Added ult_8.

5 files changed, 572 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ult/ult_8/marks1.txt b/ult/ult_8/marks1.txt
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+++ b/ult/ult_8/marks1.txt
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+5 89 92 85
+4 98 47 67
+1 67 82 76
+2 78 97 60
+3 67 68 69
diff --git a/ult/ult_8/results.sh b/ult/ult_8/results.sh
new file mode 100755
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+++ b/ult/ult_8/results.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+mkdir ~/marks
+cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | sort > ~/marks/results.txt
diff --git a/ult/ult_8/script.rst b/ult/ult_8/script.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ece800c
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+++ b/ult/ult_8/script.rst
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+.. Objectives
+.. ----------
+   
+   .. At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to:
+   
+   ..   1. Prepare a simple shell script. 
+   ..   2. Run a script successfully and print it's result.
+   ..   3. Understand what an environment variable is.
+
+.. Prerequisites
+.. -------------
+
+..   1. Getting started with Linux
+..   2. Basic file handling
+..   3. Redirection and Piping
+..   4. Text Processing
+
+
+ 
+Script
+------
+
+.. L1
+
+{{{ Show the  first slide containing title, name of the production
+team along with the logo of MHRD }}}
+
+.. R1
+
+Hello friends and Welcome to the tutorial on 
+'Shell scripts & Variables'.
+
+.. L2
+
+{{{ Show slide with objectives }}} 
+
+.. R2
+
+At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to,
+
+ 1. Prepare a simple shell script. 
+ #. Run a script successfully and print it's result.
+ #. Understand what an environment variable is.
+
+.. L3
+
+{{{ Switch to the pre-requisite slide }}}
+
+.. R3
+
+Before beginning this tutorial,we would suggest you to complete the 
+previous tutorials as being displayed currently.
+
+.. R4
+
+Let us start with creating a simple shell script.
+A shell script is simply a sequence of commands, that are put into a file,
+instead of entering them one by one onto the shell. The script can then be
+run, to run the sequence of commands in a single shot instead of manually
+running, each of the individual commands. 
+For instance, let's say we wish to create a directory called ``marks`` in the
+home folder and save the results of the students into a file
+``results.txt``. 
+
+.. L4
+
+.. R5
+
+We open an editor and save the following text to ``results.sh``
+
+.. L5
+
+{{{ Open an editor and type the following }}}
+::
+
+    #!/bin/bash
+    mkdir ~/marks
+    cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | sort > ~/marks/
+    results.txt
+
+.. R6
+
+We can now run the script as, 
+
+.. L6
+
+{{{ Open the terminal }}}
+::
+
+    ./results.sh
+
+.. R7
+
+We get an error saying, Permission denied! Why? Can you think of the
+reason? Yes, the file doesn't have execute permissions.
+We make the file executable and then run it. 
+
+.. L7
+::
+
+    chmod u+x results.sh
+    ./results.sh
+
+.. R8
+
+We get back the prompt. We can check the contents of the file
+``results.txt`` to see if the script has run. 
+
+So, here, we have our first shell script. The first line of the script is used 
+to specify the interpreter or shell which should be used to execute the script. 
+In this case, we are asking it to use the bash shell.
+Once, the script has run, we get back the prompt. Here, we had to manually 
+check, if the contents of the file are correct. It would be useful to have our 
+script  print out messages. For this, we can use the ``echo`` command. We can 
+edit ``results.sh`` script, as follows.
+
+.. L8
+
+{{{ Open an editor and type the following }}}
+::
+
+    #!/bin/bash
+    mkdir ~/marks
+    cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | sort > ~/marks/
+    results.txt
+    echo "Results generated."
+
+.. R9
+
+Now, on running the script, we get a message on the screen informing us,
+when the script has run. 
+
+Let's now say, that we wish to let the user decide the file to which the
+results should be written to. The results file, should be specifiable by an
+argument in the command line. We can do so, by editing the file, as below. 
+
+.. L9
+
+{{{ Make the necessary changes in the previous script }}}
+
+::
+
+    #!/bin/bash
+    mkdir ~/marks
+    cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt|paste -d " " students.txt - | sort > ~/marks/$1
+    echo "Results generated."
+
+
+{{{ Highlight the text ``$1`` }}}
+
+.. R10
+
+The ``$1`` above, corresponds to the first command line argument to the
+script. So, we can run the script as shown below, to save the results to
+``grades.txt``. 
+
+.. L10
+::
+
+    ./results.sh grades.txt    
+
+.. R11
+
+When we run the ``results.sh`` file, we are specifying the location of the
+script by using ``./``. But for any of the other commands, 
+we didn't have to specify their locations. Why? The
+shell has a set of locations where it searches, for the command that we are
+trying to run. 
+
+.. L11
+
+.. L12
+
+{{{ Show slide, PATH }}}
+
+.. R12
+
+These set of locations are saved in an "environment"
+variable called PATH.let us look at what the value of the PATH variable is. 
