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diff --git a/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/1-Eletromagnetic_Field_Radiation.ipynb b/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/1-Eletromagnetic_Field_Radiation.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0afabe8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/1-Eletromagnetic_Field_Radiation.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1511 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 1: Eletromagnetic Field Radiation" + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.10: Find_the_field_strength_and_the_power_radiated.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.10\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"le=100;// effective height of antenna in m\n", +"Irms=100;// current in Amp\n", +"f=0.300;// frequency in MHz\n", +"r=10*1000;// distance in m\n", +"y=300/f;// in m\n", +"Erms=(120*%pi*Irms*le)/(y*r);// strength of electric field in V/m\n", +"Rr=160*(%pi^2)*(le/y)^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"W=Irms^2*Rr;// radiated power in Watt\n", +"printf('The strength of electric field = %f mV/m', Erms*1000);\n", +"printf('\n The radiated power = %f KW', W/1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.11: Calculate_the_power_radiated.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.11\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"le=10;// effective height of antenna in m\n", +"Irms=50;// current in Amp\n", +"f=0.600;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// in m\n", +"Rr=160*(%pi^2)*(le/y)^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"W=Irms^2*Rr;// radiated power in Watt\n", +"printf('The radiated power = %f KW', W/1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.12: Calculate_the_radiation_resistance_of_current_elements.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.12\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// dl=y/50\n", +"// then dl/y=((y/50)/y=1/50)\n", +"dl_y=1/50;// the value of dl/y\n", +"Rr=80*%pi^2*(dl_y^2);// Radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rr);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.13: Calculate_the_power_radiated_and_what_is_its_radiation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.13\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// Prad=n(pi/3)*(Io*dl/y)^2, where n=120pi & y is wavelength\n", +"// Prad=120*pi*(pi/3)*(100*y/16*y)\n", +"Prad=120*3.14*(3.14/3)*(100/16)^2;// power radiated in Watts\n", +"// Rr=80*pi*(y/16y)^2\n", +"Rr=80*3.14^2*(1/16)^2;// the radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The power radiated = %f watts', Prad);\n", +"printf('\n The radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rr);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.14: what_is_the_electric_field.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.14\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"r=5*1000;// distance in m\n", +"r1=10*1000;// distance in m\n", +"W=1;\n", +"Erms=(sqrt(90*W))/r;// electric field strength at a distanve 5 km\n", +"Erms1=(sqrt(90*W))/r1;// electric field strength at a distanve 10 km\n", +"E_E1=Erms/Erms1;// the ratio of electric field strengths\n", +"Erms=10;// electric field strength in mV/m\n", +"Erms2=Erms/E_E1;// electric field strength in mV/m at a distance of 10 km\n", +"printf('The electric field strength in mV/m at a distance of 10 km = %d mV/m', Erms2);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.15: EX1_15.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.15\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Irms=10;// rms value of current in amp\n", +"// Erms=(120*pi*Irms*le)/y*r, where y= wavelength\n", +"// Erms=(120*pi*10*(3y/2))/y*r=1200*pi*3/2*r=1800*pi/r V/m\n", +"// now, Erms1=120*pi*Irms1*5y/(8*y*r)=75*pi*Irms1/r\n", +"// now equate these two Erms, we have\n", +"// 1800*pi/r=75*pi*Irms1/r i.e., Irms1=1800/75\n", +"Irms1=1800/75;// antenna current in amp\n", +"printf('The antenna current = %d amp', Irms1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.16: Determine_the_field_strength_of_the_radiated_field_produced.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.16\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"r=1000;// distance in m\n", +"l=1;// length in m\n", +"Irms=5;// current in Amp\n", +"f=1;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// Wavelength in m\n", +"le=(2/%pi)*l;// effective length in m\n", +"Erms=(120*%pi*le*Irms)/(y*r);// field strength in V/m\n", +"printf('The field strength = %d mV/m', Erms*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.17: Calculate_the_effective_height_of_the_antenna_in_meters.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.17\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"r=100;// distance in m\n", +"Irms=32;// current in Amp\n", +"y=300*1000;// Wavelength in m\n", +"Erms=9*10^-3;// field strength in V/m\n", +"le=(Erms*y*r)/(120*3.14*Irms);// effective height of antenna in m\n", +"printf('The effective height of antenna = %f m', le);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.18: Calculate_the_radiation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.18\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"I=10;// current in Amp\n", +"Wt=(10*I)^2/30;// power in Watt\n", +"Rt=Wt/I^2;// Radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The Radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rt);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.19: Find_the_radiation_resistance_and_power_radiated_and_also_antenna_efficiency.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.19\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"le=61.4;// effective height in m\n", +"Irms=50;// current in amp\n", +"y=625;// wavelength in m\n", +"Rr=160*(%pi*le)^2/(y^2);// Radiation resistance of an antenna in ohm\n", +"W=(Irms^2)*Rr;// power radiated in Watt\n", +"Rt=50;// total antenna resistance in ohm\n", +"n=Rr/Rt;// efficiency\n", +"printf('The Radiation resistance of an antenna = %f ohm', Rr);\n", +"printf('\n The power radiated = %f KW', W/1000);\n", +"printf('\n The efficiency = %f %%', n*100);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.1: What_is_the_strength_of_a_magnetic_field_H_in_free_space.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.1\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"E=2;// electriv field strength in V/m\n", +"n=120*%pi;\n", +"H=E/n;// strength of a magnetic field H\n", +"printf('The strength of a magnetic field H = %f mA/meter', H*10^3);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.20: What_is_the_power_radiated.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.20\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"le=49.12;// effective height in m\n", +"Irms=220;// current in amp\n", +"f=37.5;// frequency in KHz\n", +"f1=f/1000;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f1;// wavelength in m\n", +"Rr=160*(%pi^2)*(le/y)^2;// Radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"W=Irms^2*Rr;// power radiated in watts\n", +"printf('The power radiated = %f kW', W/1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.21: Find_out_the_field_strength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.21\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"W=35*10^3;// power in Watts\n", +"r=60*10^3;// in m\n", +"Erms=(sqrt(90*W))/r;// field strength in mV/m\n", +"printf('The field strength = %f mV/m', Erms*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.22: At_what_distance_from_a_sixty_cycle_circuit_is_the_radiation_field_approximately.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.22\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=60*10^-6;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"r=y/(2*3.14);// distance in m\n", +"printf('The distance = %f*10^6 m', r/10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.23: Find_out_the_field_strength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.23\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"W=1*10^3;// power in Watts\n", +"r=10^3;// in m\n", +"Erms=(sqrt(30*W))/r;// field strength in mV/m\n", +"printf('The field strength = %f mV/m', Erms*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.24: Find_the_velocity_of_a_plane_wave_in_a_loss_less_medium.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.24\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Er=15;// relative permittivity\n", +"ur=5;// relative mobility\n", +"B=1/sqrt(Er*ur);\n", +"A=3*10^8;// the value of 1/sqrt(Eo*uo)\n", +"V=A*B;// velocity of propagation in volt\n", +"printf('The field strength = %f*10^7 m/s', V/10^7);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.25: What_is_the_strength_of_a_magnetic_field_H_in_free_space.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.25\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"E=6;// electric field strength in V/m\n", +"n=120*%pi;// efficiency\n", +"H=E/n;// magnetic field strength in Amp/m\n", +"printf('The magnetic field strength = %f mA/m', H*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.26: Calculate_the_field_strength_at_a_distance_of_twenty_five_km.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.26\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"l=70;// antenna height in m\n", +"le=2*l/%pi;// effective length in m\n", +"Irms=25;// current in amp\n", +"f=10;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"r=25*10^3;// distance in m\n", +"Erms=(120*%pi*le*Irms)/(y*r);// field strength in mV/m\n", +"printf('The field strength = %d mV/m', Erms*10^3);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.27: Calculate_the_radiation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.27\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"le=50;// effective height of antenna in m\n", +"f=10;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"Rr=160*(%pi^2)*(le/y)^2;// Radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The Radiation resistance = %f k-ohm', Rr/1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.28: Derive_an_expression_for_the_gain_of_a_half_wave_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.28\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// G=Pr/pi\n", +"// G=Pr/(Wi/4*%pi*r^2)\n", +"// G=4*%pi*r^2*Pr/Wi\n", +"// Pr=(30*Irms^2/%pi*r^2)*((cos(%pi/2*(cos(x))))^2/(sin(x)^2)\n", +"// this is max when x=90 degree\n", +"// then Pr=(30*Irms^2/(%pi*r^2))\n", +"// Wi=73.14*Irms^2\n", +"// then G=(4*%pi*r^2*30*Irms^2)/(73.14*Irms^2*%pi*r^2)\n", +"// G=120/73.14\n", +"G=120/73.14;// Gain\n", +"g=10*log(G)/log(10);// Gain in dB\n", +"printf('The Gain = %f dB', g);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.29: EX1_29.