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diff --git a/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/1-Crystal_structure_Bonding_and_Defects_in_solids_.ipynb b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/1-Crystal_structure_Bonding_and_Defects_in_solids_.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5adf0f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/1-Crystal_structure_Bonding_and_Defects_in_solids_.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,702 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 1: Crystal structure Bonding and Defects in solids " + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.10: To_find_distance_between_atoms.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 1 example 10\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" a = 4; //lattice constant in Å\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" d = (sqrt(3)*a)/4;\n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('distance between two atoms =%3.3f.Å\n',d);\n", +"\n", +"//======================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.11: To_find_wavelength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 1 example 11\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +"\n", +" d = 1.41; //lattice constant in Å\n", +" theta = 8.8; // angle in degrees\n", +" n = 1;\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"\n", +" lamda = (2*d*sin(theta*%pi/180))/n;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('wavelength=%3.2f Å\n',lamda);\n", +"\n", +"//======================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.12: To_find_spacing_between_planes.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 1 example 12\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" d = 2.5; //spacing in angstroms\n", +" theta = 9; //glancing angle in degrees\n", +" n1 = 1;\n", +" n2 = 2;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" lamda = (2*sin(theta*(%pi/180))*d);\n", +" theta = asin((2*lamda)/(2*d));\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('wavelength =%3.4fÅ\n',lamda);\n", +"mprintf('glancing angle =%3.1f°\n',theta*(180/%pi));\n", +"\n", +"//=======================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.13: To_find_lattice_constant.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 1 example 13\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" lamda = 2; //wavelength in angstroms\n", +" theta1 = 60; //angle in degrees\n", +" n = 1;\n", +" \n", +"//formula\n", +"//2*d*sin(theta)=n*lamda;\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" d = (n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta1*%pi/180));\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"\n", +"mprintf('lattice constant=%3.4f Å\n',d);\n", +"mprint('Note:calulation mistake in textbook)\n", +"//======================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.14: To_find_angle.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"//chapter 1 example 14\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" lamda = 1.4*10^-10; //wavelength in angstroms\n", +" a = 2*10^-10; //lattice parameter in angstroms\n", +" h = 1; //miller indices\n", +" k = 1; //miller indices\n", +" l = 1; //miller indices\n", +" n = 1;\n", +"//formula\n", +"//2*d*sin(theta)=n*lamda\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"\n", +"dhkl = a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2)); //inter planar spacing\n", +"theta = asin((n*lamda)/(2*dhkl));\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('angle=%3.2f.\n',theta*(180/%pi));\n", +"\n", +"//======================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.15: To_find_wavelength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 1 example 15\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// input data \n", +" d = 3.84 *10^-10; //spacing between planes in m\n", +" theta = 45; //glancing angle in degrees\n", +" m = 1.67*10^-27; //mass ef electron\n", +" h = 6.62*10^-34; // planck's constant\n", +" n = 1; //braggg reflextion \n", +" v = 5.41*10^-10;\n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +"//lamda = 2*d*(1/sqrt(2));\n", +"lamda = h/(m*v);\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('wavelength of neutron =%3.2e m\n',lamda);\n", +" mprintf(' Note:calculation mistake in text book in calculating wavelength ')\n", +"//========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.16: To_find_lattice_parameters.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 1 example 16 \n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" m = 9.1*10^-31; // mass of electron in kilograms\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulombs\n", +" n = 1; //bragg's reflection\n", +" h1 = 6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant J.s\n", +" n = 1; //bragg reflecton \n", +" V = 200; //voltage in V\n", +" theta = 22; //observed reflection\n", +" \n", +" //calculation\n", +"\n", +" lamda = h1/sqrt(2*m*e*V);\n", +" dhkl = (n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180));\n", +" a = dhkl*sqrt(3);\n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +" \n", +" mprintf('lattice parameter =%3.0f.Å\n',a*10^10);\n", +" //===============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.1: To_find_lattice_constant.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"\n", +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 1 example 1\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// input data\n", +"// FCC structured crystal\n", +"\n", +" p = 6250; // Density of crystal in kg/m^3\n", +" N = 6.023*10^26; // Avagadros number in atoms/kilomole\n", +" M = 60.2; // molecular weight per mole\n", +" n = 4; // No. of atoms per unit cell for FCC\n", +"\n", +"//Calculations\n", +"\n", +" a = ((n*M)/(N*p))^(1/3); //Lattice Constant Å\n", +"\n", +"//Output\n", +"\n", +"mprintf('Lattice Constant a = %3.2f.Å',a/10^-10);\n", +"//==============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.2: To_find_interplanar_distances.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"\n", +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 1 example 2\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +"h1 = 1; // miller indice\n", +"k1 = 1; // miller indice\n", +"l1 = 1; // miller indice\n", +"h0 = 0; // miller indice\n", +"k0 = 0; // miller indice\n", +"l0 = 0; // miller indice\n", +"p = 1980; // Density of KCl in kg/m^3\n", +"N = 6.023*10^26; // Avagadros number in atoms/kilomole\n", +"M = 74.5; // molecular weight of KCl\n", +"n = 4; // No. of atoms per unit cell for FCC\n", +"\n", +"// calculations\n", +"a = ((n*M)/(N*p))^(1/3);\n", +"\n", +"// dhkl = a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2)); // interplanar distance\n", +"d100 = a/sqrt((h1^2)+(k0^2)+(l0^2)); // interplanar distance\n", +"d110 = a/sqrt((h1^2)+(k1^2)+(l0^2)); // interplanar distance\n", +"d111 = a/sqrt((h1^2)+(k1^2)+(l1^2)); // interplanar distance\n", +"\n", +"// Output\n", +"mprintf('d100 = %3.2f Å\n d110 = %3.2f Å\n d111 = %3.2f Å',d100*10^10,d110*10^10,d111*10^10);\n", +"\n", +"//==============================================================================\n", +"\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.3: To_find_miller_indices.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===============================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 1 example 3\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable Declaration\n", +" h = 4; //miller indices\n", +" k = 1; //miller indices\n", +" l = 2; //miller indices\n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +"\n", +"v= int32([h k l]);\n", +"lc=double(lcm(v));\n", +" //calculation\n", +" h1 =1/h;\n", +" k1 =1/k;\n", +" l1 =1/l;\n", +" a = h1*lc;\n", +" b = k1*lc;\n", +" c = l1*lc;\n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('miller indices = %d %d %d',a,b,c);\n", +" \n", +" //===============================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.4: To_find_miller_indices.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// chapter 1 example 4\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//intercepts given are 3a,4b,2c\n", +"//from the law of rational indices\n", +"//3a:4b:2c=a/h:b/k:c/l\n", +"\n", +"// Variable Declaration\n", +" h1 = 3; //miller indices\n", +" k1 = 4; //miller indices\n", +" l1 = 2; //miller indices\n", +" \n", +" //calculation\n", +"v= int32([h1 k1 l1]);\n", +"lc=int32(lcm(v));\n", +"h = lc*1/h1;\n", +"k = lc*1/k1;\n", +"l= lc*1/l1;\n", +"\n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('miller indices = %d %d %d',h,k,l);\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.5: To_find_miller_indices.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===========================================================================\n", +"//chapter 1 example 5\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear all;\n", +"\n", +"//intercepts given are a,2b,-3c/2\n", +"//from the law of rational indices\n", +"//a:2b:-3c/2=a/h:b/k:c/l\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//variable declaration\n", +"h1 = 1; //miller indices\n", +"k1 = 1/2; //miller indices\n", +"l1 = -2/3; //miller indices\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"p = int32([1,2,3]);\n", +"l2 = lcm(p);\n", +"h=h1*l2;\n", +"k=(k1)*double(l2);\n", +"l=(l1)*double(l2);\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('miller indices = %d %d %d',h,k,l);\n", +"\n", +"//============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.6: To_find_miller_indices.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===========================================================================\n", +"//chapter 1 example 6\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear all;\n", +"\n", +"//intercepts given are 3a,3b,2c\n", +"//from the law of rational indices\n", +"//3a:3b:2c=a/h:b/k:c/l\n", +"//variable declaration\n", +"\n", +"h1 = 1/4; //miller indices\n", +"k1 = 1/4; //miller indices\n", +"l1 = 1/2; //miller indices\n", +"h12 = 1/2; //miller indices\n", +"k12 = 1; //miller indices\n", +"l12 = 1/%inf; //miller indices\n", +"h13 = 1;\n", +"k13 = 2;\n", +"l13 = 1;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"p = int32([4,4,2]);\n", +"l2 = lcm(p);\n", +"h=h1*double(l2);\n", +"k=(k1)*double(l2);\n", +"l=(l1)*double(l2);\n", +"\n", +"p1 = int32([2,1,1]);\n", +"\n", +"// 1/%inf = 0 ; (1/2 1/1 0/1) hence lcm is taken for [2 1 1]\n", +"\n", +"l22 = lcm(p1);\n", +"h3=h12*double(l22);\n", +"k3=(k12)*double(l22);\n", +"l3=(l12)*double(l22);\n", +"\n", +"p3 = int32([1,1,1]);\n", +"l23 = lcm(p3);\n", +"h4=h13*double(l23);\n", +"k4=(k13)*double(l23);\n", +"l4=(l13)*double(l23);\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('miller indices = %d %d %d\n',h,k,l);\n", +"mprintf('Note:printing mistake of miller indices in textbook \n');\n", +"mprintf('\nmiller indices = %d %d %d\n',h3,k3,l3);\n", +"mprintf('\nmiller indices = %d %d %d\n',h4,k4,l4);\n", +"mprintf('Note:calculation mistake in textbook\n');\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//============================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.8: To_find_interplanar_distance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==================================================================================\n", +"//chapter 1 example 8\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear all;\n", +"\n", +"//intercepts given are a,2b,-3c/2\n", +"//from the law of rational indices\n", +"//a:2b:-3c/2=a/h:b/k:c/l\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//variable declaration\n", +"h12 = 1; //miller indices\n", +"k12 = 1/2; //miller indices\n", +"l12 = 1/%inf; //miller indices\n", +"a = 10*10^-9; \n", +"//calculation\n", +"\n", +"p1 = int32([2,1,1]);\n", +"// 1/%inf = 0 ; (1/2 1/1 0/1) hence lcm is taken for [2 1 1]\n", +"\n", +"l22 = lcm(p1);\n", +"h=h12*double(l22);\n", +"k=(k12)*double(l22);\n", +"l=(l12)*double(l22);\n", +"d=a/double(((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2))^(1/2));\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('miller indices = %d %d %d',h,k,l);\n", +"mprintf('interplanar distance is =%e Å',d);\n", +"//====================================================================================\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.9: To_find_interplanar_spacing.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===============================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 1 example 9\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable Declaration\n", +"\n", +"r = 0.175*10^-9; //radius in m\n", +"h = 2; //miller indices\n", +"k = 3; //miller indices\n", +"l = 1; //miller indices\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" a = (4*r)/sqrt(2);\n", +" dhkl = a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2));\n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('inter planar spacing =%3.2e m\n',dhkl);\n", +" mprintf('Note : calculation mistake in textbook in calculating dhkl value ');\n", +" \n", +" //=============================================================================================" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/10-Mechanical_Properties_of_Materials.ipynb b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/10-Mechanical_Properties_of_Materials.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f34d416 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/10-Mechanical_Properties_of_Materials.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,306 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 10: Mechanical Properties of Materials" + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 10.1: To_find_wavelength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 10 example 1\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +" E2 = 5.56*10^-19; // Higher Energy level in J\n", +" E1 = 2.36*10^-19; // Lower Energy level in J\n", +" h = 6.626*10^-34; // plancks constant in J.s\n", +" c = 3*10^8; // velocity of light in m\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +" dE = E2 - E1; // Energy difference in J\n", +" lamda = (h*c)/dE; // wavelength in m\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"\n", +"mprintf('Wavelength of the photon = %d Å\n',lamda/10^-10);\n", +"mprintf(' The colour of the photon is red')\n", +" \n", +"//============================================================================== " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 10.2: To_find_maximum_wavelength_of_opaque.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===========================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 10 example 2\n", +"clc\n", +"clear\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"\n", +" h = 6.63*10^-34; // plancks constant in J.s\n", +" c = 3*10^8; // velocity of light in m\n", +" E = 5.6; // bandgap in eV\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron coulombs\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"\n", +" lamda = (h*c)/(E*e) // wavelength in m\n", +"\n", +"// output\n", +"\n", +" mprintf('Maximum Wavelength for which diamond is opaque is Imax = %d Å',lamda/10^-10);\n", +" mprintf('\n Note: Imax is wrongly printed as 220 Å in textbook');\n", +"\n", +"//===============================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 10.3: To_find_composition.