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diff --git a/ult/ult_8/script.rst b/ult/ult_8/script.rst deleted file mode 100644 index ca2c5ec..0000000 --- a/ult/ult_8/script.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,339 +0,0 @@ -.. Objectives -.. ---------- - - .. At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to: - - .. 1. - .. 2. - -.. Prerequisites -.. ------------- - -.. 1. Using Linux tools - Part 1 -.. 2. Using Linux tools - Part 2 -.. 3. Using Linux tools - Part 3 -.. 4. Using Linux tools - Part 4 -.. 5. Using Linux tools - Part 5 -.. 6. Using Linux tools - Part 6 -.. 7. Using Linux tools - Part 7 - - -Script ------- - -.. L1 - -{{{ Show the first slide containing title, name of the production -team along with the logo of MHRD }}} - -.. R1 - -Hello friends and Welcome to the tutorial on -'Using linux tools - Part 8'. - -.. L2 - -{{{ Show slide with objectives }}} - -.. R2 - -At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to, - - 1. Search for files in many different ways. - #. Compare files with same names. - #. Create and extract an archive. - #. Customize a shell. - -.. L3 - -{{{ Switch to the pre-requisite slide }}} - -.. R3 - -Before beginning this tutorial,we would suggest you to complete the -tutorial on "Using Linux tools from Part 1 to Part 7". - -There are a bunch of tools, that will prove to be handy in your day -to day work. These tools will help you quickly perform tasks like searching -for files, comparing files and checking if they are the same, viewing the -exact differences between them, etc. - -.. L4 - -{{{ Show slide, find }}} - -.. R4 - -Let us start with the first tool - 'find' . -The ``find`` command lets you find files in a directory hierarchy. It -offers a very complex feature set allowing you to search for files with a -wide range of restrictions. We shall only look at some of the most -frequently used ones. - -.. R5 - -To find the files, which end with an extension, ``.pdf``, saved in the current -folder and all it's subfolders, we say - -.. L5 - -{{{ Open the terminal }}} -:: - - find . -name "*.pdf" - -.. R6 - -The ``find`` command also lists out the directory and sub-directory names -To list them, we say, - -.. L6 -:: - - find . -type d - -.. R7 - -In short, ``find`` allows you to set limits on file-size, modification time -and whole lot of other things which you can explore on seeing the man page -of ``find``. - -.. L7 - -.. R8 - -Let us now move on to the next tool, the compare tool. - -To compare two files, whether they are identical or not, we can use the -``cmp`` command. Let us consider some situation. Suppose, we run the ``find`` -command to locate some file, and it turns out that we have a file with same -name in different location. - -In this case, if we are unsure, whether both the files are the same, we can use -the ``cmp`` command to check if the files are identical. - -.. L8 -:: - - find . -name quick.c - ./Desktop/programs/quick.c - ./c-folder/quick.c - cmp Desktop/programs/quick.c c-folder/quick.c - -.. L9 - -{{{ Show slide, cmp }}} - -.. R9 - -If the cmp command doesn't return any output, it means that both files are -exactly identical. If there are any differences in the file, it gives you -the exact byte location at which the first difference occurred. - -.. R10 - -Let us now make a small change in one of quick.c file and run the ``cmp`` -command again. - -.. L10 -{{{ Switch to the terminal }}} - -:: - - cmp Desktop/programs/quick.c c-folder/quick.c - -.. R11 - -As we can see, it gives the exact location as to where a change is made. - -Now, we may not be happy with just the knowledge that the files are -different. We may want to see the exact differences between the two files. -The ``diff`` command can be used to find the exact differences between the -files. - -.. L11 - -.. L12 -:: - - diff Desktop/programs/quick.c c-folder/quick.c - -.. R12 - -We get back a line by line difference between the two files. - -.. L13 - -{{{ Show slide, diff }}} - -.. R13 - -The ``>`` mark indicates the content that has been added to the second file, -which was not present in the first file. The ``<`` mark indicates the lines -that were present in the first file, but are not existent in the second