nothing, being fast asleep.

-

-"After that," continued the Hatter, "I cut some more

-bread-and-butter----"

-

-"But what did the Dormouse say?" one of the jury asked.

-

-"That I can't remember," said the Hatter.

-

-"You _must_ remember," remarked the King, "or I'll have you executed."

-

-The miserable Hatter dropped his teacup and bread-and-butter, and went

-down on one knee. "I'm a poor man, your Majesty," he began.

-

-"You're a _very_ poor _speaker_," said the King.

-

-Here one of the guinea-pigs cheered, and was immediately suppressed by

-the officers of the court. (As that is rather a hard word, I will just

-explain to you how it was done. They had a large canvas bag, which tied

-up at the mouth with strings: into this they slipped the guinea-pig,

-head first, and then sat upon it.)

-

-"I'm glad I've seen that done," thought Alice. "I've so often read in

-the newspapers, at the end of trials, 'There was some attempt at

-applause, which was immediately suppressed by the officers of the

-court,' and I never understood what it meant till now."

-

-"If that's all you know about it, you may stand down," continued the

-King.

-

-"I can't go no lower," said the Hatter: "I'm on the floor, as it is."

-

-"Then you may _sit_ down," the King replied.

-

-Here the other guinea-pig cheered, and was suppressed.

-

-"Come, that finishes the guinea-pigs!" thought Alice. "Now we shall get

-on better."

-

-"I'd rather finish my tea," said the Hatter, with an anxious look at

-the Queen, who was reading the list of singers.

-

-"You may go," said the King; and the Hatter hurriedly left the court,

-without even waiting to put his shoes on.

-

-"--and just take his head off outside," the Queen added to one of the

-officers; but the Hatter was out of sight before the officer could get

-to the door.

-

-"Call the next witness!" said the King.

-

-The next witness was the Duchess's cook. She carried the pepper-box in

-her hand, and Alice guessed who it was, even before she got into the

-court, by the way the people near the door began sneezing all at once.

-

-"Give your evidence," said the King.

-

-"Sha'n't," said the cook.

-

-The King looked anxiously at the White Rabbit, who said in a low voice,

-"Your Majesty must cross-examine _this_ witness."

-

-"Well, if I must, I must," the King said with a melancholy air, and,

-after folding his arms and frowning at the cook till his eyes were

-nearly out of sight, he said in a deep voice, "What are tarts made of?"

-

-"Pepper, mostly," said the cook.

-

-"Treacle," said a sleepy voice behind her.

-

-"Collar that Dormouse," the Queen shrieked out. "Behead that Dormouse!

-Turn that Dormouse out of court! Suppress him! Pinch him! Off with his

-whiskers."

-

-For some minutes the whole court was in confusion, getting the Dormouse

-turned out, and, by the time they had settled down again, the cook had

-disappeared.

-

-[Illustration]

-

-"Never mind!" said the King, with an air of great relief. "Call the next

-witness." And he added in an undertone to the Queen, "Really, my dear,

-_you_ must cross-examine the next witness. It quite makes my forehead

-ache!"

-

-Alice watched the White Rabbit as he fumbled over the list, feeling very

-curious to see what the next witness would be like, "--for they haven't

-got much evidence _yet_," she said to herself. Imagine her surprise,

-when the White Rabbit read out, at the top of his shrill little voice,

-the name "Alice!"

-

-

-

-

-CHAPTER XII

-

-

-[Sidenote: _Alice's Evidence_]

-

-"HERE!" cried Alice, quite forgetting in the flurry of

-the moment how large she had grown in the last few minutes, and she

-jumped up in such a hurry that she tipped over the jury-box with the

-edge of her skirt, upsetting all the jurymen on to the heads of the

-crowd below, and there they lay sprawling about, reminding her very much

-of a globe of gold-fish she had accidentally upset the week before.

-

-"Oh, I _beg_ your pardon!" she exclaimed in a tone of great dismay, and

-began picking them up again as quickly as she could, for the accident of

-the gold-fish kept running in her head, and she had a vague sort of idea

-that they must be collected at once and put back into the jury-box, or

-they would die.

-

-"The trial cannot proceed," said the King in a very grave voice, "until

-all the jurymen are back in their proper places--_all_," he repeated

-with great emphasis, looking hard at Alice as he said so.

-

-Alice looked at the jury-box, and saw that, in her haste, she had put

-the Lizard in head downwards, and the poor little thing was waving its

-tail about in a melancholy way, being quite unable to move. She soon got

-it out again, and put it right; "not that it signifies much," she said

-to herself; "I should think it would be _quite_ as much use in the trial

-one way up as the other."

-

-As soon as the jury had a little recovered from the shock of being

-upset, and their slates and pencils had been found and handed back to

-them, they set to work very diligently to write out a history of the

-accident, all except the Lizard, who seemed too much overcome to do

-anything but sit with its mouth open, gazing up into the roof of the

-court.

-

-"What do you know about this business?" the King said to Alice.

-

-"Nothing," said Alice.

-

-"Nothing _whatever_?" persisted the King.

-

-"Nothing whatever," said Alice.

-

-"That's very important," the King said, turning to the jury. They were

-just beginning to write this down on their slates, when the White Rabbit

-interrupted: "_Un_important, your Majesty means, of course," he said in

-a very respectful tone, but frowning and making faces at him as he

-spoke.

-

-"_Un_important, of course, I meant," the King hastily said, and went on

-himself in an undertone,"important--unimportant--unimportant--important----"

-as if he were trying which word sounded best.

-

-Some of the jury wrote it down "important," and some "unimportant."

-Alice could see this, as she was near enough to look over their slates;

-"but it doesn't matter a bit," she thought to herself.

-

-At this moment the King, who had been for some time busily writing in

-his note-book, called out "Silence!" and read out from his book, "Rule

-Forty-two. _All persons more than a mile high to leave the court._"

-

-Everybody looked at Alice.

-

-"_I'm_ not a mile high," said Alice.

-

-"You are," said the King.

-

-"Nearly two miles high," added the Queen.

-

-"Well, I sha'n't go, at any rate," said Alice: "besides, that's not a

-regular rule: you invented it just now."

-

-"It's the oldest rule in the book," said the King.

-

-"Then it ought to be Number One," said Alice.

-

-The King turned pale, and shut his note-book hastily. "Consider your

-verdict," he said to the jury, in a low trembling voice.

-

-"There's more evidence to come yet, please your Majesty," said the White

-Rabbit, jumping up in a great hurry: "this paper has just been picked

-up."

-

-"What's in it?" said the Queen.

-

-"I haven't opened it yet," said the White Rabbit, "but it seems to be a

-letter, written by the prisoner to--to somebody."

-

-"It must have been that," said the King, "unless it was written to

-nobody, which isn't usual, you know."

-

-"Who is it directed to?" said one of the jurymen.

-

-"It isn't directed at all," said the White Rabbit; "in fact, there's

-nothing written on the _outside_." He unfolded the paper as he spoke,

-and added "It isn't a letter after all: it's a set of verses."

-

-"Are they in the prisoner's handwriting?" asked another of the jurymen.

-

-"No, they're not," said the White Rabbit, "and that's the queerest thing

-about it." (The jury all looked puzzled.)

-

-"He must have imitated somebody else's hand," said the King. (The jury

-all brightened up again.)

-

-"Please your Majesty," said the Knave, "I didn't write it, and they

-can't prove that I did: there's no name signed at the end."

-

-"If you didn't sign it," said the King, "that only makes the matter

-worse. You _must_ have meant some mischief, or else you'd have signed

-your name like an honest man."

-

-There was a general clapping of hands at this: it was the first really

-clever thing the King had said that day.

-

-"That _proves_ his guilt, of course," said the Queen: "so, off with----"

-

-"It doesn't prove anything of the sort!" said Alice. "Why, you don't

-even know what they're about!"

-

-"Read them," said the King.

-

-The White Rabbit put on his spectacles. "Where shall I begin, please

-your Majesty?" he asked.

-

-"Begin at the beginning," the King said gravely, "and go on till you

-come to the end; then stop."

-

-There was dead silence in the court, whilst the White Rabbit read out

-these verses:--

-

-          "They told me you had been to her,

-             And mentioned me to him:

-           She gave me a good character,

-             But said I could not swim.

-

-           He sent them word I had not gone,

-             (We know it to be true):

-           If she should push the matter on,

-             What would become of you?

-

-           I gave her one, they gave him two,

-             You gave us three or more;

-           They all returned from him to you,

-             Though they were mine before.

-

-           If I or she should chance to be

-             Involved in this affair,

-           He trusts to you to set them free,

-             Exactly as we were.

-

-           My notion was that you had been

-             (Before she had this fit)

-           An obstacle that came between

-             Him, and ourselves, and it.

-

-           Don't let him know she liked them best,

-             For this must ever be

-           A secret, kept from all the rest,

-             Between yourself and me."

-

-"That's the most important piece of evidence we've heard yet," said the

-King, rubbing his hands; "so now let the jury----"

-

-"If any of them can explain it," said Alice, (she had grown so large in

-the last few minutes that she wasn't a bit afraid of interrupting him,)

-"I'll give him sixpence. _I_ don't believe there's an atom of meaning in

-it."

-

-The jury all wrote down on their slates, "_She_ doesn't believe there's

-an atom of meaning in it," but none of them attempted to explain the

-paper.

-

-"If there's no meaning in it," said the King, "that saves a world of

-trouble, you know, as we needn't try to find any. And yet I don't

-know," he went on, spreading out the verses on his knee, and looking at

-them with one eye; "I seem to see some meaning in them after all.

-'----_said I could not swim_--' you can't swim can you?" he added,

-turning to the Knave.

-

-The Knave shook his head sadly. "Do I look like it?" he said. (Which he

-certainly did _not_, being made entirely of cardboard.)

-

-"All right, so far," said the King, as he went on muttering over the

-verses to himself: "'_We know it to be true_--' that's the jury, of

-course--'_If she should push the matter on_'--that must be the

-Queen--'_What would become of you?_'--What, indeed!--'_I gave her one,

-they gave him two_--' why, that must be what he did with the tarts, you

-know----"

-

-"But it goes on '_they all returned from him to you_,'" said Alice.

-

-"Why, there they are!" said the King triumphantly, pointing to the tarts

-on the table. "Nothing can be clearer than _that_. Then again--'_before

-she had this fit_--' you never had _fits_, my dear, I think?" he said to

-the Queen.

-

-"Never!" said the Queen furiously, throwing an inkstand at the Lizard

-as she spoke. (The unfortunate little Bill had left off writing on his

-slate with one finger, as he found it made no mark; but he now hastily

-began again, using the ink, that was trickling down his face, as long as

-it lasted.)

-

-"Then the words don't _fit_ you," said the King, looking round the court

-with a smile. There was a dead silence.

-

-"It's a pun!" the King added in an angry tone, and everybody laughed.

-

-"Let the jury consider their verdict," the King said, for about the

-twentieth time that day.

-

-"No, no!" said the Queen. "Sentence first--verdict afterwards."

-

-"Stuff and nonsense!" said Alice loudly. "The idea of having the

-sentence first!"

-

-"Hold your tongue!" said the Queen, turning purple.

-

-"I won't!" said Alice.

-

-"Off with her head!" the Queen shouted at the top of her voice. Nobody

-moved.

-

-"Who cares for _you_?" said Alice (she had grown to her full size by

-this time). "You're nothing but a pack of cards!"

-

-[Illustration: _At this the whole pack rose up into the air, and came

-flying down upon her_]

-

-At this the whole pack rose up into the air, and came flying down upon

-her: she gave a little scream, half of fright and half of anger, and

-tried to beat them off, and found herself lying on the bank, with her

-head in the lap of her sister, who was gently brushing away some dead

-leaves that had fluttered down from the trees upon her face.

-

-"Wake up, Alice dear!" said her sister. "Why, what a long sleep you've

-had!"

-

-"Oh, I've had such a curious dream!" said Alice, and she told her

-sister, as well as she could remember them, all these strange Adventures

-of hers that you have just been reading about; and when she had

-finished, her sister kissed her, and said "It _was_ a curious dream,

-dear, certainly: but now run in to your tea; it's getting late." So

-Alice got up and ran off, thinking while she ran, as well she might,

-what a wonderful dream it had been.

-

-

-

-

-BUT her sister sat still just as she had left her, leaning her head,

-watching the setting sun, and thinking of little Alice and all her

-wonderful Adventures, till she too began dreaming after a fashion, and

-this was her dream:

-

-First, she dreamed of little Alice herself, and once again the tiny

-hands were clasped upon her knee, and the bright eager eyes were looking

-up into hers--she could hear the very tones of her voice, and see that

-queer little toss of her head to keep back the wandering hair that

-_would_ always get into her eyes--and still as she listened, or seemed

-to listen, the whole place around her became alive with the strange

-creatures of her little sister's dream.

-

-The long grass rustled at her feet as the White Rabbit hurried by--the

-frightened Mouse splashed his way through the neighbouring pool--she

-could hear the rattle of the teacups as the March Hare and his friends

-shared their never-ending meal, and the shrill voice of the Queen

-ordering off her unfortunate guests to execution--once more the pig-baby

-was sneezing on the Duchess' knee, while plates and dishes crashed

-around it--once more the shriek of the Gryphon, the squeaking of the

-Lizard's slate-pencil, and the choking of the suppressed guinea-pigs,

-filled the air, mixed up with the distant sobs of the miserable Mock

-Turtle.

-

-So she sat on with closed eyes, and half believed herself in Wonderland,

-though she knew she had but to open them again, and all would change to

-dull reality--the grass would be only rustling in the wind, and the pool

-rippling to the waving of the reeds--the rattling teacups would change

-to the tinkling sheep-bells, and the Queen's shrill cries to the voice

-of the shepherd boy--and the sneeze of the baby, the shriek of the

-Gryphon, and all the other queer noises, would change (she knew) to the

-confused clamour of the busy farm-yard--while the lowing of the cattle

-in the distance would take the place of the Mock Turtle's heavy sobs.

-

-Lastly, she pictured to herself how this same little sister of hers

-would, in the after-time, be herself a grown woman; and how she would

-keep, through all her riper years, the simple and loving heart of her

-childhood: and how she would gather about her other little children,

-and make _their_ eyes bright and eager with many a strange tale, perhaps

-even with the dream of Wonderland of long ago: and how she would feel

-with all their simple sorrows, and find a pleasure in all their simple

-joys, remembering her own child-life, and the happy summer days.

-

-

-THE END

-

-

-

-

-          ILLUSTRATIONS REPRODUCED BY HENTSCHEL COLOURTYPE

-              TEXT PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE & COMPANY LTD

-                       AT THE BALLANTYNE PRESS

-                           TAVISTOCK STREET

-                                 LONDON

-

-       *       *       *       *       *

-

-Transcriber's Notes:

-

-Page 8, opening quote added to text (doorway; "and even if)

-

-Page 33, "she" changed to "she's" (And she's such a)

-

-Page 37, "quiet" changed to "quite" (I'm quite tired of)

-

-Page 41, colon changed to period (arm, yer honour.)

