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-.. Objectives
-.. ----------
-   
-   .. At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to:
-   
-   ..   1. Know what is linux and it's need.
-   ..   2. Understand the need for linux in today's world.
-   ..   3. Move around in directories and files.
-   ..   4. Use basic commands of Linux.
-
-.. Prerequisites
-.. -------------
-
-..   1. None
-
- 
-Script
-------
-
-.. L1
-
-{{{ Show the  first slide containing title, name of the production
-team along with the logo of MHRD }}}
-
-.. R1
-
-Hello friends and Welcome to the tutorial on 
-'Using linux tools - Part 1'.
-
-.. L2
-
-{{{ Show the slide, Objectives }}} 
-
-.. R2
-
-At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to,
-
- 1. Know what is linux. 
- #. Understand the need for linux in today's world.
- #. Move around in directories and files.
- #. Use basic commands of Linux.
-
-.. L3
-
-{{{ Switch to slide, what is linux OS }}}
-
-.. R3
-
-Linux (sometimes called GNU/Linux) is a Free and Open Source Operating
-System that is inspired by Unix and runs on a variety of hardware
-platforms.
-
-Linux is a modular operating system, with it's basic design based on the
-principles established in Unix. It consists of an important and central
-piece called the Linux kernel, which, manages system resources like process
-control, networking, peripherals and file system access. This is
-complemented by the application software, written on top of the kernel that
-give the higher level functionality that facilitate the user to carry out
-various tasks.
-
-.. L4
-
-{{{ Switch to slide, Why Linux? }}}
-
-.. R4
-
-GNU/Linux can be downloaded in its entirety from the Internet completely
-for free with no registration fees, no costs per user, free updates, and
-freely available source code.
-The security model used in Linux is based on the UNIX idea of security,
-which is known to be robust and of proven quality. Also, there are no
-viruses in the GNU/Linux world.
-
-Python is used a lot for scientific computing. Why? Beause,
-we can share our operating system and the libraries that we are using
-with our co-workers, without any headaches of licensing.
-There are a host of tools and libraries, that are useful in day-to-day 
-scientific computing work.GNU/Linux distributions are very stable and 
-known for their up-time. We don't have the fear of losing our 
-computational work, due to system crashes.
-
-.. L5
-
-{{{ Switch to slide, Logging in }}}
-
-.. R5
-
-Let's begin with logging into our system. The GNU/Linux OS supports
-multiple users and each user logs in with his/her user-name and password.
-You can log-in once you provide your authentication details.
-
-It is a popular misconception that GNU/Linux doesn't have a GUI (Graphical
-user interface). It does have a fully functional GUI, but for the purpose
-of this course we shall start with using the CLI (Command line interface).
-Once your system has booted up, hit ``Ctrl + Alt + F1`` to switch to the
-command line interface.
-
-You can log out using the ``logout`` command. 
-
-.. R6
-
-Now hit ``Ctrl + Alt + F7`` and come back to the GUI. For the purpose
-of the spoken tutorials, we shall use the terminal on the GUI.
-
-.. L6
-
-{{{ Open the terminal }}}
-
-.. R7
-
-Now that we have logged in, where are we? 
-To find out the present working directory, we use the ``pwd`` command. 
-
-.. L7
-::
-
-    pwd
-
-.. R8
-
-Now, to see what is in the current directory, we use the ``ls`` command.
-
-.. L8
-::
-
-    ls
-
-.. R9
-
-It gives us a list of all the files in our present working directory.
-``ls`` command takes the directory, in which we want to see the list of
-files present, as an argument. To see all the files present in the
-``Music`` directory, we say
-
-.. L9
-::
-
-    ls Music
-
-.. R10
-
-Note that everything in GNU/Linux and the Unix world is case sensitive.
-
-As you can see, our home folder has two html files.
-What if we wanted the files to be more organized? Say,
-we would like to put all our work during this course in a separate
-directory. Let us now create a directory ``sdes`` by saying
-
-.. L10
-::
-
-    mkdir sees
-
-.. R11
-
-Type ``ls`` to see that a new directory has been
-created. 
-
-.. L11
-::
-
-    ls
-
-.. L12
-
-{{{ Switch to slide, New folders }}}
-
-.. R12
-
-Also, note that special characters need to be escaped. For example if we
-wanted to create a directory with the name ``software engineering``, we do
-it either as
-
-     mkdir software\ engineering
-
-or as
-
-     mkdir "software engineering"
-
-But it is generally a practice to use hyphens or underscores instead of
-spaces in filenames and directory names.
