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author | Nishanth Amuluru | 2011-01-08 11:20:57 +0530 |
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committer | Nishanth Amuluru | 2011-01-08 11:20:57 +0530 |
commit | 65411d01d448ff0cd4abd14eee14cf60b5f8fc20 (patch) | |
tree | b4c404363c4c63a61d6e2f8bd26c5b057c1fb09d /parts/django/docs/ref/models/instances.txt | |
parent | 2e35094d43b4cc6974172e1febf76abb50f086ec (diff) | |
download | pytask-65411d01d448ff0cd4abd14eee14cf60b5f8fc20.tar.gz pytask-65411d01d448ff0cd4abd14eee14cf60b5f8fc20.tar.bz2 pytask-65411d01d448ff0cd4abd14eee14cf60b5f8fc20.zip |
Added buildout stuff and made changes accordingly
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rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/djangorecipe-0.20-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/dependency_links.txt
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/djangorecipe-0.20-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/not-zip-safe
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/infrae.subversion-1.4.5-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/dependency_links.txt
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/infrae.subversion-1.4.5-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/not-zip-safe
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/mercurial-1.7.3-py2.6-linux-x86_64.egg/EGG-INFO/dependency_links.txt
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/mercurial-1.7.3-py2.6-linux-x86_64.egg/EGG-INFO/not-zip-safe
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/py-1.4.0-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/dependency_links.txt
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/py-1.4.0-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/not-zip-safe
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/zc.buildout-1.5.2-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/dependency_links.txt
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/zc.buildout-1.5.2-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/not-zip-safe
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/zc.recipe.egg-1.3.2-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/dependency_links.txt
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => eggs/zc.recipe.egg-1.3.2-py2.6.egg/EGG-INFO/not-zip-safe
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/Django.egg-info/dependency_links.txt
rename : taskapp/models.py => parts/django/django/conf/app_template/models.py
rename : taskapp/tests.py => parts/django/django/conf/app_template/tests.py
rename : taskapp/views.py => parts/django/django/conf/app_template/views.py
rename : taskapp/views.py => parts/django/django/contrib/gis/tests/geo3d/views.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/modeltests/delete/__init__.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/modeltests/files/__init__.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/modeltests/invalid_models/__init__.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/modeltests/m2m_signals/__init__.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/modeltests/model_package/__init__.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/regressiontests/bash_completion/__init__.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/regressiontests/bash_completion/management/__init__.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/regressiontests/bash_completion/management/commands/__init__.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/regressiontests/bash_completion/models.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/regressiontests/delete_regress/__init__.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/regressiontests/file_storage/__init__.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => parts/django/tests/regressiontests/max_lengths/__init__.py
rename : profile/forms.py => pytask/profile/forms.py
rename : profile/management/__init__.py => pytask/profile/management/__init__.py
rename : profile/management/commands/seed_db.py => pytask/profile/management/commands/seed_db.py
rename : profile/models.py => pytask/profile/models.py
rename : profile/templatetags/user_tags.py => pytask/profile/templatetags/user_tags.py
rename : taskapp/tests.py => pytask/profile/tests.py
rename : profile/urls.py => pytask/profile/urls.py
rename : profile/utils.py => pytask/profile/utils.py
rename : profile/views.py => pytask/profile/views.py
rename : static/css/base.css => pytask/static/css/base.css
rename : taskapp/tests.py => pytask/taskapp/tests.py
rename : taskapp/views.py => pytask/taskapp/views.py
rename : templates/base.html => pytask/templates/base.html
rename : templates/profile/browse_notifications.html => pytask/templates/profile/browse_notifications.html
rename : templates/profile/edit.html => pytask/templates/profile/edit.html
rename : templates/profile/view.html => pytask/templates/profile/view.html