-

-Page 42, "wont" changed to "want" (want to stay)

-

-Page 66, closing quotation mark added (to-morrow----")

-

-Page 69, single quotation mark changed to double (cat," said the

-Duchess)

-

-Page 91, word "to" added to text (minute or two to)

-

-Page 103, word "as" added to the text (just as she had)

-

-Page 104, "hedge-hog" changed to "hedgehog" (send the hedgehog to)

-

-Page 126, end parenthesis added ("No, never")

-

-Page 153, added an apostrophe (What's in it?)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-End of Project Gutenberg's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll

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diff --git a/ult/exercises.rst b/ult/exercises.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 9898b39..0000000
--- a/ult/exercises.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-Exercises
-=========
-
-Session-1
----------
-
-1. Login to your machine from the CLI prompt, by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F1. 
-
-#. Logout and re-login. 
-
-#. What is your present working directory, once you login?
-
-#. List all the files present in your current working directory. 
-
-#. Navigate to the ``Desktop`` directory. If such a directory is not
-   present create one.
-
-#. Navigate back to the ``home`` directory. 
-
-#. Create a directory called ``ult`` inside another directory called
-   ``sees``. Create both the directories in a single command.
-
-#. What would be your present working directory after doing the
-   following?
-
-   ::
-   
-       cd ~/sees/./../
-
-#. Use the touch command to create a file with your name in the
-   ``ult`` folder.
-
-#. Remove the file you created in the previous step. 
-
-#. Navigate to your home directory and remove the directory
-   ``sees``. Use ``rm`` command.
-
-#. Re-create the directories ``sees`` and ``ult`` again. Now, remove
-   them using the ``rmdir`` command. Use ``man`` or ``--help``, if
-   required.
-
-#. Create a file with your first-name in your home directory and copy
-   it to ``sees/ult``.
-
-#. Copy the file again, but this time, ensure that ``cp`` checks if
-   such a file doesn't already exist.
-
-#. Copy the directory ``sees`` to the directory ``sttp``.
-
-#. Rename directory ``sttp`` with your name.
-
-#. Create a file ``test`` and modify its permission for user and group
-   to ``execute``.
-
-#. For the same ``test`` file, change mode to ``r,w,x`` for
-   all(user,group,others).
-
-#. Change ownership of the file ``test`` to some other user (if exists).
-
-#. Count the number of files (files, sub-directories, etc.) in a directory. 
-
-#. Create a new file ``alice.txt`` by concatenating the first 30 lines
-   and the last 40 lines of ``wonderland.txt``.
-
-#. Show the lines from 10 to 20 of ``primes.txt`` 
-
-#. Concatenate the content of ``foo.txt`` and ``bar.txt`` in a single
-   ``foobar.txt`` but with the ``source:wikipedia`` line appearing only
-   once, at the end of the file. 
-
-Session-2
----------
-
-0. Read through the section ``REGULAR EXPRESSIONS`` in ``man grep``
-
-#. Read through in ``man expr``
-
-#. grep the marks of the students who scored above 75 in atleast one
-   subject. 
-
-#. grep the marks of all the students whose names begin with an 's'
-
-#. grep the marks of all the students whose names begin with
-   consonants. 
-
-#. change the results.sh script to accept the input files also as
-   arguments. 
-
-#. Write a shell script that will take a filename as input and check
-   if it is executable. 
-
-#. Modify the script in the previous step, to remove the execute
-   permissions, if the file is executable. 
-
-#. Write a shell script to remove all executable files from a
-   directory, when a directory is given as argument. 
-
-#. List all the years between 2001 and 2099 which have 5 Fridays,
-   Saturdays and Sundays in the month of July. Hint: ``man cal``
-
-#. Generate frequency list of all the commands you have used, and show
-   the top 5 commands along with their count. (Hint: ``history`` command
-   will give you a list of all commands used.)
-
-#. generate a word frequency list for ``wonderland.txt``. Hint: use
-   ``grep``, ``tr``, ``sort``, ``uniq`` (or anything else that you want)
-
-#. **Print the middle line of a file**. 
-
diff --git a/ult/handout.rst b/ult/handout.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ef762a..0000000
--- a/ult/handout.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2247 +0,0 @@
-Introducing Linux
-=================
-
-Linux (sometimes called GNU/Linux) is a Free and Open Source Operating
-System that is inspired by Unix and runs on a variety of hardware
-platforms.
-
-Free 
-    Free as in Freedom or Free Speech, not Free Beer. 
-
-Open-source 
-    licensed to permit modifications and redistribution of its source code.
-
-Linux is a modular operating system, with it's basic design based on the
-principles established in Unix. It consists of an important and central
-piece called the Linux kernel, which, manages system resources like process
-control, networking, peripherals and file system access. This is
-complemented by the application software, written on top of the kernel that
-give the higher level functionality that facilitate the user to carry out
-various tasks.
-
-Why Linux?
-----------
-
-Free as in Free Beer 
-  GNU/Linux can be downloaded in its entirety from the Internet completely
-  for free. No registration fees, no costs per user, free updates, and
-  freely available source code in case you want to change the behavior of
-  your system.
-
-Secure & versatile 
-  The security model used in Linux is based on the UNIX idea of security,
-  which is known to be robust and of proven quality. Also, there are no
-  viruses in the GNU/Linux world.
-
-Why Linux for Scientific Computing?
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Free as in Free Speech 
-  You can share your operating system and the libraries that you are using
-  with your co-workers, without any headaches of licensing. Also, you can
-  study and improve the implementation of various libraries that you may
-  use for your work
-
-Tools for Scientific computing
-  There are a host of tools and libraries, written by various (groups of)
-  people that are useful in day-to-day scientific computing work. You have
-  the benefit of standing on the shoulders of giants.
-
-Keeps on running 
-  GNU/Linux distributions are very stable and known for their up-time. You
-  don't have the fear of losing your computational work, due to system
-  crashes.
-
-Parallel & Distributed computing 
-  It is pretty easy to build your own cluster with GNU/Linux and there are
-  host of libraries for parallel and distributed computing that work with
-  GNU/Linux.
-
-
-Reading Exercises
------------------
-
-  1. In the Beginning was the Command Line -- Neal Stephenson
-  #. Linux -- Wikipedia
-  #. GNU/Linux naming controversy -- Wikipedia
-
-Getting Started
-===============
-
-
-Logging in
-----------
-
-Let's begin with logging into our system. The GNU/Linux OS supports
-multiple users and each user logs in with his/her user-name and password.
-After the machine boots up, the OS prompts you for a user-name and
-password. You can log-in once you provide your authentication details.
-
-It is a popular misconception that GNU/Linux doesn't have a GUI (Graphical
-user interface). It does have a fully functional GUI, but for the purpose
-of this course we shall start with using the CLI (Command line interface).
-Once your system has booted up, hit ``Ctrl + Alt + F1`` to switch to the
-command line interface.
-
-You can log out using the ``logout`` command. 
-
-Where am I?
------------
-
-Now that we have logged in, where are we? Where did we get in? 
-
-To find out the present working directory, we use the ``pwd`` command. 
-
-::
-
-  $ pwd
-  /home/user
-
-What is in there?
------------------
-
-To see what is in the current directory, we use the ``ls`` command. It
-gives us a list of all the files in our present working directory.
-
-::
-
-    $ ls
-    jeeves.rst psmith.html blandings.html Music
-
-``ls`` command takes the directory, in which we want to see the list of
-files present, as an argument. To see all the files present in the
-``Music`` directory, we say
-
-::
-
-    $ ls Music
-    one.mp3 two.mp3 three.mp3 
-
-Note that everything in GNU/Linux and the Unix world is case sensitive. For
-example if we had said ``ls music`` instead of ``ls Music``, we would get
-an error ``No such file or directory``.
-
-New folders
------------
-
-As you can see, our home folder has two html files one rst file and a
-directory for Music. What if we wanted the files to be more organized? Say,
-we would like to put all our work during this course in a separate
-directory. Let us now create a directory ``sees`` by saying
-
-::
-
-    $ mkdir sees
-
-Again, note that we are using all small case letters. ``sees`` is different
-from ``Sees`` or ``SEES``. Type ``ls`` to see that a new directory has been
-created. 
-
-::
-
-    $ ls
-
-Also, note that special characters need to be escaped. For example if we
-wanted to create a directory with the name ``software engineering``, we do
-it either as
-
-::
-
-    $ mkdir software\ engineering
-
-or as
-
-::
-
-    $ mkdir "software engineering"
-
-But it is generally a practice to use hyphens or underscores instead of
-spaces in filenames and directory names.
-
-In modern GNU/Linux filesystems all characters except the forward slash are
-allowed.
-
-Moving around
--------------
-
-Now that we have created our directory ``sees``, let us make it our present
-working directory by moving into it. We use the ``cd`` command for this
-purpose.
-
-::
-
-    $ cd sees
-    $ pwd 
-    /home/user/sees/
-
-This could alternately have been written as ``cd ./sees``. The dot in the
-beginning specifies that we are specifying the path, relative to the
-present working-directory.
-
-To go up the directory structure, we use ``..``. Typing
-
-::
-
-    $ cd ..
-
-in the ``sees`` directory will take us back to the home directory.
-
-What will happen if we type ``cd ..`` in the home folder? We go to the
-``/home`` directory.
-
-All this while, we have been using what are called relative paths, to
-specify the path. We could alternatively use the absolute path, which give
-the whole path, starting with a /. The absolute path of the ``sees``
-directory is, ``/home/user/sees/``.
-
-New files
----------
-
-Now that we have seen how to create a new empty directory and navigate into
-it, let us create a new blank file. We use the ``touch`` command for this.
-
-::
-
-    $ pwd
-    /home/user
-    $ cd sees
-    $ touch first
-
-This creates a file named touch in our present working directory. Use the
-``ls`` command to see that the file has been created.
-
-::
-
-    $ ls 
-    first
-
-
-Getting Help
-============
-
-What does a command do?
------------------------
-
-To get a quick description of the command, we could use the ``whatis``
-command. It gives a short one-line description of the command that is
-passed as an argument to it. For instance let's see what is the ``touch``
-command that we just saw.
-
-::
-
-    $ whatis touch
-    touch (1)            - change file timestamps
-
-Now, what does it mean by change file timestamps? We used it to create a
-file, just a while ago. To get a more detailed description of the command,
-we use the ``man`` command.
-
-::
-
-    $ man touch
-
-This shows the ``man`` (short for "manual pages") page of the command. This
-page gives a detailed description of the command. We can see that the
-``touch`` command has a whole host of options that can be passed to it.
-Every command in Linux has such a list of options that can be passed to the
-command to do specific tasks. Hit the ``q`` key to quit the ``man`` page.
-
-To see the manual on man itself do
-
-::
-
-    $ man man
-
-Using additional options
-------------------------
-
-As you may have observed, often the ``man`` page is a bit too much for
-quickly cross checking what option to use for a specific task. For this
-kind of quick look-up, most of the commands come with a -h or --help
-option. This gives a brief description of the options available for that
-command.
-
-Let us look at using a couple of useful options that we can pass to
-commands that we have already see.
-
-::
-
-    $ ls -R
-
-This lists out all the files in the sub-tree of the current directory,
-recursively.
-
-When you wish to create a new directory deep inside a directory structure,
-using a ``-p`` option with the ``mkdir`` command would be useful. For
-example, if we wish to create a folder ``scripts`` inside the directory
-``linux-tools`` inside the directory ``sees``, we could simply say,
-
-::
-
-    $ pwd
-    /home/user/
-    $ mkdir -p sees/linux-tools/scripts
-
-This will create the scripts directory, inside the required directory
-structure, creating any other new directory required, to maintain the tree
-structure.
-
-Searching for a command
------------------------
-
-Let's now say, we wish to remove a directory or a file. How do we find out
-what command to use? We use the ``apropos`` command to search for commands
-based on their descriptions. To search for the command to remove a
-file/directory say,
-
-::
-
-    $ apropos remove
-
-This gives us a whole list of commands that have the word ``remove``, in
-their description. Looking through the list tells us that ``rm`` or
-``rmdir`` is the command to use.
-
-
-Basic File Handling
-===================
-
-Removing files
---------------
-
-``rm``   is used to delete files. 
-
-Here's example to remove a file named "foo" from a directory, 
-
-::
-
-    $ rm foo
-
-Note that, as such, ``rm`` works only for files and not for directories.
-For instance, if you try to remove a directory named ``bar``, 
-
-::
-
-    $ rm bar
-
-we get an error saying, cannot remove `bar`: Is a directory. But ``rm``
-takes additional arguments which can be used to remove a directory and all
-of it's content, including sub-directories. 
-
-::
-
-    $ rm -r bar
-
-removes the directory ``bar`` and all of it's content including
-sub-directories, recursively. The ``-r`` stands for recursive. 
-
-A function called ``rmdir`` is also available, to remove directories, but
-we shall not look into it. 
-
-Copying Files
--------------
-
-Let's say we wish to copy a file, ``foo`` from ``sees/linux-tools/scripts`` to
-``sees/linux-tools``, how would we do it? 
-
-::
-
-    $ pwd 
-    /home/user/sees/
-
-    $ cp linux-tools/scripts/foo linux-tools/
-
-In general, 
-
-::
-
-    $ cp SourceFile TargetLocation
-
-Note, that we haven't changed the name of the file name at the target
-location. We could have done that by specifying a new filename at the
-target location. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cp linux-tools/scripts/foo linux-tools/bar
-
-This copies the file ``foo`` to the new location, but with the new name,
-``bar``. 
-
-So, ``cp`` is the command to copy a file from one place to another. The
-original file remains unchanged, and the new file may have the same or a
-different name.
-
-But, what would have happened if we had a file named ``bar`` already at the
-new location? Let's try doing the copy again, and see what happens. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cp linux-tools/scripts/foo linux-tools/bar
-
-We get no error message, what happened? ``cp`` actually overwrites files.
-In this case, it's not a problem since, we just re-copied the same content,
-but in general it could be a problem, and we could lose data. To prevent
-this, we use the ``-i`` flag with ``cp``. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cp -i linux-tools/scripts/foo linux-tools/bar
-    cp: overwrite `bar'? 
-
-We are now prompted, whether the file should be over-written. To over-write
-say ``y``, else say ``n``. 
-
-Now, let's try to copy the directory ``sees`` to a new directory called
-``course``. How do we do it?
-
-::
-
-    $ cd /home/user
-    $ cp -i sees course
-    cp: omitting directory `sees/'
-
-``cp`` refuses to copy the directory ``sees``. We use the option ``-r``
-(recursive) to copy the directory and all it's content. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cd /home/user
-    $ cp -ir sees course
-
-
-Moving Files
-------------
-
-What if we want to move files, instead of copying them? One way to go about
-it, would be to ``cp`` the file to the new location and ``rm`` the old
-file. 
-
-But, there's a command that does this for you, ``mv`` (short for move). It
-can move files or directories. It also takes the ``-i`` option to prompt
-before overwriting. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cd /home/user
-    $ mv -i sees/ course/
-
-What happened? Why didn't we get any prompt? Did course get overwritten? 
-
-::
-
-    $ ls course
-
-We can see that the ``sees`` directory has been inserted as sub-directory
-of the ``course`` directory. The move command doesn't over-write
-directories, but the ``-i`` option is useful when moving files around.
-
-A common way to rename files (or directories), is to copy a file (or a
-directory) to the same location, with a new name. 
-
-::
-
-    $ mv sees/linux-tools sees/linux
-
-will rename the ``linux-tools`` directory to just ``linux``. 
-
-
-Linux File Hierarchy & Permissions and ownership
-================================================
-
-While moving around our files and directories, we have been careful to stay
-within the ``/home/`` directory, but if you were curious, you may have
-ventured out and seen that there are a lot of other directories. Let us
-take this opportunity to understand a few things about the linux file
-hierarchy and file permissions. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cd /
-
-The ``/`` directory is called the root directory. All the files and
-directories, (even if they are on different physical devices) appear as
-sub-directories of the root directory. 
-
-::
-
-    $ ls 
-
-You can see the various directories present at the top most level. Below is
-a table that briefly describes, what is present in each of these
-directories and what their function is. 
-
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-|   Directory   |             Description                        |
-+===============+================================================+
-| /             | Primary hierarchy root and root directory of   |
-|               | the entire file system hierarchy.              |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /bin/         | Essential command binaries that need to be     |
-|               | available in single user mode; for all users,  |
-|               | e.g., *cat*, *ls*, *cp*.                       |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /boot/        | Boot loader files, e.g., *kernels*, *initrd*;  |
-|               | often a separate partition.                    |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /dev/         | Essential devices, e.g., /dev/null             |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /etc/         | Host-specific system-wide configuration files  |
-|               | (the name comes from *et cetera*)              |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /home/        | User's home directories, containing saved      |
-|               | files, personal settings, etc.; often a        |
-|               | separate partition.                            |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /lib/         | Libraries essential for the binaries in        |
-|               | */bin/* and */sbin/*                           |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /media/       | Mount points for removable media such as       |