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===================================================================================================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 10 example 3\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"\n", +" h = 6.63*10^-34; // plancks constant\n", +" c = 3*10^8; // velocity of light\n", +" lamda = 0.6*10^-6; // wavelength in m\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron\n", +" EGap = 2.25 // energy in eV\n", +" EGas = 1.42 // energy in eV\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"\n", +" E = (h*c)/(lamda*e) // Energy in eV\n", +" p_change = (EGap - EGas)/100; // rate of energy gap\n", +" x = (E-EGas)/p_change // mol % og GaP to be added to get an energy gap of E\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"\n", +" mprintf('Energy of radiation = %3.4f eV\n Rate of energy gap varies with addition of GaP is %3.5f\n mol percent to be added to get an energy gap of %3.4f eV is %3.1f mol percent',E,p_change,E,x);\n", +"\n", +"//==================================================================================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 10.4: To_find_energy_of_metastable_state.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 10 example 4\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"\n", +" h = 6.63*10^-34; // plancks constant in J.s\n", +" c = 3*10^8; // velocity of light in m\n", +" lamda = 1.1*10^-6; // wavelength in m\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +" E2 = 0.4*10^-19; // energy level in joules\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +" E3 = E2 + (h*c)/(lamda); //energy in J\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +" mprintf('Energy of the metastable state E3 = %3.1e J',E3);\n", +"\n", +"//=========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 10.5: To_find_number_of_optical_modes.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 10 example 5\n", +"clc\n", +"clear\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"c = 3*10^8; // velocity of light in m\n", +"L = 1.5; //length in m\n", +"n = 1.0204; // refractive index \n", +"BW = 1.5*10^9; // Bandwidth in Hz\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"dV = c/(2*L*n); //frequency in Hz\n", +"N = BW/dV; // Number of optical nodes\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"\n", +"mprintf('Number of Optical modes = % d',N);\n", +"\n", +"//=============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 10.6: To_find_numerical_aperture.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 10 example 6\n", +"\n", +"clc\n", +"clear\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"n1 = 1.55; // refractive index of core\n", +"n2 = 1.53; // refractive index of cladding\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"\n", +"NA = sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2);\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Numerical aperture = %3.3f',NA);\n", +"\n", +"//========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 10.7: To_find_critical_angle.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 10 example 7\n", +"clc\n", +"clear\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +" n1 = 1.33; //refractive index of water\n", +" n2 = 1; // refractive index of air\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +" theta_c = asin((n2/n1))\n", +" theta_c_deg = theta_c*(180/%pi); // radian to degree conversion\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('For angles above %3.2f degrees , there will be total internal reflection in water',theta_c_deg );\n", +"\n", +"//================================================================================================================" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/2-Band_Theory_of_Solids.ipynb b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/2-Band_Theory_of_Solids.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0409725 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/2-Band_Theory_of_Solids.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,228 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 2: Band Theory of Solids" + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.1: To_find_three_lowest_permissible_quantum_energies.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 2 example 1\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"h = 6.63*10^-34; // plancks constant in J.s\n", +"m = 9.1*10^-31; // mass of electron in kg\n", +"a = 2.5*10^-10; // width of infinite square well\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron coulombs\n", +"n2 = 2; //number of permiissable quantum\n", +"n3 = 3; //number of permiissable quantum\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"E1 = (h^2)/(8*m*a^2*e); // first lowest permissable quantum energy in eV\n", +"E2 = n2^2 *E1; // second lowest permissable quantum energy in eV\n", +"E3 = n3^2 *E1; // second lowest permissable quantum energy in eV\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Lowest three permissable quantum energies are \n E1 = %d eV\n E2 = %d eV\n E3 = %d eV',E1,E2,E3);\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.2: To_find_energy_differences_between_two_states.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 2 example 2\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +" h = 6.63*10^-34; // plancks constant in J.s\n", +" m = 9.1*10^-31; // mass of electron in kg\n", +" a = 10^-10; // width of infinite square well in m\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +" n1 = 1; //energy level constant\n", +" n2 = 2; //energy level constant\n", +"\n", +"// calculations\n", +" E1 = ((n1^2)*(h^2))/(8*m*(a^2)*e); // ground state energy in eV\n", +" E2 = ((n2^2)*(h^2))/(8*m*(a^2)*e); // first excited state in energy in eV\n", +" dE = E2-E1 // difference between first excited and ground state(E2 - E1)\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +" mprintf('Energy Difference = %3.2f eV',dE);\n", +"\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.3: comment_on_first_three_energy_levels_of_an_electron.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 2 example 3\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"h = 6.63*10^-34; // plancks constant in J.s\n", +"m = 9.1*10^-31; // mass of electron in kg\n", +"a = 5*10^-10; // width of infinite potential well in m\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"n1 = 1; // energy level constant\n", +"n2 = 2; // energy level constant\n", +"n3 = 3; // energy level constant\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"E1 = ((n1^2)*(h^2))/(8*m*(a^2)*e); // first energy level in eV\n", +"E2 = ((n2^2)*(h^2))/(8*m*(a^2)*e); // second energy level in eV\n", +"E3 = ((n3^2)*(h^2))/(8*m*(a^2)*e); // third energy level in eV\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('First Three Energy levels are \n E1 = %3.2f eV\n E2 = %3.2f eV\n E3 = %3.2f eV',E1,E2,E3);\n", +"mprintf('\n Above calculation shows that the energy of the bound electron cannot be continuous')" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.4: To_find_lowest_allowed_energy_bandwidth.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 2 example 4\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"h = 1.054*10^-34; //plancks constant in J.s\n", +"m = 9.1*10^-31; // mass of electron in kg\n", +"a = 5*10^-10; // width of infinite potential well in m\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron coulombs\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"//cos(ka) = ((Psin(alpha*a))/(alpha*a)) + cos(alpha*a)\n", +"//to find the lowest allowed energy bandwidth,we have to find the difference in αa values, as ka changes from 0 to π\n", +"// for ka = 0 in above eq becomes\n", +"// 1 = 10*sin(αa))/(αa)) + cos(αa)\n", +"// This gives αa = 2.628 rad\n", +"// ka = π , αa = π\n", +"// sqrt((2*m*E2)/h^2)*a = π\n", +"E2 = ((%pi*%pi) *h^2)/(2*m*a^2*e); //energy in eV\n", +"E1 = ((2.628^2) *h^2)/(2*m*a^2*e) // for αa = 2.628 rad energy in eV\n", +"dE = E2 - E1; //lowest energy bandwidth in eV\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Lowest energy bandwidth = %3.3f eV',dE);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.5: T_find_energy_of_free_electron_for_first_Brillouin_Zone.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 2 example 5\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"a = 3*10^-10; // side of 2d square lattice in m\n", +"h = 6.63*10^-34; // plancks constant in J.s\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19 // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"m = 9.1*10^-31; // mass of electron in kg\n", +"\n", +"// calculations\n", +"//p = h*k // momentum of the electron\n", +"k = %pi/a; // first Brillouin zone\n", +"p = (h/(2*%pi))*(%pi/a); //momentum of electron\n", +"E = (p^2)/(2*m*e) // Energyin eV\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Electron Momentum for first Brillouin zone appearance = %g\n Energy of free electron with this momentum = %4.1feV',p,E);\n", +"mprintf(' \n Note: in Textbook Momentum value is wrongly printed as 1.1*10^-10')" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/3-Magnetic_properties_of_Materials.ipynb b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/3-Magnetic_properties_of_Materials.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a77c9a --- /dev/null +++ b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/3-Magnetic_properties_of_Materials.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,820 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 3: Magnetic properties of Materials" + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.10: To_find_permeability_and_relative_permeability.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 3 example 10\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" sighem = 2.1*10^-5; //magnetic susceptability\n", +" u0 = 4*%pi*10^-7;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"ur = 1+(sighem);\n", +"u = u0*ur;\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('permeability =%3.6f\n',ur);\n", +" mprintf('relative permeability =%3.4e.N/A^2\n',u);\n", +" \n", +" //======================================================================\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.11: To_find_absolute_and_relative_permeability.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 3 example 11\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" sighem = 0.084; //magnetic susceptability\n", +" u0 = 4*%pi*10^-7;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"ur = 1+(sighem);\n", +"u = u0*ur;\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('permieability =%3.6f\n',ur);\n", +" mprintf('relative permiability =%3.4e.N/A^2\n',u);\n", +" \n", +" //=======================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.12: To_find_relative_permeability_and_magnetic_susceptibility.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// chpter 3 example 12\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" u = 0.126; //permiability in N/A^2\n", +" u0 = 4*%pi*10^-7;\n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +" ur = u/u0\n", +" sighe = ur-1; //magnetic susceptability\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('relative permiability =%3.5e\n',sighe);\n", +" mprintf(' Note:Calculation mistake in textbook in calculating sighe by taking ur as 10^5 instead of 100318.4')\n", +" \n", +" //======================================================================\n", +" \n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.13: To_find_diamagnetic_susceptability_of_He.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 3 example 13\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +"//diamagnetic susceptability of He\n", +" R = 0.6*10^-10; //mean radius of atom in m\n", +" N = 28*10^26; //avagadro number in per m^3\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulombs\n", +" m = 9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kilograms\n", +" Z = 2; //atomic number\n", +" \n", +" //calculation\n", +" u0 = 4*%pi*10^-7; //atomic number\n", +" si = -(u0*Z*(e^2)*N*(R^2))/(6*m); //susceptability of diamagnetic material \n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('susceptability of diamagnetic material = %3.4e\n',si);\n", +" \n", +"//======================================================================\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.14: To_find_permiability_and_susceptibility.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==========================================================================================================\n", +"// chpter 3 example 14\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" phi = 2*10^-5; //magnetic flux in Wb/m^2\n", +" H = 2*10^3; //in A/m\n", +" A = 0.2*10^-4; //area in m^2\n", +"\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +" u0 = 4*%pi*10^-7;\n", +" B = phi/A; //magnetic flux density in Wb/m^2\n", +" u = B/H; //permiability in /A^2\n", +" sighem = (u/u0)-1;\n", +"///result\n", +" mprintf('permiability =%3.2e.N/A^2\n',u);\n", +" mprintf('susceptability =%4f\n',sighem);\n", +" mprintf('Note:answer of permiability is wrong in textbook\n');\n", +" mprintf(' Note: calcuation mistake in textbook in sighem');\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//===============================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.15: To_find_susceptability.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// chpter 3 example 15\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" N = 6.5*10^25; //number of atoms in atoms per m^3\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulombs\n", +" m = 9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron inilograms\n", +" h = 6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant in J.s\n", +" T = 300; //temperature in K\n", +" k = 1.38*10^-23; //boltzman constant in J*(K^-1)\n", +" n = 1; //constant\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +" u0 = 4*%pi*10^-7;\n", +" M = n*((e*h)/(4*%pi*m)); //magnetic moment in A*m^2\n", +" sighe = (u0*N*(M^2))/(3*k*T); //susceptability of diamagnetic material\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('susceptability of diamagnetic material = %3.2e\n',sighe);\n", +" \n", +"//======================================================================\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.16: To_find_number_ampere_turns.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//========================================================================================\n", +"// chpter 3 example 16\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +"L = 2.0; //length in m\n", +"A = 4*10^-4; //cross section sq.m\n", +"u = 50*10^-4; //permiability in H*m^-1\n", +"phi = 4*10^-4; //magnetic flux in Wb\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" B = phi/A; //magnetic flux density in Wb/m^2\n", +" NI = B/u; //ampere turn in A/m\n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('ampere turn =%3.2f.A/m\n',NI);\n", +" \n", +" //======================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.17: To_find_current_to_be_sent_into_solenoid.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 3 example 17\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" H = 5*10^3; //corecivity in A/m\n", +" l = 10^-1; //length in m\n", +" n = 500; //number of turns\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" N = n/l; // number of turns per m\n", +" i = H/N; //current in A\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('current =%1d A\n',i);\n", +" \n", +"//======================================================================\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.18: To_find_number_of_turns.