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.29\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Irms=15;// current in Amp\n", +"// Erms=(120*%pi*Irms*le)/(y*r)\n", +"// here Irms=15 amp and le=3y/2\n", +"// then\n", +"// Erms=(120*%pi*15*3y/2)/(y*r)\n", +"// Erms=2700*%pi/r\n", +"// Now, le=7y, then\n", +"// Erms1=(120*%pi*Irms1*7y)/(y*r)\n", +"// Erms1=105*%pi/r\n", +"// and Erms=Erms1\n", +"// 2700*%pi/r=105*%pi*Irms1/r\n", +"// Irms1=2700/105\n", +"Irms1=2700/105;// current in Amp\n", +"printf('The current = %f Amp', Irms1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.2: Find_out_the_field_strength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.2\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"W=625*10^3;// power in W\n", +"r=30*10^3;// in m\n", +"Erms=(sqrt(90*W))/r;// the field strength in V/m\n", +"printf('The field strength = %d mV/meter', Erms*10^3);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.30: Find_the_average_energy_density.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.30\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Pr=15;// poynting vector in W/m^2\n", +"v=3*10^8;// average velocity ( the speed of light)\n", +"dav=Pr/v;// average energy density in W S/m^3 or J/m^3\n", +"dav1=dav*10^9;// average energy density in nJ/m^3\n", +"printf('The average energy density = %d nJ/m^3', dav1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.31: Determine_the_radiation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.31\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"le_y=1/10;// the ratio of le to y\n", +"Rr=160*(%pi^2)*(le_y)^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rr);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.32: EX1_32.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.32\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"r=15*10^3;// distance in m\n", +"r1=25*10^3;// distance in m\n", +"Erms_Erms1=r1/r;// the ratio of Erms to Erms1\n", +"Erms=25;// mV/m;// electric field strength in mV/m\n", +"Erms1=Erms/Erms_Erms1;// electric field strength in mV/m at a point 25 away in the same direction\n", +"printf('The electric field strength = %d mV/meter', Erms1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.33: EX1_33.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.33\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=20*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"P=10;// poynting vector in W/m^2\n", +"u=4;// relative mobility\n", +"Er=5;// relative permeability\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light= 1/sqrt(uo*Eo)\n", +"V=c/sqrt(u*Er);// the velocity of propagation in m/s\n", +"y=V/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"E=sqrt(P*120*%pi*sqrt(4/5));// electric field in V/m\n", +"Erms=sqrt(E^2/sqrt(2));// rms electric field\n", +"E=sqrt(2)*Erms;// electric field\n", +"n=E^2/P;// impedance of the medium in ohm\n", +"printf('The velocity of propagation = %f*10^8 m/s', V/10^8);\n", +"printf('\n The wavelength = %f m', y);\n", +"printf('\n The impedance of the medium = %f ohm', n);\n", +"printf('\n The rms electric field = %f V/m', Erms);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.34: EX1_34.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.34\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// 3*(1/r^2)=w/(r*c)\n", +"// 3/r=(2*%pi*f/c)\n", +"// r=(1/(2*%pi))*3\n", +"r=(1/(2*%pi))*3;// distance in terms of y(wavelength)\n", +"r1=(1/(2*%pi))*50;// distance in terms of y(wavelength)\n", +"printf('The distance when component of M-field three times the induction field = %f*y', r);\n", +"printf('\n The distance when component of M-field 50 times the induction field= %f*y', r1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.35: Find_out_the_field_strength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.35\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"W=50*1000;// radiated power in W\n", +"r=90*1000;// distance in m\n", +"Erms=(sqrt(90*W))/r;// strength of electric field in V/m\n", +"printf('The strength of electric field = %f mV/m', Erms*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.36: Find_the_velocity_of_a_plane_wave_in_a_loss_less_medium.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.36\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"ur=1;// relative permittivity\n", +"Er=4;// relative permeability\n", +"vp=c/sqrt(ur*Er);// velocity of a plane wave\n", +"printf('The velocity of a plane wave = %f*10^8 m/s', vp/10^8);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.37: EX1_37.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.37\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Irms=15;// current in Amp\n", +"// Erms=(120*%pi*Irms*le)/(y*r)\n", +"// here Irms=15 amp and le=7y/2\n", +"// then\n", +"// Erms=(120*%pi*15*7y/2)/(y*r)\n", +"// Erms=6300*%pi/r\n", +"// Now, le=7y, then\n", +"// Erms1=(120*%pi*Irms1*7y)/(y*r)\n", +"// Erms1=105*%pi/r\n", +"// and Erms=Erms1\n", +"// 6300*%pi/r=105*%pi*Irms1/r\n", +"// Irms1=6300/105\n", +"Irms1=6300/105;// current in Amp\n", +"printf('The current = %d Amp', Irms1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.38: Determine_the_radiation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.38\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"le_y=1/150;// the ratio of le to y\n", +"Rr=16*(%pi^2)*(le_y)^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance = %f*10^-3 ohm', Rr*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.39: What_is_the_radiation_resistance_of_an_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.39\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Pr=10*10^3;// power in Watts\n", +"I=18;// current in Amp\n", +"R=Pr/I^2;// radiation resistance of an antenna in ohm\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance of an antenna = %f ohm', R);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.3: Calculate_the_radiation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.3\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=10;// frequency in MHz\n", +"le=60;// height of antenna in m\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"Rr=(160*%pi^2*le^2)/y^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance = %f K-ohm', Rr/1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.40: What_is_the_bandwidth.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.40\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"fo=25*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"Q=40;\n", +"B_W=fo/Q;// bandwidth in Hz\n", +"printf('The bandwidth = %d KHz', B_W/1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.41: EX1_41.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.41\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Rl=1.5;// loss resistance in ohm\n", +"le_y=1/50;// the ratio of le to y\n", +"Rr=80*(%pi^2)*(le_y)^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"Rt=Rl+Rr;// total resistance in ohm\n", +"n=Rr/Rt;// effeciency\n", +"printf('The effeciency = %f %%', n*100);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.42: EX1_42.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.42\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// 100*(1/r^2)=w/(r*c)\n", +"// 100/r=(2*%pi*f/c)\n", +"// r=(1/(2*%pi))*100\n", +"r=(1/(2*%pi))*100;// distance in terms of y(wavelength)\n", +"printf('The distance when component of M-field three times the induction field = %f*y', r);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.43: Define_retarded_vector_potential.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.43\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"printf('Retarded vector potential- The vector potential expression represents the super positions of various current elements I.dl, at a distant point P at a distance of r. If these are simply added up, it means an assumption is made that these field effects which are super imposed at time t, all started from the current elements of the same value of current and even though they have travelled different. Varying distances in other words finite time of propagation has been ignored which is not correct. This would have been correct provided the velocity of propagation would have been infinite which is actually not.');\n", +"printf('\n If the expression for vector potential in Integrated it follows thet potential due to various current element are added up let us suppose that current (I) is istantaneous current (I) in the element be Sinusoidal function of time as');\n", +"printf('\n I=Im.sin(wt), where Im= max current');\n", +"printf('\n I=Instantaneous current');\n", +"printf('\n w=2hf, angular frequency');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.44: What_is_the_power_radiated_and_what_is_the_efficiency_of_the_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.44\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"Irms=450;// current in Amp\n", +"dl=100;// effective length in m\n", +"f=40*10^3;// frequency in Hz\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"w=80*%pi^2*Irms^2*(dl/y)^2;// power radiated in Watts\n", +"Rr=0.14;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"Rt=1.12;// total resistance in ohm\n", +"n=Rr/Rt;// effeciency\n", +"printf('The power radiated = %f kW', w/1000);\n", +"printf('\n The effeciency = %f %%', n*100);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.45: EX1_45.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.45\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"le=69.96;// effective length in m\n", +"Irms=50;// current in Amp\n", +"Rt=50;// total resistance in ohm\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"f=0.480*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"Rr=160*%pi^2*(le/y)^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"w=Irms^2*Rr;// power radiated in Watts\n", +"n=Rr/Rt;// effeciency\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rr);\n", +"printf('\n The power radiated = %f kW', w/1000);\n", +"printf('\n The effeciency = %f %%', n*100);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.46: Find_the_radiation_resistance_and_efficiency.