path: root/Thermodynamics_by_C_P_Arora/3-PROPERTIES_OF_A_PURE_SUBSTANCE.ipynb

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	   "source": [
       "# Chapter 3: PROPERTIES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE"
	   ]
	},
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		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 3.1: MASS_OF_WATER_AND_VAPOUR.sce"
		   ]
		  },
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"clc;\n",
"V=0.01; // Volume of water in a rigid vessel in m^3\n",
"m=4.5; // Mass of water+ steam in a rigid vessel in kg\n",
"T=35; // Temperature of water in a rigid vessel in degree celcius\n",
"// (a)      \n",
"v=V/m; // specific volume of water\n",
"// From steam table\n",
"vf=0.001006; vg=25.22; // specific volume in m^3/kg\n",
"x=(v-vf)/(vg-vf); // Quality of steam\n",
"x1=1-x; // Quality of water\n",
"mg=x*m; // Mass of steam\n",
"mf=x1*m; // Mass of water\n",
"disp ('kg',mf,'Mass of water in a rigid vessel = ','kg',mg,'Mass of steam in a rigid vessel = ',x1,'Quality of water in a rigid vessel = ',x,'Quality of steam in a rigid vessel = ','  (a)   ');\n",
"// (b)          \n",
"vc=0.003155; //  Crictical volume for water in m^3/kg\n",
"disp ('The level of liquid water will rise in the vessel. Since v < vc and refer figure 3.21','  (b)   ');\n",
"// (c)  \n",
"disp ('The final temperature after heating is 370.04 oC.  Because it is constant volume process and refer figure 3.21','  (c)  ');\n",
"//  (d)   \n",
"m1=0.45; // Mass of water in kg\n",
"v1=V/m; // specific volume of water\n",
"disp ('Level of liquid drops to bottom (v1 > vc).  Temperature on reaching saturation state is 298.5 oC and refer figure 3.21', '  (d)  ');"
   ]
   }
,
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		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 3.2: THE_QUALITY_OF_VAPOUR.sce"
		   ]
		  },
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"clc;\n",
" // (a) Ammonia 26 oC and 0.074 m^3/kg\n",
"// From saturation table of ammonia at 26 oC\n",
"v=0.074; // specific volume of ammonia in m^3/kg\n",
"vf=0.001663; vg=0.1245; // specific volume  of ammonia in m^3/kg\n",
"x=(v-vf)/(vg-vf); // Quality of vapour  since v<vg\n",
"disp (x,'The Quality of ammonia = ','(a) Ammonia 26 oC and 0.074 m^3/kg');\n",
"// (b).Ammonia 550kPa and 0.31m^3/kg\n",
"// From saturation table of ammonia at 550 kPa\n",
"v=0.31; // specific volume of ammonia in m^3/kg\n",
"vg=0.23; // specific volume  of ammonia in m^3/kg\n",
"// v > vg . Since from superheated table by interpolation for 550kPa and v\n",
"T=82.1; // Temperature of ammonia in degree celcius\n",
"disp ('oC',T,'Temperature of ammonia = ','(b).Ammonia 550kPa and 0.31m^3/kg');\n",
"// (c).Freon 12, 0.35MPa and 0.036 m^3/kg\n",
"// From saturation table of Freon 12 at 0.35MPa\n",
"v=0.036; // specific volume of Freon 12 in m^3/kg\n",
"vf=0.000722; vg=0.049329; // specific volume  of Freon 12 in m^3/kg\n",
"x=(v-vf)/(vg-vf); // Quality of vapour since v<vg\n",
"disp (x,'The Quality of Freon 12  = ','(c).Freon 12, 0.35MPa and 0.036 m^3/kg');\n",
"// (d).Methane 0.5MPa and 1.0 m^3/kmol\n",
"v=1; // specific volume of Methane in m^3/kmol\n",
"// From table at 0.5 MPa molar values are\n",
"vf=0.04153; vg=2.007; // specific volume  of Methane in m^3/kmol\n",
"x=(v-vf)/(vg-vf); // Quality of vapour since v<vg\n",
"disp (x,'The Quality of Methane  = ','(d).Methane 0.5MPa and 1.0 m^3/kmol');"
   ]
   }
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		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 3.3: MASS_OF_AIR.sce"
		   ]
		  },
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"clc;\n",
"V=300; // Volume of air in the room in m^3\n",
"p=1; // Atmospheric pressure in bar\n",
"T=25; // Temperature of air in Degree Celcius\n",
"R=287; // Characteristic constant of Air in J/kg k\n",
"m=(p*10^5*V)/(R*(T+273)); // Ideal gas equation\n",
"disp ('kg',m,'Mass of air in room');"
   ]
   }
,
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		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 3.4: MOLECULAR_WEIGHT_OF_THE_GAS.sce"
		   ]
		  },
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"clc;\n",
"D=20; // Diameter of the sphere in cm\n",
"m=2.54; // Mass of gas filled in sphere in gram\n",
"p=10; // Pressure of gas in bar\n",
"T=25; // Temperature of gas in Degree Celcius\n",
"R=8.3144*10^3; // Universal gas constant in J/kmol K\n",