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 3 example 18\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" A = 6*10^-4; //area in m^2\n", +" l = 0.5; //length in m\n", +" u = 65*10^-4; //permiability in H/m\n", +" phi = 4*10^-5; // magnetic flux in Wb\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" B = phi/A;\n", +" H = B/u;\n", +" N = H*l;\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('number of turns =%1f\n',N);\n", +" mprintf(' Note: calculation mistake in textbook in calculattig H by taking B value as 0.06 instead of 0.0666');\n", +" \n", +"//=====================================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.19: To_find_permeability_and_susceptibility.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// chpter 3 example 19\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" A = 0.2*10^-4; //area in m^2\n", +" H = 500; //magnetising field in A.m^-1\n", +" phi = 2.4*10^-5; // magnetic flux in Wb\n", +"\n", +" //calculation\n", +" u0 = 4*%pi*10^-7;\n", +" B = phi/A; //magnetic flux density in N*A^-1 *m^-1\n", +" u = B/H; //permiability in N/m\n", +" fm = (u/u0)-1; //susceptability \n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('susceptability =%3.2d\n',fm);\n", +"\n", +" \n", +"//=======================================================================\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.1: To_find_magnetic_moment_and_bohr_magneton.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 3 example 1\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"r = 0.53*10^-10; // orbit radius m\n", +"n = 6.6*10^15; // frequency of revolution of electronHz\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19 // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"h = 6.63*10^-34; // plancks constant in J.s\n", +"m = 9.1*10^-31; // mass of electron in kg\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"i = e*n // current produced due to electron\n", +"A = %pi*r*r // Area in m^2\n", +"u = i*A; // magnetic moment A*m^2\n", +"ub = (e*h)/(4*%pi*m) // Bohr magneton in J/T\n", +"\n", +"// Output\n", +"mprintf('Magnetic moment = %3.3e Am^2\n Bohr magneton = %3.2e J/T',u,ub);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.20: To_find_loss_of_energy_per_hour.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==================================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 3 example 20\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" f = 50; //number of reversals/s in Hz\n", +" W = 50; //weight in kg\n", +" d = 7500; //density in kg/m^3\n", +" A = 200; //area in joules /m^3\n", +" \n", +" //calculation\n", +" \n", +" V = 1/d; //volume of 1 kg iron\n", +" E = A*V; //loss of energy per kg\n", +" L = f*E; //hysteresisloss/s in Joule/second\n", +" Lh = L*60*60; //loss per hour\n", +" \n", +" //calculation\n", +" mprintf('loss of energy per hour =%3.2f\n',Lh);\n", +" mprintf('calculation mistake in textbook in calculating Lh');\n", +"\n", +"//=======================================================================================================\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.21: To_find_hysteresis_loss_per_cycle.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// chpter 3 example 21\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +"f = 50; //frequency in Hz\n", +"Bm = 1.1; //magnetic flux in Wb/m^2\n", +"t = 0.0005; //thickness of sheet \n", +"p = 30*10^-8*7800; //resistivity in ohms m\n", +"d = 7800; //density in kg/m^3\n", +"Hl = 380; //hysteresis loss per cycle in W-S/m^2\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" Pl = ((%pi^2)*(f^2)*(Bm^2)*(t^2))/(6*p); //eddy current loss\n", +" Hel = (Hl*f)/d; //hysteresis loss\n", +" Tl = Pl+Hel; //total iron loss\n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('total iron loss =%3.2f watt/kg \n',Tl);\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.2: To_find_the_magnetic_moment_of_the_rod.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 3 example 2\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"ur = 1150; // relative permeability\n", +"n = 500; // turns per m\n", +"V = 10^-3; // volume of iron rod in m^3\n", +"i = 0.5; // current in amp\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"// B = uo(H+M)\n", +"// B = uH, u/uo = ur\n", +"// M = (ur - 1)H\n", +"// if current is flowing through a solenoid having n turns/l then H = ni\n", +" M = (ur - 1)*n*i // magnetisation\n", +" m = M*V; // magnetic moment\n", +" \n", +" // Output\n", +" mprintf('Magnetic moment = %3.2e A-m^2',m);\n", +" mprintf('\n Note: Instead of 2.87*10^2, 2.87*10^-2 is printed in textbook');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.3: To_find_the_magnetic_moment_of_the_rod.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 3 example 3\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"ur = 90; // relative permeability\n", +"n = 300; // turns per m\n", +"i = 0.5; // current in amp\n", +"d = 10*10^-3; // diameter of iron rod\n", +"l = 2; // length of iron rod\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"V = %pi*(d/2)^2 * l // volume of rod\n", +"M = (ur - 1)*n*i // magnetisation\n", +"m = M*V // magnetic moment\n", +"\n", +"// Output\n", +"mprintf('Magnetic Moment of the rod = %3.3g A-m^2\n ',m);\n", +"mprintf('Note: In textbook length of iron rod given as 2m whereas in calculation it is wrongly taken as 0.2m' )" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.4: To_find_change_in_magnetic_moment.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 3 example 4\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"Bo = 2; // magnetic field in tesla\n", +"r = 5.29*10^-11 // radius in m\n", +"m = 9.1*10^-31; // mass of electron in kg\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19 // charge of electron\n", +"\n", +"// calculations\n", +"du = (e^2 * Bo * r^2)/(4*m) // change in magnetic moment\n", +"\n", +"// output\n", +"mprintf('Change in magnetic moment = %3.1e J/T',du);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.6: To_find_temperate_must_the_substance_cooled.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 3 example 6\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"u1 = 3.3; // magnetic dipole moment\n", +"u = 9.24*10^-24;\n", +"B = 5.2; // magnetic field in tesla\n", +"k = 1.38*10^-23; // boltzmann constant\n", +"\n", +"// calculations\n", +"T = (u*u1*B)/(1.5*k); // Temperature in Kelvin\n", +"\n", +"// Output\n", +"mprintf('Temperature to which substance to be cooled = %3.1f K\n ',T);\n", +"mprintf('Note:Values given in question B = 52, u = 924*10^-24.Values substituted in calculation B = 5.2, u = 9.24*10^-24');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.7: To_find_magnetisation_vector_and_flux_density.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 3 example 7\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"xm = -4.2*10^-6; // magnetic susceptibility in A.m^-1\n", +"H = 1.15*10^5; // magnetic field in A.m^-1\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"uo = 4*%pi*10^-7; // magnetic permeability N·A^-2\n", +"M = xm*H // magnetisation in A.m^-1\n", +"B = uo*(H + M) // flux density in T\n", +"ur = 1+(M/H) // relative permeability \n", +"\n", +"// Output\n", +"mprintf('Magnetisation = %3.2f A/m\n flux density = %g Tesla\n relative permeability = %g',M,B,ur);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.8: To_find_increase_in_percentage.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 3 example 8\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"xm = 1.4*10^-5; // magnetic susceptibility\n", +"// B = uoH\n", +"// B' = uruoH\n", +"// ur = 1+xm\n", +"// from above equations\n", +"//B' = (1+xm)B\n", +"// percentage increase in magnetic induction = ((B'-B)/B)*100\n", +"// = (((1+xm)B - B)/B)*100\n", +"PI = xm*100; // percentage increase\n", +"\n", +"// Output\n", +"mprintf('Percentage increase = %3.4f percent',PI);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.9: To_find_magnetisation_vector_and_flux_density.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// Chapter 3 example 9\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"xm = -0.2*10^-5; // magnetic susceptability in A.m^-1\n", +"H = 10^4; // magnetic field in A/m\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"uo = 4*%pi*10^-7; // magnetic permeability\n", +"M = xm*H // magnetisation in A/m\n", +"B = uo*(H+M); // magnetic flux density in T\n", +"\n", +"// Output\n", +"mprintf('magnetisation = %3.2f A/m\n Magnetic flux density = %3.4f T',M,B);\n", +"\n", +"" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/4-Behaviour_of_Dielectric_Materials_in_ac_and_dc_fields_.ipynb b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/4-Behaviour_of_Dielectric_Materials_in_ac_and_dc_fields_.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5240301 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/4-Behaviour_of_Dielectric_Materials_in_ac_and_dc_fields_.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,706 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 4: Behaviour of Dielectric Materials in ac and dc fields " + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.10: To_find_ratio_between_electronic_and_ionic_polarisability.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 10\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" er = 4.94;\n", +" n = 1.64;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculatio\n", +"//(alphae)/(alphai) =x\n", +" x = ((er-1)/(er+2))*(((n^2)+2)/((n^2)-1));\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('ratio of electronic and ionic probabilities =%6f\n',x);\n", +"\n", +"//========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.11: To_find_dielectric_constant_and_electrical_susceptibility.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 11\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" E = 1.46*10^-10; //permitivity in c^2*N^-1*m^-2\n", +" E0 = 8.885*10^-12; // permitivity in c^2*N^-1*m^-2\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" Er = E/E0;\n", +" sighe = E0*(Er-1); //electrical suseptbility in c^2*N^-1*M^-2\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('dielectric constant=%3.2f.\n',Er);\n", +" mprintf('electrical suseptibility=%3.4e.c^2*N^-1*M^-2\n',sighe);\n", +"\n", +"//=========================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.12: To_find_the_polarisation.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===========================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 12\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" r = 0.1; //radius in m\n", +" pw = 1; //density of water in g/ml\n", +" Mw = 18; // molecular mass of water \n", +" E = 6.0*10^-30; //dipole moment of water in cm\n", +" N = 6.0*10^26; //avagadro constant in (lb-mol)−1\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +" n = N*(4*(%pi)*(r^3)*pw)/(Mw*3) //number of water molecules in a water drop \n", +" p = n*E; //polarisation in cm^2\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('polarisation=%3.1e.cm^2\n',p);\n", +"\n", +"//============================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.13: To_find_dielectric_susceptibility.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 13\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" Er = 1.000074; //dielectric constant for a gas at 0°C\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" sighe = Er-1;\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('dielectric susceptibility=%3.6f\n',sighe);\n", +" \n", +"//===================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.14: To_find_free_charge_and_polarisation_and_displacement.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=====================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 14\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" E = 10^6; //dielectric in volts/s\n", +" er = 3; //dielectric in mm\n", +" e0 = 8.85*10^-12;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" E0 = er*E; //electric field in V/m\n", +" sigma = e0*E0; //free charge in Coul/m^2\n", +" P = e0*(er-1)*E0; //polarisation in coul/m\n", +" D = e0*er*E0; //displacement in in dielectric\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('free charge=%3.2e.Coul/m^2\n',sigma);\n", +" mprintf('polarisation=%3.2e.Coul/m\n',P);\n", +" mprintf('displacement=%3.2e\n',D); \n", +" \n", +"//========================================================================================\n", +"\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.15: EX4_15.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=====================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 15\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" d = 1.0*10^-3; //separation between plates in m\n", +" A = 6.45*10^-4; // surface area in m^2\n", +" e0 = 8.85*10^-12; //permitivity of electron in (m^-3)*(kg^-1)*(s^4)*(A^2)\n", +" er = 6.0; //relative permitivity in (m^-3)*(kg^-1)*(s^4)*(A^2)\n", +" V = 10; //voltage in V\n", +" E = 10; \n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +" C = (e0*er*A)/d; //capacitance in Farad\n", +" q = C*V; //charge in coulomb\n", +" D = (e0*er*E)/(10^-3); //displacement vector in c/m^2\n", +" P = D-(e0*E/(10^-3)); //polarisation vector in c/m^2\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('capacitance = %3.2e,Farad\n',C);\n", +" mprintf('charge =%3.2e.coulomb\n',q);\n", +" mprintf('displacement =%3.2e.c/m^2\n',D);\n", +" mprintf('polarisation =%3.2e.c/m^2\n',P);\n", +" mprintf('Note:error in calculation of P,E value is taken as 5000 instead of 10^4\n');\n", +" \n", +" //=============================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.16: To_find_phase_difference.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"\n", +"//===========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 16\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" t = 18*10^-6; //relaxation time in s\n", +" er1 = 1; //permitivity in F/m\n", +" er = 1; //permitivity in F/m\n", +" t = 18*10^-6; //relaxation time in s\n", +" \n", +" //calculation\n", +" f = 1/(2*%pi*t); //frequency in Hz\n", +" theta_c = atan(er1/er);\n", +" theta_c_deg = theta_c*(180/%pi);\n", +" phi = 90-theta_c_deg; //phase difference in degrees\n", +" \n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('frequency = %3.2f KHz\n',(f/10^3));\n", +" mprintf('phase difference =%3.2f°\n',phi);\n", +" \n", +" //===========================================================================\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.1: To_find_dielectric_constant_of_argon_at_NTP.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 1\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" alpha = 1.8*10^-40; //polarisability of argon in Fm^2\n", +" e0 = 8.85*10^-12; //dielectric constant F/m\n", +" N1 = 6.02*10^23; //avagadro number in mol^-1\n", +" x = 22.4*10^3; //volume in m^3\n", +" \n", +"//formula\n", +"//er-1=N*p/e0*E=(N/e0)*alpha\n", +"//calculation\n", +" N = N1/double(x); //number of argon atoms in per unit volume in cm^3\n", +" N2 = N*10^6; //number of argon atoms in per unit volume in m^3\n", +" er = 1+((N2/e0))*alpha; //dielectric constant F/m\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('dielectric constant of argon=%3.7f\n',er);\n", +"//==========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.2: To_estimate_the_shift_of_the_electron_cloud.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 2\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input dta\n", +" alpha = 1.8*10^-40; //polarisability of argon in F*m^2\n", +" E = 2*10^5; // in V/m\n", +" z = 18;\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19;\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//formula\n", +"//p=18*e*x\n", +"//calculation\n", +" p = alpha*E;\n", +" x = p/(18*e); //shift of electron in m\n", +"\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('displacement=%3.2e.m\n',x);\n", +" \n", +"//=======================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.3: To_find_local_field_acting_on_a_given_molecule.