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.46\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Rl=1.5;// loss resistance in ohm\n", +"dl_y=1/15;// the ratio of dl to y(wavelength)\n", +"Rr=80*(%pi^2)*(dl_y)^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"Rt=Rl+Rr;// total resistance in ohm\n", +"n=Rr/Rt;// effeciency\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rr);\n", +"printf('\n The effeciency = %d %%', n*100);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.47: What_is_the_power_radiated.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.47\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"I=10;// peak current in Amp\n", +"Irms=I/sqrt(2);// rms current in Amp\n", +"A=80*Irms^2;\n", +"printf('The the value of A = %f', A);\n", +"printf('\n power radiated=4000(pi*dl)^2/y^2');\n", +"printf('\n Where, y=wavelength & pi=3.14');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.48: What_is_the_strength_of_magnetic_field_H_in_free_space.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.48\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"E=60;// electric field strength in V/m\n", +"n=120*%pi;// efficiency\n", +"H=E/n;// magnetic field strength in Amp/m\n", +"printf('The magnetic field strength = %f A/m', H);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.49: EX1_49.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.49\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"c=3*10^8;// speed of the light in m/s\n", +"f=10*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"I=1;// current in amp\n", +"l=1;// length in m\n", +"r=500*10^3;// distance in m\n", +"n=120*%pi;\n", +"Ex=(n*I*l*sin(%pi/2))/(2*r*y);// the magnitude of electric field in uV/m\n", +"Hx=(I*l*sin(%pi/2))/(2*r*y);// the magnitude of magnetic field in AT/m\n", +"Pm=(80*%pi^2*I^2*l^2)/(y^2);// the maximum power radiated in watts\n", +"Pav=(1/2)*Pm;// the average power radiated in watts\n", +"Rr=80*%pi^2*(l/y)^2;// the radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The magnitude of electric field = %f uV/m', Ex*10^6);\n", +"printf('\n The magnitude of magnetic field = %f*10^-8 AT/m', Hx*10^8);\n", +"printf('\n The maximum power radiated = %f watts', Pm);\n", +"printf('\n The average power radiated = %f watts', Pav);\n", +"printf('\n The radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rr);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.4: What_is_the_power_radiated_and_also_what_is_the_efficiency_of_the_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.4\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=40000;// frequency in Hz\n", +"f1=0.040;// frequency in MHz\n", +"le=100;// height of antenna in m\n", +"Irms=450;// current in Amp\n", +"Rt=1.12;// total resistance in ohm\n", +"y=300/f1;// wavelength in m\n", +"Rr=(160*%pi^2*le^2)/y^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"W=Irms^2*Rr;// power radiated in Watts\n", +"n=Rr/Rt;// efficiency of the antenna\n", +"printf('The power radiated = %f KW', W/1000);\n", +"printf('\n The efficiency of the antenna = %f %%', n*100);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.50: EX1_50.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.50\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"V=5*10^-3;// rms value in volt\n", +"r=3*10^3;// in meter\n", +"Rr=73;// the radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"// The electric field in the far region may be given by\n", +"// Ex=(60.pi.Im.sin(x)/y.r)*e^(-jko.r)*integrate('(cos(koz)*e^(jko.z.cos(x))),'z',-y/4,y/4) \n", +"// Ex=(60.pi.Im.sin(x)/y.r)*e^(-jko.r)*integrate('(2.cos(ko)(cos(ko.z).cos(x)+j.sin(ko.z).cos(x))','z',0,y/4)\n", +"// Ex=(60.pi.Im.sin(x)/y.r)*e^(-jko.r)*integrate('(2.cos(ko.z).cos(ko.z.cos(x)))','z',0,y/4)\n", +"// on integrating, we get,\n", +"// Ex=(60*Im/r)*(cos(pi/2.cos(x))/sin(x))\n", +"Emax=V*sqrt(2);// the peak value of field in V/m\n", +"// on putting x=90 degree in Ex=(60*Im/r)*(cos(pi/2.cos(x))/sin(x)), we get\n", +"// Emax=60*Im/r, then\n", +"Im=Emax*r/60;// max current in amp\n", +"Pav=(Im^2/2)*(Rr);// the average power in watts\n", +"printf('The expression of total electric field amplidude, Ex=(60*Im/r)*(cos(pi/2.cos(x))/sin(x))')\n", +"printf('\n The value of the average power= %f watts', Pav);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.51: EX1_51.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.51\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"I=4;// peak current in Amp\n", +"Irms=I/sqrt(2);// rms current in Amp\n", +"Rr=18;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"Pr=Irms^2*Rr;// power radiated in Watts\n", +"Rl=(0.1*Rr)/0.9;// loss resistance in ohm\n", +"Pl=Irms^2*Rl;// ohmic loss in Watt\n", +"printf('The power radiated = %f Watts', Pr);\n", +"printf('\n The loss resistance = %d ohm', Rl);\n", +"printf('\n The ohmic loss = %f watts', Pl);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.5: How_much_power_will_an_antenna_having_a_radiation_rasistance_of_fifty_ohms.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.5\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"I=20;// current in amp\n", +"Rr=50;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"Wr=I^2*Rr;// radiated power in W\n", +"printf('The radiated power = %d W', Wr);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.6: What_is_the_radiation_resistance_of_an_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.6\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"I=15;// current in amp\n", +"W=5000;// radiated power in W\n", +"Rr=W/I^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rr);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.7: How_much_current_flows_into_the_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.7\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"W=10*1000;// radiated power in W\n", +"Rr=75;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"I=sqrt(W/Rr);// current in amp\n", +"printf('The current = %f Amp', I);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.8: Calculate_the_strength_of_electric_field.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.8\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"W=100*1000;// radiated power in W\n", +"r=100*1000;// distance in m\n", +"Erms=(sqrt(90*W))/r;// strength of electric field in V/m\n", +"printf('The strength of electric field = %f V/m', Erms);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 1.9: Estimate_the_effective_height_of_the_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:1.9\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Irms=25;// current in Amp\n", +"f=0.150;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=2000;\n", +"Erms=1.5*10^-3;// strength of electric field in V/m\n", +"r=25*1000;// distance in m\n", +"le=(Erms*y*r)/(60*%pi*Irms);// effective height of antenna in m\n", +"printf('The effective height of antenna = %f m', le);" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/2-Antenna_Terminology.ipynb b/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/2-Antenna_Terminology.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4b3da6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/2-Antenna_Terminology.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1472 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 2: Antenna Terminology" + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.10: How_much_power_does_a_fifty_ohms_antenna_radiate_when_fed_a_current_five_amp.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.10\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Irms=5;// current in Amp\n", +"Rr=50;// radiation resistance in m\n", +"W=Irms^2*Rr;// power in Watts\n", +"printf('The power = %d Watts', W);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.11: Calculate_the_radiation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.11\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"G=20;// Power Gain\n", +"D=22;// directivity\n", +"n=G/D;// effeciency\n", +"Rl=10;// loss-resistance in ohm\n", +"Rr=(n*Rl)/(1-n);// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rr);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.12: Calculate_the_front_to_back_ratio_of_an_antenna_in_dB.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.12\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"P1=3000;// in Watts\n", +"P2=500;// in Watts\n", +"Gdb=10*log(P1/P2)/log(10);// front to back ratio of an antenna in dB\n", +"printf('The front to back ratio of an antenna = %f dB', Gdb);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.13: Find_the_received_power.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.13\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"G=40;// power gain in dB\n", +"Gt=40;// power gain in dB\n", +"Gr=40;// power gain in dB\n", +"G1=10^(G/10);// power gain\n", +"Gt1=10^(Gt/10);// power gain\n", +"Gr1=10^(Gr/10);// power gain\n", +"f=10*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"Wt=1;// Transmitter in Watts\n", +"r=30*10^3;// range of link in m\n", +"Wr=(Wt*G1^2*y^2)/(4*%pi*r)^2;// receive power in Watts\n", +"printf('The receive power = %f*10^-6 Watts', Wr*10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.14: How_much_is_the_new_signal_picked_up_by_the_receiving_station.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.14\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"V2=50;// in micro volt\n", +"G=5;// voltage gain in dB\n", +"G1=10^(G/20);// voltage gain\n", +"V1=V2*G1;// signal at receiving station in volt\n", +"printf('The signal at receiving station = %f micro volts', V1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.15: Calculate_the_power_gai.