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+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 4: Heat Effects"
+ ]
+ },
+{
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.10: Effect_of_Temperature_on_Heat_of_Reaction.sce"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+"cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"// Example: 4.10\n",
+"// Page: 129\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Example: 4.10 - Page: 129\n\n');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Solution\n",
+"\n",
+"//*****Data*****//\n",
+"T2 = 1273;// [K]\n",
+"T1 = 300;// [K]\n",
+"deltaH_300 = -11030;// [cal/mol]\n",
+"//*************//\n",
+"\n",
+"// The chemical reaction involved is:\n",
+"// N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3\n",
+"// (1/2)N2 + (3/2)H2 = NH3\n",
+"// deltaH_1273 = deltaH_300 + integrate('Cp_NH3(T) - (1/2)*Cp_N2(T) - (1/2)*Cp_H2(T)','T',1273,300);\n",
+"deltaH_1273 = deltaH_300 + integrate('(6.2 + 7.8*10^(-3)*T - 7.2*10^(-6)*T^2) - (1/2)*(6.45 + 1.4*10^(-3)*T) - (1/2)*(6.94 - 0.2*10^(-3)*T)','T',1273,300);// [cal]\n",
+"printf('Heat of formation at 1273 K is %d cal',deltaH_1273);"
+ ]
+ }
+,
+{
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.11: Effect_of_Temperature_on_Heat_of_Reaction.sce"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+"cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"// Example: 4.11\n",
+"// Page: 130\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Example: 4.11 - Page: 130\n\n');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Solution\n",
+"\n",
+"//*****Data*****//\n",
+"CO2 = 13.4;// [percent by volume]\n",
+"N2 = 80.5;// [percent by volume]\n",
+"O2 = 6.1;// [percent by volume]\n",
+"//*************//\n",
+"\n",
+"// Basis : 100 cubic m of flue gas.\n",
+"Vol_N2_flue = N2;// [Volume of Nitrogen in flue gas, cubic m]\n",
+"Vol_O2_flue = O2;// [Volume of O2 in flue gas, cubic m]\n",
+"Vol_Air = N2/0.79;// [Volume of air supplied, cubic m]\n",
+"Vol_O2 = Vol_Air*0.21;// [Volume of O2 in air supply, cubic m]\n",
+"Vol_O2_cumbustion = Vol_O2 - Vol_O2_flue;// [Volume of O2 used up in cumbustion of the fuel, cubic m]\n",
+"Excess_Air = Vol_O2_flue/Vol_O2_cumbustion * 100;// [percent of excess air supplied]\n",
+"printf('Percent of excess air supplied is %.1f %%',Excess_Air);"
+ ]
+ }
+,
+{
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.1: Relation_between_Qp_and_Qv.sce"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+"cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"// Example: 4.1\n",
+"// Page: 118\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Example: 4.1 - Page: 118\n\n');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Solution\n",
+"\n",
+"//*****Data*****//\n",
+"Qp = -327;// [kcal]\n",
+"T = 27 + 273;// [K]\n",
+"R = 2*10^(-3);// [kcal/K mol]\n",
+"//*************//\n",
+"\n",
+"// The reaction involved is:\n",
+"// C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) = 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)\n",
+"deltan = 2 - 3;\n",
+"Qv = Qp - deltan*R*T;// [kcal]\n",
+"printf('Value of Qv is %.2f kcal\n',Qv);"
+ ]
+ }
+,
+{
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.2: Standard_Heat_of_Reaction.sce"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+"cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"// Example: 4.2\n",
+"// Page: 119\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Example: 4.2 - Page: 119\n\n');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Solution\n",
+"\n",
+"//*****Data*****//\n",
+"// Mg + (1/2)O2 = MgO ...............(1)\n",
+"deltaH1 = -610.01;// [kcal]\n",
+"// 2Fe + (3/2)O2 = Fe2O3 ............(2)\n",
+"deltaH2 = -810.14;// [kcal]\n",
+"//*************//\n",
+"\n",
+"// 3Mg + Fe2O3 = 3MgO + 2Fe .........(3)\n",
+"// Multiplying (1) by 3 and substracting from (2), we get (3):\n",
+"deltaH = 3*deltaH1 - deltaH2;// [kcal]\n",
+"printf('Heat produced in the reaction is %.1f kcal\n',deltaH);"
+ ]
+ }
+,
+{
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.3: Standard_Heat_of_Formation.sce"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+"cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"// Example: 4.3\n",
