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+Introduction
+============
+
+LaTeX is a typesetting program that produces excellently typeset documents.
+Typesetting is placing text onto a page with all the style formatting
+defined, so that content looks as intended. It is extensively used for
+producing high quality scientific and mathematical documents. It may also be
+used for producing other kinds of documents, ranging from simple one page
+articles to complete books. LaTeX is based on the TeX typesetting language.
+
+LaTeX is pronounced either as "Lah-tech" or "Lay-tech". 
+
+
+Why LaTeX?
+==========
+
+A few reasons for using LaTeX - 
+
+  * It produces documents with excellent visual quality.
+  * It does the typesetting for you, leaving you - the author - to focus on
+    writing the content. You will appreciate this, as you learn more.
+  * It makes writing math just as easy as writing simple text.
+  * It's renowned for it's stability and a virtually bug free code base.
+  * It is light on your resources as compared to most of the word processors
+    available today.
+  * It uses plain text files as input and can give output in a variety of
+    formats including PDFs and html making it platform independent.
+  * It is free software (free as in freedom) and gratis too.
+  * It is widely used and has a large user community.
+
+
+Course Outline
+==============
+
+In this course, we will learn enough LaTeX to be a able to produce a simple
+document with text, tables, figures, math, references and bibliography. We
+will also briefly see how to create presentations using LaTeX, such as the
+one use for the slides of this course.
+
+The sample document, ``sample.pdf``, available in the course material, will
+serve as a teaching/learning tool to learn LaTeX. During the course, we shall
+reproduce this sample document, starting from scratch, in LaTeX
+
+A Look at the Sample Document
+-----------------------------
+
+A look at the sample document gives us an idea about the various elements
+present in the document, that we will be learning during this course.
+
+We shall be learning how to add the following elements to our LaTeX
+documents.
+
+  * Title, Author, Date
+  * Abstract
+  * Sections & Subsections
+  * Appendices
+  * References/Bibliography
+  * Tables
+  * Figures
+  * Math
+
+
+LaTeX is not a Word Processor
+=============================
+
+What do we mean by LaTeX not being a Word Processor? Suppose we wanted to
+create a simple document as shown in the image below. If one used a normal
+word processor, the author would have to worry about setting the font sizes
+of the fonts, centering the title, date and author information, etc.
+
+.. image:: images/latex_not_wp.png
+   :alt: LaTeX is not a Word Processor
+
+To generate this document in LaTeX, we just tell it what we want as the
+title, author's name, date etc. and what we want as the content. LaTeX takes
+care of proper font size ratios and other presentation details.
+
+::
+
+  \documentclass{article}
+  \title{My First Document}
+  \author{FOSSEE}
+  \date{January 2011}
+  \begin{document}
+     \maketitle
+     Hello world!
+  \end{document}
+
+LaTeX can be considered to be a document based markup language. What we mean
+by a markup language is that you mark up pieces of your text to be particular
+elements of your document and then a typesetter or processor typesets your
+document based on a set of rules. What do we mean by being document-based? It
+means, that in LaTeX, you can change the structure of the whole document
+consistently, with a few changes in the preamble of the document, with-out
+having to change each element separately.
+
+First steps -- Typesetting a minimal document
+=============================================
+
+Let us start with a minimal example to learn how to write a LaTeX document
+and compile it to see the **typeset** output.
+
+To begin, type out the following code into your text editor and save it as
+``draft.tex``. ::
+
+  \documentclass{article}
+  \begin{document}
+  SciPy is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering.   
+  \end{document}
+
+To compile your document, type the following command in your terminal::
+
+  $ pdflatex draft.tex
+
+This produces the output file ``draft.pdf``
+
+Note: The ``latex`` command is often used, instead of ``pdflatex`` to get the
+``dvi`` output. But, throughout this course, we shall use ``pdflatex`` to
+compile our documents.
+
+What does it mean?
+------------------
+
+As we have already seen, LaTeX is a document based markup. The first line,
+``\documentclass{article}``, tells that our document is an article type
+document. LaTeX then, typesets the document accordingly. The documentclass
+command, defines the structure and formatting of our document.
