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+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 7: Crystal imperfection"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.1: Number_of_vacancies_and_vacancy_fraction.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Example No.7.1\n",
+"//Page No.207\n",
+"//To find number of vacancies.\n",
+"clc;clear;\n",
+"Av = 6.022*10^(26);//Avogadro's constant.\n",
+"d = 18630;//Density.\n",
+"Aw = 196.9;//Atomic weight -[g/mol].\n",
+"k = 1.38*10^(-23);//Boltzman's constant.\n",
+"T = 900;//Temperature.\n",
+"Ev = 0.98*1.6*10^(-19);//Energy of formation.\n",
+"N = ((Av*d)/Aw);//Concentration of atoms.\n",
+"printf('\nConcentration of atoms = %3.3e m^-3',N);\n",
+"n = N*exp(-(Ev)/(k*T));//'n' is number of vacancy.\n",
+"printf('\nThe number of vacancies for gold at 900 degree celcius is %3.3e vacancies per m^3',n);\n",
+"T1 = 1000;\n",
+"Vf = exp((-Ev)/(k*T1));//p=(n/N) is the vacancy fraction.\n",
+"printf('\nVacancy fraction = %3.3e',Vf);\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.2: Energy_for_vacancy_information.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Example No.7.2\n",
+"//Page No.208.\n",
+"//To find energy for vacancy information.\n",
+"clc;clear;\n",
+"Av = 6.022*10^(26);//Avogadro's constant.\n",
+"d = 9500;//Density.\n",
+"Aw = 107.9;//Atomic weight -[g/mol].\n",
+"k = 1.38*10^(-23);//Boltzman's constant.\n",
+"T = 1073;//Temperature -[K]\n",
+"n = 3.6*10^(23);//Number of vacancies -[per m^3].\n",
+"N = ((Av*d)/Aw);//Concentration of atoms.\n",
+"printf('\nConcentration of atoms is %3.3e m^-3',N);\n",
+"Ev = k*T*log(N/n);\n",
+"printf('\nThe energy for vacancy formation in joules is %3.3e J',Ev);\n",
+"Ev = Ev/1.6*10^(19);\n",
+"printf('\nThe energy for vacancy formation in eV is %3.3e eV',Ev);"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.3: number_of_schottky_defected.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Example No.7.3\n",
+"//Page No.209.\n",
+"//To find number of Schottky defected.\n",
+"clc;clear;\n",
+"Av = 6.022*10^(26);//Avogadro's constant.\n",
+"d = 1955;//Density.\n",
+"Aw = (39.1+35.45);//Atomic weight.\n",
+"k = 1.38*10^(-23);//Boltzman's constant.\n",
+"T = 773;//Temperature -[K]\n",
+"Es = 2.6*1.6*10^(-19);//Energy formation.\n",
+"N = ((Av*d)/Aw);//Concentration of atoms.\n",
+"printf('\nConcentration of atoms is %3.3e m^-3',N);\n",
+"n = N*exp(-(Es)/(2*k*T));\n",
+"printf('\nThe number of Schottky defect for KCl at 500 degree celcius is %3.3e Schottky defect per m^-3',n);\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}