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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%Tutorial slides on Python.
-%
-% Author: FOSSEE
-% Copyright (c) 2017, FOSSEE, IIT Bombay
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\documentclass[14pt,compress]{beamer}
-\input{macros.tex}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-% Title page
-\title[Functions]{Python language: Functions}
-
-\author[FOSSEE Team] {The FOSSEE Group}
-
-\institute[IIT Bombay] {Department of Aerospace Engineering\\IIT Bombay}
-\date[] {Mumbai, India}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-% DOCUMENT STARTS
-\begin{document}
-
-\begin{frame}
-  \titlepage
-\end{frame}
-
-\section{Functions}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Functions for abstraction}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Reduce duplication of code
-  \item Fewer lines of code: lesser scope for bugs
-  \item Re-usability of code
-  \item Use functions written by others, without exactly knowing how
-    they do, what they are doing
-  \item \alert{Enter Functions!}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Defining functions}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Consider the function \texttt{f(x) = x\textasciicircum{}2}
-  \item In Python:
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-   In []: def f(x):
-   .....:     return x*x
-   .....:
-   In []: f(1)
-   In []: f(1+2j)
-  \end{lstlisting}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \typ{def} is a keyword
-  \item \typ{f} is the name of the function
-  \item \typ{x} the parameter of the function
-  \item \typ{return} is a keyword
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Defining functions \ldots}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-  In []: def greet():
-  .....:     print("Hello World!")
-  .....:
-
-  In []: greet()
-  \end{lstlisting}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \texttt{greet} is a function that takes no arguments
-  \item It returns nothing explicitly
-  \item Implicitly, Python returns \typ{None}
-  \item \typ{None} is also a built-in, immutable data type
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Defining functions \ldots}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-  In []: def avg(a, b):
-  .....:     return (a + b)/2
-  .....:
-
-  In []: avg(12, 10)
-\end{lstlisting}
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \typ{avg} takes two arguments
-\item Returns one value
-\end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Doc-strings}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item It's highly recommended that all functions have documentation
-  \item We write a doc-string along with the function definition
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-def avg(a, b):
-    """Returns the average of two
-    given numbers."""
-   return (a + b)/2
-
-In[]: avg?
-In[]: greet?
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Returning multiple values}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Return area and perimeter of circle, given radius
-  \item Function needs to return two values
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-def circle(r):
-    """Returns area and perimeter of
-    circle given radius r"""
-    pi = 3.14
-    area = pi * r * r
-    perimeter = 2 * pi * r
-    return area, perimeter
-
-In []: circle(4)
-In []: a, p = circle(6)
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-
-\subsection{Default \& Keyword Arguments}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Default arguments}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-In []: round(2.484)
-In []: round(2.484, 2)
-
-In []: s.split() # split on spaces
-In []: s.split(';') # split on ';'
-
-In []: range(10)
-In []: range(1, 10)
-In []: range(1, 10, 2)
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Default arguments \ldots}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-In []: def welcome(greet, name="World"):
-.....:     print(greet, name)
-.....:
-
-In []: welcome("Hi", "Guido")
-In []: welcome("Hello")
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Default arguments \ldots}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Arguments with default values, should be placed at the end
-  \item The following definition is \alert{WRONG}
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-In []: def welcome(name="World", greet):
-.....:     print(greet, name)
-.....:
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile,plain]
-  \frametitle{Keyword Arguments}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-In []: def welcome(greet, name="World"):
-.....:     print(greet, name)
-.....:
-
-In []: welcome("Hello", "James")
-
-In []: welcome("Hi", name="Guido")
-
-In []: welcome(name="Guido",greet="Hey")
-
-In []: welcome(name="Guido", "Hey")
-\end{lstlisting}
-Cannot have non-keyword args after kwargs
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Built-in functions}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Variety of built-in functions are available
-  \item \typ{abs, any, all, len, max, min}
-  \item \typ{pow, range, sum, type}
-  \item Refer here:
-    \url{http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html}
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\subsection{Variable Scope}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Arguments are local}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-   In []: def change(q):
-   .....:     q = 10
-   .....:     print(q)
-   .....:
-
-   In []: change(1)
-   In []: print(q)
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Variables inside function are local}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-  In []: n = 5
-  In []: def change():
-  .....:     n = 10
-  .....:     print(n)
-  .....:
-  In []: change()
-  In []: print(n)
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{If not defined, look in parent scope}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-  In []: n = 5
-  In []: def scope():
-  .....:     print(n)
-  .....:
-  In []: scope()
-\end{lstlisting}
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Note that \typ{n} was not defined in \typ{scope}
-\item It looked for the variable in previous scope
-\item See: \url{pythontutor.com}
-\end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{\texttt{global}}
- \begin{itemize}
-  \item Use the \texttt{global} statement to assign to global variables
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-  In[]: def change():
-  ....:     global n
-  ....:     n = 10
-  ....:     print(n)
-  ....:
-  In[]: change()
-  In[]: print(n)
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Mutable variables}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Behavior is different when assigning to a list element/slice
-  \item Python looks up for the name, from innermost scope outwards,
-    until the name is found
-  \end{itemize}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-In []: name = ['Mr.', 'Steve','Gosling']
-In []: def change_name():
-.....:     name[0] = 'Dr.'
-.....:
-In []: change_name()
-In []: print(name)
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Passing Arguments \ldots}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-In []: n = 5
-In []: def change(n):
-.....:     n = 10
-.....:     print(n, "inside change")
-.....:
-In []: change(n)
-In []: print(n)
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Passing Arguments \ldots}
-\begin{lstlisting}
-In []: name = ['Mr.', 'Steve','Gosling']
-In []: def change_name(x):
-.....:     x[0] = 'Dr.'
-.....:     print(x, 'in change')
-.....:
-In []: change_name(name)
-In []: print(name)
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Passing Arguments \ldots}
-\begin{lstlisting}
-In []: name = ['Mr.', 'Steve','Gosling']
-In []: def change_name(x):
-.....:     x = [1,2,3]
-.....:     print(x, 'in change')
-.....:
-In []: change_name(name)
-In []: print(name)
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Passing Arguments \ldots}
-\begin{lstlisting}
-In []: name = ['Mr.', 'Steve','Gosling']
-In []: def change_name(x):
-.....:     x[:] = [1,2,3]
-.....:     print(x, 'in change')
-.....:
-In []: change_name(name)
-In []: print(name)
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-
-\subsection{Examples}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Functions: example}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-def signum( r ):
-    """returns 0 if r is zero
-    -1 if r is negative
-    +1 if r is positive"""
-    if r < 0:
-        return -1
-    elif r > 0:
-        return 1
-    else:
-        return 0
-  \end{lstlisting}
-  \emphbar{Note docstrings}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle {What does this function do?}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-def what(n):
-    if n < 0: n = -n
-    while n > 0:
-        if n % 2 == 1:
-            return False
-        n /= 10
-    return True
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{What does this function do?}
-\begin{lstlisting}
-def what(n):
-    i = 1
-    while i * i < n:
-        i += 1
-    return i * i == n, i
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle {What does this function do?}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-def what(x, n):
-    if n < 0:
-       n = -n
-       x = 1.0 / x
-
-    z = 1.0
-    while n > 0:
-        if n % 2 == 1:
-            z *= x
-        x *= x
-        n //= 2
-    return z
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Nested functions}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    def f(x):
-        def g(x):
-            return x+1
-        return g(x)**2
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-  \frametitle{Nested functions: returning functions}
-  \begin{lstlisting}
-    def f():
-        def g(x):
-            return x+1
-        return g
-
-    In []: func = f()
-    In []: func(1)
-    In []: f()(1)  # Also valid!
-  \end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-
-\begin{frame}
-  \frametitle{Summary}
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item Defining functions
-  \item Taking either 0, or more arguments
-  \item Returning \typ{None} implicitly or any number of values
-  \item Default and keyword arguments
-  \item Variable scope, \typ{global}
-  \item Mutable and immutable arguments
-  \item Nested functions
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{frame}
-
-\end{document}