-|               | CD-ROMs, external hard disks, USB sticks, etc. |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /mnt/         | Temporarily mounted file systems               |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /opt/         | Optional application software packages         |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /proc/        | Virtual filesystem documenting kernel and      |
-|               | process status as text files; e.g., uptime,    |
-|               | network. In Linux, corresponds to a *Procfs*   |
-|               | mount.                                         |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /root/        | Home directory for the root user               |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /sbin/        | Essential system binaries; e.g., *init*,       |
-|               | *route*, *mount*.                              |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /srv/         | Site-specific data which is served by the      |
-|               | system.                                        |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /tmp/         | Temporary files. Often not preserved between   |
-|               | system reboots.                                |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /usr/         | Secondary hierarchy for read-only user data;   |
-|               | contains the majority of (multi-)user          |
-|               | utilities and applications.                    |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| /var/         | Variable files - files whose content is        |
-|               | expected to continually change during normal   |
-|               | operation of the system - such as logs, spool  |
-|               | files, and temporary e-mail files.             |
-|               | Sometimes a separate partition.                |
-+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-
-
-Note that some of these directories may or may not be present on your Unix
-system depending on whether certain subsystems, such as the X Window
-System, are installed.
-
-For more information, it is recommended that you look at the ``man`` page
-of ``hier``. 
-
-::
-
-    $ man hier
-
-Permissions and Access control
-------------------------------
-
-Let us now look at file permissions. Linux is a multi-user environment and
-allows users to set permissions to their files to allow only a set of
-people to read or write it. Similarly, it is not "safe" to allow system
-files to be edited by any user. All this access control is possible in
-Linux. 
-
-To start, in the root directory, say,
-
-::
-
-    $ ls -l
-
-You again get a list of all the sub-directories, but this time with a lot
-of additional information. Let us try and understand what this output says. 
-
-::
-
-    drwxr-xr-x   5 root users  4096 Jan 21 20:07 home
-
-The first column denotes the type and the access permissions of the file.
-The second is the number of links. The third and fourth are the owner and
-group of the file. The next field is the size of the file in bytes. The
-next field is the date and time of modification and the last column is the
-file name. 
-
-We shall look at the permissions of the file now, ie., the first column of
-the output. 
-
-The first character in the first column specifies, whether the item is a
-file or a directory. Files have a ``-`` as the first character and
-directories have a ``d``. 
-
-The next 9 characters define the access permissions of the file. Before
-looking at it, we need to briefly study groups and users and ownership. 
-
-Each file in the Linux filesystem is associated with a user and a group.
-The user and the group of the file can be seen in the third and the fourth
-columns of the output of ``ls -l`` command. The third column is the user,
-and is usually the person who has created the file. A group is simply a
-group of users. Users can be added or removed from groups, but doing that
-is out of the scope of this course. This brief introduction to users and
-groups is enough to go ahead and understand access permissions. 
-
-We already know what the first character in the first column (in the output
-of ``ls -l``) is for. The rest of the 9 characters are actually sets of 3
-characters of each. The first set of 3 characters defines the permissions
-of the user, the next 3 is for the group and the last three is for others.
-Based on the values of these characters, access is provided or denied to
-files, to each of the users. 
-
-So, what does each of the three characters stand for? Let's suppose we are
-looking at the set, corresponding to the permissions of the user. In the
-three characters, the first character can either be an ``r`` or a ``-``.
-Which means, the user can either have the permissions to read the file or
-not. If the character is ``r``, then the user has the permissions to read
-the file, else not. Similarly, ``w`` stands for write permissions and
-decides whether the user is allowed to write to the file. ``x`` stands for
-execute permissions. You cannot execute a file, if you do not have the
-permissions to execute it. 
-
-Similarly, the next set of characters decides the same permissions for the
-members of the group, that the file is associated with. The last set of
-characters defines these permissions for the users, who are neither owners
-of the file nor in the group, with which the file is associated. 
-
-Changing the permissions
-------------------------
-
-Now, it's not as if these permissions are set in stone. If you are the
-owner of a file, you can change the permissions of a file, using the
-``chmod`` command. 
-
-Let's say, we wish to give the execute permissions for a file, to both the
-user and the group, how do we go about doing it? To be more explicit, given
-a file ``foo.sh``, with the permissions flags as ``-rw-r--r--``, change it
-to ``-rwxr-xr--``. 
-
-The following command does it for us, 
-
-::
-
-    $ chmod ug+x foo.sh
-    $ ls -l foo.sh
-
-As you can see, the permissions have been set to the required value. But
-what did we exactly do? Let us try and understand. 
-
-Symbolic modes
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-In the command above, the parameter ``ug+x`` is the mode parameter to the
-``chmod`` command. It specifies the changes that need to be made to the
-permissions of the file ``foo.sh``. 
-
-The ``u`` and ``g`` stand for the user and group, respectively. The ``x``
-stands for the execute permission and the ``+`` stands for adding the
-specified permission. So, essentially, we are asking ``chmod`` command to
-add the execute permission for the user and group. The permission of others
-will remain unchanged. 
-
-The following three tables give the details of the class, the operator and
-the permissions. 
-
-+--------------+--------+---------------------------------------------+
-| Reference    | Class  |                Description                  |
-+==============+========+=============================================+
-|      u       | user   | the owner of the file                       |
-+--------------+--------+---------------------------------------------+
-|      g       | group  | users who are members of the file's group   |
-+--------------+--------+---------------------------------------------+
-|      o       | others | users who are not hte owner of the file or  |
-|              |        | members of the group                        |
-+--------------+--------+---------------------------------------------+
-|      a       | all    | all three of the above; is the same as *ugo*|
-+--------------+--------+---------------------------------------------+
-
-+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+
-| Operator     |                      Description                     |
-+==============+======================================================+
-| +            | adds the specified modes to the specified classes    |
-+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+
-| -            | removes the specified modes from the specified       |
-|              | classes                                              |
-+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+
-| =            | the modes specified are to be made the exact modes   |
-|              | for the specified classes                            |
-+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+
-
-+-----+--------------+------------------------------------------------+
-|Mode |    Name      |                 Description                    |
-+=====+==============+================================================+
-| r   | read         | read a file or list a directory's contents     |
-+-----+--------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| w   | write        | write to a file or directory                   |   
-+-----+--------------+------------------------------------------------+
-| x   | execute      | execute a file or recurse a directory tree     |
-+-----+--------------+------------------------------------------------+
-
-So, if we wished to add the execute permission to all the users, instead of
-adding it to just the user and group, we would have instead said 
-
-::
-
-    $ chmod a+x foo.sh 
-
-or 
-
-::
-
-    $ chmod ugo+x foo.sh
-
-
-To change the permissions of a directory along with all of its
-sub-directories and files, recursively, we use the ``-R`` option. 
-
-For instance if we wished to remove the read permissions of a file from all
-users except the owner of the file, we would say, 
-
-
-::
-
-    $ chmod go-r bar.txt
-
-It is important to note that the permissions of a file can only be changed
-by a user who is the owner of a file or the superuser. (We shall talk about
-the superuser in the next section)
-
-
-Changing Ownership of Files
----------------------------
-
-What if we wish to change the ownership of a file? The ``chown`` command is
-used to change the owner and group. 
-
-By default, the owner of a file (or directory) object is the user that
-created it. The group is a set of users that share the same access
-permissions (i.e., read, write and execute). 
-
-For instance, to change the user and the group of the file
-``wonderland.txt`` to ``alice`` and ``users``, respectively, we say.
-
-    $ chown alice:users wonderland.txt
-
-What does it say? We get an error saying, the operation is not permitted.
-We have attempted to change the ownership of a file that we own, to a
-different user. Logically, this shouldn't be possible, because, this can
-lead to problems, in a multi-user system. 
-
-Only the superuser is allowed to change the ownership of a file from one
-user to another. The superuser or the ``root`` user is the only user
-empowered to a certain set of tasks and hence is called the superuser. The
-command above would have worked, if you did login as the superuser and
-then changed the ownership of the file. 
-
-We shall end our discussion of the Linux hierarchy and file permissions
-here. Let us look at working with text, files and the role of the command
-shell in the next section. 
-
-Looking at files
-================
-
-cat
----
-
-The ``cat`` command is the most commonly used command to display the
-contents of files. To view the contents of a file, say, ``foo.txt``, we
-simply say, 
-
-::
-
-    $ cat foo.txt
-
-The contents of the file are shown on the terminal. 
-
-The cat command could also be used to concatenate the text of multiple
-files. (It's name actually comes from there). Say, we have two files,
-``foo.txt`` and ``bar.txt``, 
-
-::
-
-    $ cat foo.txt bar.txt
-
-shows the output of both the files concatenated on the standard output. 
-
-But if we had a long file, like ``wonderland.txt``, the ouptut of ``cat``
-command is not convenient to read. Let's look at the ``less`` command which
-turns out to be more useful in such a case. 
-
-
-less
-----
-
-``less `` allows you to view the contents of a text file one screen at a
-time. 
-
-::
-
-    $ less wonderland.txt
-
-will give show us the file, one screen at a time. 
-
-``less`` has a list of commands that it allows you to use, once you have
-started viewing a file. A few of the common ones have been listed below. 
-
-    * q: Quit.
-
-    * [Arrows]/[Page Up]/[Page Down]/[Home]/[End]: Navigation.
-
-    * ng: Jump to line number n. Default is the start of the file.
-
-    * /pattern: Search for pattern. Regular expressions can be used.
-
-    * h: Help.
-
-wc
---
-
-Often we just would like to get some statistical information about the
-file, rather than viewing the contents of the file. The ``wc`` command
-prints these details for a file. 
-
-::
-
-    $ wc wonderland.txt
-
-The first number is the number of lines, the second is the number of words
-and the third is the number of characters in the file. 
-
-head & tail
------------
-
-Let us now look at a couple of commands that let you see parts of files,
-instead of the whole file. ``head`` and ``tail`` let you see parts of
-files, as their names suggest, the start and the end of a file,
-respectively. 
-
-::
-
-    $ head wonderland.txt
-
-will print the first 10 lines of the file. Similarly tail will print the
-last 10 lines of the file. If we wish to change the number of lines that we
-wish to view, we use the option ``-n``. 
-
-::
-
-    $ head -n 1 wonderland.txt
-
-will print only the first line of the file. Similarly, we could print only
-the last line of the file. 
-
-The most common use of the tail command is to monitor a continuously
-changing file, for instance a log file. Say you have a process running,
-which is continuously logging it's information to a file, for instance the
-logs of the system messages. 
-
-::
-
-	$ tail -f /var/log/dmesg
-
-This will show the last 10 lines of the file as expected, but along with
-that, start monitoring the file. Any new lines added at the end of the
-file, will be shown. To interrupt, tail while it is monitoring, hit
-``Ctrl-C``. Ctrl-C is used to stop any process that is running from your
-current shell. 
-
-cut & paste
------------
-
-We looked at a couple of functions that allow you to view a part of files,
-line-wise. We shall now look at a couple of commands that allow you to look
-at only certain sections of each line of a file and merge those parts.
-
-Let's take the ``/etc/passwd`` file as our example file. It contains
-information about each user of the system. 
-
-::
-
-    root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
-    bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/false
-    daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/bin/false
-    mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false
-    ftp:x:14:11:ftp:/srv/ftp:/bin/false
-    http:x:33:33:http:/srv/http:/bin/false
-
-Let us look at only the first, fifth, sixth and the last columns. The first
-column is the user name, the fifth column is the user info, the sixth
-column is the home folder and the last column is the path of the shell
-program that the user uses. 
-
-Let's say we wish to look at only the user names of all the users in the
-file, how do we do it?
-
-::
-    
-    $ cut -d : -f 1 /etc/passwd
-
-gives us the required output. But what are we doing here? 
-
-The first option ``-d`` specifies the delimiter between the various fields in
-the file, in this case it is the semicolon. If no delimiter is specified,
-the TAB character is assumed to be the delimiter. The ``-f`` option specifies,
-the field number that we want to choose. 
-
-You can print multiple fields, by separating the field numbers with a
-comma. 
-
-::
-    
-    $ cut -d : -f 1,5,7 /etc/passwd
-
-prints only the first, fifth and the seventh fields. 
-
-Instead of choosing by fields, ``cut`` also allows us to choose on the
-basis of characters or bytes. For instance, we could get the first 4
-characters of all the entries of the file, ``/etc/passwd`` 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -c 1-4 /etc/passwd 
-
-The end limits of the ranges can take sensible default values, if they are
-left out. For example, 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -c -4 /etc/passwd 
-
-gives the same output as before. If the start position has not been
-specified, it is assumed to be the start of the line. Similarly if the end
-position is not specified, it is assumed to be the end of the line. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -c 10- /etc/passwd 
-
-will print all the characters from the 10th character up to the end of the
-line. 
-
-Let us now solve the inverse problem. Let's say we have two columns of data
-in two different files, and we wish to view them side by side. 
-
-For instance, given a file containing the names of students in a file, and
-another file with the marks of the students, we wish to view the contents,
-side by side. ``paste`` command allows us to do that. 
-
-Contents of students.txt
-
-::
-     
-     Hussain
-     Dilbert
-     Anne
-     Raul
-     Sven    
-
-Contents of marks.txt
-
-::
-
-     89 92 85
-     98 47 67
-     67 82 76
-     78 97 60
-     67 68 69
-
-::
-
-    $ paste students.txt marks.txt
-
-    $ paste -s students.txt marks.txt
-
-
-The first command gives us the output of the two files, next to each other
-and the second command gives us the output one below the other. 
-
-Now, this problem is a bit unrealistic because, we wouldn't have the marks
-of students in a file, without any information about the student to which
-they belong. Let's say our marks file had the first column as the roll
-number of the student, followed by the marks of the students. What would we
-then do, to get the same output that we got before? 
-
-Essentially we need to use both, the ``cut`` and ``paste`` commands, but
-how do we do that? That brings us to the topic of Redirection and Piping. 
-
-The Command Shell
-=================
-
-Redirection and Piping
-----------------------
-
-Let's say the contents of ``marks1.txt`` are as follows, 
-
-::
-
-     5 89 92 85
-     4 98 47 67
-     1 67 82 76
-     2 78 97 60
-     3 67 68 69
-
-The solution would be as below
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt -
-
-or 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt > /tmp/m_tmp.txt
-    $ paste -d " " students.txt m_tmp.txt
-
-
-Let's first try to understand the second solution, which is a two step
-solution. Later, we shall look at the first solution. 
-
-Redirecting
-~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The standard output (stdout), in general, streams (or goes) to the display.
-Hence, the output of the commands that we type, come out to the display.
-This may not always be what we require. 
-
-For instance, in the solution above, we use the cut command and get only
-the required columns of the file and write the output to a new temporary
-file. The ``>`` character is used to state that we wish to redirect the
-output, and it is followed by the location to which we wish to redirect. 
-
-::
-
-    $ command > file1
-
-In general, this creates a new file at the specified location, to which the
-output is written. But, if we wish to append the output to an existing
-file, we use ``>>``.
-
-Similarly, the standard input (stdin) is assumed to be from the keyboard.
-Instead we could redirect the input from a file. 
-
-::
-
-    $ command < file1
-
-The input and the output redirection could be combined in a single command. 
-
-::
-
-    $ command < infile > outfile
-
-
-There is actually a third kind of standard stream, called the Standard
-error (stderr). Any error messages that you get, are coming through this
-stream. Like ``stdout``, ``stderr`` also streams to the display, by default