+
+The ``begin`` and ``end`` document commands, mark the beginning and the end
+of the content of the LaTeX document. The text in between the begin and end
+commands is typeset in the output document. 
+
+A little digression
+===================
+
+Just like in ``bash`` and ``Python``, the commands in LaTeX are
+case-sensitive. ``\Documentclass`` is therefore not a valid command. 
+
+All the commands in LaTeX begin with a ``\``. An environment begins with a
+``begin`` command and ends with an ``end`` command. In our minimal example,
+``document`` is an environment. Only the text enclosed by the begin and end
+commands is effected by the environment. 
+
+So, as expected LaTeX ignores anything that is written after the
+``\end{document}`` command. (The part of the file before the
+``\begin{document}`` command is called the preamble, and is used to
+*"configure"* the LaTeX typesetter and change various parameters for
+typesetting. Details later.)
+
+Essentially, anything written after the ``\end{document}`` command turns out
+to be a comment. But, how do we write comments with in the document. ``%`` is
+the character to indicate comments. Anything written after a ``%`` symbol in
+a line, is ignored. For example, we can add a comment to the minimal document
+saying, this is our first document in LaTeX, by saying ``% My First LaTeX
+document``. 
+
+But what if we wanted to insert the ``%`` symbol in the document? We can do
+so by escaping it with a ``\`` (backslash). ``%`` is one of the many special
+characters in LaTeX. The others are, ``~ # $ ^ & _ { } \``. All of them,
+except the ``\`` itself, can be inserted by escaping it with a ``\``. To
+insert a ``\`` in our document, we use the command ``\textbackslash``. 
+
+What would happen if we escape a ``\`` with a ``\``? Yes, you guessed it. A
+double backslash is actually another command. It inserts a new line in the
+typeset document. The ``\\`` command or ``\newline`` command is used to
+insert a newline in the output document. Line breaks in the input document,
+do not translate into line breaks in the output document. A single line break
+in the input document, doesn't cause any change in the output. A single empty
+line causes a change in paragraphs in the output. (Multiple empty lines are
+equivalent to a single empty line.) Similarly, multiple spaces are treated as
+a single space. 
+
+Adding Structure
+================
+
+Let us now, look at giving the document some basic structure, like title,
+sections, etc. 
+
+``\documentclass``
+------------------
+
+As we have already seen, the ``documentclass`` command tells LaTeX, the type
+of the document that we intend to create. Some of the available LaTeX classes
+are, ``article``, ``proc``, ``report``, ``book``, ``slides``, ``letter``.
+Each class has a few differences in how the content of the document is
+typeset.
+
+The ``documentclass`` command also accepts a few optional parameters. For
+example::
+
+  \documentclass[12pt,a4paper,oneside,draft]{report}
+
+``12pt`` specifies the size of the main font in the document. The relative
+sizes of the various fonts is maintained, when the font size is changed. If
+no size is specified, ``10pt`` is assumed by default.
+
+``a4paper`` specifies the size of the paper to be used for the document.
+
+``draft`` marks the hyphenation and justification problems in the document
+with a small square in the right hand margin of the document, so that they
+can be easily spotted.
+
+Top Matter
+----------
+
+Let us begin with adding the Title, Author's name and the date to the
+document.
+
+::
+
+  \documentclass{article}
+  \title{A Glimpse at Scipy}
+  \author{FOSSEE}
+  \date{June 2010}
+  \begin{document}
+  \maketitle
+  SciPy is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering.   
+  \end{document}
+
+We add the title, the author and the date to the document before the
+``\begin{document}`` directive. We compile the document to see if the details
+appear in the document, but they donot. These details do not appear in the
+document until we use the ``\maketitle`` command with the document
+environment to instruct LaTeX to place the top matter information into the
+document. Now the document has these details, on compiling again.
+
+If no date is specified, LaTeX automatically inserts the current date.
+
+Abstract
+--------
+
+Next we shall add an abstract to our document. LaTeX provides an environment,
+for adding an abstract to the document. 
+
+::
+
+  \documentclass{article}
+
+  \title{A Glimpse at Scipy}
+  \author{FOSSEE}
+  \date{June 2010}
+
+  \begin{document}
+
+  \maketitle
+
+  \begin{abstract}
+  This document shows a glimpse of the features of Scipy that will be explored during this course.