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.15\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Pi=400*10^-3;// input power to reference Antenna\n", +"Pt=100*10^-3;// input power to test antenna\n", +"Gdb=10*log(Pi/Pt)/log(10);// power gain in dB\n", +"printf('The power gain = %f dB', Gdb);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.16: Calculate_the_approximate_gain_and_beamwidth_of_a_paraboloidal_reflector_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.16\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"D=20;// directivity\n", +"A=%pi*(D/2)^2;\n", +"f=4*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in meter\n", +"n=0.55;// effeciency\n", +"G=(4*%pi*n*A)/y^2;// gain\n", +"Gdb=10*log(G)/log(10);// gain in dB\n", +"B_W=(70*y/D);// beamwidth of a paraboloidal reflector antenna\n", +"printf('The gain = %f dB', Gdb);\n", +"printf('\n The beamwidth of a paraboloidal reflector antenna = %f degree', B_W);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.17: Find_out_the_quality_factor_Q_of_an_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.17\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"df=0.600;// bandwidth in MHz\n", +"fr=30;// frequency in MHz\n", +"Q=fr/df;// quality factor\n", +"printf('The quality factor = %d', Q);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.18: Calculate_the_bandwidth_of_an_antennas.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.18\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"fr=110*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"Q=70;// quality factor\n", +"df=fr/Q;// bandwidth in MHz\n", +"printf('The bandwidth= %f MHz', df/10^6);\n", +"printf('\n The answer is wrong in the textbook');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.19: Calculate_the_directivity_of_isotropic_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.19\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"A=4*%pi;// for isotropic antenna\n", +"D=4*%pi/A;// directivity\n", +"printf('The directivity= %d', D);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.1: What_is_the_wavelength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.1\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"f=1000000;// frequency in Hz\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"printf('The wavelength = %d meter', y);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.20: Calculate_the_max_effective_aperture_of_a_microwave_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.20\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"D=900;// directivity\n", +"// Aem=(D.y^2)/(4*%pi), where y= Wavelength\n", +"Aem=(D/(4*%pi));// max effective aperture\n", +"printf('The max effective aperture= %f*y^2, where y= wavelength', Aem);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.21: Find_the_equivalent_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.21\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"FdB=0.2;// noise figure in dB\n", +"F=10^(FdB/10);// noise figure\n", +"To=290;// temperature in k\n", +"Te=(F-1)*To;// equivalent temperature in k\n", +"printf('The equivalent temperature= %f k', Te);\n", +"printf('\n The answer is wrong in the textbook');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.22: Find_the_noise_factor.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.22\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Te=20;// equivalent temperature in k\n", +"To=290;// temperature in k\n", +"F=1+Te/To;// noise figure\n", +"printf('The noise figure = %f', F);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.23: what_is_the_effective_noise_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.23\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"FdB=1.1;// noise figure in dB\n", +"F=10^(FdB/10);// noise figure\n", +"To=290;// temperature in k\n", +"Te=(F-1)*To;// equivalent temperature in k\n", +"printf('The equivalent temperature= %f k', Te);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.24: EX2_24.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.24\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Ta=15;// effective temperature in k\n", +"Tn=20;// effective noise temperature in k\n", +"B=4*10^6;// noise bandwidth in Hz\n", +"k=1.38*10^-23;// boltzmann's constant\n", +"Ps_Bn=k*(Ta+Tn);// noise power per unit bandwidth in Watts/Hz\n", +"Ps=Ps_Bn*B;// the total available noise power in Watts\n", +"printf('The noise power per unit bandwidth= %f*10^-23 Watts/Hz', Ps_Bn*10^23);\n", +"printf('\n The total available noise power= %f*10^-17 Watts', Ps*10^17);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.25: How_much_is_the_new_signal_picked_up_by_the_receiving_station.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.25\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"V2=50;// in u volt\n", +"G=5;// voltage gain in dB\n", +"G1=10^(G/20);// voltage gain\n", +"V1=V2*G1;// signal at receiving station in volt\n", +"printf('The signal at receiving station = %f u-volts', V1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.26: Calculate_the_max_effective_aperture_of_an_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.26\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"y=5;// wavelength in m\n", +"D=75;// directivity\n", +"Aem=(D*y^2)/(4*%pi);// max efeective aperture in m^2\n", +"printf('The max efeective aperture = %f m^2', Aem);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.27: Find_the_equivalent_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.27\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"FdB=0.5;// noise figure in dB\n", +"F=10^(FdB/10);// noise figure\n", +"To=290;// temperature in k\n", +"Te=(F-1)*To;// equivalent temperature in k\n", +"printf('The equivalent temperature= %f k', Te);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.28: Find_the_noise_factor.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.28\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Te=40;// equivalent temperature in k\n", +"To=290;// temperature in k\n", +"F=1+Te/To;// noise figure\n", +"printf('The noise figure = %f', F);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.29: What_is_the_effective_noise_temperature.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.29\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"FdB=1.5;// noise figure in dB\n", +"F=10^(FdB/10);// noise figure\n", +"To=290;// temperature in k\n", +"Te=(F-1)*To;// equivalent temperature in k\n", +"printf('The equivalent temperature= %f k', Te);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.2: What_is_the_actual_velocity_of_EM_energy.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.2\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"f=0.75;// propagation fector\n", +"v=c*f;// actual veloity in m/s\n", +"printf('The actual veloity = %f*10^8 meter/sec', v/10^8);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.30: EX2_30.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.30\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Ta=25;// effective temperature in k\n", +"Tn=45;// effective noise temperature in k\n", +"B=7*10^6;// noise bandwidth in Hz\n", +"k=1.38*10^-23;// boltzmann's constant\n", +"Ps_Bn=k*(Ta+Tn);// noise power per unit bandwidth in Watts/Hz\n", +"Ps=Ps_Bn*B;// the total available noise power in Watts\n", +"printf('The noise power per unit bandwidth= %f*10^-23 Watts/Hz', Ps_Bn*10^23);\n", +"printf('\n The total available noise power= %f*10^-17 Watts', Ps*10^17);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.31: Calculate_the_gain_and_beam_width_of_the_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.31\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=7.375*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"D=2.7;// directivity\n", +"Ae=%pi*(D/2)^2*0.65;// effective aperture\n", +"G=(4*%pi/y^2)*Ae;// gain \n", +"BW=70*y/D;// Beamwidth in A\n", +"printf('The gain = %f ', G);\n", +"printf('\n The Beamwidth = %f A', BW);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.32: How_much_is_the_new_signal_picked_up_by_the_receiving_station.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.32\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"V2=60;// in u volt\n", +"G=15;// voltage gain in dB\n", +"G1=10^(G/20);// voltage gain\n", +"V1=V2*G1;// signal at receiving station in volt\n", +"printf('The signal at receiving station = %f u-volts', V1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.33: Calculate_the_radiation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.33\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"G=30;// Power Gain\n", +"D=42;// directivity\n", +"n=G/D;// effeciency\n", +"Rl=25;// loss-resistance in ohm\n", +"Rr=(n*Rl)/(1-n);// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rr);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.34: Determine_the_total_radited_power.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.34\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// For a closed surface, a sphere of radius r is choosen. To find the total radiated power, the radiated component of the power density is integrated over its surface. therefore,\n", +"// Wt=double integration of (ar.Ao.(sin(x)/r^2))*(ar.r^2.sin(x)) with limits from 0 to 2*pi and from 0 to pi, and on integration we get , pi^2*Ao watts\n", +"printf('The total radiated power= pi^2*Ao watts');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.35: EX2_35.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.35\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// The max radiation is directed along x=pi/2. Therefore, Ymax=Ao\n", +"// radiation intensity in example 2.34 is , Wt=pi^2*Ao\n", +"// then, max directivity, Do=4*pi*Ymax/Wt=4*pi*Ao/pi^2*Ao=4/pi\n", +"Do=4/%pi;// the max directivity\n", +"// since the radiation intensity is only a function of angle x, the directivity as a function of the directional angles is represented by, D=Do*sin(x)\n", +"printf('The max directivity = %f', Do);\n", +"printf('\n The directivity as a function of the directional angles is represented by, D=Do*sin(x), where Do is the max value of directivity');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.36: EX2_36.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.36\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// The radiation intensity is given by, F=r^2*Wr=Ao*(sin(x))^2\n", +"// The max radiation is directed along x=pi/2. therefore, Ymax=Ao\n", +"// the total radiated power is given by,Wt= Ao(8*pi/3)\n", +"// then the max directivity is equal to\n", +"// Do=4*pi*Ymax/Wt=4*pi*Ao/(8*pi*Ao/3)=3/2\n", +"Do=3/2;// the max directivity\n", +"printf('The max directivity = %f', Do);\n", +"printf('\n The directivity as a function of the directional angles is represented by, D=1.5*(sin(x))^2');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.37: Show_the_max_effective_aperture_of_a_short_dipole_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.37\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// It is assume that\n", +"// 1. short dipole is coincide with x-axis\n", +"// 2. Plane polarized wave in travelling along y-axis and including current along the x-axis of antenna which constant throughout the length of the dipole and in the same phase\n", +"// 3. Length of the short dipole is small in comparison to wavelength i.e. dl<<y\n", +"// 4. Antenna losses are zero.