"V=(3.14*(D*10^-2)^3)/16; // Volume of das in sphere in m^3\n",
"M=(m*10^-3*R*(T+273))/(p*10^5*V); // Molecular weight of the gas\n",
"disp (M,'Molecular weight of the gas');\n",
"disp ('Therefore gas in sphere is Helium (unless mixture of two or more gases)');"
   ]
   }
,
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		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 3.5: PRESSURE_AND_TEMPERATURE_OF_AIR.sce"
		   ]
		  },
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"clc;\n",
"p2=2.5; // Pressure of air in the cylinder in bar\n",
"T1=430; // Temperature of air in cylinder in Degree Celcius\n",
"V1=1.2; // Volume of cylinder in m^3\n",
"V2=0.6; // Volume of cylinder upto end stops in m^3\n",
"// (a) Temperature of air when the piston reaches the stops\n",
"T2=(T1+273)*(V2/V1); // constant pressure process\n",
"disp ('K',T2,'Temperature of air when the piston reaches the stops');\n",
"// (b) The pressure of air when its temperature equals to 25 oC\n",
"T3=25; //Room temperature in Degree Celcius\n",
"p3=p2*((T3+273)/T2); // constant volume process\n",
"disp ('bar',p3,'The pressure of air when its temperature equals to 25 oC');"
   ]
   }
,
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		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 3.7: DETERMINATION_OF_SPECIFIC_VOLUME.sce"
		   ]
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"clc;\n",
"p=6000; // Pressure of nitrogen gas in kPa\n",
"T=150; // Temperature of nitrogen gas in kelvin\n",
"V=250; // Volume of tank in litres\n",
"R_1=8.3143; // Universal gas constant in kJ/kmol K\n",
"M=28.1013; // Molecular mass\n",
"// (a).Beattie - Bridgeman equation of state\n",
"// Constants for nitrogen gas\n",
"c=4.2*10^4; Ao=136.2315; a=0.02617; Bo=0.05046; b=-0.00691;\n",
"// By substituting these values in the following equation \n",
"// p=(R_1*T/v^2)*(1-(c/(vT^3)))*(v+Bo*(1-(b/v)))-(Ao/v^2*(1-(a/v)))\n",
"// By trial and error we get\n",
"v=0.1222; // specific volume in m^3/kmol\n",
"m=(M*V/1000)/v; // Mass of nitrogen gas\n",
"disp ('m^3/kmol',v,'specific volume of nitrogen gas = ','kg',m,'Mass of nitrogen gas = ','(a).Beattie - Bridgeman equation of state');\n",
"// (b).Nitrogen tables\n",
"// From property table of nitrogen fas\n",
"v=0.004413;  // specific volume in m^3/kg\n",
"m=(V/1000)/v; //  Mass of nitrogen gas\n",
"disp ('m^3/kg',v,'specific volume of nitrogen gas = ','kg',m,'Mass of nitrogen gas = ','(b).Nitrogen tables');\n",
"// (c).Ideal gas equation of state\n",
"m=(p*V/1000)/(R_1*T/M); //Mass of nitrogen gas\n",
"disp ('kg',m,'Mass of nitrogen gas = ','(c).Ideal gas equation of state');\n",
"// (d).Generalized compressibility chart\n",
"// The crictical properties for nitrogen gas \n",
"Tc=126.2; // Temperature in kelvin\n",
"Pc=3.349; // Pressure in MPa\n",
"// Reduced properties are\n",
"Pr=p/Pc; Tr=T/Tc;\n",
"z=0.6; // From chart\n",
"m=(p*V/1000)/(z*R_1*T/M); //Mass of nitrogen gas\n",
"disp ('kg',m,'Mass of nitrogen gas = ','(d).Generalized compressibility chart');\n",
"disp ('Ideal gas equation of state','Generalized compressibility chart','Beattie - Bridgeman equation of state','Nitrogen tables',' (e).Arrangement the methods in order of percentage error : ');"
   ]
   }
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		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 3.8: CALCULATION_OF_SPECIFIC_VOLUME_USING_REDLICH_KWONG_EQUATION.sce"
		   ]
		  },
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"clc;\n",
"T=-58.7; //Normal boling point of CF3Br in Degree Celcius\n",
"Tc=340.9; // Crictical temperature of CF3Br in K\n",
"pc=4.05; // Crictical pressure of CF3Br in MPa\n",
"M=148.9; // Moleclar mass of CF3Br\n",
"p=1.01325*10^5; // Atmospheric pressure in N/m^2\n",
"R1=8314.4; // Universal gas constant in J/kmol K\n",
"R=R1/M; // Gas constant of CF3Br\n",
"a=(0.42748*R^2*Tc^2.5)/(pc*10^6); // Constant of Redlich-Kwong equation of state\n",
"b=(0.08664*R*Tc)/(pc*10^6); // Constant of Redlich-Kwong equation of state\n",
"vi=(R*(T+273))/p; // Ideal gas volume for assigning initial value\n",
"// By substituting these values in the Redlich-Kwong equation of state \n",
" // vi_1=(R*(T+273)/p)+b-((a/(p*(273+T)^0.5*vi))) and and solving it by trial and error method we get\n",
"vi_1=0.11443; // in m^3/kg\n",
"disp ('m^3/kg',vi_1,'Saturated vapour volume');"
   ]
   }
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