file. - -.. L14 - -{{{ Show slide, tar }}} - -.. R14 - -You would often come across (archive) files which are called *tarballs*. A -tar ball is essentially a collection of files, which may or may not be -compressed. Essentially, it eases the job of storing, backing up and -transporting multiple files, at once. - -.. R15 - -The following set of commands extracts the contents of the ``allfiles.tar`` -tarball to the directory extract. - -.. L15 - -{{{ Switch to terminal }}} -:: - - mkdir extract - cp allfiles.tar extract/ - cd extract - tar -xvf allfiles.tar - -.. L16 - -{{{ Show slide, extracting an archive }}} - -.. R16 - -The option, ``x`` tells ``tar`` to extract the files in the archive file -specified by the ``f`` option. The ``v`` option tells ``tar`` to give out a -verbose output. - -.. R17 - -Similarly, if we wish to create a ``tar`` archive, we use the ``c`` option -instead of the ``x`` option. For instance, the command below creates an -archive from all the files with the ``.txt`` extension. - -.. L17 - -{{{ Switch to terminal }}} -:: - - tar -cvzf newarchive.tar *.txt - -.. R18 - -You can also create and extract compressed archives using ``tar``. It -supports a wide variety of compressions like gzip, bzip2, lzma, etc. - -We need to add an additional option to ``tar`` to handle these -compressions. - - -+-------------+------------+ -| Compression | Option | -+-------------+------------+ -| gzip | ``-z`` | -| bzip2 | ``-j`` | -| lzma | ``--lzma`` | -+-------------+------------+ - -.. L18 - -.. R19 - -So, if we wished to create a gzip archive in the previous command, we -change it to the following - -.. L19 -:: - - tar -cvzf newarchive.tar.gz *.txt - -.. L20 - -{{{ Show slide, customizing your shell }}} - -.. R20 - -What would you do, if you want bash to execute a particular command each -time you start it up? For instance, say you want the current directory to -be your Desktop instead of your home folder, each time bash starts up. -Bash reads and executes commands in a whole bunch -of files called start-up files, when it starts up. - -When bash starts up as an interactive login shell, it reads the files -``/etc/profile``, ``~/.bash_profile``, ``~/.bash_login``, and -``~/.profile`` in that order. - -When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bash reads -and executes commands from ~/.bashrc. This can be prevented using the ``--norc`` -option. Instead of using the ``~/.bashrc`` file on start-up, we can force -the bash to use another file, for which the ``--rcfile`` option may be used. - -Now, you know what you should do, to change the current directory to you -Desktop. Just put a ``cd ~/Desktop`` into your ``~/.bashrc`` and you are -set! -But as you know that the start-up files are used for a lot more complex things -than this. You could set (or unset) aliases and a whole bunch of environment -variables in the ``.bashrc``, like changing environment variables etc. - -.. L21 - -{{{ Switch to 'Summary' slide }}} - -.. R21 - -This brings us to the end of the end of this tutorial. -In this tutorial, we have learnt to, - - 1. Make use of the ``find`` command to find files in a directory hierarchy. - #. Find the differences between files with the same name, using the - ``cmp`` and ``diff`` commands. - #. Extract and create compressed archive's using the ``tar`` command. - #. Customize one's shell according to one's choice. - -.. L22 - -{{{ Show self assessment questions slide }}} - -.. R22 - -Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve - - 1. Look at the man page of ``find`` and state the options which - deal with symbolic links. - - 2. How do you append tar files to an archive? - -.. L23 - -{{{ Solution of self assessment questions on slide }}} - -.. R23 - -And the answers, - -1. The -H, -L and -P options with the ``find`` command control - the treatment of symbolic links. - - 2. To append tar files to an archive, we can use the ``tar`` command - either with the ``-A`` option or the ``-r`` option, as, -:: - - $ tar -Af <tar_file> <tar_file_to_be_added> - OR - $ tar -rf <tar_file> <tar_file_to_be_added> - - -.. L24 - -{{{ Show the Thank you slide }}} - -.. R24 - -Hope you have enjoyed this tutorial and found it useful. -Thank you! - - - |