\n", +"// i.e., RL=Rr+Rl\n", +"// or RL=Rr, Rl=0\n", +"// As we know max-effective aperture is given by\n", +"// (Ae)max=V^2/(4*pi*P*Rr)\n", +"// where, V=induced voltage, P=poynting vector, Rr=radiation resistance\n", +"// As we here, V=E*dl, P=E^2/n W/m^2, where, n=intrinsic impedence of free space and E=Electric field intensity\n", +"// the radiation Resistance of short dipole antenna is given by\n", +"// Rr=80*pi^2*(dl/y)^2 in ohm\n", +"// then (Ae)max=(E*dl)^2/(4*(E^2/n)*(80*pi^2)*(dl/y)^2)\n", +"// (Ae)max=(n*y^2)/(80*pi^2*4)=(120*pi*y^2)/(320*pi^2)\n", +"// =(3*y^2)/(8*pi)=0.119*y^2\n", +"printf('The maximum effective aperture of a short dipole antenna, (Ae)max=0.119*y^2, where y is wavelength');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.38: EX2_38.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.38\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// Power at point P, i.e.,distance r meters\n", +"// w=wt/4*pi*r^2\n", +"// here, wt=PG\n", +"// now, w=EH and E/H=n then w=E^2/n where n=120*pi\n", +"// E^2=wn=(wt/4*pi*r^2)n=(PG/4*pi*r^2)n=120*pi*PG/4*pi*r^2=30*PG/r^2\n", +"printf('The field strength is, E=sqrt(30*P*G)/r^2 V/m');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.39: Define_effective_aperture_and_scattering_aperture.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.39\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"printf('Effective aperture and scattering aperture- Resides effective aperture, there are other aperture also like scattering aperture (As) and loss aperture (Al). Corresponding to considerable losses in radiation or re-radiation Resistance (Rr) and antenna losses resistance (Rl) respectively and accordingly they are called as scattering apertures.');\n", +"// The scattering aperture, As=((Irms)^2*Rr)/P\n", +"printf('The scattering aperture, As=(V^2*Rr)/((RL+RA)^2+(XL+XA)^2)*P) ');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.3: What_is_the_wavelength_in_vaccum_and_in_air.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.3\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"f=60*1000000;// frequency in Hz\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in vaccum in m\n", +"y1=y*0.98;// wavelength in air in m\n", +"printf('The wavelength in vaccum = %d meter', y);\n", +"printf('\n The wavelength in air = %f meter', y1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.40: Calculate_the_power_density_and_magnetic_and_electric_field_strength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.40\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Irms=4;// rms current in Amp\n", +"Rr=70;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"Pmax=(sqrt(2)*Irms)^2*Rr;// max power in Watts\n", +"Pav=Pmax/2;// average power in Watts\n", +"d=60*10^3;// distance in m\n", +"Pd=(Pav*1.6)/(4*%pi*d^2);// power density\n", +"n=120*%pi;// efficiency\n", +"E=sqrt(n*Pd);// electric field in V/m\n", +"H=E/n;// magnetic field A/m\n", +"printf('The power density = %f micro Watt/m^2', Pd*10^6);\n", +"printf('\n The electric field = %f mV/m', E);\n", +"printf('\n The magnetic field = %f*10^-5 AT/m ', H*10^5);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.41: Calculate_the_antenna_gain.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.41\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Pt=120;// transmitting power in Watt\n", +"Pd=160*10^-6;// power density in W/cm^2\n", +"d=10*100;// distance in cm\n", +"Gt=(Pd*4*%pi*d^2)/Pt;// the antenna gain\n", +"printf('The antenna gain = %f ', Gt);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.42: Calculate_the_effective_aperture_and_what_will_the_power_received.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.42\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=1.2*10^9;// freqyency in Hz\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"D=1.5;// directivity\n", +"Ae=(D*y^2)/(4*%pi);// effective aperture area\n", +"Pd=2*10^-3;// power density in W/m^2\n", +"Pr=Pd*Ae;// power received in Watts\n", +"printf('The power received = %f*10^-6 Watts', Pr*10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.43: EX2_43.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.43\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Rl=1.5;// loss resistance in ohm\n", +"// Rr=80*pi^2*(l/y)^2=(80*pi^2*(y/15)^2)/y^2=80*pi^2/225\n", +"Rr=80*%pi^2/225;// the radiation resistance of the antenna in ohm\n", +"n=Rr/(Rr+Rl);// the efficiency factor\n", +"// the effective aperture of the antenna is given by\n", +"// Ae=V^2/4*S*Rr\n", +"// max emf induced, V=E*l volt\n", +"// Poynting vector, S=E^2/zo W/m^2, where zo=120*pi ohm\n", +"// Ae=(E*l)^2/(4*(E^2/zo)*Rr)=l^2*zo/(4*Rr), l=y/15\n", +"// Ae=((y/15)^2*120*pi)/(4*3.5)=0.1196*y^2\n", +"// the directivity, D=4*pi*Ae/y^2=(4*pi/y^2)*0.1196*y^2\n", +"D=4*%pi*0.1196;// the directivity\n", +"G=n*D;// the gain of the dipole\n", +"Rt=Rr+Rl;// the terminal resistance in ohm\n", +"x=4*%pi/D;// the beam solid angle in sreradian\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance of the anteenna = %f ohm', Rr);\n", +"printf('\n The effective aperture, Ae=0.1196*y^2, where y is wavelength');\n", +"printf('\n The directivity = %f', D);\n", +"printf('\n The gain of the dipole = %f', G);\n", +"printf('\n The terminal resistance = %d ohm', Rt);\n", +"printf('\n The beam solid angle = %f sreradian', x);\n", +"" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.44: Find_the_beam_width.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.44\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"GdB=44;// gain in dB\n", +"G=10^(44/10);// gain\n", +"XB=(4*%pi)/G;// beam solid angle in sreradian\n", +"X3dB=sqrt(4/%pi)*sqrt(XB);// beam width in radian\n", +"X3dB1=X3dB*180/%pi;// beam width in degree\n", +"printf('The beam width = %f degree', X3dB1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.45: what_is_the_size_of_spot_illuminated_by_the_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.45\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"X3dB=0.1;// beam width in degree\n", +"X3dB1=X3dB*%pi/180;// beam width in radian\n", +"XB=(%pi/4)*(X3dB1^2);// beam solid angle\n", +"r=36000*1000;// distance from earth surface in m\n", +"A=XB*r^2;// area of spot in m^2\n", +"printf('The area of spot = %f*10^9 m^2', A/10^9);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.46: Find_the_power_density.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.46\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Gt=36;// the antenna gain in dB\n", +"Gt1=10^3.6;// the antenna gain\n", +"Pt=5*10^3;// transmitting power in Watt\n", +"R=25*10^3;// distance in m\n", +"Pd=(Pt*Gt1)/(4*%pi*R^2);// power density in W/cm^2\n", +"printf('The power density = %f*10^-3 W/m^2 ', Pd*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.47: Find_the_max_radiated_electric_field_and_what_is_the_max_power_density.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.47\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"l=1.2/100;// length in m\n", +"Im=2.8;// peak current in Amp\n", +"f=1*10^9;// frequency in Hz\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"x=90;// angle in degree\n", +"x1=x*%pi/180;// angle in radian\n", +"r=10;// in m\n", +"n=120*%pi;// efficiency\n", +"Emax=(n*Im*l*sin(x1))/(2*r*y);// max radiated electric field in V/m^2\n", +"Pmax=Emax^2/n;// max power density in W/m^2\n", +"printf('The max radiated electric field = %f V/m', Emax);\n", +"printf('\n The max power density = %f W/m', Pmax);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.48: EX2_48.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.48\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"E=10;// peak electric field in V/m\n", +"n=120*%pi;// efficiency\n", +"H=E/n;// peak magnetic field At/m\n", +"Ppeak=E*H;// peak poynting vector in W/m^2\n", +"Pav=(E^2)/(2*n);// average poynting vector in W/m^2\n", +"printf('The peak magnetic field = %f At/m', H);\n", +"printf('\n The peak poynting vector = %f W/m^2', Ppeak);\n", +"printf('\n The average poynting vector = %f W/m^2', Pav);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.49: Find_the_magnitude_of_magnetic_and_electric_fields.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.49\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Pav=100;// power density in W/m^2\n", +"E=8.85*10^-12;\n", +"V=3*10^8;// velocity in m/s\n", +"Eo=sqrt((2*Pav)/(E*V));// peak value of electric field in V/m\n", +"n=120*%pi;// efficiency\n", +"H=Eo/n;// magnetic field in AT/m\n", +"printf('The peak value of electric field = %f V/m', Eo);\n", +"printf('\n The magnetic field = %f AT/m', H);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.4: What_is_the_directicity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.4\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Rr=80;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"Rl=10;// loss-resistance in ohm\n", +"n=Rr/(Rr+Rl);// effeciency\n", +"G=20;// Power Gain\n", +"D=G/n;// directivity\n", +"printf('The directivity = %f', D);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.50: EX2_50.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.50\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"R=3.8*10^5;// earth moon distance in km\n", +"R1=3.8*10^5*10^3;// earth moon distance in m\n", +"Pt=1;// transmitter power in Watts\n", +"Pd=Pt/(4*%pi*R^2);// power density at earth in W/m^2\n", +"n=120*%pi;// efficiency\n", +"pn=5.513*10^-13;// multiplication of P(poynting vector) and n(efficiency)\n", +"E=sqrt(2*Pd*n);// electric field in V/m\n", +"Erms=E/sqrt(2);// rms value of E\n", +"Hrms=Erms/n;// rms value of H\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"t=R1/c;// time taken by the signal to reach earth\n", +"printf('The power density at earth = %f*10^-13 W/m^2', Pd*10^13);\n", +"printf('\n The rms value of E = %f*10^-5 V/m', Erms*10^5);\n", +"printf('\n The rms value of H = %f*10^-8 AT/m', Hrms*10^8);\n", +"printf('\n The time taken by the signal to reach earth = %f sec', t);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.5: Calculate_the_radiation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.5\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"dl_y=1/20;// the ratio of dl to y(wavelength)\n", +"Rr=80*(%pi^2)*(dl_y)^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rr);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.6: Find_the_max_directivity_and_compare_it_with_its_exact_value.