+"// Page: 121\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Example: 4.3 - Page: 121\n\n');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Solution\n",
+"\n",
+"//*****Data*****//\n",
+"// 2H2(g) + O2(g) ---------------> 2H2O .....................(1)\n",
+"deltaH1 = -241.8*2;// [kJ/gmol H2]\n",
+"// C(graphite) + O2(g) =---------> CO2(g) ...................(2)\n",
+"deltaH2 = -393.51;// [kJ/gmol C]\n",
+"// CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ---------------> CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ........(3)\n",
+"deltaH3 = -802.36;// [kJ/mol CH4]\n",
+"//*************//\n",
+"\n",
+"// For standard heat of formation of methane, (a) + (b) - (c)\n",
+"// C + 2H2 ------------------------> CH4\n",
+"deltaHf = deltaH1 + deltaH2 - deltaH3;// [kJ/gmol]\n",
+"printf('The standard heat of formation of methane is %.2f kJ/gmol\n',deltaHf);"
+ ]
+ }
+,
+{
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.4: Standard_Heat_of_Formation.sce"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+"cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"// Example: 4.4\n",
+"// Page: 122\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Example: 4.4 - Page: 122\n\n');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Solution\n",
+"\n",
+"//*****Data*****//\n",
+"deltaH_C6H12O6 = -1273;// [kcal]\n",
+"deltaH_C2H5OH = -277.6;// [kcal]\n",
+"deltaH_CO2 = -393.5;// [kcal]\n",
+"deltaH_H2O = -285.8;// [kcal]\n",
+"//**************//\n",
+"\n",
+"// C6H12O6(s) = 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g) ..........................(A)\n",
+"deltaH_A = 2*deltaH_C2H5OH + 2*deltaH_CO2 - deltaH_C6H12O6;// [kJ]\n",
+"// C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) = 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ...................(B)\n",
+"deltaH_B = 6*deltaH_CO2 + 6*deltaH_H2O - deltaH_C6H12O6;// [kJ]\n",
+"printf('Energy supplied by reaction A is %.1f kJ\n',deltaH_A);\n",
+"printf('Energy supplied by reaction B is %.1f kJ\n',deltaH_B);\n",
+"if deltaH_A < deltaH_B\n",
+" printf('Reaction A supplies more energy to the organism\n');\n",
+"else\n",
+" printf('Reaction B supplies more energy to the organism\n');\n",
+"end"
+ ]
+ }
+,
+{
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.5: Standard_Heat_of_Formation.sce"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+"cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"// Example: 4.5\n",
+"// Page: 122\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Example: 4.5 - Page: 122\n\n');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Solution\n",
+"\n",
+"//*****Data*****//\n",
+"// Zn + S = ZnS ....................................................(A)\n",
+"deltaH_A = -44;// [kcal/kmol]\n",
+"// ZnS + 3O2 = 2ZnO + 2SO2 .........................................(B)\n",
+"deltaH_B = -221.88;// [kcal/kmol]\n",
+"// 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3 ................................................(C)\n",
+"deltaH_C = -46.88;// [kcal/kmol]\n",
+"// ZnO + SO3 = ZnSO4 ...............................................(D)\n",
+"deltaH_D = -55.10;// [kcal/kmol]\n",
+"//***************//\n",
+"\n",
+"// Multiplying (A) by 2 & (D) by (2) and adding (A), (B), (C) & (D)\n",
+"// Zn + S + 2O2 = ZnSO4\n",
+"deltaH = 2*deltaH_A + deltaH_B + deltaH_C + 2*deltaH_D;// [kcal/kmol for 2 kmol of ZnSO4]\n",
+"printf('Heat of formation of ZnSO4 is %.2f kcal/kmol\n',deltaH/2);"
+ ]
+ }
+,
+{
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.6: Standard_Heat_of_Combustion.sce"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+"cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"// Example: 4.6\n",
+"// Page: 124\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Example: 4.6 - Page: 124\n\n');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Solution\n",
+"\n",
+"//*****Data*****//\n",
+"// HC : Heat of Combustion\n",
+"HC_NH3 = -90.6;// [kcal]\n",
+"HC_H2 = -68.3;// [kcal]\n",
+"//*************//\n",
+"\n",
+"// Heat of combustion of NH3:\n",
+"// 2NH3 + 3O = N2 + 3H2O ............................ (A)\n",
+"// Heat of combustion of H2:\n",
+"// H2 + O = H2O ..................................... (B)\n",
+"// Multiplying (B) by 3 & substracting from (A), we get:\n",
+"// 2NH3 = N2 + 3H2 .................................. (C)\n",
+"// Hf : Heat of Formation\n",