-but it could be redirected to a file, as well. 
-
-For instance, let's introduce an error into the ``cut`` command used
-before. We change the ``-f`` option to ``-c`` 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -d " " -c 2- marks1.txt > /tmp/m_tmp.txt
-
-This prints an error that says the delimiter option should be used with the
-fields option only, and you can verify that the ``m_tmp.txt`` file is
-empty.  We can now, redirect the ``stderr`` also to a file, instead of
-showing it on the display. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt 1> /tmp/m_tmp.txt 2> /tmp/m_err.txt
-
-The above command redirects all the errors to the ``m_err.txt`` file
-and the output to the ``m_tmp.txt`` file. When redirecting, 1 stands
-for ``stdout`` and 2 stands for ``stderr``. That brings us to the end of
-the discussion on redirecting. 
-
-The second command in the solution of the problem is trivial to understand. 
-::
-
-    $ paste -d " " students.txt m_tmp.txt
-
-So, in two steps we solved the problem of getting rid of the roll numbers
-from the marks file and displaying the marks along with the names of the
-students. Now, that we know how to redirect output, we could choose to
-write the output to a file, instead of showing on the display. 
-
-Piping
-~~~~~~
-
-Let us now look at the first solution. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt -
-
-First of all, the hyphen at the end is to ask the paste command to read the
-standard input, instead of looking for a FILE. The ``man`` page of ``paste``
-command gives us this information. 
-
-Now, what is happening with the ``cut`` command. It is a normal ``cut`` 
-command, if we looked at the command only up to the ``|`` character. So,
-the ``|`` seems to be joining the commands in some way. 
-
-Essentially, what we are doing is, to redirect the output of the first
-command to the ``stdin`` and the second command takes input from the
-``stdin``. 
-
-More generally, 
-
-::
-
-    $ command1 | command2
-
-executes ``command1`` and sends it's output to the ``stdin``, which is then
-used as the input for the ``command2``. This activity is commonly called
-piping, and the character ``|`` is called a pipe. 
-
-This is roughly equivalent to using two redirects and a temporary file 
-
-::
-
-    $ command1 > tempfile
-    $ command2 < tempfile
-    $ rm tempfile
-
-Also, given that a pipe is just a way to send the output of the command to
-the ``stdin``, it should be obvious, to you that we can use a chain of
-pipes. Any number of commands can be piped together and you need not be
-restricted to two commands. 
-
-Using piping and redirection, we can do a whole bunch of complex tasks
-combined with the commands we have already looked at, and other commands
-that we are going to look at. 
-
-Features of the Shell
----------------------
-
-The Bash shell has some nice features, that make our job of using the shell
-easier and much more pleasant. We shall look at a few of them, here. 
-
-Tab-completion
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Bash provides the feature of tab completion. What does tab completion mean?
-When you are trying to type a word, bash can complete the word for you,
-if you have entered enough portion of the word (to complete it
-unambiguously) and then hit the tab key. 
-
-If on hitting the tab key, the word doesn't get completed, either the word
-doesn't exist or the word cannot be decided unambiguously. If the case is
-the latter one, hitting the tab key a second time, will list the
-possibilities. 
-
-Bash provides tab completion for the following. 
-
-  1. File Names
-  2. Directory Names
-  3. Executable Names
-  4. User Names (when they are prefixed with a ~)
-  5. Host Names (when they are prefixed with a @)
-  6. Variable Names (when they are prefixed with a $) 
-
-For example, 
-
-::
-
-    $ pas<TAB>
-    $ $PA<TAB>
-    $ ~/<TAB><TAB>
-
-History
-~~~~~~~
-
-Bash also saves the history of the commands you have typed. So, you can go
-back to a previously typed command. Use the up and down arrow keys to
-navigate in your bash history. 
-
-::
-
-    $ <UP-ARROW>
-
-You can also search incrementally, for commands in your bash history.
-``Ctrl-r`` search for the commands that you have typed before. But, note
-that the number of commands saved in the history is limited, generally upto
-a 1000 commands. 
-
-::
-
-   $ <Ctrl-r> pas
-
-
-Shell Meta Characters
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Unix recognizes certain special characters, called "meta characters," as
-command directives. The shell meta characters are recognized anywhere they
-appear in the command line, even if they are not surrounded by blank space.
-For that reason, it is safest to only use the characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9, and
-the period, dash, and underscore characters when naming files and
-directories on Unix. If your file or directory has a shell meta character
-in the name, you will find it difficult to use the name in a shell command.
-
-The shell meta characters include:
-
-\ / < > ! $ % ^ & * | { } [ ] " ' ` ~ ; 
-
-
-As an example,
-
-::
-
-    $ ls file.*
-
-run on a directory containing the files file, file.c, file.lst, and myfile
-would list the files file.c and file.lst. However,
-
-::
-
-    $ ls file.?
-
-run on the same directory would only list file.c because the ? only matches
-one character, no more, no less. This can save you a great deal of typing
-time. 
-
-For example, if there is a file called
-california_cornish_hens_with_wild_rice and no other files whose names begin
-with 'c', you could view the file without typing the whole name by typing
-this
-
-::
-
-    $ more c*
-
-because the c* matches that long file name.
-
-File-names containing metacharacters can pose many problems and should
-never be intentionally created.
-
-More text processing
-====================
-
-``sort``
---------
-
-Let's continue with the previous problem of the students and their marks,
-that we had. Let's say we wish to sort the output in the alphabetical order
-of the names of the files. We can use the ``sort`` command for this
-purpose.
-
-We just pipe the previous output to the ``sort`` command. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt -| sort
-
-Let's say we wished to sort the names, based on the marks in the first
-subject (first column after the name). ``sort`` command also allows us to
-specify the delimiter between the fields and sort the data on a particular
-field. ``-t`` option is used to specify the delimiter and the ``-k`` option
-is used to specify the field. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt -| sort -t " " -k 2
-
-The above command give us a sorted output as required. But, it would be
-nicer to have the output sorted in the reverse order. ``-r`` option allows
-the output to be sorted in the reverse order and the ``-n`` option is used
-to choose a numerical sorting. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt -| sort -t " " -k 2 -rn    
-
-``grep``
---------
-
-While you are compiling the student marklist, Anne walks up to you and
-wants to know her marks. You, being the kind person that you are, oblige.
-But you do not wish to her to see the marks that others have scored. What
-do you do? The ``grep`` command comes to your rescue. 
-
-``grep`` is a command line text search utility. You can use it to search
-for Anne and show her, what she scored. ``grep`` allows you to search for a
-search string in files. But you could, like any other command, pipe the
-output of other commands to it. So, we shall use the previous combination
-of cut and paste that we had, to get the marks of students along with their
-names and search for Anne in that. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | grep Anne 
-
-This will give you only the line containing the word Anne as the output.
-The grep command is by default case-sensitive. So, you wouldn't have got
-the result if you had searched for anne instead of Anne. But, what if you
-didn't know, whether the name was capitalized or not? ``grep`` allows you
-to do case-insensitive searches by using the ``-i`` option. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | grep -i Anne 
-
-Now, in another scenario, if you wished to print all the lines, which do
-not contain the word Anne, you could use the ``-v`` option. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | grep -iv Anne
-
-Grep allows you to do more complex searches, for instance searching for
-sentences starting or ending with a particular pattern and regular
-expression based searches. You shall learn about these, as a part of your
-lab exercises. 
-
-``tr``
-------
-
-``tr`` is a command that takes as parameters two sets of characters, and
-replaces occurrences of the characters in the first set with the
-corresponding elements from the other set. It reads from the standard
-output and writes to the standard output. 
-
-For instance if you wished to replace all the lower case letters in the
-students file with upper case, 
-
-::
-
-    $ cat students.txt | tr a-z A-Z
-
-A common task is to remove empty newlines from a file. The ``-s`` flag
-causes ``tr`` to compress sequences of identical adjacent characters in its
-output to a single token. For example,
-
-::
-
-    $ tr -s '\n' '\n'
-
-replaces sequences of one or more newline characters with a single newline.
-
-The ``-d`` flag causes ``tr`` to delete all tokens of the specified set of
-characters from its input. In this case, only a single character set
-argument is used. The following command removes carriage return characters,
-thereby converting a file in DOS/Windows format to the Unix format. 
-
-::
-
-    $ cat foo.txt | tr -d '\r' > bar.txt
-
-The ``-c`` flag complements the first set of characters.
-
-::
-
-    $ tr -cd '[:alnum:]' 
-
-therefore removes all non-alphanumeric characters.
-
-``uniq``
---------
-
-Suppose we have a list of items, say books, and we wish to obtain a list which names of all the books only once, without any duplicates. We use the ``uniq`` command to achieve this. 
-
-::
-
-  Programming Pearls
-  The C Programming Language
-  The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering 
-  Programming Pearls
-  The C Programming Language
-  Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
-  Programming Pearls
-  Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
-  The C Programming Language
-  The Art of UNIX Programming
-  Programming Pearls
-  The Art of Computer Programming
-  Introduction to Algorithms
-  The Art of UNIX Programming
-  The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
-  Programming Pearls
-  Unix Power Tools
-  The Art of UNIX Programming
-
-Let us try and get rid of the duplicate lines from this file using the ``uniq`` command. 
-
-::
-
-  $ uniq items.txt 
-  Programming Pearls
-  The C Programming Language
-  The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering 
-  Programming Pearls
-  The C Programming Language
-  Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
-  Programming Pearls
-  Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
-  The C Programming Language
-  The Art of UNIX Programming
-  Programming Pearls
-  The Art of Computer Programming
-  Introduction to Algorithms
-  The Art of UNIX Programming
-  The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
-  Programming Pearls
-  Unix Power Tools
-  The Art of UNIX Programming
-
-Nothing happens! Why? The ``uniq`` command removes duplicate lines only when they are next to each other. So, we get a sorted file from the original file and work with that file, henceforth. 
-
-::
-
-  $ sort items.txt | uniq
-  Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
-  Introduction to Algorithms
-  Programming Pearls
-  Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
-  The Art of Computer Programming
-  The Art of UNIX Programming
-  The C Programming Language
-  The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering 
-  The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
-  Unix Power Tools
-
-``uniq -u`` command gives the lines which are unique and do not have any duplicates in the file. ``uniq -d`` outputs only those lines which have duplicates. The ``-c`` option displays the number of times each line occurs in the file. 
-
-::
-
-  $ uniq -u items-sorted.txt 
-  Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
-  Introduction to Algorithms
-  Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
-  The Art of Computer Programming
-  The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering 
-  The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
-  Unix Power Tools
-
-  $ uniq -dc items-sorted.txt      
-  5 Programming Pearls
-  3 The Art of UNIX Programming
-  3 The C Programming Language
-
-That brings us to the end of our discussion on text processing. Text
-processing is an art and there is a lot more to it, than could have been
-covered in this short introduction. But, we hope that the tools you learned
-to use here, will help you solve a great deal of problems. 
-
-Basic editing and editors
-=========================
-
-vim
----
-
-Vim is a very powerful editor. It has a lot of commands, and all of them
-cannot be explained here. We shall try and look at a few, so that you can
-find your way around in vim.
-
-To open a file in vim, we pass the filename as a parameter to the ``vim``
-command. If a file with that filename does not exist, a new file is
-created. 
-
-::
-
-    $ vim first.txt
-
-To start inserting text into the new file that we have opened, we need to
-press the ``i`` key. This will take us into the *insert* mode from the
-*command* mode. Hitting the ``esc`` key, will bring us back to the
-*command* mode. There is also another mode of vim, called the *visual* mode
-which will be discussed later in the course.
-
-In general, it is good to spend as little time as possible in the insert
-mode and extensively use the command mode to achieve various tasks.
-
-To save the file, use ``:w`` in the command mode. From here on, it is
-understood that we are in the command mode, whenever we are issuing any
-command to vim.
-
-To save a file and continue editing, use ``:w FILENAME`` The file name is
-optional. If you do not specify a filename, it is saved in the same file
-that you opened. If a file name different from the one you opened is
-specified, the text is saved with the new name, but you continue editing
-the file that you opened. The next time you save it without specifying a
-name, it gets saved with the name of the file that you initially opened.
-
-To save file with a new name and continue editing the new file, use ``:saveas FILENAME``
-
-To save and quit, use ``:wq``
-
-To quit, use ``:q``
-
-To quit without saving, use ``:q!``
-
-Moving around
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-While you are typing in a file, it is in-convenient to keep moving your
-fingers from the standard position for typing to the arrow keys. Vim,
-therefore, provides alternate keys for moving in the document. Note again
-that, you should be in the command mode, when issuing any commands to vim.
-
-The basic cursor movement can be achieved using the keys, ``h`` (left),
-``l`` (right), ``k`` (up) and ``j`` (down).
-
-::
- 
-             ^
-             k              
-       < h       l >        
-             j              
-             v
-
-Note: Most commands can be prefixed with a number, to repeat the command.
-For instance, ``10j`` will move the cursor down 10 lines.
-
-Moving within a line
-++++++++++++++++++++
-
-+----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Cursor Movement                        | Command | 
-+========================================+=========+
-| Beginning of line                      | ``0``   |
-+----------------------------------------+---------+
-| First non-space character of line      | ``^``   |
-+----------------------------------------+---------+
-| End of line                            | ``$``   |
-+----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Last non-space character of line       | ``g_``  |
-+----------------------------------------+---------+
-
-Moving by words and sentences
-+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
-+------------------------------+---------+
-| Cursor Movement              | Command |
-+==============================+=========+
-| Forward, word beginning      | ``w``   |
-+------------------------------+---------+
-| Backward, word beginning     | ``b``   |
-+------------------------------+---------+
-| Forward, word end            | ``e``   |
-+------------------------------+---------+
-| Backward, word end           | ``ge``  |
-+------------------------------+---------+
-| Forward, sentence beginning  | ``)``   |
-+------------------------------+---------+
-| Backward, sentence beginning | ``(``   |
-+------------------------------+---------+
-| Forward, paragraph beginning | ``}``   |
-+------------------------------+---------+
-| Backward, paragraph beginning| ``{``   |
-+------------------------------+---------+
-
-More movement commands
-++++++++++++++++++++++
-
-+---------------------------------+------------+
-| Cursor Movement                 | Command    |
-+=================================+============+
-| Forward by a screenful of text  | ``C-f``    |
-+---------------------------------+------------+
-| Backward by a screenful of text | ``C-b``    |
-+---------------------------------+------------+
-| Beginning of the screen         | ``H``      |
-+---------------------------------+------------+
-| Middle of the screen            | ``M``      |
-+---------------------------------+------------+
-| End of the screen               | ``L``      |
-+---------------------------------+------------+
-| End of file                     | ``G``      |
-+---------------------------------+------------+
-| Line number ``num``             | ``[num]G`` |
-+---------------------------------+------------+
-| Beginning of file               | ``gg``     |
-+---------------------------------+------------+
-| Next occurrence of the text     | ``*``      |
-| under the cursor                |            |
-+---------------------------------+------------+
-| Previous occurrence of the text | ``#``      |
-| under the cursor                |            |
-+---------------------------------+------------+
-
-Note: ``C-x`` is ``Ctrl`` + ``x``
-
-The visual mode
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The visual mode is a special mode that is not present in the original vi
-editor. It allows us to highlight text and perform actions on it. All the
-movement commands that have been discussed till now work in the visual mode
-also. The editing commands that will be discussed in the future work on the
-visual blocks selected, too.
-
-Editing commands
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The editing commands usually take the movements as arguments. A movement is
-equivalent to a selection in the visual mode. The cursor is assumed to have
-moved over the text in between the initial and the final points of the
-movement. The motion or the visual block that's been highlighted can be
-passed as arguments to the editing commands.
-
-+-------------------------+---------+
-| Editing effect          | Command |
-+=========================+=========+
-| Cutting text            | ``d``   |
-+-------------------------+---------+
-| Copying/Yanking text    | ``y``   |
-+-------------------------+---------+
-| Pasting copied/cut text | ``p``   |
-+-------------------------+---------+
-
-The cut and copy commands take the motions or visual blocks as arguments
-and act on them. For instance, if you wish to delete the text from the