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 3\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" E0 = 300*10^2; //local field in V/m\n", +" P1 = 3.398*10^-7; //dipole moment Coulomb/m\n", +" P2 = 2.124*10^-5; //dipole moment Coulomb/m\n", +" e0 = 8.85*10^-12; //permittivity in F/m\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//formula\n", +"//E10Ci=E0-(2*Pi/3*e0)\n", +"//calculation\n", +" E10C1 = E0-((2*P1)/(3*e0)); //local field of benzene in V/m\n", +" E10C2 = E0-((2*P2)/(3*e0)); //local field of water in V/m\n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('local field of benzene=%3.2e.V/m\n',E10C1);\n", +" mprintf('local field of water=%3.2e.V/m\n',E10C2);\n", +" \n", +"//=======================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.4: To_find_polarisabilities_of_benzene_and_water.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=============================================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 4\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" p1 = 5.12*10^-34; //p of benzene kg/m^3\n", +" p2 = 6.34*10^-34; //p of water kg/m^3\n", +" e10C1 = 4.4*10^3; //local field of benzene in V/m\n", +" e10C2 = 1570*10^3; //local field of water in V/m\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//formula\n", +"//p=alphai*e10Ci\n", +"//calculation\n", +" alpha1 = p1/e10C1; //polarisability of benzene in F*m^2\n", +" alpha2 = p2/e10C2; //polarisability of water in F*m^2\n", +" \n", +"\n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('polarisability of benzene=%3.2e.F*m^2\n',alpha1);\n", +" mprintf('polarisability of water=%3.2e.F*m^2\n',alpha2);\n", +" mprintf('Note: mistake in textbok,alpha1 value is printed as 1.16*10^-38 instead of 1.16*10^-37');\n", +" \n", +"//========================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.5: To_find_polarisation_of_plates.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"//chapter 4 example 5\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" e0 = 8.85*10^-12; //abslute permitivity in (m^-3)*(kg^-1)*(s^4)*(A^2)\n", +" E = 600*10^2; //strength in V/cm\n", +" er1 = 2.28; //dielectric constant of benzene in coulomb/m\n", +" er2 = 81; //dielectric constant of water in coulomb/m\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//fomula\n", +"//p=e0*E*(er-1)\n", +"//calculation\n", +" pB = e0*E*(er1-1); //polarisation of benzene in c/m^2\n", +" pW = e0*E*(er2-1); //polarisation of water in c/m^2\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('polarisation of benzene=%3.2e.c/m^2\n',pB);\n", +" mprintf('polarisation of water=%3.2e.c/m^2\n',pW);\n", +"\n", +"//========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.6: To_find_percentage_contribution_of_ionic_polarisability.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 6\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" er0 = 5.6; //static dielectric cnstant of NaCl \n", +" n = 1.5; //optical index of refraction\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" er = er0-n^2;\n", +" d = (er/er0*100);\n", +" \n", +"//result \n", +" mprintf('percentage contribution from ionic polaristion=%3.2f percent\n',d);\n", +"\n", +"//===============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.7: To_find_separation_between_positive_and_negative_charges.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"// chaoter 4 example 7\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" alpha = 0.18*10^-40; //polarisability of He in F *m^2\n", +" E = 3*10^5; // constant in V/m\n", +" N = 2.6*10^25; //number of atoms in per m^3\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19;\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//formula\n", +"//P=N*p\n", +"//charge of He=2*electron charge\n", +"//p=2(e*d)\n", +"//calculation\n", +" P = N*alpha*E; //in coul/m^2\n", +" p = P/N; //polarisation of He in coul.m\n", +" d = p/(2*e); //separation between charges in m\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//result \n", +" mprintf('separation=%3.2e.m\n',d);\n", +"\n", +"//=======================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.8: To_find_orientational_polarisation_at_room_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 8\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" N = 10^27; //number of HCl molecules in molecules/m^3\n", +" E = 10^5; //electric field in V/m\n", +" P = 1.04*3.33*10^-30; //permanent dipole moment in coul.m\n", +" T = 300; //temperature in kelvin\n", +" K = 1.38*10^-23;\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +" P0 = (N*P^2*E)/(3*K*T); //oriental polarisation in coul/m^2\n", +"\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('oriental polarisation=%3.2e.coul/m^2\n',P0);\n", +" \n", +"//=============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.9: To_find_relative_dielectric_constant.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//======================================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 4 example 9\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" N = 6.023*10^26; //avagadro number (lb-mol)^-1\n", +" alpha = 3.28*10^-40; //polarisability in F*m^2\n", +" M = 32; //molecular weight in kilograms\n", +" p = 2.08*10^3; //density of sulphur in g/cm^3\n", +" e0 = 8.85*10^12; //permitivity in F/m\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" er = ((2*N*p*alpha)+(3*M*e0))/((3*M*e0)-(N*p*alpha)); \n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"\n", +" mprintf('relative dielectric constant =%3.1f\n',er);\n", +" mprintf(' Note: calculation mistake in text book in calculating relative dielectric constant');\n", +"//=======================================================================================================\n", +" " + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/5-Conductivity_of_metals_and_superconductivity.ipynb b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/5-Conductivity_of_metals_and_superconductivity.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a220e7b --- /dev/null +++ b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/5-Conductivity_of_metals_and_superconductivity.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1581 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 5: Conductivity of metals and superconductivity" + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.10: To_find_energy_difference_between_two_states.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 10 \n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" a = 10^-10; //one dimension in m\n", +" m = 9.1*10^-31;\n", +" h = 6.62*10^-34;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//En = ((n^2)*(h^2))/(8*m*(a^2))\n", +"//calculation\n", +" E1 = (h^2)/(8*m*(a^2));\n", +" E2 = (4*(h^2))/(8*m*(a^2));\n", +" dE = (3*(h^2))/(8*m*(a^2));\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('energy diefference=%3.2e.J\n',dE);\n", +"\n", +"//===========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.11: To_find_fermi_energy.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 11\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" N =6.02*10^23; //avagadro number in atoms /mole\n", +" h = 6.63*10^-34; //planck's constant in joule-s\n", +" m = 9.11*10^-31; //mass in kg\n", +" M = 23; //atomic weight in grams /mole\n", +" p = 0.971; //density in gram/cm^3\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula \n", +"//x=N/V=(N*p)/M\n", +"//calculation\n", +" x = (N*p)/M;\n", +" x1 = x*10^6;\n", +" eF = (((h^2)/(2*m)))*(((3*x1)/(8*%pi))^(2/3)); //Fermi energy\n", +" eF1 = (eF)/(1.6*10^-19);\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('fermi energy=%3.2f.eV\n',eF1);\n", +" \n", +" //=============================================================================\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.12: To_find_fermi_energy.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 12\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" x = 2.54*10^28; //number of electrons in per m^2\n", +" h = 6.63*10^-34; // planck's constant in joule-s\n", +" m = 9.11*10^-31; // mass in kg\n", +" p = 0.971; //density in grams/cm^3\n", +" k = 1.38*10^-23;\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"//x = (N*p)/M;\n", +" eF = (((h^2)/(2*m)))*(((3*x)/(8*%pi))^(2/3)); //Fermi energy\n", +" eF1 = (eF)/(1.6*10^-19);\n", +" vF = sqrt((2*eF)/m);\n", +" TF = eF/k;\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('fermi energy =%3.2f.eV\n',eF1);\n", +" mprintf('fermi velocit =%3.2e.m/s\n',vF);\n", +" mprintf('femi temperature =%3.2e.K\n',TF);\n", +" \n", +" //====================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.13: To_find_fermi_energy.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//====================================================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 13\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" M = 65.4; //atomic weight\n", +" p = 7.13; //density\n", +" h = 6.62*10^-34; // planck's constant\n", +" m = 7.7*10^-31; // mass\n", +" v = 6.02*10^23;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"//x =N/V\n", +" V = M/p; //volume of one atom in cm^3\n", +" n = v/V; // number of Zn atoms in volume v\n", +" x = 2*n*(10^6); //number of free electrons in unit volume iper m^2\n", +" eF = ((h^2)/(2*m))*(((3*x)/(8*%pi))^(2/3)); // fermi energy in J\n", +" eF1 = eF/(1.6*(10^-19));\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('fermi energy =%3.2d.eV\n',eF1);\n", +" \n", +"//============================================================================================================================ " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.14: To_find_number_of_electrons.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=============================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 14\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" eF = 4.27; // fermi energy in eV\n", +" m = 9.11*10^-31; // mass of electron in kg\n", +" h = 6.63*10^-34; // planck's constant in J.s\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//x= N/V\n", +"//calculation\n", +" eF1 = eF*1.6*10^-19; //fermi energy in eV \n", +" x = (((2*m*eF1)/(h^2))^(3/2))*((8*%pi)/3); //number of electrons per unit volume\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('number of electrons per unit volume =%4.0e./m^3\n',x);\n", +" \n", +"//=========================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.15: To_find_electron_density.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=============================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 15\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" eF1 = 4.70; // fermi energy in eV\n", +" eF2 = 2.20; // fermi energy in eV\n", +" x1 = 4.6*10^28; // electron density of lithium per m^3\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//N/V = (((2*m*eF1)/(h^2))^(3/2))*((8*%pi)/3);\n", +"//N/V = k*(eF^3/2)\n", +"//N/V = x\n", +"//calculation\n", +" x2 = x1*((eF2/eF1)^(3/2)); //electron density for metal in per m^3\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('electron density for a metal =%4.2e per m^3\n',x2);\n", +" \n", +" //==============================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.16: To_find_average_energy_and_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 16\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" eF = 5.4; //fermi energy in eV\n", +" k = 1.38*10^-23; // k in joule/K\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" e0 = (3*eF)/5; //average energy in eV\n", +" T = (e0*(1.6*10^-19)*2)/(3*k); //temperature in K\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('average energy =%3.2f.eV\n',e0);\n", +" mprintf('temperature =%3.2e.K\n',T);\n", +"\n", +"//========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.17: To_find_average_energy_and_speed_of_electron.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 17\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" EF = 15; //fermi energy in eV\n", +" m = 9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kilogarams\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" E0 = (3*EF)/5; //average energy en eV\n", +" v =sqrt((2*E0*1.6*10^-19)/m); //speed of electron in m/s\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('average energy =%3.2f.eV\n',E0);\n", +" mprintf('speed =%3.2e.m/s\n',v);\n", +" \n", +"//=============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.18: To_find_average_energy_and_speed_of_electron.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 18\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" EF = 7.5; //fermi energy in eV\n", +" m = 9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kilograms\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"\n", +" E0 = (3*EF)/5; //average energy en eV\n", +" v=sqrt((2*E0*1.6*10^-19)/m); //speed in m\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('average energy =%3.2f.eV\n',E0);\n", +" mprintf(' speed =%3.2e.m/s\n',v);\n", +" \n", +"//=============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.19: To_find_fermi_energy_and_fermi_velocity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 19\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" m = 9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kg\n", +" h = 6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant in (m^2)*kg/s\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//x=N/V\n", +" x = 2.5*10^28;\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" EF = ((h^2)/(8*(%pi^2)*m))*((3*(%pi^2)*x)^(2/3)); //fermi energy in J\n", +" EF1 = EF/(1.6*10^-19); //fermi energy in eV\n", +" vF = (h/(2*m*%pi))*((3*(%pi^2)*x)^(1/3)); //fermi velocity in m/s\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('energy=%3.2e.eV\n',EF1);\n", +" mprintf(' speed= =%3.2e.m/s\n',vF);\n", +"\n", +"//================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.1: To_find_average_drift_velocity_of_free_electron.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 1\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" d = 2*10^-3; //diameter in m \n", +" I = 5*10^-3; //current in A\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulombs \n", +" a = 3.61*10^-10; //side of cube in m\n", +" N = 4; //number of atoms in per unit cell\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//formula\n", +"//J=n*v*e\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" r = d/2; //radius in m\n", +" n = N/(a^3); //number of atoms per unit volume in atoms/m^3\n", +" A = %pi*(r^2); //area in m^2\n", +" J = I/A; //current density in Amp/m^2\n", +" v = J/(n*e); //average drift velocity in m/s\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('velocity=%3.2e.m/s\n',v);\n", +" \n", +"//=============================================================================\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.20: To_find_efficiency_of_transmission_and_percentage_voltage_drop.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 20\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +" \n", +" //input data\n", +" Ps = 10^7;\n", +" V = 33*10^3;\n", +" R = 2;\n", +" \n", +" //calculation\n", +" I = Ps/V;\n", +" Pd = (I^2*R)/1000;\n", +" n = ((Ps-Pd)/Ps)*100;\n", +" v = I*R;\n", +" Vd = (v/V)*100; //percentage voltage drop\n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('efficiency =%0f percent\n',n);\n", +" mprintf('voltage drop =%3.2f percent\n',Vd);\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.21: To_find_value_of_constants.