+"Hf_NH3 = -(2*HC_NH3 - 3*HC_H2)/2;// [kcal]\n",
+"printf('Standard Heat of formation of NH3 is %.1f kcal',Hf_NH3);"
+ ]
+ }
+,
+{
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.7: Adiabatic_Flame_Temperature.sce"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+"cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"// Example: 4.7\n",
+"// Page: 125\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Example: 4.7 - Page: 125\n\n');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Solution\n",
+"\n",
+"//*****Data*****//\n",
+"// HC : Heat of Combustion\n",
+"HC_C2H2 = -310600; // [cal]\n",
+"//**************//\n",
+"\n",
+"// C2H2 + (5/2)O2 = 2CO2 + H2O\n",
+"Q = -HC_C2H2;// [cal]\n",
+"// The gases present in the flame zone after combustion are carbon dioxide, water vapor and the unreacted nitrogen of the air.\n",
+"// Since (5/2) mole of oxygen were required for combustion, nitrogen required would be 10 mol.\n",
+"// Hence the composition of the resultant gas would be 2 mol CO2, 1 ol H2 & 10 mol N2.\n",
+"// Q = integrate('Cp(T)','T',T,298);\n",
+"// On integrating we get:\n",
+"// Q = 84.52*(T - 298) + 18.3*10^(-3)*(T^2 - 298^2)\n",
+"deff('[y] = f(T)','y = Q - 84.52*(T - 298) - 18.3*10^(-3)*(T^2 - 298^2)');\n",
+"T = fsolve(7,f);// [K]\n",
+"printf('The maximum attainable temperature is %.1f K',T);"
+ ]
+ }
+,
+{
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.8: Adiabatic_Flame_Temperature.sce"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+"cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"// Example: 4.8\n",
+"// Page: 126\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Example: 4.8 - Page: 126\n\n');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Solution\n",
+"\n",
+"//*****Data*****//\n",
+"Cp_CO2 = 54.56;// [kJ/mol K]\n",
+"Cp_O2 = 35.20;// [kJ/mol K]\n",
+"Cp_steam = 43.38;// [kJ/mol K]\n",
+"Cp_N2 = 33.32;// [kJ/mol K]\n",
+"// 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) = 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)\n",
+"deltaH_273 = -1560000;// [kJ/kmol]\n",
+"//************//\n",
+"\n",
+"// Since the air is 25% in excess of the amount required,the combustion may be written as:\n",
+"// C2H6(g) + (7/2)O2(g) = 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)\n",
+"// 25% excess air is supplied.\n",
+"// Since the air contains N2 = 79% and O2 = 21%\n",
+"// C2H6(g) + 3.5O2(g) + 0.25*3.5O2(g) + (4.375*(79/21))N2 = 2CO2 + 3H2O + 0.875O2 + 16.46N2 .................. (A)\n",
+"// Considering the reaction (A),\n",
+"// Amount of O2:\n",
+"O2 = 3.5 + 3.5*0.25;// [mol]\n",
+"// Amount of N2 required:\n",
+"N2 = 4.375*(79/21);// [mol]\n",
+"// Let the initial temperature of ethane and air be 0 OC and the temperature of products of combustion be T OC\n",
+"// Since heat librated by combustion = heat accumulated by combustion products\n",
+"Q = -deltaH_273;// [kJ/mol K]\n",
+"T = Q/(2*Cp_CO2 + 3*Cp_steam + 0.875*Cp_O2 + N2*Cp_N2);// [OC]\n",
+"printf('The theoretical temperature of combustion is %d degree Celsius',T);"
+ ]
+ }
+,
+{
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4.9: Effect_of_Temperature_on_Heat_of_Reaction.sce"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+"cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"// Example: 4.9\n",
+"// Page: 129\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Example: 4.9 - Page: 129\n\n');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Solution\n",
+"\n",
+"//*****Data*****//\n",
+"T1 = 273;// [K]\n",
+"T2 = 253;// [K]\n",
+"deltaH_273 = 1440;// [cal/mol]\n",
+"Cp = 8.7;// [cal/mol]\n",
+"//**************//\n",
+"\n",
+"deltaH_253 = deltaH_273 + Cp*(T2 - T1);// [cal/mol]\n",
+"printf('Laten heat of ice at -20 OC is %d cal/mol\n',deltaH_253);"
+ ]
+ }
+],
+"metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Scilab",
+ "language": "scilab",
+ "name": "scilab"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "file_extension": ".sce",
+ "help_links": [
+ {
+ "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+ "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+ }
+ ],
+ "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+ "name": "scilab",
+ "version": "0.7.1"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2024-12-19 18:32:18 +0000