-Also in modern GNU/Linux filesystems all characters except the forward 
-slash are allowed.
-
-.. R13
-
-Now that we have seen how to create a new empty directory and navigate into
-it, let us create a new blank file. We use the ``touch`` command for this.
-
-.. L13
-
-{{{ Switch to the termninal }}}
-::
-
-    pwd
-    cd sees
-    touch first
-
-.. R14
-
-This creates a file named first in our present working directory. Use the
-``ls`` command to see that the file has been created.
-
-.. L14
-::
-
-    ls 
-
-.. R15
-
-To get a quick description of the command, we could use the ``whatis``
-command. It gives a short one-line description of the command that is
-passed as an argument to it. For example, 
-
-.. L15
-::
-
-    whatis touch
-
-.. R16
-
-To get a more detailed description of the command,
-we use the ``man`` command.
-
-.. L16
-::
-
-    man touch
-
-.. R17
-
-This page gives a detailed description of the command. We can see that the
-``touch`` command has a whole host of options that can be passed to it.
-Every command in Linux has such a list of options that can be passed to the
-command to do specific tasks. Hit the ``q`` key to quit the ``man`` page.
-
-To see the manual on man itself do,
-
-.. L17
-::
-
-    man man
-
-.. L18
-
-{{{ Switch to slide, Using additional options }}}
-
-.. R18
-
-As you may have observed, often the ``man`` page is a bit too much for
-quickly cross checking what option to use for a specific task. For this
-kind of quick look-up, most of the commands come with a -h or --help
-option. This gives a brief description of the options available for that
-command.
-
-Pause the video here, try out the following exercise and resume the video.
-
-.. L19
-
-{{{ Show slide with exercise 1 }}}
-
-.. R19
-
-Which option should be used with ``ls`` command to list all the directories,
-sub-directories and files contained in it? 
-Hint: Use ``man`` or ``--help`` 
-
-.. R20
-
-Switch to terminal for solution. 
-
-.. L20
- 
-{{{continue from paused state}}}
-{{{ Switch to the terminal }}}
-::
-
-    ls -R
-
-.. R21
-
-This lists out all the files in the sub-tree of the current directory,
-recursively.
-
-.. L21
-
-.. R22
-
-When you wish to create a new directory deep inside a directory structure,
-using a ``-p`` option with the ``mkdir`` command would be useful. For
-example,if we wish to create a folder ``scripts`` inside the directory
-``linux-tools`` inside the directory ``sees``, we could simply say,
-
-.. L22
-::
-
-    pwd
-    mkdir -p sees/linux-tools/scripts
-
-.. R23
-
-Let's now say, we wish to remove a directory or a file. How do we find out
-what command to use? We use the ``apropos`` command to search for commands
-based on their descriptions. To search for the command to remove a
-file/directory say,
-
-.. L23
-::
-
-    apropos remove
-
-.. R24
-
-This gives us a whole list of commands that have the word ``remove``, in
-their description. Looking through the list tells us that ``rm`` or
-``rmdir`` is the command to use.
-
-.. L24
-
-.. L25
-
-{{{ Show summary slide }}}
-
-.. R25
-
-This brings us to the end of the tutorial.In this tutorial, we have learnt to,
-
- 1. Understand the basic structure of linux and it's need.
- #. Move around in directories and files.
- #. Use commands like ``mkdir`` and ``rmdir`` to make and remove directories 
-    respectively.
- #. Use commands such as ``man`` and ``whatis`` to get a description of 
-    what a particular command does.
-
-.. L26
- 
-{{{ Show self assessment questions slide }}}
-
-.. R26
-
-Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve
-
-1. Which is the default directory after logging into the terminal?
-
-2. How to view file attributes with ls command?
-
-.. L27
-
-{{{ Solution of self assessment questions on slide }}}
-
-.. R27
-
-And the answers,
-
-1. It logins to user's home(/home/user)
-
-2. In order to view the attributes of a file, we use the -l option with 
-   the ls command.
-
-::
-
-    ls -l <filename>  
-
-.. L28
-
-{{{ Show the Thankyou slide }}}
-
-.. R28
-
-Hope you have enjoyed this tutorial and found it useful.
-Thank you!
-