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.6\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"x1r=2*%pi/3;// in radian\n", +"x2r=2*%pi/3;// in radian\n", +"D=4*%pi/(x1r)^2;// the max directivity\n", +"// Now, let us find the exact value of the max directivity and compare the result\n", +"// y=Bo.cos(x)\n", +"// ymax=Bo\n", +"// Prad=integration of (Bo.cos(x).sin(x)) with limit 0 to 2*pi\n", +"P=integrate('sin(2*x)','x',0,2*3.14);\n", +"// Prad=%pi*Bo*integration of (Bo.cos(x).sin(x)) with limit 0 to 2*pi\n", +"// then we get Prad=%pi*Bo\n", +"// Do=(4*pi*ymax)/Prad=4*pi*Bo/%pi*Bo\n", +"Do=4;// exact value of the max directivity\n", +"printf('The max directivity = %f (dimensionless)', D);\n", +"printf('\n The exact value of the max directivity = %d (dimensionless)', Do);\n", +"printf('\n The exact max directivity is 4 and its approx. value is 2.84. Better approximations can be obtained if the patterns have much narrower beamwidths.');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.7: What_is_the_bandwidth_and_also_bandwidth_ratio.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.7\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"fc=220;// center frequency in Hz\n", +"f3db=190;// 3 db frequency in Hz\n", +"f3db1=240;// 3 db frequency in Hz\n", +"Bl=(fc-f3db)/fc;// lower band width\n", +"Bu=(f3db1-fc)/fc;// upper band width\n", +"R=f3db1/f3db;// max to min ratio\n", +"printf('The lower band width = %f %%', Bl*100);\n", +"printf('\n The upper band width = %f %%', Bu*100);\n", +"printf('\n The max to min ratio = %f to 1 ', R);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.8: Calculate_the_max_effective_aperture_of_an_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.8\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"y=2;// wavelength in m\n", +"D=100;// directivity\n", +"Aem=(D*y^2)/(4*%pi);// max efeective aperture in m^2\n", +"printf('The max efeective aperture = %f m^2', Aem);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.9: Find_out_the_radiation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:2.9\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"dl_y=1/8;// the ratio of dl to y(wavelength)\n", +"Rr=80*(%pi^2)*(dl_y)^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"printf('The radiation resistance = %f ohm', Rr);" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/3-Antenna_Arrays.ipynb b/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/3-Antenna_Arrays.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..865684b --- /dev/null +++ b/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/3-Antenna_Arrays.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1144 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 3: Antenna Arrays" + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.10: Calculate_the_Dolph_Tchebysceff_distribution_which_yield_the_optimum_pattern.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.10\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"xnp=35;// beam width in degree\n", +"xnp1=(xnp/2)*(%pi/180);// half beam width in degree\n", +"// T(m-1)(x)=0 or T(8-1)(x)=0, or T(7)(x)=0\n", +"// cos((m-1)*acos(x))=0\n", +"// (8-1)*acos(x)=cos(2k-1)*(%pi/2)\n", +"// acos(x)=(2k-1)*pi/14\n", +"// for first nulls , k=1\n", +"// acos(x)=pi/14;\n", +"x=cos(%pi/14);\n", +"// but z=x/xo=cos(p/2)\n", +"// p=Bd*sin(xnp1)\n", +"// p/2=Bd*sin(xnp1)/2\n", +"// x/xo=cos(Bd*sin(xnp1)/2)\n", +"// and Bd*sin(a)=(2*%pi/y)*(y/2)*(1/2)*sin(xnp1)\n", +"// and Bd*sin(xnp1)=90*sin(xnp1)\n", +"xo=x/(cos((90*sin(xnp1)*(%pi/180))));\n", +"// aoz+a1(4z^3-3z)+a2(16z^5-20z^3+5z)+a3(64z^7-112z^5+56z^3-7z)=64x^7-112x^5+56x^3-7x, where z=(x/xo)\n", +"// Then on putting z=(x/xo), we get\n", +"// ao(x/xo)+a1(4(x/xo)^3-3(x/xo))+a2(16(x/xo)^5-20(x/xo)^3+5(x/xo))+a3(64(x/xo)^7-112(x/xo)^5+56(x/xo)^3-7(x/xo))=64x^7-112x^5+56x^3-7x\n", +"// on comparing the terms, we get ao=3.339,a1=2.919,a2=2.191,a3=1.886\n", +"ao=3.339; \n", +"a1=2.919;\n", +"a2=2.191;\n", +"a3=1.886;\n", +"a33=a3/a3;// the ratio of the a3 to a3\n", +"a23=a2/a3;// the ratio of the a2 to a3\n", +"a13=a1/a3;// the ratio of the a1 to a3\n", +"ao3=ao/a3;// the ratio of the ao to a3\n", +"printf('The value of the parameter xo = %f', xo);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the amplitude parameter ao= %f', ao);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the amplitude parameter a1= %f', a1);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the amplitude parameter a2= %f', a2);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the amplitude parameter a3= %f', a3);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a33= %f', a33);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a23= %f', a23);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a13= %f', a13);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter ao3= %f', ao3);\n", +"printf('\n The five element array is shown in figure in the given textbook')" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.11: Design_an_array_that_will_produce_approximately_a_pattern_of_the_given_figure.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.11\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// The given pattern is defined as\n", +"// f(x)=1, 0<x<pi/3\n", +"// f(x)=0, pi/3<x<2*pi/3\n", +"// f(x)=1, 2*pi/3<x<pi\n", +"// It will, of course, by symmetrical about the line of the array x=0. If the spacing is closer to be y/2, then p=pi*cos(x)+a\n", +"// f(p)=1, pi+a > p > pi/2+a\n", +"// f(p)=0, pi/2+a > p > -pi/2+a\n", +"// f(p)=1, -pi/2+a > p > -pi+a\n", +"// choosing a=-pi for an end fire array results in the function shown in figure in the given text book. The fourier series expansion for this function is\n", +"// F(p)=(1/2)+((2/pi)*sigma(1/k*sin(k*pi/2)*cos(kp))), k varies from 1 to infinite\n", +"// Therefore the coefficient\n", +"// ao=1/2\n", +"// ak=(1/pi*k)*(sin(pi*k/2))\n", +"// bk=0, k not equal to 0\n", +"// The pattern obtained using the value of m=4 is given as\n", +"// mode(E)= (1/pi)*(-(1/3)*z^-3)+z^-1+pi/2+z-(1/3)*z^3\n", +"printf('The fire element array having the current ratios indicated and an overall length of three wavelength (the apparent spacing between elements is one half wavelength, but four of the elements are missing). The pattern produced by this array is shown in figure in the given textbook')" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.12: Prove_that_the_directivity_of_an_end_fire_array.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.12\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// D=4*%pi*E(x,y)max/(double integration of (f(x,y)*sin(x)) with limit from 0 to 2*pi & other from 0 to pi)\n", +"// E(x)=Eo*(sin(n*si/2))/sin(si/2)=E(x)=(sin(2*si/2))/sin(si/2)=E(x)=(sin(si))/sin(si/2), for=Eo=1, n=2\n", +"// E(x)=2*cos(si/2)\n", +"// (E(x))^2=2*(1+cos(si))\n", +"// si=Bd*cos(x)+a, and a=-Bd\n", +"// then, si=Bd*cos(x)-Bd\n", +"A=2*(1+cos(0));// the value of (E(x))^2max\n", +"// Now on putting the value of (E(x))^2max and (E(x))^2, we get\n", +"// D=4*pi*4/(2*pi)*integrate('2(1+cos(y)*sin(x))','x',0,pi)\n", +"// then D=4/(integrate('(1+cos(y)*sin(x))','x',0,pi))\n", +"// D=4/(integrate('sin(x)+cos(y)*sin(x)','x',0,pi))\n", +"// On solving this, we get,\n", +"// D=4/(2+sin(2Bd)/Bd)=2/(1+sin(2Bd)/2Bd)\n", +"printf('The directivity of an end fire array, D=2/(1+sin(2Bd)/2Bd)');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.13: Prove_that_directivity_for_a_broadside_array_of_two_identical_isotropic.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.13\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// D=4*%pi*E(x,y)max/(double integration of (f(x,y)*sin(x)) with limit from 0 to 2*pi & other from 0 to pi)\n", +"// E(x)=Eo*(sin(n*si/2))/sin(si/2)=E(x)=(sin(2*si/2))/sin(si/2)=E(x)=(sin(si))/sin(si/2), for=Eo=1, n=2\n", +"// E(x)=2*cos(si/2)\n", +"// (E(x))^2=2*(1+cos(si))\n", +"// si=Bd*cos(x)+a, and a=-Bd\n", +"// then, si=Bd*cos(x)-Bd\n", +"A=2*(1+cos(0));// the value of (E(x))^2max\n", +"// Now on putting the value of (E(x))^2max and (E(x))^2, we get\n", +"// D=4*pi*4/(2*pi)*integrate('2(1+cos(y)*sin(x))','x',0,pi)\n", +"// then D=4*pi*4/(integrate('(1+cos(y)*sin(x))','x',0,pi))\n", +"// D=4*pi*4/(integrate('(1+cos(y)*sin(x))','x',0,pi))\n", +"// D=4*pi*4/(integrate('sin(x)+cos(y)*sin(x)','x',0,pi))\n", +"// On solving this, we get, D=4*pi*4/(2*pi(2+2.sin(Bd)/Bd))=4/2*(1+sin(Bd)/Bd)\n", +"// and finally, D=2/(1+sin(Bd)/Bd)\n", +"printf('The directivity for a broadeside array, D=2/(1+sin(Bd)/Bd)');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.14: Calculate_the_Dolph_Tchebyscheff_distribution_which_yield_the_optimum_pattern.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.14\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"xnp=45;// beam width in degree\n", +"xnp1=(xnp/2)*(%pi/180);// half beam width in degree\n", +"// T(n-1)(x)=0 or T(8-1)(x)=0, or T(7)(x)=0\n", +"// cos((m-1)*acos(x))=0\n", +"// (8-1)*acos(x)=cos(2k-1)*(%pi/2)\n", +"// acos(x)=(2k-1)*pi/14\n", +"// for first nulls , k=1\n", +"// acos(x)=pi/14;\n", +"x=cos(%pi/14);\n", +"// but z=x/xo=cos(p/2)\n", +"// p=Bd*sin(xnp1)\n", +"// p/2=Bd*sin(xnp1)/2\n", +"// x/xo=cos(Bd*sin(xnp1)/2)\n", +"// and Bd*sin(a)=(2*%pi/y)*(y/2)*(1/2)*sin(xnp1)\n", +"// and Bd*sin(xnp1)=90*sin(xnp1)\n", +"xo=x/(cos((90*sin(xnp1)*(%pi/180))));\n", +"// aoz+a1(4z^3-3z)+a^2(16z^5-20z^3+5z)+a^3(64z^7-112z^5+56z^3-7z)=64x^7-112x^5+56x^3-7x, where z=(x/xo)\n", +"// Then on putting z=(x/xo), we get\n", +"// ao(x/xo)+a1(4(x/xo)^3-3(x/xo))+a^2(16(x/xo)^5-20(x/xo)^3+5(x/xo))+a^3(64(x/xo)^7-112(x/xo)^5+56(x/xo)^3-7(x/xo))=64x^7-112x^5+56x^3-7x\n", +"// on comparing the terms, we get ao=12.3858,a1=10.0506,a2=6.4106,a3=3.223\n", +"ao=12.3858; \n", +"a1=10.0506;\n", +"a2=6.4106;\n", +"a3=3.223;\n", +"a33=a3/a3;// the ratio of the a3 to a3\n", +"a23=a2/a3;// the ratio of the a2 to a3\n", +"a13=a1/a3;// the ratio of the a1 to a3\n", +"ao3=ao/a3;// the ratio of the ao to a3\n", +"printf('The value of the parameter xo = %f', xo);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter ao= %f', ao);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a1= %f', a1);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a2= %f', a2);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a2= %f', a3);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a33= %f', a33);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a23= %f', a23);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a13= %f', a13);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter ao3= %f', ao3);\n", +"printf('\n The five element array is shown in figure in the given textbook')" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.15: EX3_15.