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 21\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" a1 = 2.76; //a1 in uv/°C\n", +" a2 =16.6; //a2 in uv/°C\n", +" b1 = 0.012; //b1 in uv/°C\n", +" b2 = -0.03; //b2 in uv/°C\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"//aFe,Pb =a1 \n", +"//aCu,Pb = a2\n", +"//bCu,Fe = b1\n", +"//bFe,Pb = b2\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" a3 = a1-a2; //a3 in uv/°C\n", +" b3 = b1-b2; //b3 in uv/(°C)^2\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('aCu,Fe =%3.2f.uV/°C\n',a3);\n", +" mprintf(' bCu,Fe =%3.3f.uV/(°C)^2\n',b3);\n", +"\n", +"//============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.23: To_find_neutral_temperature_and_temperature_of_inversion.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 23\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" a = 15; //a in uv/°C\n", +" b = -1/30; //b in uv/°C\n", +"\n", +"//E = at+bt^2\n", +"//dE/dT =a+2*b*t\n", +"//t=tn\n", +"//dE/dT =0\n", +"//calculation\n", +" tn = -(a/(2*(b))) //neutral temperature in °C\n", +"//t1+t2 = 2*t2;\n", +" t2 = 2*tn //inversion temperature in °C\n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('neutral temperature =%3.2d °C\n',tn);\n", +" mprintf('temperature of inversin =%3.2d °C\n',t2);\n", +"\n", +" //============================================================================\n", +" \n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.24: To_find_resistivity_of_an_alloy.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 23\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" p2 = 2.75; //resistivity of alloy 1 percent of Ni in uohm-cm\n", +" p1 = 1.42; //resistivity of pure copper in uohm-cm\n", +" p3 = 1.98; //resistivity of alloy 3 percent of silver in uohm-cm\n", +" \n", +" //p(Ni+Cu) =p1\n", +" //pCu =p2\n", +" //p(Cu+silver)=p3\n", +" //calculation\n", +" pNi = p2-p1;\n", +" p4 = (p3-p1)/3;\n", +" palloy = p1+(2*pNi)+(2*p4); //resistivity of alloy 2 percent of silver and 2 percent of nickel in uohm-cm\n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('resistivity of alloy =%3.4f.uohm-cm\n',palloy);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.25: To_find_transition_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 25\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" M1 = 202; //mass number\n", +" M2 = 200; // mass number\n", +" Tc1 = 4.153; // temperature in K\n", +" alpha = 0.5;\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//m^alpha*(Tc)= conatant\n", +"// calculation\n", +" Tc2 = ((M1^alpha)*Tc1)/(M2^alpha);\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('transition temperature =%3.2f.K\n',Tc2);\n", +" \n", +" //==============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.26: To_find_critical_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 26\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" Tc1 = 2.1; //temperature in K\n", +" M1 = 26.91;\n", +" M2 =32.13;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//Tc*(M1^2) = constant\n", +"//calculation\n", +" Tc2 = (Tc1*(M1^(1/2)))/(M2^(1/2));\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('critical temperature =%3.2f.K\n',Tc2);\n", +"\n", +"//=================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.27: To_find_critical_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 27\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" Hc1 = 1.41*10^5; //critical fields in amp/m\n", +" Hc2 = 4.205*10^5; // critical fields in amp/m\n", +" T1 = 14.1; //temperature in K\n", +" T2 = 12.9; // temperature in K\n", +" T3 = 4.2; //temperature in K\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//Hcn =Hc*((1-((T/Tc)^4)))\n", +"//calculation\n", +" Tc =(((((Hc2*(T1^2))-(Hc1*(T2^2)))/(Hc2-Hc1)))^(1/2)); //temperature in K\n", +" Hc0 = Hc1/(1-((T1/Tc)^2)); //critical field in A/m\n", +" Hc2 = Hc0*(1-(T3/Tc)^2); //critical field in A/m\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('transition temperature =%3.2f K\n',Tc);\n", +" mprintf('critical field =%3.2e.A/m\n',Hc2);\n", +"\n", +"//================================================================================\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.28: To_find_critical_magnetic_field.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 5 example 28\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// input data\n", +" Hc0 = 700000; //critical field at 0 K\n", +" T = 4; //temperature in K\n", +" Tc = 7.26; //temperature in K\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +" Hc = Hc0*(1-(T/Tc)^2);\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('critical field =%3.4e.A/m\n',Hc);\n", +" mprintf(' Note: calculation mistake in texttbook in calculating Hc')\n", +" \n", +" //============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.29: To_find_critical_current_density.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===========================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 5 example 29\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// input data\n", +" Hc0 = 8*10^4; //critical field \n", +" T = 4.5; //temperature in K\n", +" Tc = 7.2; //temperature in K\n", +" D = 1*10^-3; //diameter in m\n", +"\n", +" \n", +" //calculation\n", +" Hc = Hc0*(1-(T/Tc)^2);\n", +" r = D/2; //radius in m\n", +" Ic = 2*%pi*r*Hc;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('critical current =%3.2f.A\n',Ic);\n", +"\n", +"//=============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.2: To_find_drift_velocity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 2\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" I = 6; //current in A\n", +" d = 1*10^-3; //diameter in m\n", +" n = 4.5*10^28; //electrons available in electron/m^3\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" r = d/2; //radius in m\n", +" A = %pi*(r^2); //area in m^2\n", +" J = I/A; //current density in A/m^3\n", +" vd = J/(n*e); //density in m/s\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('velocity=%3.2e.m/s\n',vd);\n", +"\n", +"//============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.30: To_find_transition_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=============================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 5 example 30\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// input data\n", +" Hc0 = 0.0306; //critical field at 0 K\n", +" T = 2; //temperature in K\n", +" Tc = 3.7; //temperature in K\n", +" \n", +" \n", +" //calculation\n", +" Hc = Hc0*(1-(T/Tc)^2);\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('critical field =%3.4f tesla\n',Hc);\n", +" \n", +" //==============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.31: To_find_transition_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===========================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 5 example 31\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// input data\n", +" HcT = 1.5*10^5; // critical field for niobium at 0 K\n", +" Hc0 = 2*10^5; // critical field for nobium at 0 K\n", +" T = 8; // temperature in K\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" Tc = T/((1-(HcT/Hc0))^0.5);\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('transition temperature =%3.2f.K\n',Tc);\n", +" \n", +" //========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.32: To_find_transition_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 32\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" Hc1 = 0.176; //critical fields\n", +" Hc2 = 0.528; // critical fields\n", +" T1 = 14; //temperature in K\n", +" T2 = 13; // temperature in K\n", +" T3 = 4.2;\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//Hcn =Hc*((1-((T/Tc)^4)))\n", +"//calculation\n", +" Tc =(((((Hc2*(T1^2))-(Hc1*(T2^2)))/(Hc2-Hc1)))^(1/2));\n", +" Hc0 = Hc1/(1-((T1/Tc)^2));\n", +" Hc2 = Hc0*(1-((T3/Tc)^2));\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('transition temperature =%3.2f K\n',Tc);\n", +" mprintf(' critical field =%3.2f.T\n',Hc2);\n", +"\n", +"//==============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.33: To_find_critical_current.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//======================================================================================\n", +"//chapter 5 example 33\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" Hc = 7900; //magnetic field in A/m\n", +" r = 2.0*10^-3; //radius of super condutor in m\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +" I = 2*%pi*r*Hc; //critical current in A\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('critical current =%4f.A\n',I);\n", +" mprintf('Note: calculation mistake in textbook in calculation of I');\n", +"\n", +"//========================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.34: To_find_current.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//======================================================================================\n", +"//chapter 5 example 34\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" d = 10^-3; //diameter in m\n", +" Bc = 0.0548; // Bc in T\n", +" \n", +" \n", +" //calculation\n", +" u0 = 4*%pi*10^-7; //permiability m^2\n", +" r = d/2; //radius in m\n", +" Ic = (2*%pi*r*Bc)/u0; //current in Amp\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('current =%3.2d Amp\n',Ic);\n", +"\n", +"//=========================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.35: To_find_Londons_penetration_depth.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 35\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" D =8.5*10^3; //density in kg/m^3\n", +" W =93; //atomic weight \n", +" m =9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kilograms\n", +" e =2*1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulombs\n", +" N =6.023*10^26; //avagadro number in (lb-mol)−1\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" u0 =4*%pi*10^-7;\n", +" ns =(D*N)/W; //in per m^3\n", +" lamdaL =(m/(u0*ns*e^2))^(1/2); //London's penetration depth in nm\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('penetration depth=%3.2f.nm\n',lamdaL/10^-9);\n", +" \n", +" //===============================================================================\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.36: To_find_penetration_depth.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 36\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" Tc =7.2; //temperature in K\n", +" lamda =380; //penetration depth in Å\n", +" T =5.5; //temperature in K\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" lamdaT=lamda*((1-((T/Tc)^4))^(-1/2)); //penetration depth in Å\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('penetration depth=%3.1f.Å\n',lamdaT);\n", +" mprintf(' Note: calculation mistake in textbook in calculating lamdaT');\n", +" \n", +" //===========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.37: To_find_critical_temperature_of_aluminium.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 37\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +" lamda1 = 16; //penetration depth in nm\n", +" lamda2 = 96; // penetration depth in nm\n", +" T1 = 2.18; //temperature in K\n", +" T2 = 8.1; // temperature in K\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//lamdaT =lamda0*((1-((T/Tc)^4))^(-1/4))\n", +"//calculation\n", +" Tc = ((((lamda2*(T2^4))-(lamda1*(T1^4)))/(lamda2-lamda1))^(1/4));\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('critical temperature =%3.2f K\n',Tc);\n", +" \n", +" //============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.38: To_find_wavelength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 38\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" Eg =30.5*1.6*10^-23; //energy gap in eV\n", +" h =6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant in (m^2)*kg/s\n", +" c =3.0*10^8; //velocity of light in m\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//Eg=h*v\n", +"//calculation\n", +" v = Eg/h; //velocity in m\n", +" lamda = c/v; //wavelength in m\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('wavelength=%2e.m\n',lamda);\n", +" \n", +"//===============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.39: To_find_energy_gap_and_wavelength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===========================================================================\n", +"//chapter 5 example 39\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" k =1.38*10^-23;\n", +" Tc =4.2; //tempetrature in K\n", +" h =6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant in (m^2)*kg/s\n", +" c =3*10^8; // velocity of light in m\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +" Eg=(3*k*Tc); //energy gap in eV\n", +" lamda=h*c/Eg; //wavelngth in m\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('region of electromagnetic spectrum=%3.2e.m\n',lamda);\n", +" \n", +" //==============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.3: To_find_current_density_and_drift_velocity_of_electrons.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===============================================================================\n", +"//chapter 5 exmple 3\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +"\n", +" V = 63.5; //atomic weight in kg\n", +" d = 8.92*10^3; //density of copper in kg/m^3\n", +" r = 0.7*10^-3; //radius in m\n", +" I = 10; //current in A\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; //charge of electronin coulomb\n", +" h = 6.02*10^28; //planck's constant in (m^2)*kg/s\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"A = %pi*(r^2); // area in m^2\n", +"N = h*d;\n", +"n = N/V;\n", +"J = I/A; //current density in m/s\n", +"vd = J/(n*e); //drift velocity in m/s\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('velocity=%2e.m/s\n',vd);\n", +"\n", +"//================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.4: To_find_resistivity_of_the_material.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 4\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" R = 0.182; //resistance in ohm\n", +" l = 1; //length in m\n", +" A = 0.1*10^-6; //area in m^2\n", +"\n", +"//formula \n", +"//R=(p*l)/A\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" p = (R*A)/l; //resistivity in ohm m\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('restivity=%3.2e.ohm m\n',p);\n", +"\n", +"//=======================================================================\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.5: To_find_mobility_and_relaxation_time_of_electrons.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//========================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 5\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" n = 5.8*10^28; //number of silver electrons in electrond/m^3\n", +" p = 1.45*10^-8; //resistivity in ohm m\n", +" E = 10^2; //electric field in V/m\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; \n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//sigma = n*e*u \n", +"//sigma=//p\n", +"//calculation\n", +" u = 1/(n*e*p);\n", +" vd = u*E; //drift velocity in m/s\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('velocity=%3.2f.m/s\n',vd);\n", +" \n", +"//==========================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.6: To_find_mobility_of_conduction_electrons.