rename : templates/profile/view_notification.html => pytask/templates/profile/view_notification.html
rename : templates/registration/activate.html => pytask/templates/registration/activate.html
rename : templates/registration/activation_email.txt => pytask/templates/registration/activation_email.txt
rename : templates/registration/activation_email_subject.txt => pytask/templates/registration/activation_email_subject.txt
rename : templates/registration/logged_out.html => pytask/templates/registration/logged_out.html
rename : templates/registration/login.html => pytask/templates/registration/login.html
rename : templates/registration/logout.html => pytask/templates/registration/logout.html
rename : templates/registration/password_change_done.html => pytask/templates/registration/password_change_done.html
rename : templates/registration/password_change_form.html => pytask/templates/registration/password_change_form.html
rename : templates/registration/password_reset_complete.html => pytask/templates/registration/password_reset_complete.html
rename : templates/registration/password_reset_confirm.html => pytask/templates/registration/password_reset_confirm.html
rename : templates/registration/password_reset_done.html => pytask/templates/registration/password_reset_done.html
rename : templates/registration/password_reset_email.html => pytask/templates/registration/password_reset_email.html
rename : templates/registration/password_reset_form.html => pytask/templates/registration/password_reset_form.html
rename : templates/registration/registration_complete.html => pytask/templates/registration/registration_complete.html
rename : templates/registration/registration_form.html => pytask/templates/registration/registration_form.html
rename : utils.py => pytask/utils.py
Diffstat (limited to 'parts/django/docs/ref/models/instances.txt')
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1 files changed, 570 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/parts/django/docs/ref/models/instances.txt b/parts/django/docs/ref/models/instances.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1730ec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/parts/django/docs/ref/models/instances.txt @@ -0,0 +1,570 @@ +======================== +Model instance reference +======================== + +.. currentmodule:: django.db.models + +This document describes the details of the ``Model`` API. It builds on the +material presented in the :doc:`model </topics/db/models>` and :doc:`database +query </topics/db/queries>` guides, so you'll probably want to read and +understand those documents before reading this one. + +Throughout this reference we'll use the :ref:`example Weblog models +<queryset-model-example>` presented in the :doc:`database query guide +</topics/db/queries>`. + +Creating objects +================ + +To create a new instance of a model, just instantiate it like any other Python +class: + +.. class:: Model(**kwargs) + +The keyword arguments are simply the names of the fields you've defined on your +model. Note that instantiating a model in no way touches your database; for +that, you need to ``save()``. + +.. _validating-objects: + +Validating objects +================== + +.. versionadded:: 1.2 + +There are three steps involved in validating a model: + + 1. Validate the model fields + 2. Validate the model as a whole + 3. Validate the field uniqueness + +All three steps are performed when you call by a model's +``full_clean()`` method. + +When you use a ``ModelForm``, the call to ``is_valid()`` will perform +these validation steps for all the fields that are included on the +form. (See the :doc:`ModelForm documentation +</topics/forms/modelforms>` for more information.) You should only need +to call a model's ``full_clean()`` method if you plan to handle +validation errors yourself, or if you have excluded fields from the +ModelForm that require validation. + +.. method:: Model.full_clean(exclude=None) + +This method calls ``Model.clean_fields()``, ``Model.clean()``, and +``Model.validate_unique()``, in that order and raises a ``ValidationError`` +that has a ``message_dict`` attribute containing errors from all three stages. + +The optional ``exclude`` argument can be used to provide a list of field names +that can be excluded from validation and cleaning. ``ModelForm`` uses this +argument to exclude fields that aren't present on your form from being +validated since any errors raised could not be corrected by the user. + +Note that ``full_clean()`` will *not* be called automatically when you +call your model's ``save()`` method, nor as a result of ``ModelForm`` +validation. You'll need to call it manually when you want to run model +validation outside of a ``ModelForm``. + +Example:: + + try: + article.full_clean() + except ValidationError, e: + # Do something based on the errors contained in e.message_dict. + # Display them