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.15\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"dB=40;\n", +"n=8;// five element array\n", +"r1=10^(dB/20);// because dB=20log(r1)\n", +"r=floor(r1);\n", +"// Tchebyscheff polynomial of degree (n-1)=8-1=4\n", +"// T7(xo)=r\n", +"// 64xo^7-112xo^5+56xo^3-7xo=r\n", +"// then using ulternate formula, we get the value of xo\n", +"m=7;// degree of the equation\n", +"a=sqrt(r^2-1);\n", +"A=(r+a)^(1/m);\n", +"B=(r-a)^(1/m);\n", +"xo1=.5*(A+B);\n", +"xo=1.3244;// approx. value of xo1\n", +"// Thus Et, i.e., E8 from the equation\n", +"// E8=aoz+a1(4z^3-3z)+a^2(16z^5-20z^3+5z)+a^3(64z^7-112z^5+56z^3-7z)=64x^7-112x^5+56x^3-7x, where z=(x/xo)\n", +"// Then on putting z=(x/xo), we get\n", +"// ao(x/xo)+a1(4(x/xo)^3-3(x/xo))+a^2(16(x/xo)^5-20(x/xo)^3+5(x/xo))+a^3(64(x/xo)^7-112(x/xo)^5+56(x/xo)^3-7(x/xo))=64x^7-112x^5+56x^3-7x\n", +"// Now equating terms, we have\n", +"a3=xo^7;\n", +"a2=7*a3-7*xo^5;\n", +"a1=14*xo^3+5*a2-14*a3;\n", +"ao=-7*xo+3*a1-5*a2+7*a3;\n", +"a33=a3/a3;// the ratio of the a3 to a3\n", +"a23=a2/a3;// the ratio of the a2 to a3\n", +"a13=a1/a3;// the ratio of the a1 to a3\n", +"ao3=ao/a3;// the ratio of the ao to a3\n", +"R=r/sqrt(2);\n", +"// Y=acos(R/sqrt(2))= log(R+sqrt(R^2-1))\n", +"Y=(1/7)*log(R+sqrt(R^2-1))/log(10);\n", +"// cosh(Y/4)=cosh(1.19/4)=cosh(0.2975)\n", +"// because cosh(x)= 1+(x^2/2)+(x^4/24)+.....\n", +"// cosh(0.3072)=1+(0.3072^2/2)+(0.3072^4/24)\n", +"K=1+(0.3072^2/2)+(0.3072^4/24);\n", +"// HPBW= 2*asin((y/180*d)*acos(1/x0*cosh(Y/4)))\n", +"// HPBW= 2*asin((y*4/180*3y)*acos(1/x0*cosh(0.3072)))\n", +"// HPBW= 2*asin((4/3*180)*acos(1/x0*K))\n", +"HPBW=2*(asin((4/540)*(acos(K/xo))*(180/%pi)))*180/%pi;// half power bandwidth in degree\n", +"printf('The value of the parameter r= %d', r);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the parameter xo= %f', xo);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter ao= %f', ao);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a1= %f', a1);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a2= %f', a2);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a3= %f', a3);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a33= %f', a33);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a23= %f', a23);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a13= %f', a13);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter ao3= %f', ao3);\n", +"printf('\n The half power bandwidth= %f degree', HPBW);\n", +"printf('\n The five element array is shown in figure in the given textbook')" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.16: Find_the_directivity_of_linear_broad_side.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.16\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"n=10;// number of isotropic elements\n", +"// d=y/4\n", +"// Do=2n*(d/y)\n", +"// Do=2n*(y/4y)=2n(1/4)\n", +"Do=2*n*(1/4);\n", +"D0=10*log(Do)/log(10);// Directivity in db\n", +"printf('the Directivity = %f dB', D0);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.17: Find_the_directivity_of_linear_end_fire.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.17\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"n=10;// number of isotropic elements\n", +"// d=y/4\n", +"// Do=4n*(d/y)\n", +"// Do=4n*(y/4y)=2n(1/4)\n", +"Do=4*n*(1/4);\n", +"D0=10*log(Do)/log(10);// Directivity in db\n", +"printf('the Directivity = %d dB', D0);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.18: Find_the_directivity_of_a_linear_end_fire.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.18\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"n=10;// number of isotropic elements\n", +"// d=y/4\n", +"// Do=1.789(4n*(d/y))\n", +"// Do=1.789(4n*(y/4y)=2n(1/4))\n", +"Do=1.789*(4*n*(1/4));\n", +"D0=10*log(Do)/log(10);// Directivity in db\n", +"printf('the Directivity = %f dB', D0);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.19: Define_antenna_gain_and_directivity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.19\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"printf('Gain: gain is define as the ratio of max radiation. Intensity in a given direction to the max radiation intensity from the reference antenna produced in the same direction with same power input.');\n", +"printf('\n Gain=max radiation intensity from test antenna/max radiation intensity from reference antenna with same power input ');\n", +"printf('\n Directivity: The max directivity gain is called as directivity of an antenna. We can defined directivity of antenna as follows. It is the ratio of max radiotion intensity to its average raiotion intensity.');\n", +"printf('\n directivity= max radiation intensity from test antenna/average radiation intensity of test antenna');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.1: EX3_1.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.1\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// the path difference, x=dcos(a)\n", +"// therefore, phase difference , w=(2*%pi/y)*dcos(a)=Bdcos(a)\n", +"// from the geometry of the figure in the far field r>>d\n", +"// r1=r+x=r+dcos(a)\n", +"// r2=r-x=r-dcos(a)\n", +"// Hence, Et=I1exp^(-jB(r+dcos(a)))+I2exp^(-jB(r-dcos(a)))\n", +"// Et=exp^(-jBr)(I1exp^(-jBdcos(a))+I2exp^(-jBdcos(a)))\n", +"// case (a): in case I, we have I1=I2=I\n", +"// Hence, Et=Iexp^(-jBr)*(exp^(-jBdcos(a))+exp^(-jBdcos(a)))=2exp^(-jBr)*cos(Bdcos(a))\n", +"// Et will be max when cos(Bdcos(a)) will be max. therefore\n", +"// cos(Bd*cos(a))=1\n", +"// Bd*cos(a)=0\n", +"// a_max=n*%pi/2, where n=1,2,3,........\n", +"// hence , for the half power point a_HPPD\n", +"// cos(Bd*cos(a))=1/(sqrt(2))\n", +"// Bd*cos(a)=%pi/4\n", +"// cos(a_HPPD)=%pi/4Bd= %pi/(4*2%pi*0.75y/y)=1/6\n", +"// a_HPPD=acos(1/6)\n", +"a_HPPD=(acos(1/6)*180/%pi);// the half power point in degree\n", +"a_m=2*a_HPPD;// the half power beam width in degree\n", +"// In case I1=I and I2=Iexp^(j540)=Iexp^(j180)=-I\n", +"// therefore, Et2=Iexp^(-jBr)*(exp^(-jBdcos(a))+exp^(-jBdcos(a)))\n", +"// =2j*I*exp^(-jBd)*sin(Bdcos(a))\n", +"// The max value of sin(Bdcos(a)) is at a=%pi. When\n", +"// sin(Bd*cos(a))=sin(Bd*cos(%pi))=sin(-Bd)=sin(-2*%pi*3y/(y*4))=sin(-3%Pi/2)=1\n", +"// Hence at the half power point a_HPPD2\n", +"// sin(Bd*cos(a))=1/(sqrt(2))\n", +"// Bd*cos(a_HPPD2)=%pi/4\n", +"// cos(a_HPPD2)=%pi/(4*2%pi*0.75y/y)=1/6\n", +"a_HPPD2=(acos(1/6)*180/%pi);// the half power point in degree\n", +"a_m2=2*a_HPPD2;// the half power beam width in degree\n", +"printf('The half power beam width for broad side array = %f degree', a_m);\n", +"printf('\n The half power beam width for end fire array = %f degree', a_m2);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.20: EX3_20.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.20\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"D=30;// directive gain\n", +"l=D/4;\n", +"// array length L=l*y, where y is wavelength\n", +"y=1.5;//\n", +"Bw=114.6*sqrt(2/(5*y));// beamwidth of the major lobe in degree\n", +"// for Broadside case\n", +"// L=(D/2)*y=(30/2)*y=15y=array length\n", +"y1=15/4;\n", +"BWFN=114.6/(4*y1);// beamwidth for a broadside array in degree\n", +"printf('The array length = %f*y, where y is wavelength', l);\n", +"printf('\n The beamwidth of the major lobe = %f degree', Bw);\n", +"printf('\n The beamwidth for a broadside array = %f degree', BWFN);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.21: Derive_the_expression_for_beam_width.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.21\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// For N array elements\n", +"// Etr/Eo=sin(ny/2)/sin(y/2), where y=Bdcos(x)+dl=Bdcos(x), because dl=0\n", +"// The null in the pattern occur when, ny/2=k*%pi\n", +"// (nBdcos(x))/2=%pi, for the first nulls\n", +"// or cos(x)=2*%pi/(nBd)=2*%pi/(n*(2*%pi/L)*(L/4))=(4/n)\n", +"// In the broadeside array main beam is directed in x=90 degree. Therefore half beam width will be\n", +"// a=90-x1\n", +"// or x1=90-a\n", +"// Thus cos(x1)=cos(90-a)=sin(a)\n", +"// or sin(a)=(4/n)\n", +"// Now the beam width for n elements array will be 2a=2.asin(4/n)\n", +"// Thus\n", +"BW1=2*(asin(4/5)*180/%pi);// Bandwidth for n=5\n", +"BW2=2*(asin(4/6)*180/%pi);// Bandwidth for n=6\n", +"BW3=2*(asin(4/7)*180/%pi);// Bandwidth for n=7\n", +"BW4=2*(asin(4/8)*180/%pi);// Bandwidth for n=8\n", +"BW5=2*(asin(4/9)*180/%pi);// Bandwidth for n=9\n", +"BW6=2*(asin(4/10)*180/%pi);// Bandwidth for n=10\n", +"printf('The Bandwidth for n=5 = %f degree', BW1);\n", +"printf('\n TheBandwidth for n=6 = %f degree', BW2);\n", +"printf('\n The Bandwidth for n=7 = %f degree', BW3);\n", +"printf('\n The Bandwidth for n=8 = %f degree', BW4);\n", +"printf('\n The Bandwidth for n=9 = %f degree', BW5);\n", +"printf('\n The Bandwidth for n=10 = %f degree', BW6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.22: Find_the_FNBW_and_HPBW_for_a_broad_side_linear_array.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.22\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"n=20;\n", +"// d=y/2, where y is wavelength\n", +"// FNBW=2y/nd, then\n", +"// FNBW=2y/(n*y/2)=4/n radian\n", +"FNBW=4/n;// beam width for broad side array in radian\n", +"Fnbw=(180*FNBW)/%pi;// beam width for broad side array in degree\n", +"HPBW=Fnbw/2;// the half power beam width for broad side array in degree\n", +"// d1=y/4, for end fire array\n", +"// then FNBW1=2*sqrt(2y/nd1)\n", +"// FNBW1=2*sqrt(2y/(n*y/4))=2*sqrt(8/n)\n", +"FNBW1=2*sqrt(8/n);// beam width for end fire array in radian\n", +"Fnbw1=(180*FNBW1)/%pi;// beam width for end fire array in degree\n", +"HPBW1=(2/3)*Fnbw1;// the half power beam width for end fire array in degree\n", +"printf('The beamwidth for a broad side array = %f degree', Fnbw);\n", +"printf('\n The half power beam width for broad side array = %f degree', HPBW);\n", +"printf('\n The beam width for end fire array = %f degree', Fnbw1);\n", +"printf('\n The half power beam width for end fire array = %f degree', HPBW1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.23: Find_the_location_of_the_first_nulls_on_a_either_side_of_beam_center.