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 6\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" W = 107.9; //atomic weight\n", +" p = 10.5*10^3; //density in kg/m^3\n", +" sigma =6.8*10^7; //conductivity in ohm^-1.m^-1\n", +" e =1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulombs\n", +" N = 6.02*10^26; //avagadro number in mol^-1\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" n = (N*p)/W; //number of atoms per unit volume \n", +" u = sigma/(n*e); //density of electron in m^2.V^-1.s^-1\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('density=%3.2e.m^2.V^-1.s^-1\n',u);\n", +" \n", +"//=============================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.7: To_find_relaxation_time.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 7\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +"//for common metal copper\n", +" n = 8.5*10^28; //number of atoms in m^-3\n", +" sigma = 6*10^7; //sigma in ohm^-1m^-1\n", +" m = 9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kilogram\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" t = (m*sigma)/(n*(e^2)); //relaxation time in s\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('time=%3.2e.s\n',t);\n", +"\n", +"//==================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.9: To_find_thermal_conductivity_for_a_metal.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=============================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 5 example 9\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" t = 3.0*10^-14; //time in s\n", +" n = 2.5*10^22; //in electrons per m^3\n", +" m = 9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kilograms\n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulombs\n", +" T = 3.25; //temperature in K\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//K/(sigma*T)=2.44*10^-8 from wiedemann Franz law\n", +"//calculation\n", +" sigma = (n*(e^2)*t)/(m*10^-6); //conductivity in m^3\n", +" K = (2.44*10^-8)*sigma*T; //thermalconductivity in W/m-K\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('thermal conductivity=%3.4f.W/m-K\n',K);\n", +" mprintf(' Note: calculation mistake in textbook in calculating K as T value is taken 325 instead of 3.25');\n", +"\n", +"//================================================================================================" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/6-Electrical_Conducting_and_Insulating_materials.ipynb b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/6-Electrical_Conducting_and_Insulating_materials.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7beecb --- /dev/null +++ b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/6-Electrical_Conducting_and_Insulating_materials.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,742 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 6: Electrical Conducting and Insulating materials" + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.10: To_find_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==========================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 6 example 10\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" l = 60; //length in m\n", +" r2 = 38/2; // radius of outer cylinder in m\n", +" r1 = 18/2; //radius of inner cylinder in m\n", +" p = 8000; //specific resistance in ohm-m\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" R = (p/(2*%pi*l))*log(r2/r1); //insulation resistance of liquid resistor in ohm\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('insulation resistance=%3.0f ohm\n',R);\n", +"\n", +"//==========================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.11: To_find_resistivity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==========================================================================\n", +"//chapter 6 example 11\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" d1 =0.0018;// inner diameter in m\n", +" d2 =0.005;//outer diameter in m\n", +" R =1820*10^6;//insulation resistance in ohm\n", +" l =3000;//length in m\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +" r1 =d1/2;//inner radius in m\n", +" r2 =d2/2;//outer radius in m\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" p=2*%pi*l*R/log(r2/r1);//resistivity of dielectric in ohm-m\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('resistivity=%3.3e.ohm-m\n',p);\n", +" \n", +"//==============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.12: To_find_insulation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=============================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 6 example 12\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" d1 = 0.05; //inner diametr in m\n", +" d2 = 0.07; //outer diameter in m \n", +" l = 2000; //length in m\n", +" p = 6*10^12; //specific resistance in ohm-m\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +" r1 = d1/2; //radius in m\n", +" r2 = d2/2; //radius in m\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" R = (p/(2*%pi*l))*(log(r2/r1)) //insulation resistance\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('insulation resistance =%1e.ohm\n',R);\n", +" mprintf(' Note: calculation mistake in textbook in calculating insulating resistance');\n", +"\n", +"//==========================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.13: To_find_capacitance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===============================================================================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 6 example 13\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" a = 110*10^-3; //area in m^2\n", +" d = 2; //thickness in mm\n", +" er = 5; //relative permitivity\n", +" E = 12.5*10^3; //electric field strength in V/mm\n", +" e0 = 8.854*10^-12; //charge of electron in coulombs\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//calculations\n", +" A = a*a; //area in m^2\n", +" C = e0*((er*A)/(d*10^-3)) //capacitance in F\n", +" V = E*(d);\n", +" Q = (C)*(V) //charge on capacitor in C\n", +" \n", +"// result\n", +" mprintf('capacitance =%3.2e.F\n',C);\n", +" mprintf(' charge=%3.4e C\n',Q);\n", +" \n", +" //==============================================================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.14: To_find_charge_and_electric_flux_and_flux_density_and_electric_field_strength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 6 example 14\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" I = 15*10^-3; //current in A\n", +" t = 5; //time in s\n", +" A = 120*10^-3*120*10^-3; //area in m^2\n", +" V = 1000; //voltage in volts\n", +" d = 10^-3; //thickness in m\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" Q = I*t; //charge on capacitor in C\n", +"//since charge and electric field are equal\n", +" phi = Q; //electric flux in mc\n", +" D = Q/A; //electric flux density in c/m^2\n", +" E = V/d; //electric field strength in dielectric\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('charge=%3.2e.C\n',Q);\n", +"mprintf(' electric flux=%4.3f.mc\n',phi);\n", +"mprintf(' electric flux density=%3.4f.c/m^2\n',D);\n", +"mprintf(' electric field strength=%2.3e.V/m\n',E);\n", +"\n", +"//==================================================================================\n", +"\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.15: To_find_capacitance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 6 example 15\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" n = 12; //number of plates\n", +" er = 4; //relative permitivty \n", +" d = 1.0*10^-3; //distance between plates in m\n", +" A = 120*150*10^-6; //area in m^2\n", +" e0 = 8.854*10^-12; // in F/m\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" c = (n-1)*e0*er*A/d; //capacitance in F\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('capacitance=%3.4e.F\n',c);\n", +"\n", +"//==============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.16: To_find_thickness_of_insulation.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=============================================================================\n", +"// chpter 6 example 16\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" e0 = 40000; //dielectric strength in volts/m\n", +" d = 33000; //thickness in kV\n", +" t = d/e0; //required thickness of insulation in mm\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('thickness=%4f.mm\n',t);\n", +"\n", +"//===============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.17: To_find_area_and_breakdown_voltage.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 6 example 17 \n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" C = 0.03*10^-6; //capacitance in F\n", +" d = 0.001; //thickness in m\n", +" er = 2.6; //dielectric constant\n", +" e0 = 8.85*10^-12; //dielectric strength \n", +" E0 = 1.8*10^7 \n", +" \n", +"//formula\n", +"//C=e0*er*A/d\n", +"//e0=v/d\n", +"//calculation\n", +" A = (C*d)/(e0*er); //area of dielectric needed in m^2\n", +" Vb = E0*d; //breakdown voltage in m\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('area=%3.2f.m^2\n',A);\n", +"mprintf(' breakdown voltage=%3.1e.V\n',Vb);\n", +"\n", +"//===========================================================================\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.18: To_find_dielectric_loss.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 6 example 18\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" C = 0.035*10^-6; //capacitance in F\n", +" tangent = 5*10^-4; //power factor \n", +" f = 25*10^3; //frequency in Hz\n", +" I = 250; //current in A\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +" V = I/(2*%pi*f*C) //voltage across capacitor in volts\n", +" P = V*I*tangent; //dielectric loss in watts\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('dielectric loss=%3.2f.watts\n',P);\n", +"\n", +"//====================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.19: To_find_area.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 6 exmple 19\n", +" \n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +"\n", +" Q = 20*10^-6; //charge of electron in coulomb\n", +" V = 10*10^3; //potential in V\n", +" e0 = 8.854*10^-12; //absolute permitivity\n", +" d = 5*10^-4; //separation between plates in m\n", +" er = 10; //dielectric constant\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//Q=CV\n", +"//C=er*e0*A/d\n", +" C = Q/V;\n", +" A = (C*d)/(er*e0); //area in m^2\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('area=%1e.m^2\n',A);\n", +"\n", +"//===============================================================================\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.1: To_find_temperature_coefficient_of_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 6 example 1\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data \n", +"\n", +" R75 = 57.2; //resistance at 75 C in ohm\n", +" R25 = 55; //resistance at 25 C in ohm\n", +" t1 = 25; //temperature in C\n", +" t2 = 75 // temperature in C\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//Rt = R0*(1+(alpha*t))\n", +"//calculation\n", +" alpha = (R25-R75)/((25*R75)-(75*R25)); //temperature cofficient\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('temperature coefficient =%3.5f.K^-1',alpha);\n", +"\n", +"//=====================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.20: To_find_thermal_cnductivity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"// chapter 6 example 2o\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" n = 3.0*10^28; //number of electrons per m^3\n", +" t = 3*10^-14; //time in s\n", +" m = 9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kg\n", +" L = 2.44*10^-8; //lorentz number in ohm W/K^2\n", +" T = 330; //temperature in kelvin \n", +" e = 1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" sigma = n*e^2*t/m; //electrical conductivity in (ohm-m)^-1\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('electrial conductivity=%3.2e.(ohm-m)^-1\n',sigma);\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"810\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"622" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.2: To_find_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//====================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 6 example 2\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" R1 = 50; //resistance in ohm at temperature 15°C\n", +" R2 = 60; // resistance in ohm temperature 15°C\n", +" t1 = 15; //temperature in °C\n", +" alpha = 0.00425; //temperature coefficient of resistance\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//Rt = R0*(1+(alpha*t))\n", +"//Rt1/Rt2 = R0*(1+(alpha*t1))/R0*(1+(alpha*t2))\n", +"//calculation\n", +" R = R2/R1;\n", +" X = 1+(alpha*t1);\n", +" t2 = ((R*X)-1)/alpha;\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('temperature coefficient of resistance =%3.2f°C\n',t2);\n", +"\n", +"//=====================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.3: Tofind_cold_resistance_and_average_temperature_coefficient.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 6 example 3\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" t1 = 20; // temperature in °C\n", +" alpha = 5*10^-3; //average temperature coefficient at 20°C \n", +" R1 = 8; //resistance in ohm\n", +" R2 = 140; //resistaance in ohm\n", +" \n", +" \n", +"//calculation\n", +" t2 = t1+((R2-R1)/(R1*alpha)); //temperature in C\n", +" \n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('Hence temperature under normal condition is %3.2f°C\n',t2);\n", +"\n", +"//============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.4: To_find_resistivity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//========================================================================\n", +"//chapter 6 example 4\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" l = 100; //length in cm\n", +" d = 0.008; //diameter of wire in cm\n", +" R = 95.5; //resistance in ohm\n", +" A = %pi*0.004*0.004; //cross-sectional area\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//R=p*l/A\n", +"//calculation\n", +" p = R*A/l; //;resistivity of wire in ohm-cm\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('resistivity=%3.2e ohm-m\n',p);\n", +"\n", +"//==========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.5: To_find_percentage_conductivity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//======================================================================================\n", +"//chapter 6 example 5\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" R0 =17.5; //resistance at 0 degree c in ohm\n", +" alpha =0.00428; //temperature coefficient of copper in per degree c\n", +" t =16; //temperature in degree\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +" Rt = R0*(1+(alpha*t)); //resistance at 16 degree C\n", +" P = (R0/Rt)*100; //percentage conductivity at 16 degree C\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +"mprintf('percentage conductivity=%3.2f.percent\n',P);\n", +"\n", +"//===========================================================================================" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/7-Junction_Resistor_Transistors_and_Devices_.ipynb b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/7-Junction_Resistor_Transistors_and_Devices_.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..154ba11 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/7-Junction_Resistor_Transistors_and_Devices_.