+  \end{abstract}
+
+  SciPy is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering.   
+  \end{document}
+
+The abstract environment is placed at the location where we wish it to appear
+in the document.
+
+Sections
+--------
+
+Now let's look at how to add (chapters,) sections and sub-sections to our
+document. Let's add the section headings and sub headings present in our
+sample document to the working copy of our document.
+
+``\section``, ``\subsection``, ``\subsubsection``
+
+On compiling, we can see that the headings of the sections and the
+sub-sections appear in the document.
+
+You may have noticed that LaTeX automatically numbers the sections. To
+prevent a section from getting numbered, an asterix is appended to the
+corresponding sectioning command.
+
+If the document was a longer document, we could have used a report or a book
+class. (Note: Books donot have the abstract environment.) Let's look at what
+happens to the document, when we change it to the report class.
+
+The numbering strangely begins from zero, now. This is because, chapters have
+an additional sectioning command called ``\chapter``. The chapter is one
+level above a section and since, our document does not have a ``\chapter``
+command, the sections are numbered from 0. To change this, we add a chapter
+command before the first section. We say
+
+::
+
+  \chapter{One}
+
+Now, observe that we now have a chapter title appearing and the numbering
+starting from 1.
+
+Also, note that the subsubsections donot get a numbering now. This is
+controlled by a variable called the secnumdepth. By default it is set to 2.
+We can now, change it to 3 and get numbering for subsubsections also. 
+
+::
+
+  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+
+What do you expect to happen if we changed the secnumdepth to 1? What if it
+is 0 or -1?
+
+
+Appendix
+--------
+
+Notice that our document also has an appendix. Let's add an appendix
+to our document.
+
+::
+
+  \appendix
+  \section{Plotting using Pylab}
+
+Table of Contents
+-----------------
+
+Our sample document is not long enough to warrant a table of contents, but
+let us learn to add a table of contents to a LaTeX document. If you ever
+tried adding a table of contents, to a document in a wordprocessor, you would
+know how much of a trouble it is. In LaTeX, it is a matter of just one
+command and placing the command at the location where you would want to have
+the table of contents. Let's now add a table of contents to our draft. Now,
+compile the document and look at the output document. It does not have the
+table of contents!
+
+On the first compilation only the "Contents" heading appears in the document,
+but the actual table does not appear. You will need to compile your document
+once more, for the actual table to appear in your document. On the first run,
+LaTeX has gone through your document and generated a temporary file
+(``.toc``), with the entries that should go into the table of contents. These
+entries are made, when you compile your document for the second time.
+
+Note that any section/block that has been numbered automatically appears in
+the table of contents. It is possible to get un-numbered sections, for
+instance a Preface or a Foreword section to appear in the Table of Contents.
+
+Let's change our Introduction section to be an un-numbered one and try to
+make it appear in the table-of-contents. ::
+
+  \section*{Introduction}
+  \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Intro}
+
+We shall talk about adding and managing bibliographies, later in the course.
+
+Now, that we have the basic structure of the document, let's get into the
+content and the details of it.
+
+Typesetting Text
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Let's begin with adding the second paragraph to the introduction section.
+Let's place the text of the second para, after the first line, that we
+already have. Now, compile the document.
+
+As already discussed, we need to an insert an empty line, to insert a new
+paragraph in LaTeX. Also, notice that the new paragraph is indented.
+
+Quotation Marks
+---------------
+
+Look at the quotation marks around the text, Sigh Pie. They are not formatted
+properly. To place quotation marks in LaTeX, you should use ````` character
+for the left quote & ``'`` character for the right quote. For double quotes,
+they should be used twice.
+
+Fonts
+-----
+
+The names of the software tools, Scilab, Matlab, etc. appear in italics or
+emphasized as it is called in LaTeX. To emphasize text, the ``\emph`` command
+is used.
+
+Let's also add the contents of the subsection "Sub-packages of Scipy". We
+shall add the table as plain text, until we learn how to edit tables.