to a user, or handle them programatically. + +The first step ``full_clean()`` performs is to clean each individual field. + +.. method:: Model.clean_fields(exclude=None) + +This method will validate all fields on your model. The optional ``exclude`` +argument lets you provide a list of field names to exclude from validation. It +will raise a ``ValidationError`` if any fields fail validation. + +The second step ``full_clean()`` performs is to call ``Model.clean()``. +This method should be overridden to perform custom validation on your model. + +.. method:: Model.clean() + +This method should be used to provide custom model validation, and to modify +attributes on your model if desired. For instance, you could use it to +automatically provide a value for a field, or to do validation that requires +access to more than a single field:: + + def clean(self): + from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError + # Don't allow draft entries to have a pub_date. + if self.status == 'draft' and self.pub_date is not None: + raise ValidationError('Draft entries may not have a publication date.') + # Set the pub_date for published items if it hasn't been set already. + if self.status == 'published' and self.pub_date is None: + self.pub_date = datetime.datetime.now() + +Any ``ValidationError`` raised by ``Model.clean()`` will be stored under a +special key that is used for errors that are tied to the entire model instead +of to a specific field. You can access these errors with ``NON_FIELD_ERRORS``:: + + + from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError, NON_FIELD_ERRORS + try: + article.full_clean() + except ValidationError, e: + non_field_errors = e.message_dict[NON_FIELD_ERRORS] + +Finally, ``full_clean()`` will check any unique constraints on your model. + +.. method:: Model.validate_unique(exclude=None) + +This method is similar to ``clean_fields``, but validates all uniqueness +constraints on your model instead of individual field values. The optional +``exclude`` argument allows you to provide a list of field names to exclude +from validation. It will raise a ``ValidationError`` if any fields fail +validation. + +Note that if you provide an ``exclude`` argument to ``validate_unique``, any +``unique_together`` constraint that contains one of the fields you provided +will not be checked. + + +Saving objects +============== + +To save an object back to the database, call ``save()``: + +.. method:: Model.save([force_insert=False, force_update=False, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]) + +.. versionadded:: 1.0 + The ``force_insert`` and ``force_update`` arguments were added. + +.. versionadded:: 1.2 + The ``using`` argument was added. + +If you want customized saving behavior, you can override this +``save()`` method. See :ref:`overriding-model-methods` for more +details. + +The model save process also has some subtleties; see the sections +below. + +Auto-incrementing primary keys +------------------------------ + +If a model has an ``AutoField`` -- an auto-incrementing primary key -- then +that auto-incremented value will be calculated and saved as an attribute on +your object the first time you call ``save()``:: + + >>> b2 = Blog(name='Cheddar Talk', tagline='Thoughts on cheese.') + >>> b2.id # Returns None, because b doesn't have an ID yet. + >>> b2.save() + >>> b2.id # Returns the ID of your new object. + +There's no way to tell what the value of an ID will be before you call +``save()``, because that value is calculated by your database, not by Django. + +(For convenience, each model has an ``AutoField`` named ``id`` by default +unless you explicitly specify ``primary_key=True`` on a field. See the +documentation for ``AutoField`` for more details. + +The ``pk`` property +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. versionadded:: 1.0 + +.. attribute:: Model.pk + +Regardless of whether you define a primary key field yourself, or let Django +supply one for you, each model will have a property called ``pk``. It behaves +like a normal attribute on the model, but is actually an alias for whichever +attribute is the primary key field for the model. You can read and set this +value, just as you would for any other attribute, and it will update the +correct field in the model. + +Explicitly specifying auto-primary-key values +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If a model has an ``AutoField`` but you want to define a new object's ID +explicitly when saving, just define it explicitly before saving, rather than +relying on the auto-assignment of the ID:: + + >>> b3 = Blog(id=3, name='Cheddar Talk', tagline='Thoughts on cheese.') + >>> b3.id # Returns 3. + >>> b3.save() + >>> b3.id # Returns 3. + +If you assign auto-primary-key values manually, make sure not to use an +already-existing primary-key value! If you create a new object with an explicit +primary-key value that already exists in