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,601 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 7: Junction Resistor Transistors and Devices " + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.10: To_find_transconductance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"//chapter 7 example 10\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" IDSS = 10; //current in mA\n", +" IDS =2.; // current in mA\n", +" Vp = -4.0; //pinch off voltage in V\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//IDS = IDSS*((1-(VGS/Vp))^2)\n", +"//calculation\n", +" VGS = Vp*(1-(sqrt(IDS/IDSS)));\n", +" gm = ((-2*IDSS)/Vp)*(1-(VGS/Vp));\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('transconductance =%3.2f.m*A/V\n',gm);\n", +"\n", +"//==========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.11: To_find_drain_current.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"//chapter 7 example 11\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" VGS = -3; //pinch off voltage in V\n", +" IDSS =10*10^-3; // current in A\n", +" Vp = -5.0; //pinch off voltage in V\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"IDS = IDSS*((1-(VGS/Vp))^2);\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('current =%3.2f.A\n',IDS/10^-3);\n", +"\n", +"//==========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.12: To_find_transconductance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"//chapter 7 example 12\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" IDS = 2*10^-3; //current in mA\n", +" IDSS = 8*10^-3; // current in mA\n", +" Vp = -4.5; //pinch off voltage in V\n", +" VGS1 = -1.902; //pinch off voltage when IDS =3*10^-3 A\n", +"\n", +"//formula\n", +"//IDS = IDSS*((1-(VGS/Vp))^2)\n", +"//calculation\n", +" VGS = Vp*(1-(sqrt(IDS/IDSS)));\n", +" gm = ((-2*IDSS)/Vp)*(1-(VGS1/Vp));\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('transconductance =%3.2f.mS\n',gm/10^-3);\n", +"\n", +"//==========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.13: To_find_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"//chapter 7 example 13\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" VGS = 26; //gate source voltage in V\n", +" IG = 1.6*10^-9; //gate current in A\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" R = VGS/IG; //gate to current resistance in ohms\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result \n", +"mprintf('resistance =%3.2e.ohms\n',R);\n", +"\n", +"//=========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.14: To_find_transconductance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"//chapter 7 example 14\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" ID1 = 1; //current in A\n", +" ID2 = 2.1; // current in A\n", +" VGS1 = 3.0; //pinch off voltage in V\n", +" VGS2 = 3.5; //pinch off voltage in V\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" dID = ID2-ID1;\n", +" dVGS = VGS2-VGS1;\n", +" gm = (dID*10^-3)/dVGS;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('transconductance =%3.2e mho\n',gm);\n", +" mprintf('Note:wrong answer in textbook');\n", +"\n", +"//==========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.15: To_find_drain_resistance_and_transconductance_and_amplification_fector.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=====================================================================================\n", +"//chapter 7 example 15\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" ID1 = 8; // drain current in mA\n", +" ID2 = 8.3; //drain current in mA\n", +" VDS1 = 5; //drainn source voltage in V\n", +" VDS2 = 14; //drain source voltage in V\n", +" ID3 = 7.1; //drain current when VDS constant VGS change\n", +" ID4 = 8.3; //drain current when VDS constant VGS change\n", +" VGS1 = 0.1; //drain source voltage in V\n", +" VGS2 = 0.4; //drain source voltage in V\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" dID1 = ID2-ID1;\n", +" dVDS = VDS2-VDS1;\n", +" rd = dVDS/dID1; //ac drain resistance\n", +" dID2 = ID4-ID3;\n", +" dVGS = VGS2-VGS1;\n", +" gm = dID2/dVGS; //transconductance\n", +" u = rd*gm; //amplification factor\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('ac drain resistnce =%3.2d.k-ohms\n',rd);\n", +" mprintf('transconductance =%3.2d.u ohms\n',gm/10^-3);\n", +" mprintf('amplification factor=%3.2f.\n',u);\n", +"\n", +"//=====================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.16: To_find_transconductance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================\n", +"// chapter 7 example 16\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" u = 100; //amplification factor \n", +" rd = 33*10^3; //drain resistance in ohms\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +"gm = u/rd; //transconductance in mhos\n", +"\n", +"//result\n", +" mprintf('transconductance =%3.2f mmhos\n',gm/10^-3);\n", +" printf('Note:transconductance value is wrongly printed in terms of umhos');\n", +"\n", +"//=========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.2: To_find_change_in_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 7 example 2\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"//variable declaration\n", +"//given Is2/Is1 =150\n", +"//Is2/Is1 =2^(T2-T1)/10\n", +"//dT=10ln(I)/ln(2)\n", +" I = 150;\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"dT = 10*log(I)/log(2); // increase in temperature in °C\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Increase in temperature necessary to increase Is by a factor by 150 is %3.2f °C',dT);\n", +"\n", +"//========================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.3: To_find_current.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//============================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 7 example 3\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"Io = 0.25*10^-6; // large reverse biased current in A\n", +"V = 0.12; // applied voltage in V\n", +"Vt = 0.026; // Volt-equivalent of temperature in V\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"I = Io*(exp(V/Vt)-1); // current in A \n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Current flowing through germanium diode = %g uA',I*10^6);\n", +"\n", +"//=============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.4: To_find_diffusion_coefficients.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===============================================================================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 7 example 4\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"k = 1.38*10^-23; // boltzmann constant (m^2)*(kg)*(s^-2)*(K^-1)\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"ue = 0.19 // mobility of electron in m^2.V^-1.s^-1\n", +"uh = 0.027; // mobilty of holes in m^2.V^-1.s^-1\n", +"T = 300; // temperature in K\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"Dn = (k*T/e)*ue; //diffusion constant of electrons in cm^2/s\n", +"Dh = (k*T/e)*uh; // diffusion constant of holes in cm^2/s\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Diffusion co-efficients of electrons = %g m^2/s\n Diffusion co-efficients of holes = %g m^2/s',Dn,Dh)\n", +"\n", +"//==================================================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.6: To_find_resistance_of_diode.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 7 example 6\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"I1 = 20; // current in ma\n", +"V1 = 0.8; // vtg in volts\n", +"V2 = 0.7; // vtg in volts\n", +"I2 = 10; // current in ma\n", +"v3 = -10;\n", +"I3 = -1*10^-6; // current\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"R = (V1 - V2)/(I1 - I2);\n", +"Vreb = v3/I3;\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('a. resistance = %d ohm\n Vreb = %3.1e ohm',R*10^3,Vreb);\n", +"\n", +"//===============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.7: To_find_diffusion_constant.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==========================================================================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 7 example 7\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable Declaration\n", +"T = 300; // temp in kelvin\n", +"k = 1.38*10^-23; // Boltzmann constant (m^2)*(kg)*(s^-2)*(K^-1)\n", +"e = 1.602*10^-19; // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"ue = 3650; // mobility of electrons \n", +"uh = 1720; // mobility of holes\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"De = (ue*k*T)/e; // diffusion constant of electrons in cm^2/s\n", +"Dh = (uh*k*T)/e; // diffusion constant of holes in cm^2/s\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Diffusion constant of electrons = %3.1f cm^2/s\n Diffusion constant of electrons = %3.1f cm^2/s',De,Dh);\n", +"\n", +"//========================================================================================================================\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.8: To_find_pinch_off_voltage.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 7 example 8\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable Declaration\n", +"p = 2; // resistivity in ohm-m\n", +"er = 16; // relative dielectrivity of Ge cm^2/s\n", +"up = 1800; // mobility of holes in cm^2/s\n", +"e0 = 8.85*10^-12; //permitivity in (m^-3)*(kg^-1)*(s^4)*(A^2)\n", +"a = 2*10^-4; //channel height in m\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +" qNa = 1/(up*p);\n", +" e = e0*er; //permitivity in F/cm\n", +" Vp = (qNa*(a^2))/(2*e); // pinch-off voltage in V\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Pinch-off voltage = %3.4e V\n',Vp);\n", +"mprintf(' Note:calculation mistake in text book ,e value is taken as 14.16*10^-12 instead of 141.6*10^-12');\n", +"\n", +"//============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.9: To_find_pinch_off_voltage.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"//chapter 7 example 9\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//input data\n", +" a = 3.5*10^-6; //channel width in m\n", +" N = 10^21; //number of electrons in electrons/m^3\n", +" q = 1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulombs\n", +" er = 12; //dielectric constant F/m\n", +" e0 = 8.85*10^-12; //dielectric constant F/m\n", +" \n", +"\n", +"//calculation\n", +" e = (e0)*(er); //permitivityin F/m\n", +" Vp = (q*(a^2)*N)/(2*e); //pinch off voltage in V\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//result \n", +" mprintf('pinch off velocity =%2f V\n',Vp);\n", +" \n", +"//=========================================================================" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/8-Mechanism_of_Conduction_in_Semiconductors_.ipynb b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/8-Mechanism_of_Conduction_in_Semiconductors_.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dea8ce9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/8-Mechanism_of_Conduction_in_Semiconductors_.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,871 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 8: Mechanism of Conduction in Semiconductors " + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.10: To_find_conductivity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//====================================================================================================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 8 example 10\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"p = 5.32*10^3; // density of germanium\n", +"Nav = 6.023*10^26; // Avagadros number\n", +"AW = 72.59; // atomic wt\n", +"ni = 1.5*10^19 // carrier density\n", +"ue = 0.36\n", +"uh = 0.18\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19\n", +"\n", +"// calculations\n", +"N = (p*Nav)/AW // no of germanium atoms per unit volume\n", +"Nd = N*10^-6 // no of pentavalent impurity atoms/m^3\n", +"f = Nd/ni\n", +"nh = ni^2/Nd // hole conc\n", +"sigma = e*((Nd*ue)+(nh*uh))\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('The factor by which the majority conc. is more than the intrinsic carrier conc = %d\n Hole concentration = %3.1e /m^3\n Conductivity = %d /ohm-m',f,nh,sigma)\n", +"\n", +"//====================================================================================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.11: To_find_carrier_density.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 8 example 11\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// variable declaration\n", +"p = 5*10^-3; // resistivity in ohm-m\n", +"ue = 0.3; // electron mobility m^2/volt-s\n", +"uh = 0.1; // hole mobility m^2/volt-s\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19 // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"\n", +"// calculations\n", +"sigma = 1/p; // conductivity in per ohm -m\n", +"n = sigma/(e*(ue + uh)); // carrier density per m^3\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Carrier Density = %3.1e /m^3',n);\n", +"\n", +"//==========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.12: To_find_drift_velocity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 8 example 12\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"Jd = 500; // current density A/m^2\n", +"p = 0.05 // resistivity in ohm-m\n", +"l = 100*10^-6 // travel length m\n", +"ue = 0.4; // electron mobility m^2/Vs\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"ne = 1/(p*e*ue); //iin per m^3\n", +"vd = Jd/(ne*e); //drift velocity in m/s\n", +"t = l/vd; //time teken in s\n", +"\n", +"// result\n", +"mprintf('Drift velocity = %d m/s\n time = %e s',vd,t);\n", +"\n", +"//=============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.13: To_know_about_changes_in_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=======================================================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 13\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"T = 300; // room temperature in K\n", +"psi1 =100; //\n", +"psi2 = 130;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// T+dT = 1/((1/T)-(2k/Eg)log1.3)\n", +"// T+dT = 305.9\n", +"dT = 305.9 - 300;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"mprintf('Therefore %3.1f K rise in temperature will lead to a rise of 30 percent in conductivity',dT)\n", +"\n", +"//========================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.14: To_find_conductivity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=================================================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 14\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// variable declaration\n", +"v = 5; // voltage in volts\n", +"r = 10; // resistance in k-ohm\n", +"J = 60; // current density in A/cm^2\n", +"E = 100; // electric field in V.m^-1\n", +"Nd = 5*10^15; //in cm^-3\n", +"up = 410; // approx hole mobility cm^2/V-s\n", +"Na = 1.25*10^16; // approx in cm^-3\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"I = v/r; // total current A\n", +"A = I/J // cross sectional area cm^2\n", +"L = v/E // length of resistor cm\n", +"sigma = L/(r*A); //conductivity in (ohm-cm)^-1\n", +"sigma_comp = e*up*(Na - Nd); //conductivity in (ohm-cm)^-1\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Conductivity of the compensated p-type semiconductor is %3.3f',sigma_comp);\n", +"\n", +"//========================================================================================================\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.15: To_find_diffusion_current_density.