+
+Let's try and form a tabular structure by separating the left and right
+columns using spaces. On compiling we find that LaTeX doesn't add multiple
+spaces between words. Just like multiple empty lines, multiple spaces are
+considered as a single space.
+
+Also, we notice that ``LaTeX`` starts a new paragraph at the beginning of the
+table. To avoid this, we use the ``flushleft`` environment.
+
+The names of the sub-packages appear in a fixed width font in the sample
+document provided to us. The headings of the columns appear in bold-face.
+Let's make changes to this effect.
+
+``\textbf`` is used to change text to bold face and ``\texttt`` is used to
+change text to fixed width font.
+
+We could also change the separating - (hyphen) to an em-dash (or en-dash) --
+is em-dash and --- is an em-dash, to improve the appearance of the document.
+
+Lists
+=====
+
+The section on Use of Scipy in this course, contains lists. Let's now add
+lists to our document. The ``enumerate`` environment adds numbered lists to
+our document and the ``itemize`` environment adds un-numbered lists.
+``\item`` command adds a new entry to a list. Note, that LaTeX can easily
+handle nested lists. In fact most environments can be embedded within other
+environments, without any problems.
+
+LaTeX also has a description list, which shall be an exercise, for you.
+
+
+Footnotes, Labels and References
+================================
+
+Let's now add the footnote to pylab. LaTeX provides a footnote command to add
+a footnote.
+
+We added the footnote with Appendix A, as plain text. But, in case we added
+another Appendix before the section on using ``pylab``, the footnote will
+have to be edited. To avoid this, LaTeX provides a handy system of labels and
+referencing.
+
+We first add a label to the section that we want to refer in this
+footnote. Then, we change the footnote, and add the reference to this
+label instead of the character A. If you look at the output after
+compiling the document once, you will see that the footnote has
+question marks instead of the section number.  You will have to
+compile once again, for the section number to appear in the footnote.
+
+
+Including code
+==============
+
+In the footnote above, and in the table for the sub-packages list, we
+used the ``\texttt`` command to get a fixed width font. But we could
+instead use an environment provided by LaTeX to include pre-formatted
+text or code. LaTeX by default provides the verbatim environment to
+include pre-formatted text. You can try that out during the lab
+session. We shall look at using the listings package, specifically
+meant for including code in our document.
+
+First of all you need to tell LaTeX, that you want to use the listings
+package in your document. We add the directive
+``\usepackage{listings}`` to the preamble of our document.
+
+Then we set the language of the code that we are going to embed into
+our document. For this we use the lstset command.  ::
+ 
+  \lstset{language=Python,
+          showstringspaces=false,}
+
+The listings package allows you to use color and do a lot of things
+with your embedded code, but all that during a lab exercise.
+
+Now, to put a line of code, inline and not as a separate block, we use
+the ``\lstinline`` command. We change the name pylab in the footnote
+to use lstinline instead of the texttt. To embed a block of code, we
+use the lstlisting environment (``\begin{lstlisting}`` and
+``\end{lstlisting}``). For example, let's add the code to the Appendix
+of our document.
+
+Figures, Tables and Floats
+==========================
+
+Let's now add the figure, to the appendix.
+
+To include graphics in a LaTeX document, we need to use the graphicx
+package. Add the ``\usepackage{graphicx}`` directive to the preamble
+of the document.
+
+To add the graphic, use the ``includegraphics`` command. The relative
+path of the image that we wish to include is passed as an argument to
+includegraphics. It takes an optional argument of scaling the
+image. We use a scale of 0.4 to scale our image.
+
+It takes other optional arguments. 
+
+  ``width=x``, ``height=x`` 
+    If only the height or width is specified,
+    the image is scaled, maintaining the aspect ratio.
+
+  ``keepaspectratio``
+    This parameter can either be set to true or false. When set to
+    true, the image is scaled according to both width and height,
+    without changing the aspect ratio, so that it does not exceed both
+    the width and the height dimensions.
+
+  ``angle=x``
+    This option can be used to rotate the image by ``x`` degrees,
+    counter-clockwise.
+
+Figures (and tables) are treated specially because, they cannot be
+broken across pages. They are "floated" across to the next page, if
+they donot fit on the current page, filling the current page with
+text.