-current text position to the beginning of the next word, type ``dw``. If
-you wish to copy the text from the current position to the end of this
-sentence, type ``y)``.
-
-Apart from the above commands, that take any motion or visual block as an
-argument, there are additional special commands.
-
-+----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Editing effect                         | Command | 
-+========================================+=========+
-| Cut the character under the cursor     | ``x``   |
-+----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Replace the character under the        | ``ra``  |
-| cursor with ``a``                      |         |
-+----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Cut an entire line                     | ``dd``  |
-+----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Copy/yank an entire line               | ``yy``  |
-+----------------------------------------+---------+
-
-Note: You can prefix numbers to any of the commands, to repeat them.
-
-Undo and Redo
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-You can undo almost anything using ``u``. 
-
-To undo the undo command type ``C-r``
-
-Searching and Replacing
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-+-----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Finding                                 | Command |
-+=========================================+=========+
-| Next occurrence of ``text``, forward    |``\text``|
-+-----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Next occurrence of ``text``, backward   |``?text``|
-+-----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Search again in the same direction      | ``n``   |
-+-----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Search again in the opposite direction  | ``N``   |
-+-----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Next occurrence of ``x`` in the line    | ``fx``  |
-+-----------------------------------------+---------+
-| Previous occurrence of ``x`` in the line| ``Fx``  |
-+-----------------------------------------+---------+
-
-+---------------------------------------+------------------+
-| Finding and Replacing                 |  Command         |
-+=======================================+==================+
-| Replace the first instance of ``old`` |``:s/old/new``    |
-| with ``new`` in the current line.     |                  |
-+---------------------------------------+------------------+
-| Replace all instances of ``old``      |``:s/old/new/g``  |
-| with ``new`` in the current line.     |                  |
-+---------------------------------------+------------------+
-| Replace all instances of ``old``      |``:s/old/new/gc`` |
-| with ``new`` in the current line,     |                  |
-| but ask for confirmation each time.   |                  |
-+---------------------------------------+------------------+
-| Replace the first instance of ``old`` |``:%s/old/new``   |
-| with ``new`` in the entire file.      |                  |
-+---------------------------------------+------------------+
-| Replace all instances of ``old``      |``:%s/old/new/g`` |
-| with ``new`` in the entire file.      |                  |
-+---------------------------------------+------------------+
-| Replace all instances of ``old`` with |``:%s/old/new/gc``|
-| ``new`` in the entire file but ask    |                  |
-| for confirmation each time.           |                  |
-+---------------------------------------+------------------+
-
-SciTE
------
-
-SciTE is a *source code* editor, that has a feel similar to the commonly
-used GUI text editors. It has a wide range of features that are extremely
-useful for a programmer, editing code. Also it aims to keep configuration
-simple, and the user needs to edit a text file to configure SciTE to
-his/her liking.
-
-Opening, Saving, Editing files with SciTE is extremely simple and trivial.
-Knowledge of using a text editor will suffice.
-
-SciTE can syntax highlight code in various languages. It also has
-auto-indentation, code-folding and other such features which are useful
-when editing code.
-
-SciTE also gives you the option to (compile and) run your code, from within
-the editor.
-
-Simple Shell Scripts
-====================
-
-A shell script is simply a sequence of commands, that are put into a file,
-instead of entering them one by one onto the shell. The script can then be
-run, to run the sequence of commands in a single shot instead of manually
-running, each of the individual commands. 
-
-For instance, let's say we wish to create a directory called ``marks`` in the
-home folder and save the results of the students into a file
-``results.txt``. 
-
-We open our editor and save the following text to ``results.sh``
-
-::
-
-    #!/bin/bash
-    mkdir ~/marks
-    cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | sort > ~/marks/results.txt
-
-We can now run the script, 
-
-::
-
-    $ ./results.sh
-
-We get an error saying, Permission denied! Why? Can you think of the
-reason? (Hint: ``ls -l``). Yes, the file doesn't have execute permissions.
-We make the file executable and then run it. 
-
-::
-
-    $ chmod u+x results.sh
-    $ ./results.sh
-
-We get back the prompt. We can check the contents of the file
-``results.txt`` to see if the script has run. 
-
-So, here, we have our first shell script. We understand almost all of it,
-except for the first line of the file. The first line is used to specify
-the interpreter or shell which should be used to execute the script. In
-this case, we are asking it to use the bash shell. 
-
-Once, the script has run, we got back the prompt. We had to manually check,
-if the contents of the file are correct, to see if the script has run. It
-would be useful to have our script print out messages. For this, we can use
-the ``echo`` command. We can edit our ``results.sh`` script, as follows. 
-
-::
-
-    #!/bin/bash
-    mkdir ~/marks
-    cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | sort > ~/marks/results.txt
-    echo "Results generated."
-
-Now, on running the script, we get a message on the screen informing us,
-when the script has run. 
-
-Let's now say, that we wish to let the user decide the file to which the
-results should be written to. The results file, should be specifiable by an
-argument in the command line. We can do so, by editing the file, as below. 
-
-::
-
-    #!/bin/bash
-    mkdir ~/marks
-    cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | sort > ~/marks/$1
-    echo "Results generated."
-
-
-The ``$1`` above, corresponds to the first command line argument to the
-script. So, we can run the script as shown below, to save the results to
-``grades.txt``. 
-
-::
-
-    $ ./results.sh grades.txt    
-
-When we run the ``results.sh`` file, we are specifying the location of the
-script by using ``./``. But for any of the other commands (even if they may
-not be shell scripts), we didn't have to specify their locations. Why? The
-shell has a set of locations where it searches, for the command that we are
-trying to run. These set of locations are saved in an "environment"
-variable called PATH. We shall look at environment variables, again, later.
-But, let us look at what the value of the PATH variable is. To view the
-values of variables, we can use the echo command.
-
-::
-
-    $ echo $PATH
-
-So, these are all the paths that are searched, when looking to execute a
-command. If we put the results.sh script in one of these locations, we
-could simply run it, without using the ``./`` at the beginning. 
-
-Variables
----------
-
-As expected, it is possible to define our own variables inside our shell
-scripts. For example,
-
-::
-
-    name="FOSSEE"
-
-creates a new variable ``name`` whose value is ``FOSSEE``. To refer to this
-variable, inside our shell script, we would refer to it, as ``$name``.
-**NOTE** that there is no space around the ``=`` sign. 
-
-::
-
-    ls $name*
-
-It is possible to store the output of a command in a variable, by enclosing
-the command in back-quotes. 
-
-::
-
-    count=`wc -l wonderland.txt`
-
-saves the number of lines in the file ``wonderland.txt`` in the variable
-count. 
-
-Comments
---------
-
-The ``#`` character is used to comment out content from a shell script.
-Anything that appears after the ``#`` character in a line, is ignored by
-the bash shell. 
-
-Control structures and Operators
-================================
-
-We can have if-else constructs, for and while loops in bash. Let us look at
-how to write them, in this section. 
-
-To write an if, or an if-else construct, we need to check or test for a
-condition. ``test`` command allows us to test for conditions. ``test`` has
-a whole range of tests that can be performed. The man page of ``test``
-gives a listing of various types of tests that can be performed with it. 
-
-Let's write a simple script with an ``if`` condition that tests whether a
-directory with a particular name, is present or not.
-
-``if``
-------
-
-Let's save the following code to the script ``dir-test.sh``
-
-::
-
-    #!/bin/bash
-    if test -d $1
-    then
-      echo "Yes, the directory" $1 "is present"
-    fi
-
-When the script is run with an argument, it prints a message, if a
-directory with that name exists in the current working directory. 
-
-``if`` - ``else``
------------------
-
-Let's write a simple script which returns back whether the argument passed
-is negative or not
-
-::
-
-   #!/bin/bash
-   if test $1 -lt 0
-   then
-     echo "number is negative"
-   else
-     echo "number is non-negative"
-   fi
-
-We can run the file with a set of different inputs and see if it works. 
-
-::
-
-   $ ./sign.sh -11
-
-Instead of using the ``test`` command, square brackets can also be used. 
-
-::
-
-   #!/bin/bash
-   if [ $1 -lt 0 ]
-   then
-     echo "number is negative"
-   else
-     echo "number is non-negative"
-   fi
-
-Note that the spacing is important, when using the square brackets. ``[``
-should be followed by a space and ``]`` should be preceded by a space. 
-
-Let's create something interesting using the if-else clause. Let's write a
-script, that greets the user, based on the time. 
-
-::
-
-   #!/bin/sh
-   # Script to greet the user according to time of day
-   hour=`date | cut -c12-13`
-   now=`date +"%A, %d of %B, %Y (%r)"`
-   if [ $hour -lt 12 ]
-   then
-     mess="Good Morning $LOGNAME, Have a nice day!"
-   fi
-
-   if [ $hour -gt 12 -a $hour -le 16 ]
-   then
-     mess="Good Afternoon $LOGNAME"
-   fi
-
-   if [ $hour -gt 16 -a $hour -le 18 ]
-   then
-     mess="Good Evening $LOGNAME"
-   fi
-   echo -e "$mess\nIt is $now"
-
-There a couple of new things, in this script. ``$LOGNAME`` is another
-environment variable, which has the login name of the user. The variables
-``hour`` and ``now`` are actually taking the output of the commands that
-are placed in the back quotes. 
-
-Let us now see how to run loops in bash. We shall look at the ``for`` and
-the ``while`` loops. 
-
-``for``
--------
-
-Suppose we have a set of files, that have names beginning with numbers
-followed by their names - ``08 - Society.mp3``. We would like to rename
-these files to remove the numbering. How would we go about doing that? 
-
-It is clear from the problem statement that we could loop over the list of
-files and rename each of the files. 
-
-Let's first look at a simple ``for`` loop, to understand how it works. 
-
-::
-
-  for animal in rat cat dog man
-  do 
-    echo $animal
-  done
-
-We just wrote a list of animals, each animal's name separated by a space
-and printed each name on a separate line. The variable ``animal`` is a
-dummy or a loop variable. It can then be used to refer to the element of
-the list that is currently being dealt with. We could, obviously, use
-something as lame as ``i`` in place of ``animal``.
-
-To generate a range of numbers and iterate over them, we do the following. 
-
-::
-
-    for i in {5..10}
-    do
-    echo $i
-    done
-
-Now, we use a ``for`` loop to list the files that we are interested in.
-
-::
-
-  for i in `ls *.mp3`
-  do
-    echo "$i"
-  done
-
-If the file-names contain spaces, ``for`` assumes each space separated word
-to be a single item in the list and prints it in a separate line. We could
-change the script slightly to overcome this problem.
-
-::
-
-  for i in *.mp3
-  do
-    echo "$i"
-  done
-
-Now, we have each file name printed on a separate line. The file names are
-in the form ``dd - Name.mp3`` and it has to be changed to the format
-``Name.mp3``. Also, if the name has spaces, we wish to replace it with
-hyphens. 
-
-::
-
-  for i in *.mp3
-  do 
-    echo $f|tr -s " " "-"|cut -d - -f 2-
-  done
-
-Now we just replace the echo command with a ``mv``  command. 
-
-::
-
-  for i in *.mp3
-  do 
-    mv $i `echo $f|tr -s " " "-"|cut -d - -f 2-`
-  done
-
-``while``
----------
-
-The ``while`` command allows us to continuously execute a block of commands
-until the command that is controlling the loop is executing successfully.
-
-Let's start with the lamest example of a while loop.
-
-::
-
-  while true
-  do
-    echo "True"
-  done
-
-This, as you can see, is an infinite loop that prints the ``True``. 
-
-Say we wish to write a simple program that takes user input and prints it
-back, until the input is ``quit``, which quits the program. 
-
-::
-
-  while [ "$variable" != "quit" ]
-  do
-    read variable
-    echo "Input - $variable"
-  done
-  exit 0
-
-Environment Variables
----------------------
-
-Environment variables are way of passing information from the shell to the
-programs that are run in it. Programs are often made to look "in the
-environment" for particular variables and behave differently based on what
-their values are. 
-
-Standard UNIX variables are split into two categories, environment
-variables and shell variables. In broad terms, shell variables apply only
-to the current instance of the shell and are used to set short-term working
-conditions; environment variables have a farther reaching significance, and
-those set at login are valid for the duration of the session. By
-convention, environment variables have UPPER CASE and shell variables have
-lower case names.
-
-Here are a few examples of environment variables, 
-
-::
-
-   $ echo $OSTYPE 
-   linux-gnu
-   $ echo $HOME
-   /home/user 
-
-To see all the variables and their values, we could use any of the
-following,  
-
-::
-
-   $ printenv | less
-   $ env
-
-We have looked at the PATH variable, in the previous section. We shall now
-use the ``export`` command to change it's value.  
-
-::
-
-   $ export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin
-
-See the difference in value of PATH variable before and after modifying it.
-
-``export`` command is used to export a variable to the environment of all
-the processes that are started from that shell. 
-
-Miscellaneous Tools
-===================
-
-Finally, here are a bunch of tools, that will prove to be handy in your day
-to day work. These tools will help you quickly perform tasks like searching
-for files, comparing files and checking if they are the same, viewing the
-exact differences between them. 
-
-find
-----
-
-The ``find`` command lets you find files in a directory hierarchy. It
-offers a very complex feature set allowing you to search for files with a
-wide range of restrictions. We shall only look at some of the most
-frequently used ones. You should look at the man page, for more. 
-
-To find all files, which end with an extension, ``.pdf``, in the current
-folder and all it's subfolders, 
-
-::
-
-    $ find . -name "*.pdf"
-
-To list all the directory and sub-directory names, 
-
-::
-
-    $ find . -type d 
-
-``find`` allows you to set limits on file-size, modification time and whole
-lot of other things. 
-
-``cmp``
--------
-
-To compare two files, whether they are identical or not, we can use the
-``cmp`` command. Let us consider some situation, we run ``find`` to locate
-some file, and it turns out that we have a file with same name in different
-location. 
-
-If we are unsure, whether both the files are the same, we can use the
-``cmp`` command to check if the files are identical. 
-
-::
-
-   $ find . -name quick.c
-   ./Desktop/programs/quick.c
-   ./c-folder/quick.c
-   $ cmp Desktop/programs/quick.c c-folder/quick.c
-
-If the cmp command doesn't return any output, it means that both files are
-exactly identical. If there are any differences in the file, it gives you
-the exact byte location at which the first difference occurred. 
-
-Here is the output, after we made a small change to one of the files.
-
-::
-
-   $ cmp Desktop/programs/quick.c c-folder/quick.c
-   Desktop/programs/quick.c c-folder/quick.c differ: byte 339, line 24
- 
-
-``diff``
---------
-
-Now, we may not be happy with just the knowledge that the files are
-different. We may want to see the exact differences between the files.
-The ``diff`` command can be used to find the exact differences between the
-files. 
-
-::
-
-   $ diff Desktop/programs/quick.c c-folder/quick.c
-
-We get back a line by line difference between the two files. The ``>`` mark
-indicates the content that has been added to the second file, and was not
-present in the first file. The ``<`` mark indicates the lines that were
-present in the first file, but are not existent in the second file. 
-
-``tar``
--------
-
-You would often come across (archive) files which are called *tarballs*. A
-tar ball is essentially a collection of files, which may or may not be
-compressed. Essentially, it eases the job of storing, backing up and
-transporting multiple files, at once. 
-
-Extracting an archive
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The following command extracts the contents of the ``allfiles.tar`` tarball
-to the directory extract. 
-
-::
-
-   $ mkdir extract
-   $ cp allfiles.tar extract/
-   $ cd extract
-   $ tar -xvf allfiles.tar 
-
-The option, ``x`` tells ``tar`` to extract the files in the archive file
-specified by the ``f`` option. The ``v`` option tells ``tar`` to give out a
-verbose output. 
-
-Creating an archive
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Similarly, if we wish to create a ``tar`` archive, we use the ``c`` option
-instead of the ``x`` option. For instance, the command below creates an
-archive from all the files with the ``.txt`` extension. 
-
-::
-
-    $ tar -cvf newarchive.tar *.txt
-
-
-Compressed archives
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-You can also create and extract compressed archives using ``tar``. It
-supports a wide variety of compressions like gzip, bzip2, lzma, etc. 
-
-We need to add an additional option to ``tar`` to handle these
-compressions. 
-
-
-+-------------+------------+
-| Compression | Option     |
-+-------------+------------+
-| gzip        | ``-z``     |
-| bzip2       | ``-j``     |
-| lzma        | ``--lzma`` |
-+-------------+------------+
-
-
-So, if we wished to create a gzip archive in the previous command, we
-change it to the following
-
-::
-
-    $ tar -cvzf newarchive.tar.gz *.txt
-
-Customizing your shell
-----------------------
-
-What would you do, if you want bash to execute a particular command each
-time you start it up? For instance, say you want the current directory to
-be your Desktop instead of your home folder, each time bash starts up. How
-would you achieve this? Bash reads and executes commands in a whole bunch
-of files called start-up files, when it starts up.
-
-When bash starts up as an interactive login shell, it reads the files
-``/etc/profile``, ``~/.bash_profile``, ``~/.bash_login``, and
-``~/.profile`` in that order.
-
-When it is a shell that is not a login shell, ``~/.bashrc`` is read and the
-commands in it are executed. This can be prevented using the ``--norc``
-option. To force bash to use another file, instead of the ``~/.bashrc``
-file on start-up, the ``--rcfile`` option may be used.
-
-Now, you know what you should do, to change the current directory to you
-Desktop. Just put a ``cd ~/Desktop`` into your ``~/.bashrc`` and you are
-set!
-
-This example is quite a simple and lame one. The start-up files are used
-for a lot more complex things than this. You could set (or unset) aliases
-and a whole bunch of environment variables in the ``.bashrc``, like
-changing environment variables etc. 
-
-.. 
-   Local Variables:
-   mode: rst
-   indent-tabs-mode: nil
-   sentence-end-double-space: nil
-   fill-column: 75
-   End:
diff --git a/ult/index.rst b/ult/index.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index beaf301..0000000
--- a/ult/index.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-==================
- Using Linux Tools
-==================
-
-.. include :: handout.rst
-.. include :: exercises.rst
diff --git a/ult/module_plan.rst b/ult/module_plan.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 5557222..0000000
--- a/ult/module_plan.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-Module 1: Using Linux Tools
-============================
-
-Module Objectives
------------------
-
-After successfully completing this module a participant will be able to:
-
-* Understand the design philosophy of \*nix          	   	{U}
-* Use Linux as their day-to-day operating system       		{Ap}
-* Use the text processing tools such as 'grep', 'tr'   		{Ap}
-* Write and execute (bash) shell scripts               		{Ap}
-
-.. * Use a text editor comfortably	                       		{Ap}
-
-Suggested Reading
------------------
-
-(1) "In the beginning..." by Neal Stephenson
-(2) "The Unix Programming Environment" by Kerninghan and Pike
-
-**Initial Session Plan**
-
-+---------+----------------------------------------------+----------+
-| Session | Topic                                        | Duration |
-+---------+----------------------------------------------+----------+
-|       1 | What is Linux? FOSS Philosophy               | 5 min    |
-|         |                                              |          |
-|         | Getting Started                              | 15 min   |
-|         | - login                                      |          |
-|         | - pwd                                        |          |
-|         | - ls                                         |          |
-|         | - mkdir                                      |          |
-|         | - cd                                         |          |
-|         | - touch                                      |          |
-|         |                                              |          |
-|         | Getting help                                 | 10 min   |
-|         | - man                                        |          |
-|         | - command line flags                         |          |
-|         | - apropos                                    |          |
-|         |                                              |          |
-|         | Basic File Handling                          | 10 min   |
-|         | - cp                                         |          |
-|         | - mv                                         |          |
-|         | - rm                                         |          |
-|         |                                              |          |
-|         | Linux File Hierarchy, permissions, ownership | 10 min   |
-|         | - hier                                       |          |
-|         | - ls -l                                      |          |
-|         | - chmod                                      |          |
-|         | - chown                                      |          |
-|         |                                              |          |
-+---------+----------------------------------------------+----------+
-|       2 | Looking at files                             | 15 min   |
-|         | - cat                                        |          |
-|         | - wc                                         |          |
-|         | - less                                       |          |
-|         | - head                                       |          |
-|         | - tail                                       |          |
-|         | - cut                                        |          |
-|         | - paste                                      |          |
-|         |                                              |          |
-|         | Role of Command Shell                        | 20 min   |
-|         | - redirection and piping                     |          |
-|         | - stdin, stdout, stderr                      |          |
-|         | - tab-completion                             |          |
-|         | - history                                    |          |
-|         | - meta characters                            |          |
-|         |                                              |          |
-|         | Text Processing                              | 15 min   |
-|         | - sort                                       |          |
-|         | - grep                                       |          |
-|         | - tr                                         |          |
-|         | - uniq                                       |          |
-|         |                                              |          |
-+---------+----------------------------------------------+----------+
-|       3 | Writing Simple Shell scripts                 | 10 min   |
-|         | - echo                                       |          |
-|         | - command line parameters                    |          |
-|         | - PATH                                       |          |
-|         | - chmod and execute permission               |          |
-|         |                                              |          |
-|         | Control structures and operators             | 25 min   |
-|         | - test, [ ]                                  |          |
-|         | - if, if-else                                |          |
-|         | - for                                        |          |
-|         | - while                                      |          |
-|         | - Environment variables                      |          |
-|         |                                              |          |
-|         | Miscellaneous Tools                          | 15 min   |
-|         | - tar                                        |          |
-|         | - cmp, diff                                  |          |
-|         | - find                                       |          |
-|         | - customizing your shell                     |          |
-+---------+----------------------------------------------+----------+
diff --git a/ult/ult.tex b/ult/ult.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index a94dc14..0000000
--- a/ult/ult.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1721 +0,0 @@
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-% Using Linux Tools
-%
-% Author: FOSSEE 
-% Copyright (c) 2009, FOSSEE, IIT Bombay
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\documentclass[12pt,compress]{beamer}
-
-\mode<presentation>
-{
-  \usetheme{Warsaw}
-  \useoutertheme{infolines}
-  \setbeamercovered{transparent}
-}
-
-\usepackage[english]{babel}
-\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
-%\usepackage{times}
-\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
-
-% Taken from Fernando's slides.
-\usepackage{ae,aecompl}
-\usepackage{mathpazo,courier,euler}
-\usepackage[scaled=.95]{helvet}
-
-\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
-
-\usepackage{listings}
-\lstset{language=sh,
-    basicstyle=\ttfamily\bfseries,
-    commentstyle=\color{red}\itshape,
-  stringstyle=\color{darkgreen},
-  showstringspaces=false,
-  keywordstyle=\color{blue}\bfseries}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-% Macros
-\setbeamercolor{emphbar}{bg=blue!20, fg=black}
-\newcommand{\emphbar}[1]
-{\begin{beamercolorbox}[rounded=true]{emphbar} 
-      {#1}
- \end{beamercolorbox}
-}
-\newcounter{time}
-\setcounter{time}{0}
-\newcommand{\inctime}[1]{\addtocounter{time}{#1}{\tiny \thetime\ m}}
-
-\newcommand{\typ}[1]{\lstinline{#1}}
-
-\newcommand{\kwrd}[1]{ \texttt{\textbf{\color{blue}{#1}}}  }
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-% Title page
-\title[Using Linux Tools]{SEES: Using Linux Tools}
-
-\author[FOSSEE] {FOSSEE}
-
-\institute[IIT Bombay] {Department of Aerospace Engineering\\IIT Bombay}
-\date[]{}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%\pgfdeclareimage[height=0.75cm]{iitmlogo}{iitmlogo}
-%\logo{\pgfuseimage{iitmlogo}}
-
-
-%% Delete this, if you do not want the table of contents to pop up at
-%% the beginning of each subsection:
-
-\AtBeginSection[]
-{
-  \begin{frame}<beamer>
-    \frametitle{Outline}
-    \tableofcontents[currentsection]
-  \end{frame}
-}
-
-% If you wish to uncover everything in a step-wise fashion, uncomment
-% the following command: 
-%\beamerdefaultoverlayspecification{<+->}
-
-%%\includeonlyframes{current,current1,current2,current3,current4,current5,current6}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-% DOCUMENT STARTS
-\begin{document}
-
-\begin{frame}
-  \maketitle
-\end{frame}
-
-% CREATING TOC 
-\begin{frame}
-  \frametitle{Outline}
-  \tableofcontents
-  % You might wish to add the option [pausesections]
-\end{frame}
-
-
-\section{Introduction}
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \begin{block}{What is the Linux OS?}
-    \begin{itemize}
-    \item Free Open Source Operating System
-      \begin{description}
-        \item[Free] 
-          Free as in Free Speech, not Free Beer
-        \item[Open-Source]
-          Permit modifications and redistribution of source code
-      \end{description}
-    \item Unix-inspired
-    \item Linux Kernel + Application software
-    \item Runs on a variety of hardware
-    \item Also called GNU/Linux
-    \end{itemize}
-  \end{block}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Why Linux?}
-    \begin{itemize}
-    \item Free as in Free Beer
-    \item Secure \& versatile
-    \end{itemize}
-
-    \begin{block}{Why Linux for Scientific Computing?}
-      \begin{itemize}
-        \item Free as in Free Speech
-        \item Can run for \emph{ever}
-        \item Libraries
-        \item Parallel Computing
-      \end{itemize}
-    \end{block}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Getting Started} 
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Logging in}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item GNU/Linux does have a GUI
-  \item Command Line for this module
-  \item Hit \texttt{Ctrl + Alt + F1}
-  \item Login 
-  \item \texttt{logout} command logs you out
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Where am I?}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Logged in. Where are we?
-  \item \texttt{pwd} command gives the present working directory
-  \end{itemize} 
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ pwd
-    /home/user
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{What is in there?}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{ls} command lists contents of \texttt{pwd}
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ ls
-    jeeves.rst psmith.html blandings.html Music
-  \end{lstlisting} %$
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Can also pass directory as argument 
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ ls Music
-    one.mp3 two.mp3 three.mp3
-  \end{lstlisting} %$
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item   \alert{the Unix world is case sensitive}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{New folders}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{mkdir} creates new directories
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ mkdir sees
-    $ ls
-  \end{lstlisting}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Special characters need to be escaped OR quoted
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ mkdir software\ engineering
-    $ mkdir "software engg"
-  \end{lstlisting} 
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Generally, use hyphens or underscores instead of spaces in names
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Moving around}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{cd} command changes the \texttt{pwd}
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cd sees
-    $ pwd 
-    /home/user/sees/
-  \end{lstlisting}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Alternately written as \texttt{cd ./sees}
-  \item Specifying path relative to \texttt{pwd}
-  \item \texttt{..} takes one level up the directory structure
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cd ..
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item We could use absolute path instead of relative
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cd /home/user/sees/
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{New files}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{touch} command creates a blank file
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ pwd
-    /home/user
-    $ cd sees
-    $ touch first
-    $ ls 
-    first
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Getting Help}
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{What does a command do?}
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{whatis} gives a quick description of a command
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ whatis touch
-    touch (1) - change file timestamps
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{man} command gives more detailed description
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ man touch
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Shows all tasks that the command can perform
-  \item Hit \texttt{q} to quit the \texttt{man} page
-  \item For more, see the \texttt{man} page of \texttt{man}
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ man man
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Using additional options}
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-h} or \texttt{--help} give summary of command usage
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ ls --help
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item List out all files within a directory, recursively
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ ls -R
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Create a new directory along with parents, if required
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ pwd
-    /home/user/
-    $ ls sees/
-    $ mkdir -p sees/linux-tools/scripts
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Searching for a command}
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{apropos} searches commands based on their descriptions
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ apropos remove
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Returns a list of all commands that contain the search term
-  \item In this case, we are interested in \texttt{rm}, \texttt{rmdir}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Basic File Handling}
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Removing files}
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item   \texttt{rm} is used to delete files
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ rm foo
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \alert{\texttt{rm} works only for files; not directories}
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Additional arguments required to remove a directory 
-  \item \texttt{-r} stands for recursive. 
-  \item Removes directory and all of it's content 
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ rm -r bar
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \alert{\texttt{rmdir} can also be used; Explore} 
-  \end{itemize}
-
-\end{frame}
-
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Copying Files}
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{cp} copies files from one location to another
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cp linux-tools/scripts/foo linux-tools/
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item New file-name can be used at target location
-  \item \texttt{foo} copied to new location with the name \texttt{bar} 
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cp linux-tools/scripts/foo linux-tools/bar
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{cp} overwrites files, unless explicitly asked not to
-  \item To prevent this, use the \texttt{-i} flag 
-  \end{itemize}
-  
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cp -i linux-tools/scripts/foo linux-tools/bar
-    cp: overwrite `bar'?
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Copying Directories}
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-r} is required to copy a directory and all it's
-    content
-  \item Copying directories is similar to copying files
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cd /home/user
-    $ cp -ir sees course
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Moving Files}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{cp} and \texttt{rm} would be one way
-  \item \texttt{mv} command does the job
-  \item Also takes \texttt{-i} option to prompt before overwriting
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cd /home/user
-    # Assume we have course directory already created
-    $ mv -i sees/ course/
-  \end{lstlisting}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item No prompt! Why?
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ ls course
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{sees} became a sub-directory of \texttt{course} 
-  \item \texttt{mv} command doesn't over-write directories
-  \item \texttt{-i} option is useful when moving files around
-  \item \texttt{mv} to rename --- move to same location with new name
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Linux File Hierarchy, Permissions \& Ownership}
-\begin{frame}
-  \frametitle{Linux File Hierarchy}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{/} is called the root directory
-  \item It is the topmost level of the hierarchy
-  \item For details \texttt{man hier}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Permissions and Access control}
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item In a multi-user environment, access control is vital
-  \item Look at the output of \texttt{ls -l}
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    drwxr-xr-x   5 root users  4096 Jan 21 20:07 home
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item The first column shows the permission information
-  \item First character specifies type of the file
-  \item Files have \texttt{-}; Directories have \texttt{d}
-  \item 3 sets of 3 characters --- for user, group and others
-  \item \texttt{r}, \texttt{w}, \texttt{x} --- for read, write, execute
-  \item Either the corresponding character or \texttt{-} is present
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Changing the permissions}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Permissions can be changed by owner of the file
-  \item \texttt{chmod} command is used
-  \item \texttt{-R} option to recursively change for all content of a
-    directory
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Change permissions of \texttt{foo.sh} from
-    \texttt{-rw-r-{}-r-{}-} to \texttt{-rwxr-xr-{}-}
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ ls -l foo.sh
-    $ chmod ug+x foo.sh
-    $ ls -l foo.sh
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Symbolic modes}
-  \begin{small}
-    \begin{center}
-      \begin{tabular}{lll}
-        Reference  &  Class   &  Description                                                      \\
-        \hline
-        u          &  user    &  the owner of the file                                            \\
-        g          &  group   &  users who are members of the file's group                        \\
-        o          &  others  &  users who are not hte owner of the file or members of the group  \\
-        a          &  all     &  all three of the above; is the same as \emph{ugo}                \\
-      \end{tabular}
-    \end{center}
-
-    \begin{center}
-      \begin{tabular}{ll}
-        Operator  &  Description                                                                   \\
-        \hline
-        +         &  adds the specified modes to the specified classes                             \\
-        -         &  removes the specified modes from the specified classes                        \\
-        =         &  the modes specified are to be made the exact modes for the specified classes  \\
-      \end{tabular}
-    \end{center}
-
-    \begin{center}
-      \begin{tabular}{lll}
-        Mode  &  Name     &  Description                                 \\
-        \hline
-        r     &  read     &  read a file or list a directory's contents  \\
-        w     &  write    &  write to a file or directory                \\
-        x     &  execute  &  execute a file or recurse a directory tree  \\
-      \end{tabular}
-    \end{center}
-  \end{small}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Changing Ownership of Files}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{chown} changes the owner and group
-  \item By default, the user who creates file is the owner
-  \item The default group is set as the group of the file
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ chown alice:users wonderland.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Did it work? \alert{Not every user can change ownership}
-  \item Super-user or \texttt{root} user alone is empowered
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Looking at files}
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{cat}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Displays the contents of files
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cat foo.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Concatenates the text of multiple files
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cat foo.txt bar.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Not-convenient to view long files
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{less}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item View contents of a file one screen at a time
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ less wonderland.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item q: Quit
-  \item Arrows/Page Up/Page Down/Home/End: Navigation
-  \item ng: Jump to line number n
-  \item /pattern: Search. Regular expressions can be used
-  \item h: Help
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{wc}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Statistical information about the file
-  \item the number of lines in the file
-  \item the number of words 
-  \item the number of characters
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ wc wonderland.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{head} \& \texttt{tail}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item let you see parts of files, instead of the whole file
-  \item \texttt{head} -- start of a file; \texttt{tail} -- end of a
-    file 
-  \item show 10 lines by default
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ head wonderland.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-n} option to change the number of lines
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ head -n 1 wonderland.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{tail} is commonly used to monitor files
-  \item \texttt{-f} option to monitor the file
-  \item \texttt{Ctrl-C} to interrupt
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ tail -f /var/log/dmesg
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{cut}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Allows you to view only certain sections of lines
-  \item Let's take \texttt{/etc/passwd} as our example 
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
-  \end{lstlisting}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item View only user names of all the users (first column)
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -d : -f 1 /etc/passwd
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-d} specifies delimiter between fields (default TAB)
-  \item \texttt{-f} specifies the field number
-  \item Multiple fields by separating field numbers with comma
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -d : -f 1,5,7 /etc/passwd
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{cut}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Allows choosing on the basis of characters or bytes
-  \item Example below gets first 4 characters of \texttt{/etc/passwd}
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -c 1-4 /etc/passwd
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item One of the limits of the range can be dropped
-  \item Sensible defaults are assumed in such cases
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -c -4 /etc/passwd
-    $ cut -c 10- /etc/passwd
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{paste}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Joins corresponding lines from two different files
-    \begin{center}
-      \begin{tabular}{l|l}
-        \verb~students.txt~  &  \verb~marks.txt~  \\
-        Hussain              &  89 92 85          \\
-        Dilbert              &  98 47 67          \\
-        Anne                 &  67 82 76          \\
-        Raul                 &  78 97 60          \\
-        Sven                 &  67 68 69          \\
-      \end{tabular}
-    \end{center}
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ paste students.txt marks.txt 
-    $ paste -s students.txt marks.txt
-  \end{lstlisting}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-s} prints content, one below the other
-  \item If first column of marks file had roll numbers? How do we get
-    a combined file with the same output as above (i.e. without roll
-    numbers). We need to use \texttt{cut} \& \texttt{paste} together.
-    But how?
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{The Command Shell}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Redirection and Piping}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \
-    > /tmp/m_tmp.txt
-    $ paste -d " " students.txt m_tmp.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-
-  or
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \
-    | paste -d " " students.txt -
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item The first solution used Redirection
-  \item The second solution uses Piping
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Redirection} 
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item The standard output (stdout) stream goes to the display
-  \item Not always, what we need
-  \item First solution, redirects output to a file
-  \item \texttt{>} states that output is redirected; It is
-    followed by location to redirect
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ command > file1
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{>} creates a new file at specified location
-  \item \texttt{>>} appends to a file at specified location
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Redirection \ldots} 
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Similarly, the standard input (stdin) can be redirected
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ command < file1
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item input and the output redirection could be combined
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ command < infile > outfile
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Standard error (stderr) is the third standard stream
-  \item All error messages come through this stream
-  \item \texttt{stderr} can also be redirected
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Redirection \ldots} 
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Following example shows \texttt{stderr} redirection
-  \item Error is printed out in the first case
-  \item Error message is redirected, in the second case
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -d " " -c 2- marks1.txt \
-      > /tmp/m_tmp.txt
-
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt 1> \
-      /tmp/m_tmp.txt 2> /tmp/m_err.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{1>} redirects \texttt{stdout}; \texttt{2>} redirects
-    \texttt{stderr} 
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ paste -d " " students.txt m_tmp.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Piping}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \
-      | paste -d " " students.txt -
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-} instead of FILE asks \texttt{paste} to read from
-    \texttt{stdin}
-  \item \texttt{cut} command is a normal command
-  \item the \texttt{|} seems to be joining the two commands
-  \item Redirects output of first command to \texttt{stdin}, which
-    becomes input to the second command
-  \item This is called piping; \texttt{|} is called a pipe
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Piping}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Roughly same as -- 2 redirects and a temporary file
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ command1 > tempfile
-    $ command2 < tempfile
-    $ rm tempfile
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Any number of commands can be piped together
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\subsection{Features of the Shell}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Tab-completion}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Hit tab to complete an incompletely typed word
-  \item Tab twice to list all possibilities when ambiguous completion
-  \item Bash provides tab completion for the following.
-    \begin{enumerate}
-    \item File Names
-    \item Directory Names
-    \item Executable Names
-    \item User Names (when they are prefixed with a \~{})
-    \item Host Names (when they are prefixed with a @)
-    \item Variable Names (when they are prefixed with a \$)
-    \end{enumerate}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{History}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Bash saves history of commands typed
-  \item Up and down arrow keys allow to navigate history
-  \item \texttt{Ctrl-r} searches for commands used
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Shell Meta Characters}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item ``meta characters''  are special command directives
-  \item File-names shouldn't have meta-characters
-  \item   \verb+/<>!$%^&*|{}[]"'`~;+
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ ls file.*
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Lists \texttt{file.ext} files, where \texttt{ext} can be
-    anything
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ ls file.?
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Lists \texttt{file.ext} files, where \texttt{ext} is only one
-    character 
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{More text processing}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{sort}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{sort} can be used to get sorted content
-  \item Command below prints student marks, sorted by name
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \
-      | paste -d " " students.txt - \
-      | sort
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item The default is sort based on the whole line
-  \item \texttt{sort} can sort based on a particular field
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{sort} \ldots}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item The command below sorts based on marks in first subject
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \
-      | paste -d " " students.txt -\
-      | sort -t " " -k 2 -rn
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-t} specifies the delimiter between fields
-  \item \texttt{-k} specifies the field to use for sorting
-  \item \texttt{-n} to choose numerical sorting
-  \item \texttt{-r} for sorting in the reverse order
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{grep}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{grep} is a command line text search utility
-  \item Command below searches \& shows the marks of Anne alone 
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \
-    | paste -d " " students.txt - 
-    | grep Anne
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{grep} is case-sensitive by default
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{grep} \ldots}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-i} for case-insensitive searches
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \
-    | paste -d " " students.txt - 
-    | grep -i Anne
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-v} inverts the search
-  \item To see everyone's marks except Anne's
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \
-    | paste -d " " students.txt - 
-    | grep -iv Anne
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{tr}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{tr} translates or deletes characters
-  \item Reads from \texttt{stdin} and outputs to \texttt{stdout}
-  \item Given, two sets of characters, replaces one with other
-  \item The following, replaces all lower-case with upper-case 
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cat students.txt | tr a-z A-Z
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-s} compresses sequences of identical adjacent
-    characters in the output to a single one
-  \item Following command removes empty newlines
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ tr -s '\n' '\n'
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{tr} \ldots}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-d} deletes all specified characters
-  \item Only a single character set argument is required
-  \item The following command removes carriage return characters
-    (converting file in DOS/Windows format to the Unix format)
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ cat foo.txt | tr -d '\r' > bar.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{-c} complements the first set of characters
-  \item The following command removes all non-alphanumeric characters
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ tr -cd '[:alnum:]'
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{uniq}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{uniq} command removes duplicates from \alert{sorted} input
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ sort items.txt | uniq
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{uniq -u} gives lines which do not have any duplicates
-  \item \texttt{uniq -d} outputs only those lines which have duplicates
-  \item \texttt{-c} displays the number of times each line occurs 
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ sort items.txt | uniq -u 
-    $ sort items.txt | uniq -dc
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Simple Shell Scripts}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Shell scripts}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Simply a sequence of shell commands in a file
-  \item To save results of students in \texttt{results.txt} in
-    \texttt{marks} dir
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    #!/bin/bash
-    mkdir ~/marks
-    cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \
-    | paste -d " " students.txt - \
-    | sort > ~/marks/results.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Shell scripts \ldots}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Save the script as \texttt{results.sh}
-  \item Make file executable and then run
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ chmod u+x results.sh
-    $ ./results.sh
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item What does the first line in the script do?
-  \item Specify the interpreter or shell which should be used to
-    execute the script; in this case \texttt{bash}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Variables \& Comments}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ name=FOSSEE
-    $ count=`wc -l wonderland.txt`
-    $ echo $count # Shows the value of count
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item It is possible to create variables in shell scripts
-  \item Variables can be assigned with the output of commands
-  \item \alert{NOTE:} There is no space around the \texttt{=} sign
-  \item All text following the \texttt{\#} is considered a comment
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{echo}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{echo} command prints out messages
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    #!/bin/bash
-    mkdir ~/marks
-    cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \
-    | paste -d " " students.txt - \
-    | sort > ~/marks/results.txt
-    echo "Results generated."
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Command line arguments}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Shell scripts can be given command line arguments
-  \item Following code allows to specify the results file
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    #!/bin/bash
-    mkdir ~/marks
-    cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \
-    | paste -d " " students.txt - \
-    | sort > ~/marks/$1
-    echo "Results generated."
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{\$1} corresponds to first command line argument 
-  \item \texttt{\$n} corresponds to $n{th}$ command line argument
-  \item It can be run as shown below
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ ./results.sh grades.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{PATH}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item The shell searches in a set of locations, for the command 
-  \item Locations are saved in ``environment'' variable called PATH
-  \item \texttt{echo} can show the value of variables
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ echo $PATH
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Put \texttt{results.sh} in one of these locations
-  \item It can then be run without \texttt{./} 
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Control structures and Operators}
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Control Structures}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{if-else}
-  \item \texttt{for} loops
-  \item \texttt{while} loops
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{test} command to test for conditions
-  \item A whole range of tests that can be performed
-    \begin{itemize}
-    \item \texttt{STRING1 = STRING2} -- string equality
-    \item \texttt{INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2} -- integer equality
-    \item \texttt{-e FILE} -- existence of FILE 
-    \end{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{man} page of \texttt{test} gives list of various tests
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{if}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Print message if directory exists in \texttt{pwd}
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    #!/bin/bash
-    if test -d $1
-    then
-    echo "Yes, the directory" \
-    $1 "is present"
-    fi
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{if}-\texttt{else}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Checks whether argument is negative or not
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    #!/bin/bash
-    if test $1 -lt 0
-    then
-    echo "number is negative"
-    else
-    echo "number is non-negative"
-    fi
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ ./sign.sh -11
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{[ ]} - alias for \texttt{test}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Square brackets (\texttt{[]}) can be used instead of
-    \texttt{test}
-  \item 
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    #!/bin/bash
-    if [ $1 -lt 0 ]
-    then
-    echo "number is negative"
-    else
-    echo "number is non-negative"
-    fi
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \alert{spacing is important, when using the square brackets}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{if}-\texttt{else}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item An example script to greet the user, based on the time
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    #!/bin/sh
-    # Script to greet the user 
-    # according to time of day
-    hour=`date | cut -c12-13`
-    now=`date +"%A, %d of %B, %Y (%r)"`
-    if [ $hour -lt 12 ]
-    then
-    mess="Good Morning \
-    $LOGNAME, Have a nice day!"
-    fi
-  \end{lstlisting} %$
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{if}-\texttt{else} \ldots}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    if [ $hour -gt 12 -a $hour -le 16 ]
-    then
-    mess="Good Afternoon $LOGNAME"
-    fi
-    if [ $hour -gt 16 -a $hour -le 18 ]
-    then
-    mess="Good Evening $LOGNAME"
-    fi
-    echo -e "$mess\nIt is $now"
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{\$LOGNAME} has login name (env. variable) 
-  \item backquotes store commands outputs into variables
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{for}}
-  \begin{block}{Problem}
-    Given a set of \texttt{.mp3} files, that have names beginning with
-    numbers followed by their names --- \texttt{08 - Society.mp3} ---
-    rename the files to have just the names. Also replace any spaces
-    in the name with hyphens. 
-  \end{block}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Loop over the list of files
-  \item Process the names, to get new names
-  \item Rename the files
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{for}} 
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item A simple example of the \texttt{for} loop
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    for animal in rat cat dog man
-    do 
-    echo $animal
-    done
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item List of animals, each animal's name separated by a space
-  \item Loop over the list; \texttt{animal} is a dummy variable
-  \item Echo value of \texttt{animal} ---  each name in list
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    for i in {10..20}
-    do 
-    echo $i
-    done
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{for}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Let's start with echoing the names of the files
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    for i in `ls *.mp3`
-    do
-    echo "$i"
-    done
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Spaces in names cause trouble!
-  \item The following works better
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    for i in *.mp3
-    do
-    echo "$i"
-    done
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{tr} \& \texttt{cut}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Replace all spaces with hyphens using \texttt{tr -s}
-  \item Use cut \& keep only the text after the first hyphen
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-  for i in *.mp3
-  do 
-  echo $i|tr -s " " "-"|cut -d - -f 2-
-  done
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  Now \texttt{mv}, instead of just echoing
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    for i in *.mp3
-    do 
-    mv $i `echo $i|tr -s " " "-"\
-    |cut -d - -f 2-`
-    done
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{while}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Continuously execute a block of commands until condition
-    becomes false
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item program that takes user input and prints it back, until the
-    input is \texttt{quit}
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    while [ "$variable" != "quit" ]
-    do
-    read variable
-    echo "Input - $variable"
-    done
-    exit 0
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Environment Variables}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Pass information from shell to programs running in it
-  \item Behavior of programs can change based on values of variables
-  \item Environment variables vs. Shell variables
-  \item Shell variables -- only current instance of the shell
-  \item Environment variables -- valid for the whole session
-  \item Convention -- environment variables are UPPER CASE
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ echo $OSTYPE 
-    linux-gnu
-    $ echo $HOME
-    /home/user
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Environment Variables \ldots}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item The following commands show values of all the environment
-    variables
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ printenv | less
-    $ env
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Use \texttt{export} to change Environment variables
-  \item The new value is available to all programs started from the shell
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Miscellaneous Tools}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{find}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Find files in a directory hierarchy
-  \item Offers a very complex feature set
-  \item Look at the \texttt{man} page!
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Find all \texttt{.pdf} files, in current dir and sub-dirs
-    \begin{lstlisting}
-      $ find . -name ``*.pdf''
-    \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \item List all the directory and sub-directory names
-    \begin{lstlisting}
-      $ find . -type d
-    \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{cmp}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Compare two files
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ find . -name quick.c
-    ./Desktop/programs/quick.c
-    ./c-folder/quick.c
-    $ cmp Desktop/programs/quick.c \
-    c-folder/quick.c
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item No output when the files are exactly the same
-  \item Else, gives location where the first difference occurs 
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{diff}}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item We know the files are different, but want exact differences
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ diff Desktop/programs/quick.c \
-    c-folder/quick.c
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item line by line difference between files
-  \item \texttt{>} indicates content only in second file
-  \item \texttt{<} indicates content only in first file
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-\frametitle{\texttt{tar}}
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \emph{tarball} -- essentially a collection of files
-\item May or may not be compressed
-\item Eases the job of storing, backing-up \& transporting files
-\end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-\frametitle{Extracting an archive}
-
-\begin{lstlisting}
-$ mkdir extract 
-$ cp allfiles.tar extract/ 
-$ cd extract 
-$ tar -xvf allfiles.tar
-\end{lstlisting} %$
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \texttt{-x} --- Extract files within the archive
-\item \texttt{-f} --- Specify the archive file
-\item \texttt{-v} --- Be verbose
-\end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-\frametitle{Creating an archive}
-\begin{lstlisting}
-$ tar -cvf newarchive.tar *.txt
-\end{lstlisting} % $
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \texttt{-c} --- Create archive
-\item Last argument is list of files to be added to archive
-\end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Compressed archives}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{tar} can create and extract compressed archives
-  \item Supports compressions like gzip, bzip2, lzma, etc.
-  \item Additional option to handle compressed archives
-    \begin{center}
-      \begin{tabular}{ll}
-        Compression      &  Option   \\
-        gzip   &  \texttt{-z}        \\
-        bzip2  &  \texttt{-j}        \\
-        lzma   &  \texttt{-{}-lzma}  \\
-      \end{tabular}
-    \end{center}
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    $ tar -cvzf newarchive.tar.gz *.txt
-  \end{lstlisting} % $
-\end{frame}
-
-
-\begin{frame}
-\frametitle{Customizing your shell}
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Bash reads \texttt{/etc/profile},
-  \texttt{\textasciitilde{}/.bash\_profile},
-  \texttt{\textasciitilde{}/.bash\_login}, and
-  \texttt{\textasciitilde{}/.profile} in that order, when starting
-  up as a login shell. 
-\item \texttt{\textasciitilde{}/.bashrc} is read, when not a login
-  shell 
-\item Put any commands that you want to run when bash starts, in this
-  file. 
-\end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-%% THE DOCUMENT ENDS HERE
-\end{document}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\section{Basic editing and editors}
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-\frametitle{vim}
-
-
-Vim is a very powerful editor. It has a lot of commands, and all of them
-cannot be explained here. We shall try and look at a few, so that you
-can find your way around in vim.
-
-To open a file in vim, we pass the filename as a parameter to the \texttt{vim}
-command. If a file with that filename does not exist, a new file is
-created.
-
-\begin{lstlisting}
-$ vim first.txt
-\end{lstlisting} % $
-
-To start inserting text into the new file that we have opened, we need
-to press the \texttt{i} key. This will take us into the \emph{insert} mode from the
-\emph{command} mode. Hitting the \texttt{esc} key, will bring us back to the
-\emph{command} mode. There is also another mode of vim, called the \emph{visual}
-mode which will be discussed later in the course.
-
-In general, it is good to spend as little time as possible in the insert
-mode and extensively use the command mode to achieve various tasks.
-
-To save the file, use \texttt{:w} in the command mode. From here on, it is
-understood that we are in the command mode, whenever we are issuing any
-command to vim.
-
-To save a file and continue editing, use \texttt{:w FILENAME} The file name is
-optional. If you do not specify a filename, it is saved in the same file
-that you opened. If a file name different from the one you opened is
-specified, the text is saved with the new name, but you continue editing
-the file that you opened. The next time you save it without specifying a
-name, it gets saved with the name of the file that you initially opened.
-
-To save file with a new name and continue editing the new file, use
-\texttt{:saveas FILENAME}
-
-To save and quit, use \texttt{:wq}
-
-To quit, use \texttt{:q}
-
-To quit without saving, use \texttt{:q!}
-\begin{itemize}
-
-\item Moving around\\
-While you are typing in a file, it is in-convenient to keep moving your
-fingers from the standard position for typing to the arrow keys. Vim,
-therefore, provides alternate keys for moving in the document. Note
-again that, you should be in the command mode, when issuing any commands
-to vim.
-
-The basic cursor movement can be achieved using the keys, \texttt{h} (left),
-\texttt{l} (right), \texttt{k} (up) and \texttt{j} (down).
-
-\begin{lstlisting}
-^
-k
-\end{lstlisting} % $
-
-\begin{quote}
-
-\begin{description}
-\item[< h l >] j v
-\end{description}
-
-\end{quote}
-
-Note: Most commands can be prefixed with a number, to repeat the
-command. For instance, \texttt{10j} will move the cursor down 10 lines.
-
-
-\item Moving within a line\\
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
- Cursor Movement                    &  Command                      \\
-\hline
- Beginning of line                  &  \texttt{0}                   \\
- First non-space character of line  &  \texttt{\textasciicircum{}}  \\
- End of line                        &  \texttt{\$}                  \\
- Last non-space character of line   &  \texttt{g\_}                 \\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-
-
-
-\item Moving by words and sentences\\
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
- Cursor Movement                &  Command      \\
-\hline
- Forward, word beginning        &  \texttt{w}   \\
- Backward, word beginning       &  \texttt{b}   \\
- Forward, word end              &  \texttt{e}   \\
- Backward, word end             &  \texttt{ge}  \\
- Forward, sentence beginning    &  \texttt{)}   \\
- Backward, sentence beginning   &  \texttt{(}   \\
- Forward, paragraph beginning   &  \texttt{\}}  \\
- Backward, paragraph beginning  &  \texttt{\{}  \\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-
-
-
-\item More movement commands\\
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
- Cursor Movement                                   &  Command          \\
-\hline
- Forward by a screenful of text                    &  \texttt{C-f}     \\
- Backward by a screenful of text                   &  \texttt{C-b}     \\
- Beginning of the screen                           &  \texttt{H}       \\
- Middle of the screen                              &  \texttt{M}       \\
- End of the screen                                 &  \texttt{L}       \\
- End of file                                       &  \texttt{G}       \\
- Line number \texttt{num}                          &  \texttt{[num]G}  \\
- Beginning of file                                 &  \texttt{gg}      \\
- Next occurrence of the text under the cursor      &  \texttt{*}       \\
- Previous occurrence of the text under the cursor  &  \texttt{\#}      \\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-
-
-Note: \texttt{C-x} is \texttt{Ctrl} + \texttt{x}
-
-
-\item The visual mode\\
-The visual mode is a special mode that is not present in the original vi
-editor. It allows us to highlight text and perform actions on it. All
-the movement commands that have been discussed till now work in the
-visual mode also. The editing commands that will be discussed in the
-future work on the visual blocks selected, too.
-
-
-\item Editing commands\\
-The editing commands usually take the movements as arguments. A movement
-is equivalent to a selection in the visual mode. The cursor is assumed
-to have moved over the text in between the initial and the final points
-of the movement. The motion or the visual block that's been highlighted
-can be passed as arguments to the editing commands.
-
-
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
- Editing effect           &  Command     \\
-\hline
- Cutting text             &  \texttt{d}  \\
- Copying/Yanking text     &  \texttt{y}  \\
- Pasting copied/cut text  &  \texttt{p}  \\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-
-
-The cut and copy commands take the motions or visual blocks as arguments
-and act on them. For instance, if you wish to delete the text from the
-current text position to the beginning of the next word, type \texttt{dw}. If
-you wish to copy the text from the current position to the end of this
-sentence, type \texttt{y)}.
-
-Apart from the above commands, that take any motion or visual block as
-an argument, there are additional special commands.
-
-
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
- Editing effect                                          &  Command      \\
-\hline
- Cut the character under the cursor                      &  \texttt{x}   \\
- Replace the character under the cursor with \texttt{a}  &  \texttt{ra}  \\
- Cut an entire line                                      &  \texttt{dd}  \\
- Copy/yank an entire line                                &  \texttt{yy}  \\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-
-
-Note: You can prefix numbers to any of the commands, to repeat them.
-
-
-\item Undo and Redo\\
-You can undo almost anything using \texttt{u}.
-
-To undo the undo command type \texttt{C-r}
-
-
-\item Searching and Replacing\\
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
- Finding                                        &  Command                        \\
-\hline
- Next occurrence of \texttt{text}, forward      &  \texttt{\textbackslash{}text}  \\
- Next occurrence of \texttt{text}, backward     &  \texttt{?text}                 \\
- Search again in the same direction             &  \texttt{n}                     \\
- Search again in the opposite direction         &  \texttt{N}                     \\
- Next occurrence of \texttt{x} in the line      &  \texttt{fx}                    \\
- Previous occurrence of \texttt{x} in the line  &  \texttt{Fx}                    \\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-
-
-
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
- Finding and Replacing                                                                                             &  Command                   \\
-\hline
- Replace the first instance of \texttt{old} with \texttt{new} in the current line.                                 &  \texttt{:s/old/new}       \\
- Replace all instances of \texttt{old} with \texttt{new} in the current line.                                      &  \texttt{:s/old/new/g}     \\
- Replace all instances of \texttt{old} with \texttt{new} in the current line, but ask for confirmation each time.  &  \texttt{:s/old/new/gc}    \\
- Replace the first instance of \texttt{old} with \texttt{new} in the entire file.                                  &  \texttt{:\%s/old/new}     \\
- Replace all instances of \texttt{old} with \texttt{new} in the entire file.                                       &  \texttt{:\%s/old/new/g}   \\
- Replace all instances of \texttt{old} with \texttt{new} in the entire file but ask for confirmation each time.    &  \texttt{:\%s/old/new/gc}  \\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-
-
-\end{itemize} % ends low level
-\end{frame}
-\begin{frame}
-\frametitle{SciTE}
-
-
-SciTE is a \emph{source code} editor, that has a feel similar to the commonly
-used GUI text editors. It has a wide range of features that are
-extremely useful for a programmer, editing code. Also it aims to keep
-configuration simple, and the user needs to edit a text file to
-configure SciTE to his/her liking.
-
-Opening, Saving, Editing files with SciTE is extremely simple and
-trivial. Knowledge of using a text editor will suffice.
-
-SciTE can syntax highlight code in various languages. It also has
-auto-indentation, code-folding and other such features which are useful
-when editing code.
-
-SciTE also gives you the option to (compile and) run your code, from
-within the editor.
-\end{frame}
-
-
-