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 8 example 15\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"Dn = 250; // electron diffusion co-efficient cm^2/s\n", +"n1 = 10^18 // electron conc. in cm^-3\n", +"n2 = 7*10^17 // electron conc. in cm^-3\n", +"dx = 0.10 // distance in cm\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"Jdiff = e*Dn*((n1-n2)/dx); // diffusion current density A/cm^2\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Diffusion Current Density = %d A/cm^2',Jdiff);\n", +"\n", +"//=================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.16: To_find_wavelength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==================================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 16\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19 // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"Eg = 0.75; // bandgap energy eV\n", +"c = 3*10^8; // velocity of light in m\n", +"h = 6.62*10^-34 // plancks constant in J.s\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"lamda = (h*c)/(Eg*e) // wavelength in Å\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Wavelength at which Ge starts to absorb light = %d Å',lamda*10^10);\n", +"\n", +"//===================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.17: To_find_cut_off_wavelength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===============================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 8 example 17\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable Declaration\n", +"\n", +" Eg = 1.35*1.6*10^-19; //energy in eV\n", +" h = 6.63*10^-34; //plancks constant in J.s\n", +" c = 3*10^8; //velocity in m\n", +" \n", +" //calculation\n", +" lamda = (h*c)/Eg; //wavelength in m\n", +" \n", +" //result\n", +" mprintf('cutoff wavelength =%3.2e m\n',lamda);\n", +" \n", +" //==============================================================================================\n", +" " + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.18: To_find_energy.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//====================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 18\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"h = 6.62*10^-34 // plancks constant J.s\n", +"c = 3*10^8; // velocity of light in m\n", +"lamda = 1771*10^-9; // wavelengthg in m\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19 // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"Eg = (h*c)/(lamda*e); // bandgap energy eV\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('bandgap energy = %3.3f eV',Eg);\n", +"\n", +"//====================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.19: To_find_hall_voltage.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===========================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 19\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"Nd = 10^21; // donar density per in m^3\n", +"H = 0.6; // magnetic field in T\n", +"J = 500; // current density A/m^2\n", +"d = 3*10^-3; // width in m\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19 // charge of electron coulombs\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"Ey = (J*H)/(Nd*e) // field in V/m \n", +"vh = Ey*d; // hall voltage V\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Hall Voltage = %3.1f mV',vh*10^3);\n", +"\n", +"//===========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.1: To_find_kinetic_energy_and_momenta.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=====================================================================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 8 example 1\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"Ephoton = 1.5; // energy of photon in eV\n", +"Eg = 1.4; // energy gap in eV\n", +"m = 9.1*10^-31; // mass of electron in kg\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19; //charge ofelectro in coulombs\n", +"me_GaAs = 0.07; //times of electro mass in kilograms\n", +"mh_GaAs = 0.068; //times of electro mass in kilograms\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"Eke = Ephoton - Eg; //energy on eV\n", +"pe = sqrt(2*m*me_GaAs*Eke*e) // momentum of electrons in kg m/s\n", +"ph = sqrt(2*m*mh_GaAs*Eke*e) // momentum of electrons in kg m/s\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Kinetic Energy = %3.1f eV\n Momentum of electrons = %3.1e kg m/s\n Momentum of holes = %3.1e kg m/s',Eke,pe,ph);\n", +"\n", +"//=========================================================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.20: To_find_current_density.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=============================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 20\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19 // charge of electron\n", +"Rh = -0.0125; // hall co-efficient\n", +"ue = 0.36; // electron mobility\n", +"E = 80; // electric field\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"n = -1/(Rh*e)\n", +"J = n*e*ue*E // current density\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Current density = %d Ampere/m^2',J);\n", +"\n", +"//==============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.21: To_find_hall_coefficient.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=============================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 21\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"p = 0.00893; // resistivity in ohm-m \n", +"Hz = 0.5; // field in weber/m^2\n", +"Rh = 3.66*10^-4; // hall co-efficient hall coefficient in m^3\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"\n", +"u = Rh/p; //mobility of charge cerrier in m^2*(V^-1)*s^-1\n", +"theta_h = (atan(u*Hz))*(180/%pi); // hall angle in degrees\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Hall angle = %3.4f degrees',theta_h);\n", +"\n", +"//=============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.2: To_find_thermal_equilibrium_hole_concentration.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===============================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 8 example 2\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable Declaration\n", +"T1 = 300; // temperature in kelvin\n", +"nv = 1.04*10^19; //in cm^-3\n", +"T2 = 400; //temperature in K\n", +"fl = 0.25; // fermi level position in eV\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"Nv = (1.04*10^19)*(T2/T1)^(3/2); //Nv at 400 k in cm^-3\n", +"kT = (0.0259)*(T2/T1); //kT in eV\n", +"po = Nv*exp(-(fl)/(kT)); //hole oncentration in cm^-3\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Thermal equilibrium hole concentration = %3.2e cm^-3\n ',po);\n", +"mprintf('Note: Calculation mistake in textbook Nv is not multiplied by exponentiation');\n", +"\n", +"//===================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.3: To_find_intrinsic_carrier_concentration.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//===============================================================================================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 3\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"Nc = 3.8*10^17; //constant in cm^-3\n", +"Nv = 6.5*10^18; //constant in cm^-3\n", +"Eg = 1.42; // band gap energy in eV\n", +"KT1 = 0.03885; // kt value at 450K\n", +"T1 = 300; //temperature in K\n", +"T2 = 450; //temperature in K\n", +"\n", +"// calculation\n", +"n1i = sqrt(Nc*Nv*exp(-Eg/0.0259)); // intrinsic carrier concentration in cm^-3\n", +"n2i = sqrt(Nc*Nv*((T2/T1)^3) *exp(-Eg/KT1)); // intrinsic carrier conc at 450K in cm^-3\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Intrinsic Carrier Concentration at 300K = %3.2e cm^-3\n Intrinsic Carrier Concentration at 300K = %3.2e cm^-3',n1i,n2i)\n", +"mprintf('\n Note : Calculation mistake in textbook in finding carrier conc. at 450K')\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//================================================================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.4: To_find_position_of_intrinsic_fermi_level.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//======================================================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 4\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// variable declaration\n", +"\n", +"mh = 0.56; //masses interms of m0\n", +"me = 1.08; //masses interms of m0\n", +"t = 27; //temperature in °C\n", +"k = 8.62*10^-5;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"T = t+273; //temperature in K\n", +"fl = (3/4)*k*T*log(mh/me); //position of fermi level in eV\n", +"\n", +"// result\n", +"mprintf('The position of Fermi level with respect to middle of the bandgap is %3.1f meV',fl/10^-3)\n", +"\n", +"//==========================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.5: To_find_donor_binding_energy.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 8 example 5\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// variable declaration\n", +"mo = 9.11*10^-31; // mass of electron inkilograms\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"er = 13.2; //relative permitivity in F/m\n", +"eo = 8.85*10^-12; // permitivity in F/m\n", +"h = 6.63*10^-34; // plancks constant J.s\n", +"me = 0.067*mo; \n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"\n", +"E = (me*e^4)/(8*(eo*er)^2 * h^2 * e); //energy in eV \n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Donor binding energy = %3.4f eV',E);\n", +"\n", +"//==============================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.6: To_find_position_of_fermi_level.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 6\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"no = 10^17 // doping carrier conc\n", +"ni = 1.5*10^10; // intrinsic concentration\n", +"kT = 0.0259\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"po = (ni^2)/no\n", +"fl = kT*log10(no/ni)\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Equlibrium hole concentration = %3.2e cm^-3\n Position of fermi energy level = %3.3f eV',po,fl)\n", +"\n", +"//================================================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.7: To_find_electrical_conductivity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=============================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 7\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"\n", +"k = 8.62*10^-5; //in eV/K\n", +"Eg = 1.10; //energy in eV\n", +" t1 = 200; //temperature in °C\n", +" t2 = 27; //temperature in °C\n", +" psi = 2.3*10^3;\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"// sigma = sigmao*exp(-Eg/(2kT))\n", +"// k = sigma_473/sigma_300;\n", +" t3 = t1+273; //temperature in K\n", +" t4 = t2+273; //temperature in K\n", +" k1 = exp((-Eg)/(2*k*t3)); //electrical conductivity in cm^-1.m^-1\n", +" k2 = exp((-Eg)/(2*k*t4)); //electrical conductivity in cm^-1.m^-1\n", +" k = k1/k2;\n", +" pm= k/psi;\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"\n", +" mprintf('electrical conductivity of pure silicon =%3.2e.ohm^-1.m^-1\n',k);\n", +" mprintf('Note:calculation mistake in electrical conductivity,and units of conductivity');\n", +" \n", +" //================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.8: To_find_resistivity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// Chapter 8 example 8\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"ni = 2.5*10^19; // carrier density in per m^3\n", +"q = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"un = 0.35; //mobility of electrons in m^2/V-s\n", +"up = 0.15; //mobility of electrons in m^2/V-s\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"sigma = ni*q*(un + up); //conductivity in per ohm-m\n", +"p = 1/sigma; //resistivity in ohm-m\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Resistivity = %3.1f ohm-m',p);\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"//==================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.9: To_find_intrinsic_carrier_density.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 8 example 9\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"p = 3.16*10^3; // resistivity ohm-m\n", +"e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of electron in coulombs\n", +"ue = 0.14; //mobility of electrons in m^2/V-s\n", +"uh = 0.05; //mobility of holes in m^2/V-s\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"\n", +"n = 1/((p*e)*(ue + uh)); //carrier density in perm^3\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Intrinsic Carrier Concentration = %3.2e /m^3',n);\n", +"\n", +"//==============================================================================" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/9-Mechanical_Properties_of_Materials.ipynb b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/9-Mechanical_Properties_of_Materials.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f660320 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electrical_Engineering_Materials_by_R_K_Shukla_and_A_Singh/9-Mechanical_Properties_of_Materials.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 9: Mechanical Properties of Materials" + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9.1: To_find_elongation.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================================\n", +"// chapter 9 example 1\n", +"clc\n", +"clear\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"F = 8482; // Tensile force in newtons\n", +"lo = 0.30; // length of steel wire in cm\n", +"Y = 207*10^9; // Youngs modulus of steel Gpa\n", +"r = 3*10^-3; // radius of steel wire in m\n", +"v = 0.30; // poisson ratio\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"\n", +"dl = (F*lo)/(Y*%pi*r^2); // elongation in mm\n", +"e1 = dl/lo // longitudanl strain \n", +"e2 = v*e1 // lateral strain \n", +"dr = e2*r; // lateral contraction in m\n", +" \n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Elongation = %3.3f mm\n Lateral contraction = %3.1f um',dl/10^-3,dr/10^-6);\n", +"\n", +"//=============================================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9.3: To_find_stress.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=============================================================================\n", +"// chapter 9 example 3\n", +"\n", +"clc\n", +"clear\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"\n", +"P = 400; // tensile force in newtons \n", +"d = 6*10^-3; // diameter of steel rod m\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"r =d/2;\n", +"E_stress = P/((%pi/4)*r*r); //e_stress in N/m^2\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"\n", +"mprintf('Engineering stress = %3.2f MPa',E_stress/10^6);\n", +"\n", +"//===========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9.4: To_find_strain.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//==========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 9 example 4\n", +"clc\n", +"clear\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"Lf = 42.3; // guage length after strain mm\n", +"Lo = 40; // guage length in mm\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"e = ((Lf - Lo)/Lo)*100 // Engineering Strain in percent\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"mprintf('Percentage of elongation = %3.2f percent',e);\n", +"\n", +"//===========================================================================" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9.5: To_find_ductility.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//=========================================================================\n", +"// chapter 9 example 5\n", +"\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"\n", +"// Variable declaration\n", +"\n", +"dr = 12.8 // original diameter of steel wire in mm\n", +"df = 10.7; // diameter at fracture in mm\n", +"\n", +"// Calculations\n", +"\n", +"percent_red = (((%pi*dr*dr) - (%pi*df*df))/(%pi*dr*dr))*100;\n", +"\n", +"\n", +"// Result\n", +"\n", +"mprintf('Percent reduction in area = %3.2f percent',percent_red);\n", +"\n", +"//========================================================================" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} |