+
+To make our graphic into a float, we should enlose it within a figure
+environment. For a table, the table environment should be used. We now
+move our graphic into a figure environment. The figure environment
+takes an additional parameter for the location of the
+float. ``\begin{figure}[hbtp!]``. The specifiers ``htbp`` are
+permissions to place the float at various locations. ``t`` for top of
+page, ``b`` for bottom of page, ``p`` for a separate page for floats
+and ``h`` for here, as in the same place where the command appears in
+the source. ``!`` mark overrides a few of LaTeX's internal parameters
+for good position of floats.
+
+The figure environment also, allows us to add a caption to the graphic
+using the ``\caption`` command.
+
+To place the graphic in the center aligned in the page, we use the
+center environment.
+
+To label a figure, we just add a label with in the figure
+environment. Note, that the label to a figure should be added after
+the caption command. Also, note that tables are auto-numbered.
+
+Let us finish the appendix, by adding the content present at the
+beginning of the appendix. The bibliographic citations will be dealt
+with later.
+
+Tables
+------
+
+Now, let us look at the other kind of floats - Tables. We shall
+convert the list of sub-packages in the sub-packages section to a
+table.
+
+To begin a table, we use the tabular environment. And to make this a
+float, it is enclosed in the table environment. The table environment
+also allows us to add captions to the table and Tables are also auto
+numbered.
+
+The tabular environment takes as arguments the columns and the
+formatting of each column. The possible arguments to the tabular
+environment are
+
++---------------+------------------------------------+
+| ``l``         | left justified column content      |
++---------------+------------------------------------+
+| ``r``         | right justified column content     |
++---------------+------------------------------------+
+| ``c``         | centered column content            |
++---------------+------------------------------------+
+| ``|``         | produces a vertical line.          |
++---------------+------------------------------------+
+
+It also takes an optional parameter that specifies the position of the
+table; ``t`` for top, ``b`` for bottom, or ``c`` for center.
+
+Each column of a table is separated by an ``&`` symbol and each row is
+separated by a new line. The ``\hline`` command allows you to draw
+horizontal lines between two rows of the table. But it does not allow
+you do draw partial lines. ``\cline{a-b}`` draws a horizontal line
+from column ``a`` to column ``b``.
+
+We also add a label to the table and refer to it in the first line of
+the section.
+
+You could also add a listoftables or listoffigures to the document,
+similar to the way we added table of contents.
+
+Typesetting Math
+================
+
+Now we shall move to typesetting the Math in the sample document given
+to us. We shall start with the Matrices subsection.
+
+In general, it is advised to use the AMS-LaTeX bundle to typeset
+mathematics in LaTeX. AMS-LaTeX is a collection of packages and
+classes for mathematical typesetting.
+
+We load ``amsmath`` by issuing the ``\usepackage{amsmath}`` in the
+preamble. Through out this section, it is assumed that the ``amsmath``
+package has been loaded.
+
+Let's now typeset the matrix A.
+
+To typeset math, we just have to enclose it within ``\(`` and ``\)``
+or a pair of ``$`` signs.
+
+To typeset the matrix A, we use the ``bmatrix`` environment. It works
+similar to a tabular environment - ``&`` is used to demarcate columns
+and ``\\`` is used to add a new row. ``bmatrix`` environment gives the
+``[`` ``]`` as delimiters. There are 5 other matrix environments
+giving matrices with other delimiters - ``matrix`` (none), ``pmatrix``
+``(``, ``Bmatrix`` ``{``, ``vmatrix`` ``|`` and ``Vmatrix`` ``||``.
+
+To write the name of the matrix A, a bold-faced A is used. This is
+obtained by using the ``\mathbf`` command.
+
+This subsection doesn't have much more math. The next section on
+inverse doesn't have anything new except for writing inverse of A.
+
+To typeset superscripts in LaTeX, the ``^`` character is used. The
+carat operator just acts on the next character. To have multiple
+characters as superscript they must be enclosed in ``{ }``. Similarly
+for typesetting text as subscripts the ``_`` character is used.
+
+To typeset the summation symbol, use the command ``\sum.`` The upper
+and lower limits are specified using the ``^`` and ``_``
+characters. Similarly, the integral symbol is obtained using the
+``\int`` command.