the database, Django will assume you're +changing the existing record rather than creating a new one. + +Given the above ``'Cheddar Talk'`` blog example, this example would override the +previous record in the database:: + + b4 = Blog(id=3, name='Not Cheddar', tagline='Anything but cheese.') + b4.save() # Overrides the previous blog with ID=3! + +See `How Django knows to UPDATE vs. INSERT`_, below, for the reason this +happens. + +Explicitly specifying auto-primary-key values is mostly useful for bulk-saving +objects, when you're confident you won't have primary-key collision. + +What happens when you save? +--------------------------- + +When you save an object, Django performs the following steps: + + 1. **Emit a pre-save signal.** The :doc:`signal </ref/signals>` + :attr:`django.db.models.signals.pre_save` is sent, allowing any + functions listening for that signal to take some customized + action. + + 2. **Pre-process the data.** Each field on the object is asked to + perform any automated data modification that the field may need + to perform. + + Most fields do *no* pre-processing -- the field data is kept as-is. + Pre-processing is only used on fields that have special behavior. + For example, if your model has a ``DateField`` with ``auto_now=True``, + the pre-save phase will alter the data in the object to ensure that + the date field contains the current date stamp. (Our documentation + doesn't yet include a list of all the fields with this "special + behavior.") + + 3. **Prepare the data for the database.** Each field is asked to provide + its current value in a data type that can be written to the database. + + Most fields require *no* data preparation. Simple data types, such as + integers and strings, are 'ready to write' as a Python object. However, + more complex data types often require some modification. + + For example, ``DateFields`` use a Python ``datetime`` object to store + data. Databases don't store ``datetime`` objects, so the field value + must be converted into an ISO-compliant date string for insertion + into the database. + + 4. **Insert the data into the database.** The pre-processed, prepared + data is then composed into an SQL statement for insertion into the + database. + + 5. **Emit a post-save signal.** The signal + :attr:`django.db.models.signals.post_save` is sent, allowing + any functions listening for that signal to take some customized + action. + +How Django knows to UPDATE vs. INSERT +------------------------------------- + +You may have noticed Django database objects use the same ``save()`` method +for creating and changing objects. Django abstracts the need to use ``INSERT`` +or ``UPDATE`` SQL statements. Specifically, when you call ``save()``, Django +follows this algorithm: + + * If the object's primary key attribute is set to a value that evaluates to + ``True`` (i.e., a value other than ``None`` or the empty string), Django + executes a ``SELECT`` query to determine whether a record with the given + primary key already exists. + * If the record with the given primary key does already exist, Django + executes an ``UPDATE`` query. + * If the object's primary key attribute is *not* set, or if it's set but a + record doesn't exist, Django executes an ``INSERT``. + +The one gotcha here is that you should be careful not to specify a primary-key +value explicitly when saving new objects, if you cannot guarantee the +primary-key value is unused. For more on this nuance, see `Explicitly specifying +auto-primary-key values`_ above and `Forcing an INSERT or UPDATE`_ below. + +.. _ref-models-force-insert: + +Forcing an INSERT or UPDATE +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. versionadded:: 1.0 + +In some rare circumstances, it's necessary to be able to force the ``save()`` +method to perform an SQL ``INSERT`` and not fall back to doing an ``UPDATE``. +Or vice-versa: update, if possible, but not insert a new row. In these cases +you can pass the ``force_insert=True`` or ``force_update=True`` parameters to +the ``save()`` method. Passing both parameters is an error, since you cannot +both insert *and* update at the same time. + +It should be very rare that you'll need to use these parameters. Django will +almost always do the right thing and trying to override that will lead to +errors that are difficult to track down. This feature is for advanced use +only. + +Updating attributes based on existing fields +-------------------------------------------- + +Sometimes you'll need to perform a simple arithmetic task on a field, such +as incrementing or decrementing the current value. The obvious way to +achieve this is to do something like:: + + >>> product = Product.objects.get(name='Venezuelan Beaver Cheese') + >>> product.number_sold += 1 + >>> product.save() + +If the old ``number_sold`` value retrieved from the database was 10, then +the value of 11 will be written back to the database. + +This can be optimized slightly by expressing the update relative to the +original field value, rather than as an explicit assignment of a new value. +Django provides :ref:`F() expressions <query-expressions>` as a way of +performing this kind of relative update. Using ``F()`` expressions, the +previous example would be expressed as:: + + >>> from django.db.models import F + >>> product = Product.objects.get(name='Venezuelan Beaver Cheese') + >>> product.number_sold = F('number_sold') + 1 + >>> product.save() + +This approach doesn't use the initial value from the database. Instead, it +makes the database do the update based on whatever value is current at the +time that the save() is executed. + +Once the object has been saved, you must reload the object in order to access +the actual value that was applied to the updated field:: + + >>> product = Products.objects.get(pk=product.pk) + >>> print product.number_sold + 42 + +For more details, see the documentation on :ref:`F() expressions +<query-expressions>` and their :ref:`use in update queries +<topics-db-queries-update>`. + +Deleting objects +================ + +.. method:: Model.delete([using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]) + +.. versionadded:: 1.2 + The ``using`` argument was added. + +Issues a SQL ``DELETE`` for the object. This only deletes the object +in the database; the Python instance will still be around, and will +still have data in its fields. + +For more details, including how to delete objects in bulk, see +:ref:`topics-db-queries-delete`. + +If you want customized deletion behavior, you can override this +``delete()`` method. See :ref:`overriding-model-methods` for more +details. + +.. _model-instance-methods: + +Other model instance methods +============================ + +A few object methods have special purposes. + +``__str__`` +----------- + +.. method:: Model.__str__() + +``__str__()`` is a Python "magic method" that defines what should be returned +if you call ``str()`` on the object. Django uses ``str(obj)`` (or the related +function, ``unicode(obj)`` -- see below) in a number of places, most notably +as the value displayed to render an object in the Django admin site and as the +value inserted into a template when it displays an object. Thus, you should +always return a nice, human-readable string for the object's ``__str__``. +Although this isn't required, it's strongly encouraged (see the description of +``__unicode__``, below, before putting ``__str__`` methods everywhere). + +For example:: + + class Person(models.Model): + first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50) + last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50) + + def __str__(self): + # Note use of django.utils.encoding.smart_str() here because + # first_name and last_name will be unicode strings. + return smart_str('%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)) + +``__unicode__`` +--------------- + +.. method:: Model.__unicode__() + +The ``__unicode__()`` method is called whenever you call ``unicode()`` on an +object. Since Django's database backends will return Unicode strings in your +model's attributes, you would normally want to write a ``__unicode__()`` +method for your model. The example in the previous section could be written +more simply as:: + + class Person(models.Model): + first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50) + last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50) + + def __unicode__(self): + return u'%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name) + +If you define a ``__unicode__()`` method on your model and not a ``__str__()`` +method, Django will automatically provide you with a ``__str__()`` that calls +``__unicode__()`` and then converts the result correctly to a UTF-8 encoded +string object. This is recommended development practice: define only +``__unicode__()`` and let Django take care of the conversion to string objects +when required. + +``get_absolute_url`` +-------------------- + +.. method:: Model.get_absolute_url() + +Define a ``get_absolute_url()`` method to tell Django how to calculate the +URL for an object. For example:: + + def get_absolute_url(self): + return "/people/%i/" % self.id + +Django uses this in its admin interface. If an object defines +``get_absolute_url()``, the object-editing page will have a "View on site" +link that will jump you directly to the object's public view, according to +``get_absolute_url()``. + +Also, a couple of other bits of Django, such as the :doc:`syndication feed +framework </ref/contrib/syndication>`, use ``get_absolute_url()`` as a +convenience to reward people who've defined the method. + +It's good practice to use ``get_absolute_url()`` in templates, instead of +hard-coding your objects' URLs. For example, this template code is bad:: + + <a href="/people/{{ object.id }}/">{{ object.name }}</a> + +But this template code is good:: + + <a href="{{ object.get_absolute_url }}">{{ object.name }}</a> + +.. note:: + The string you return from ``get_absolute_url()`` must contain only ASCII + characters (required by the URI spec, `RFC 2396`_) that have been + URL-encoded, if necessary. Code and templates using ``get_absolute_url()`` + should be able to use the result directly without needing to do any + further processing. You may wish to use the + ``django.utils.encoding.iri_to_uri()`` function to help with this if you + are using unicode strings a lot. + +.. _RFC 2396: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt + +The ``permalink`` decorator +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The problem with the way we wrote ``get_absolute_url()`` above is that it +slightly violates the DRY principle: the URL for this object is defined both +in the URLconf file and in the model. + +You can further decouple your models from the URLconf using the ``permalink`` +decorator: + +.. function:: permalink() + +This decorator is passed the view function, a list of positional parameters and +(optionally) a dictionary of named parameters. Django then works out the correct +full URL path using the URLconf, substituting the parameters you have given into +the URL. For example, if your URLconf contained a line such as:: + + (r'^people/(\d+)/$', 'people.views.details'), + +...your model could have a ``get_absolute_url`` method that looked like this:: + + from django.db import models + + @models.permalink + def get_absolute_url(self): + return ('people.views.details', [str(self.id)]) + +Similarly, if you had a URLconf entry that looked like:: + + (r'/archive/(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{1,2})/(?P<day>\d{1,2})/$', archive_view) + +...you could reference this using ``permalink()`` as follows:: + + @models.permalink + def get_absolute_url(self): + return ('archive_view', (), { + 'year': self.created.year, + 'month': self.created.month, + 'day': self.created.day}) + +Notice that we specify an empty sequence for the second parameter in this case, +because we only want to pass keyword parameters, not positional ones. + +In this way, you're tying the model's absolute path to the view that is used +to display it, without repeating the URL information anywhere. You can still +use the ``get_absolute_url`` method in templates, as before. + +In some cases, such as the use of generic views or the re-use of +custom views for multiple models, specifying the view function may +confuse the reverse URL matcher (because multiple patterns point to +the same view). + +For that problem, Django has **named URL patterns**. Using a named +URL pattern, it's possible to give a name to a pattern, and then +reference the name rather than the view function. A named URL +pattern is defined by replacing the pattern tuple by a call to +the ``url`` function):: + + from django.conf.urls.defaults import * + + url(r'^people/(\d+)/$', + 'django.views.generic.list_detail.object_detail', + name='people_view'), + +...and then using that name to perform the reverse URL resolution instead +of the view name:: + + from django.db import models + + @models.permalink + def get_absolute_url(self): + return ('people_view', [str(self.id)]) + +More details on named URL patterns are in the :doc:`URL dispatch documentation +</topics/http/urls>`. + +Extra instance methods +====================== + +In addition to ``save()``, ``delete()``, a model object might get any or all +of the following methods: + +.. method:: Model.get_FOO_display() + +For every field that has ``choices`` set, the object will have a +``get_FOO_display()`` method, where ``FOO`` is the name of the field. This +method returns the "human-readable" value of the field. For example, in the +following model:: + + GENDER_CHOICES = ( + ('M', 'Male'), + ('F', 'Female'), + ) + class Person(models.Model): + name = models.CharField(max_length=20) + gender = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=GENDER_CHOICES) + +...each ``Person`` instance will have a ``get_gender_display()`` method. Example:: + + >>> p = Person(name='John', gender='M') + >>> p.save() + >>> p.gender + 'M' + >>> p.get_gender_display() + 'Male' + +.. method:: Model.get_next_by_FOO(\**kwargs) +.. method:: Model.get_previous_by_FOO(\**kwargs) + +For every ``DateField`` and ``DateTimeField`` that does not have ``null=True``, +the object will have ``get_next_by_FOO()`` and ``get_previous_by_FOO()`` +methods, where ``FOO`` is the name of the field. This returns the next and +previous object with respect to the date field, raising the appropriate +``DoesNotExist`` exception when appropriate. + +Both methods accept optional keyword arguments, which should be in the format +described in :ref:`Field lookups <field-lookups>`. + +Note that in the case of identical date values, these methods will use the ID +as a fallback check. This guarantees that no records are skipped or duplicated. |