+To view the values of variables, we can use the echo command.
+
+.. L13
+
+{{{ Switch to the terminal }}}
+::
+
+    echo $PATH
+
+.. R13
+
+So, these are all the paths that are searched, when looking to execute a
+command. If we put ``results.sh`` script in one of these locations, we
+could simply run it, without using the ``./`` at the beginning. 
+
+.. R14
+
+As expected, it is possible to define our own variables inside our shell
+scripts. For example,
+
+.. L14
+
+{{{ Switch to the terminal }}}
+::
+
+    name="FOSSEE"
+
+.. R15
+
+It creates a new variable ``name`` whose value is ``FOSSEE``. To refer to this
+variable, inside our shell script, we would refer to it, as ``$name``.
+Note that, there is no space around the ``=`` sign. 
+
+.. L15
+::
+
+    ls $name*
+
+
+.. R16
+
+It is possible to store the output of a command in a variable, by enclosing
+the command in back-quotes. 
+
+.. L16
+::
+
+    count=`wc -l wonderland.txt`
+
+.. R17
+
+It saves the number of lines in the file ``wonderland.txt`` in the variable
+count. 
+
+.. L17
+
+.. L18
+
+{{{ Show slide, variables & comments }}}
+
+.. R18
+
+The ``#`` character is used to comment out content from a shell script.
+Anything that appears after the ``#`` character in a line, is ignored by
+the bash shell. 
+
+.. L19
+
+{{{ Switch to 'Summary' slide }}}
+
+.. R19
+
+This brings us to the end of the end of this tutorial.
+In this tutorial, we have learnt to, 
+
+ 1. Prepare a shell script.
+ #. Display the result of a script, using the ``echo`` command.
+ #. Use the environment variable ``PATH``.
+ #. Create variables and comment out content using the ``#`` sign.
+
+.. L20
+
+{{{ Show self assessment questions slide }}}
+
+.. R20
+
+Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve
+
+1. Which sign is used to comment out content from a shell script.
+  
+   - $
+   - %
+   - #
+   - * 
+
+2. How will you add directory ``/data/myscripts`` to the beginning of 
+    the $PATH environment variable ?
+
+.. L21
+
+{{{ Solution of self assessment questions on slide }}}
+
+.. R21
+
+And the answers,
+
+ 1. We use the ``#`` sign to comment out the content from a shell script.
+
+ 2. In order to add a directory to the beginning of the $PATH variable,we
+    say,
+::
+
+    $PATH=/data/myscripts:$PATH
+
+.. L22
+
+{{{ Show the Thank you slide }}}
+
+.. R22
+
+Hope you have enjoyed this tutorial and found it useful.
+Thank you!
+
+
diff --git a/ult/ult_8/students.txt b/ult/ult_8/students.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddacd6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ult/ult_8/students.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Hussain 
+Dilbert 
+Anne    
+Raul    
+Sven    
diff --git a/ult/ult_8/ult8.tex b/ult/ult_8/ult8.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a315ba1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ult/ult_8/ult8.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% Using Linux Tools
+%
+% Author: FOSSEE 
+% Copyright (c) 2009, FOSSEE, IIT Bombay
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\documentclass[17pt,compress]{beamer}
+\usepackage{beamerthemesplit}
+\mode<presentation>
+{
+  \usetheme{Warsaw}
+  \useoutertheme{infolines}
+  \setbeamercovered{transparent}
+  \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
+}
+% Taken from Fernando's slides.
+\usepackage{ae,aecompl}
+\usepackage[scaled=.95]{helvet}
+
+\usepackage[english]{babel}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+
+% change the alerted colour to LimeGreen
+\definecolor{LimeGreen}{RGB}{50,205,50}
+\setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=LimeGreen}
+\author[FOSSEE]{}
+\institute[IIT Bombay]{}
+\date[]{}
+% \setbeamercovered{transparent}
+
+% theme split
+\usepackage{verbatim}
+\newenvironment{colorverbatim}[1][]%
+{%
+\color{blue}
+\verbatim
+}%
+{%
+\endverbatim
+}%
+
+\usepackage{mathpazo,courier,euler}
+\usepackage{listings}
+\lstset{language=sh,
+    basicstyle=\ttfamily\bfseries,
+  showstringspaces=false,
+  keywordstyle=\color{black}\bfseries}
+
+% logo
+\logo{\includegraphics[height=1.30 cm]{../images/3t-logo.pdf}}
+\logo{\includegraphics[height=1.30 cm]{../images/fossee-logo.pdf}
+
+\hspace{7.5cm}
+\includegraphics[scale=0.99]{../images/fossee-logo.pdf}\\
+\hspace{281pt}
+\includegraphics[scale=0.80]{../images/3t-logo.pdf}}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% DOCUMENT STARTS
+\begin{document}
+
+\sffamily \bfseries
+\title
+[Shell scripts \& Variables]
+{Shell scripts \& Variables}
+\author
+[FOSSEE]
+{\small Talk to a Teacher\\{\color{blue}\url{http://spoken-tutorial.org}}\\\vspace{0.25cm}National Mission on Education
+ through ICT\\{\color{blue}\url{ http://sakshat.ac.in}} \\ [1.65cm]
+   Contributed by FOSSEE Team \\IIT Bombay  \\[0.3cm]
+}
+
+% slide 1
+\begin{frame}
+   \titlepage
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Objectives}
+\label{sec-2}
+
+At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to,
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Prepare a simple shell script. 
+\item Run a script successfully and print it's result.
+\item Understand what an environment variable is.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Pre-requisites}
+\label{sec-3}
+
+Spoken tutorial on,
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Getting started with Linux
+\item Basic file handling
+\item Redirection and Piping
+\item Text Processing
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+  \frametitle{\texttt{PATH}}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Shell searches in a set of locations 
+  \item Locations are saved in ``environment'' variable called PATH
+  \end{itemize}
+  \hspace{30pt}\texttt{\$ echo \$PATH}
+  %\hspace{26pt}  \verb~$ echo $PATH~
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Put results.sh in 1 of these locations
+  \item It can then be run without \texttt{./} 
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+  \frametitle{Variables \& Comments}
+  \verb~$ name=FOSSEE~
+  \verb~$ count=`wc -l wonderland.txt`~
+  \verb~$ echo $count # Shows the value~
+  \verb~of count~
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item \alert{NOTE:} No space around the \texttt{=} sign
+  \item All text following the \texttt{\#} is considered a comment
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Summary}
+\label{sec-8}
+
+  In this tutorial, we have learnt to,
+
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Prepare a shell script.
+\item Display the result of a script, using the ``echo'' command.
+\item Use the environment variable ``PATH''.
+\item Create variables and comment out content using the ``\#'' sign.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Evaluation}
+\label{sec-9}
+
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item Which sign is used to comment out content from a shell script?\\
+%\begin{itemize}
+{\color{LimeGreen}$\bullet$} \$ \hspace{80pt}{\color{LimeGreen}$\bullet$} \% \\
+{\color{LimeGreen}$\bullet$} \# \hspace{80pt}{\color{LimeGreen}$\bullet$} * \\
+\vspace{8pt}
+\item How will you add directory ``/data/scripts'' to the beginning of 
+    the \$PATH environment variable ?
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{frame}
+
+%\begin{frame}[fragile]
+%\frametitle{Evaluation}
+%\label{sec-9}
+
+
+%\begin{enumerate}
+%\item Which sign is used to comment out content from a shell script?
+%\begin{itemize}
+%\item \$ 
+%\item \%
+%\item \#
+%\item *
+%\end{itemize}
+%\vspace{8pt}
+%\item How will you add directory ``/data/myscripts'' to the beginning of 
+%    the \$PATH environment variable ?
+%\end{enumerate}
+%\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Solutions}
+\label{sec-10}
+
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item `` \# ''
+\vspace{15pt}
+\item \texttt{\$ PATH=/data/scripts:\$PATH}
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{SDES \& FOSSEE}
+\begin{center}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \small{SDES}\\
+\small{\color{LimeGreen}Software Development techniques for Engineers and Scientists} \\
+\scriptsize An initiative by FOSSEE. \\
+\vspace{3pt}
+\scriptsize For more information on SDES, please visit {\color{blue}\url{http://fossee.in/sdes}}\\
+\vspace{10pt}
+\item \small{FOSSEE}\\
+\small {\color{LimeGreen}Free and Open-source Software for \\Science and Engineering Education} \\
+\scriptsize Based at IIT Bombay, Funded by MHRD.\\
+\vspace{3pt}
+\scriptsize Part of National Mission on Education through ICT \\(NME-ICT) \\
+\end{itemize}
+\end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{About the Spoken Tutorial Project}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Watch the video available at {\color{blue}\url{http://spoken-tutorial.org /What\_is\_a\_Spoken\_Tutorial}} 
+\item It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project 
+\item If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Spoken Tutorial Workshops}The Spoken Tutorial Project Team 
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials 
+\item Gives certificates to those who pass an online test 
+\item For more details, please write to \\ \hspace {0.5cm}{\color{blue}contact@spoken-tutorial.org}
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Acknowledgements}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher  project 
+\item It is supported by the National Mission on Education through  ICT, MHRD, Government of India 
+\item More information on this Mission is available at: \\{\color{blue}\url{http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro}}
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+
+  \begin{block}{}
+  \begin{center}
+  {\Large THANK YOU!} 
+  \end{center}
+  \end{block}
+\begin{block}{}
+  \begin{center}
+    For more Information, visit our website\\
+    {\color{blue}\url{http://fossee.in/}}
+  \end{center}  
+  \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\end{document}
+
+