+
+Next, let us type in the equation present in the section on
+Determinants. Note that it is different from all the math we've typed
+until now, since it is not inline and is "displayed", in the LaTeX
+lingo. LaTeX has a number of environments for displaying equations,
+with minor subtle differences. In general use ``\[`` ``\]`` to typeset
+displayed equations without numbering them. ``\begin{equation*}`` is
+equivalent to it.  To obtain numbered equations use
+``\begin{equation}``.
+
+Next we wish to typeset a group of equations. The equation environment
+does not accept ``\\`` to get a new line. For multiple equations
+amsmath has a handful of environments with subtle differences. We
+shall use the ``eqnarray`` environment. ``eqnarray*`` environment
+gives unnumbered equations, as expected. The ``eqnarray`` environment
+works similar to a table environment. The parts of the equation that
+need to be aligned are indicated using an ``&`` symbol. The
+``newline`` command is used to enter a every new equation after the
+first one. We now typeset the equations in the section on linear
+equations using the ``eqnarray`` environment. (The equations in the
+determinants section use ``eqnarray*``)
+
+We next typeset the math in the section on polynomials. To typeset
+fractions use the ``\frac`` command. To typeset surds, we use the
+``\sqrt`` command with the optional paramter of ``[n]``.
+
+Inserting Greek letters into LaTeX is simple. ``\alpha``, ``\beta``,
+``\gamma``, ... on for small letters and ``\Alpha``, ``\Beta``,
+``\Gamma``, ... for capital.
+
+Also, math environments do not give extra spaces using the space or
+tab characters. The following commands are available to specify the
+spacing required.
+
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+| Abbrev. | Spelled out        | Example |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+| ``\,``  | ``\thinspace``     |         |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+| ``\:``  | ``\medspace``      |         |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+| ``\;``  | ``\thickspace``    |         |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+|         | ``\quad``          |         |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+|         | ``\qquad``         |         |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+| ``\!``  | ``\negthinspace``  |         |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+|         | ``\negmedspace``   |         |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+|         | ``\negthickspace`` |         |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+
+Bibliography
+============
+
+Let's now look at how to write bibliography and cite references.
+
+Writing bibliographies in LaTeX using the ``thebibliography``
+environment is pretty easy. You simply have to list down all the
+bibliography items within the bibliography environment.
+
+Each entry of the bibliography begins with the command
+``\bibitem[label]{name}``. The name is used to cite the bibliography
+item within the document using ``\cite{name}``. The label option
+replaces the numbers from the auto enumeration with the labels given.
+
+The ``9`` passed as an argument to ``thebibliography`` command
+indicates the maximum width of the label that the references will
+have. In our sample document, we have less than 10 items in the
+Bibliography and therefore we use 9.
+
+Presentations with Beamer
+=========================
+
+Using beamer for you presentations is a good idea, since you can use
+the LaTeX that you have used for the report/document for the
+presentation as well.
+
+To write a ``beamer`` presentation, it is recommended that we use one
+of the templates that beamer provides. We shall use the
+``speaker_introduction`` template to get started with beamer.
+
+As you can see, the document begins with the ``documentclass`` being
+set to beamer.
+
+``\usetheme`` command sets the theme to be used in the presentation.
+
+``\usecolortheme`` command sets the color theme of the presentation.
+
+Notice that each slide is enclosed within ``\begin{frame}`` and
+``\end{frame}`` commands. The ``\begin{frame}`` command can be passed
+the Title and Subtitle of the slide as parameters.
+
+The title page of the presentation can be set like any other LaTeX
+document.
+
+To do overlays, use the ``\pause`` command. It does sequential
+overlays. Non sequential overlays can also be done. (Lab exercise.)
+
+If you have fragile environments like ``verbatim`` or ``lstlisting``,
+you need to give the frame an optional parameter ``[fragile]``.
+
+To achieve more with beamer, it is highly recommended that you look at
+the ``beameruserguide``.
+
+.. 
+   Local Variables:
+   mode: rst
+   indent-tabs-mode: nil
+   sentence-end-double-space: nil
+   fill-column: 77
+   End: