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diff --git a/ult/ult_8/script.rst b/ult/ult_8/script.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca2c5ec --- /dev/null +++ b/ult/ult_8/script.rst @@ -0,0 +1,339 @@ +.. Objectives +.. ---------- + + .. At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to: + + .. 1. + .. 2. + +.. Prerequisites +.. ------------- + +.. 1. Using Linux tools - Part 1 +.. 2. Using Linux tools - Part 2 +.. 3. Using Linux tools - Part 3 +.. 4. Using Linux tools - Part 4 +.. 5. Using Linux tools - Part 5 +.. 6. Using Linux tools - Part 6 +.. 7. Using Linux tools - Part 7 + + +Script +------ + +.. L1 + +{{{ Show the first slide containing title, name of the production +team along with the logo of MHRD }}} + +.. R1 + +Hello friends and Welcome to the tutorial on +'Using linux tools - Part 8'. + +.. L2 + +{{{ Show slide with objectives }}} + +.. R2 + +At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to, + + 1. Search for files in many different ways. + #. Compare files with same names. + #. Create and extract an archive. + #. Customize a shell. + +.. L3 + +{{{ Switch to the pre-requisite slide }}} + +.. R3 + +Before beginning this tutorial,we would suggest you to complete the +tutorial on "Using Linux tools from Part 1 to Part 7". + +There are a bunch of tools, that will prove to be handy in your day +to day work. These tools will help you quickly perform tasks like searching +for files, comparing files and checking if they are the same, viewing the +exact differences between them, etc. + +.. L4 + +{{{ Show slide, find }}} + +.. R4 + +Let us start with the first tool - 'find' . +The ``find`` command lets you find files in a directory hierarchy. It +offers a very complex feature set allowing you to search for files with a +wide range of restrictions. We shall only look at some of the most +frequently used ones. + +.. R5 + +To find the files, which end with an extension, ``.pdf``, saved in the current +folder and all it's subfolders, we say + +.. L5 + +{{{ Open the terminal }}} +:: + + find . -name "*.pdf" + +.. R6 + +The ``find`` command also lists out the directory and sub-directory names +To list them, we say, + +.. L6 +:: + + find . -type d + +.. R7 + +In short, ``find`` allows you to set limits on file-size, modification time +and whole lot of other things which you can explore on seeing the man page +of ``find``. + +.. L7 + +.. R8 + +Let us now move on to the next tool, the compare tool. + +To compare two files, whether they are identical or not, we can use the +``cmp`` command. Let us consider some situation. Suppose, we run the ``find`` +command to locate some file, and it turns out that we have a file with same +name in different location. + +In this case, if we are unsure, whether both the files are the same, we can use +the ``cmp`` command to check if the files are identical. + +.. L8 +:: + + find . -name quick.c + ./Desktop/programs/quick.c + ./c-folder/quick.c + cmp Desktop/programs/quick.c c-folder/quick.c + +.. L9 + +{{{ Show slide, cmp }}} + +.. R9 + +If the cmp command doesn't return any output, it means that both files are +exactly identical. If there are any differences in the file, it gives you +the exact byte location at which the first difference occurred. + +.. R10 + +Let us now make a small change in one of quick.c file and run the ``cmp`` +command again. + +.. L10 +{{{ Switch to the terminal }}} + +:: + + cmp Desktop/programs/quick.c c-folder/quick.c + +.. R11 + +As we can see, it gives the exact location as to where a change is made. + +Now, we may not be happy with just the knowledge that the files are +different. We may want to see the exact differences between the two files. +The ``diff`` command can be used to find the exact differences between the +files. + +.. L11 + +.. L12 +:: + + diff Desktop/programs/quick.c c-folder/quick.c + +.. R12 + +We get back a line by line difference between the two files. + +.. L13 + +{{{ Show slide, diff }}} + +.. R13 + +The ``>`` mark indicates the content that has been added to the second file, +which was not present in the first file. The ``<`` mark indicates the lines +that were present in the first file, but are not existent in the second file. + +.. L14 + +{{{ Show slide, tar }}} + +.. R14 + +You would often come across (archive) files which are called *tarballs*. A +tar ball is essentially a collection of files, which may or may not be +compressed. Essentially, it eases the job of storing, backing up and +transporting multiple files, at once. + +.. R15 + +The following set of commands extracts the contents of the ``allfiles.tar`` +tarball to the directory extract. + +.. L15 + +{{{ Switch to terminal }}} +:: + + mkdir extract + cp allfiles.tar extract/ + cd extract + tar -xvf allfiles.tar + +.. L16 + +{{{ Show slide, extracting an archive }}} + +.. R16 + +The option, ``x`` tells ``tar`` to extract the files in the archive file +specified by the ``f`` option. The ``v`` option tells ``tar`` to give out a +verbose output. + +.. R17 + +Similarly, if we wish to create a ``tar`` archive, we use the ``c`` option +instead of the ``x`` option. For instance, the command below creates an +archive from all the files with the ``.txt`` extension. + +.. L17 + +{{{ Switch to terminal }}} +:: + + tar -cvzf newarchive.tar *.txt + +.. R18 + +You can also create and extract compressed archives using ``tar``. It +supports a wide variety of compressions like gzip, bzip2, lzma, etc. + +We need to add an additional option to ``tar`` to handle these +compressions. + + ++-------------+------------+ +| Compression | Option | ++-------------+------------+ +| gzip | ``-z`` | +| bzip2 | ``-j`` | +| lzma | ``--lzma`` | ++-------------+------------+ + +.. L18 + +.. R19 + +So, if we wished to create a gzip archive in the previous command, we +change it to the following + +.. L19 +:: + + tar -cvzf newarchive.tar.gz *.txt + +.. L20 + +{{{ Show slide, customizing your shell }}} + +.. R20 + +What would you do, if you want bash to execute a particular command each +time you start it up? For instance, say you want the current directory to +be your Desktop instead of your home folder, each time bash starts up. +Bash reads and executes commands in a whole bunch +of files called start-up files, when it starts up. + +When bash starts up as an interactive login shell, it reads the files +``/etc/profile``, ``~/.bash_profile``, ``~/.bash_login``, and +``~/.profile`` in that order. + +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bash reads +and executes commands from ~/.bashrc. This can be prevented using the ``--norc`` +option. Instead of using the ``~/.bashrc`` file on start-up, we can force +the bash to use another file, for which the ``--rcfile`` option may be used. + +Now, you know what you should do, to change the current directory to you +Desktop. Just put a ``cd ~/Desktop`` into your ``~/.bashrc`` and you are +set! +But as you know that the start-up files are used for a lot more complex things +than this. You could set (or unset) aliases and a whole bunch of environment +variables in the ``.bashrc``, like changing environment variables etc. + +.. L21 + +{{{ Switch to 'Summary' slide }}} + +.. R21 + +This brings us to the end of the end of this tutorial. +In this tutorial, we have learnt to, + + 1. Make use of the ``find`` command to find files in a directory hierarchy. + #. Find the differences between files with the same name, using the + ``cmp`` and ``diff`` commands. + #. Extract and create compressed archive's using the ``tar`` command. + #. Customize one's shell according to one's choice. + +.. L22 + +{{{ Show self assessment questions slide }}} + +.. R22 + +Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve + + 1. Look at the man page of ``find`` and state the options which + deal with symbolic links. + + 2. How do you append tar files to an archive? + +.. L23 + +{{{ Solution of self assessment questions on slide }}} + +.. R23 + +And the answers, + +1. The -H, -L and -P options with the ``find`` command control + the treatment of symbolic links. + + 2. To append tar files to an archive, we can use the ``tar`` command + either with the ``-A`` option or the ``-r`` option, as, +:: + + $ tar -Af <tar_file> <tar_file_to_be_added> + OR + $ tar -rf <tar_file> <tar_file_to_be_added> + + +.. L24 + +{{{ Show the Thank you slide }}} + +.. R24 + +Hope you have enjoyed this tutorial and found it useful. +Thank you! + + + diff --git a/ult/ult_8/ult8.tex b/ult/ult_8/ult8.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a34bf53 --- /dev/null +++ b/ult/ult_8/ult8.tex @@ -0,0 +1,248 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Using Linux Tools +% +% Author: FOSSEE +% Copyright (c) 2009, FOSSEE, IIT Bombay +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\documentclass[12pt,compress]{beamer} + +\mode<presentation> +{ + \usetheme{Warsaw} + \useoutertheme{infolines} + \setbeamercovered{transparent} +} + +\usepackage[english]{babel} +\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} +%\usepackage{times} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} + +% Taken from Fernando's slides. +\usepackage{ae,aecompl} +\usepackage{mathpazo,courier,euler} +\usepackage[scaled=.95]{helvet} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0} + +\usepackage{listings} +\lstset{language=sh, + basicstyle=\ttfamily\bfseries, + commentstyle=\color{red}\itshape, + stringstyle=\color{darkgreen}, + showstringspaces=false, + keywordstyle=\color{blue}\bfseries} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% DOCUMENT STARTS +\begin{document} + +\begin{frame} + +\begin{center} +\vspace{12pt} +\textcolor{blue}{\huge Using Linux Tools} +\end{center} +\vspace{18pt} +\begin{center} +\vspace{10pt} +\includegraphics[scale=0.95]{../images/fossee-logo.png}\\ +\vspace{5pt} +\scriptsize Developed by FOSSEE Team, IIT-Bombay. \\ +\scriptsize Funded by National Mission on Education through ICT\\ +\scriptsize MHRD,Govt. of India\\ +\includegraphics[scale=0.30]{../images/iitb-logo.png}\\ +\end{center} +\end{frame} +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Objectives} +\label{sec-2} + +At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to, +\begin{itemize} +\item Search for files in many different ways. +\item Compare files with same names. +\item Create and extract an archive. +\item Customize a shell. +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Pre-requisite} +\label{sec-3} + +Spoken tutorial on - +\begin{itemize} +\item Using Linux tools -- Part I +\item Using Linux tools -- Part II +\item Using Linux tools -- Part III +\item Using Linux tools -- Part IV +\item Using Linux tools -- Part V +\item Using Linux tools -- Part VI +\item Using Linux tools -- Part VII +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{\texttt{`find'}} + \begin{itemize} + \item `find' command helps to find files in a directory hierarchy + \item Offers a very complex feature set\\ For eg: search files by name, owner, date,etc. + \item Look at the \texttt{man} page of `find' + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{\texttt{`cmp'}} + \begin{itemize} + \item Compare two files + \end{itemize} + \begin{lstlisting} + $ find . -name quick.c + ./Desktop/programs/quick.c + ./c-folder/quick.c + $ cmp Desktop/programs/quick.c \ + c-folder/quick.c + \end{lstlisting} % $ + \begin{itemize} + \item No output when the files are exactly the same + \item Else, gives location where the first difference occurs + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{\texttt{`diff'}} + \begin{itemize} + \item We know the files are different, but want exact differences + \end{itemize} + \begin{lstlisting} + $ diff Desktop/programs/quick.c \ + c-folder/quick.c + \end{lstlisting} % $ + \begin{itemize} + \item line by line difference between files + \item \texttt{>} indicates content only in second file + \item \texttt{<} indicates content only in first file + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[fragile] +\frametitle{\texttt{`tar'}} +\begin{itemize} +\item \emph{tarball} -- essentially a collection of files +\item May or may not be compressed +\item Eases the job of storing, backing-up \& transporting files +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[fragile] +\frametitle{Extracting an archive} + +\begin{lstlisting} +$ mkdir extract +$ cp allfiles.tar extract/ +$ cd extract +$ tar -xvf allfiles.tar +\end{lstlisting} %$ + +\begin{itemize} +\item \texttt{-x} --- Extract files within the archive +\item \texttt{-f} --- Specify the archive file +\item \texttt{-v} --- Be verbose +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{Compressed archives} + \begin{itemize} + \item \texttt{tar} can create and extract compressed archives + \item Supports compressions like gzip, bzip2, lzma, etc. + \item Additional option to handle compressed archives + \begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{|l|l|}\hline + Compression & Option \\\hline + gzip & \texttt{-z} \\\hline + bzip2 & \texttt{-j} \\\hline + lzma & \texttt{-{}-lzma} \\\hline + \end{tabular} + \end{center} + \end{itemize} + \begin{lstlisting} + $ tar -cvzf newarchive.tar.gz *.txt + \end{lstlisting} % $ +\end{frame} + + +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Customizing your shell} +\begin{itemize} +\item Bash reads \texttt{/etc/profile}, + \texttt{\textasciitilde{}/.bash\_profile}, + \texttt{\textasciitilde{}/.bash\_login}, and + \texttt{\textasciitilde{}/.profile} in that order, when starting + up as a login shell. +\item \texttt{\textasciitilde{}/.bashrc} is read, when not a login + shell +\item Put any commands that you want to run when bash starts, in this + file. +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + + +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Summary} +\label{sec-8} + + In this tutorial, we have learnt to, + + +\begin{itemize} +\item To make use of the ``find'' command find files in a directory hierarchy. +\item To find the differences between files with the same name, using the + ``cmp'' and ``diff'' commands. +\item To extract and create compressed archive's using the ``tar'' command. +\item Customize one's shell according to one's choice. +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} +\begin{frame}[fragile] +\frametitle{Evaluation} +\label{sec-9} + + +\begin{enumerate} +\item Look at the man page of ``find'' and state the options which + deal with symbolic links. +\vspace{8pt} +\item How do you append tar files to an archive ? +\end{enumerate} +\end{frame} +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Solutions} + +\begin{enumerate} +\item -H, -L and -P options with the ``find'' command +\vspace{15pt} +\item tar -Af <tar\_file> <tar\_file\_to\_be\_added> +\end{enumerate} + +\end{frame} +\begin{frame} + + \begin{block}{} + \begin{center} + \textcolor{blue}{\Large THANK YOU!} + \end{center} + \end{block} +\begin{block}{} + \begin{center} + For more Information, visit our website\\ + \url{http://fossee.in/} + \end{center} + \end{block} +\end{frame} + +\end{document} + + + |