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.23\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"n=80;\n", +"// sinx=y/(nd)\n", +"// sinx=y/(n*y/2)=2/n\n", +"sinx=2/n;\n", +"x=asin(sinx)*(180/%pi);// in degree\n", +"dx=2*x;// the first nulls beam width in degree\n", +"printf('The first nulls beam width = %f degree',dx);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.24: Calculate_the_radiated_power_and_also_FNBW_of_the_array.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.24\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=300*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"c=3*10^10;// the speed of light in cm/sec\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in cm\n", +"d=y/2;// in cm\n", +"n=4;\n", +"I=0.5;// element current in amp\n", +"Rr=73;// resistence in ohm\n", +"Prad=n*Rr*I^2;// radiated power in watt\n", +"// sinx=y/(nd)\n", +"// sinx=y/(n*y/2)=2/n\n", +"sinx=2/n;\n", +"x=asin(sinx)*(180/%pi);// in degree\n", +"dx=2*x;// the FNBW of the array in degree\n", +"printf('The radiated power = %d watt',Prad);\n", +"printf('\n The FNBW of the array = %d degree',dx);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.25: EX3_25.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.25\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"D=30;// directive gain\n", +"// D=4L/y=4Nd/y, where L=Nd\n", +"// then 30=4L/y\n", +"// L=7.5y\n", +"L=30/4;\n", +"// FNBW=2*sqrt(2y/Nd)=2*sqrt(2y/7.5y)\n", +"// =2*sqrt(2/7.5)\n", +"FNBW=2*sqrt(2/7.5);// FNBW for end fire array in radian\n", +"Fnbw=FNBW*180/%pi;// FNBW for end fire array in degree\n", +"// FNBW1=2y/Nd=2y/7.5y=2/7.5\n", +"FNBW1=2/7.5;// FNBW for broad side array in radian\n", +"Fnbw1=FNBW1*180/%pi;// FNBW for broad side array in degree\n", +"printf('The array length= %f*y, where y is wavelength', L);\n", +"printf('\n The FNBW for end fire array = %f degree', Fnbw);\n", +"printf('\n The FNBW for broad side array = %f degree', Fnbw1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.2: EX3_2.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.2\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// The phase difference w=Bd*cos(a)=(2%pi/y)*(y/4)*cos(a)=(%pi/2)*cos(a)\n", +"// Therefore, Et=Io(exp^(-j(%pi/2*cos(a)+k))+1+exp^(j(%pi/2*cos(a)+infinite)))=Eo(1+2*cos(%pi/2*cos(a+k)))\n", +"// the null appear, when, 1+2*cos((%pi/2)*cos(a_n)+k), a_n is equal to 33.56\n", +"// therefore , 1+2*cos((%pi/2)*cos(33.56)+k)=0\n", +"// cos((%pi/2)*cos(33.56)+k)=-1/2\n", +"// (%pi/2)*cos(33.56)+k= 2%pi/3\n", +"// k=(2%pi/3)-((%pi/2)*cos(33.56))\n", +"k=(2*%pi/3)-((%pi/2)*cos(33.56*%pi/180));// progressive phase shift in radian\n", +"k1=k*180/%pi;// progressive phase shift in degree\n", +"// The position of main beam a_m occurs when\n", +"// ((%pi/2)*cos(a_m))+B=0\n", +"// cos(a_m)= -B*2/%pi=-(%pi/4)*(2/%pi)=-1/2\n", +"a_m=(acos(-1/2)*180/%pi);// the position of main beam width in degree\n", +"printf('The progressive phase shift = %d degree', k1);\n", +"printf('\n The position of main beam width in degree = %d degree', a_m);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.3: Discuss_the_radiation_pattern_of_a_linear_array.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.3\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// The phase difference, w=Bd*cos(a)+k\n", +"// In this case, d=y/2, k=0, therefore\n", +"// w= (2%pi/y)*(y/2)*cos(a)+0= %pi*cos(a)\n", +"// The total far field at distance point P is given by\n", +"// Et=Eo(exp^(-jw)+2+exp^(jw))=Eo*(2+2*cos(w))=2*Eo(1+cos(%pi*cos(a)))\n", +"// Maximum value mode of Et=4*Eo\n", +"// so the normal value Enor=Et/(mode of Et)=(1+cos(%pi*cos(a)))/2\n", +"// For the max value (1+cos(%pi*cos(a))) should be max , therefore \n", +"// 1+cos(%pi*cos(a))=1\n", +"// cos(%pi*cos(a))=0\n", +"// %pi*cos(a)=%pi/2( in both sign plus & minuse)\n", +"a_m1=(acos(1/2))*(180/%pi);// when take + sign, angle will be in degree\n", +"a_m2=(acos(-1/2))*(180/%pi);//when take - sign, angle will be in degree\n", +"// For the max value (1+cos(%pi*cos(a))) should be max , therefore \n", +"// 1+cos(%pi*cos(a))=0\n", +"// cos(%pi*cos(a))=-1\n", +"// %pi*cos(a)=%pi( in both sign plus & minuse)\n", +"a_m3=(acos(1))*(180/%pi);// when take + sign, angle will be in degree\n", +"a_m4=(acos(-1))*(180/%pi);//when take - sign, angle will be in degree\n", +"// for HPPD (1+cos(%pi*cos(a))) should be 1/sqrt(2)\n", +"// 1+cos(%pi*cos(a))=1/sqrt(2)\n", +"// cos(%pi*cos(a))=(1/sqrt(2))-1=-0.293\n", +"// %pi*cos(a)=107 degree ( in both sign plus & minuse)\n", +"// cos(a_HPPD)=0.595 ( in both sign plus & minuse)\n", +"a_HPPD1=(acos(0.595))*(180/%pi);// when take + sign, the value of a_HPPD in degree\n", +"a_HPPD2=(acos(-0.595))*(180/%pi);// when take - sign, the value of a_HPPD in degree\n", +"printf('when take + sign, angle for maxima = %d degree', a_m1);\n", +"printf('\n when take - sign, angle for maxima= %d degree', a_m2);\n", +"printf('\n when take + sign, angle for minima= %d degree', a_m3);\n", +"printf('\n when take - sign, angle for minima= %d degree', a_m4);\n", +"printf('\n when take + sign, the value of HPPD= %d degree', a_HPPD1);\n", +"printf('\n when take - sign, the value of HPPD= %d degree', a_HPPD2);\n", +"printf('\n The Radiation pattern of the 3-element is shown in figure in the given text book');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.4: Design_a_eight_element_broad_side_array.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.4\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"dB=26;\n", +"n=8;// eight element array\n", +"r1=10^(dB/20);// because dB=20log(r)\n", +"r=ceil(r1);// round off value of r1\n", +"// Tchebyscheff polynomial of degree (n-1)=8-1=7\n", +"// T7(xo)=r\n", +"// 64Xo^7-112xo^5+56xo^3-7xo=20\n", +"// then using ulternate formula, we get the value of xo\n", +"m=n-1;// degree of the equation\n", +"a=sqrt(r^2-1);\n", +"A=(r+a)^(1/m);\n", +"B=(r-a)^(1/m);\n", +"xo1=.5*(A+B);\n", +"xo=1.15;// approx. value of xo1\n", +"// eight element array is shown in figure in the given textbook\n", +"// Thus Et, i.e., E8 from the equation\n", +"// E8=aoz+a1(4z^3-3z)+a2(16z^5-20z^3+5z)+a3(64z^7-112z^5+56z^3-7z)=64x^7-112x^5+56x^3-7x, where z=(x/xo)\n", +"// Then on putting z=(x/xo), we get\n", +"// ao(x/xo)+a1(4(x/xo)^3-3(x/xo))+a^2(16(x/xo)^5-20(x/xo)^3+5(x/xo))+a^3(64(x/xo)^7-112(x/xo)^5+56(x/xo)^3-7(x/xo))=64x^7-112x^5+56x^3-7x\n", +"// Now equating terms, we have\n", +"a3=xo^7;\n", +"a2=(112*a3-112*xo^5)/16;\n", +"a1=14*xo^3+5*a2-14*a3;\n", +"ao=3*a1-5*a2+7*a3-7*xo;\n", +"// Therefore the relative amplitude of the array are\n", +"a33=a3/a3;// the ratio of the a3 to a3\n", +"a23=a2/a3;// the ratio of the a2 to a3\n", +"a13=a1/a3;// the ratio of the a1 to a3\n", +"ao3=ao/a3;// the ratio of the ao to a3\n", +"printf('The value of the parameter r= %d', r);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the parameter xo= %f', xo);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter ao= %f', ao);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a1= %f', a1);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a2= %f', a2);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a3= %f', a3);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a33= %f', a33);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a23= %f', a23);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a13= %f', a13);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter ao3= %f', ao3);\n", +"printf('\n The five element array is shown in figure in the given textbook')" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.5: Design_a_five_element_broad_side_array_which_has_the_optimum_pattern.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.5\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"dB=20;\n", +"n=5;// five element array\n", +"r=10^(dB/20);// because dB=20log(r)\n", +"// Tchebyscheff polynomial of degree (n-1)=5-1=4\n", +"// T4(xo)=r\n", +"// 8xo^4-8xo^2+1=10\n", +"// then using ulternate formula, we get the value of xo\n", +"m=4;// degree of the equation\n", +"a=sqrt(r^2-1);\n", +"A=(r+a)^(1/m);\n", +"B=(r-a)^(1/m);\n", +"xo=.5*(A+B);\n", +"// five element array is shown in figure in the given textbook\n", +"// Thus Et, i.e., E5 from the equation\n", +"// E5=aoz+a1(2z^2-1)+a2(8z^4-8z^2+1), where z=(x/xo)\n", +"// E5=T4(xo)\n", +"// ao(x/xo)+a1(2(x/xo)^2-1)+a2(8(x/xo)^4-8(x/xo)^2+1)=8x^4-8x^2+1\n", +"// Now equating terms, we have\n", +"// a2(x/xo)^4=x^4\n", +"a2=xo^4;\n", +"// a1*2(x/xo)^2-a2*8(x/xo)^2=-8x^2\n", +"a1=4*a2-4*xo^2;\n", +"// ao-a1+a2=1\n", +"ao=1+a1-a2;\n", +"// Therefore the relative amplitude of the array are\n", +"a11=a1/a1;// the ratio of the a1 to a1\n", +"a12=a1/a2;// the ratio of the a1 to a2\n", +"a02=2*ao/a2;// the ratio of the 2ao to a2\n", +"printf('The value of the parameter r= %d', r);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the parameter xo= %f', xo);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter 2*ao= %f', 2*ao);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a1= %f', a1);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a2= %f', a2);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a11= %f', a11);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a12= %f', a12);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a02= %f', a02);\n", +"printf('\n The five element array is shown in figure in the given textbook')" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.6: Design_a_four_element_broad_side_array.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.6\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"dB=18;\n", +"n=4;// five element array\n", +"r1=10^(dB/20);// because dB=20log(r1)\n", +"r=ceil(r1);\n", +"// Tchebyscheff polynomial of degree (n-1)=4-1=4\n", +"// T3(xo)=r\n", +"// 4xo^3-3xo=8\n", +"// then using ulternate formula, we get the value of xo\n", +"m=3;// degree of the equation\n", +"a=sqrt(r^2-1);\n", +"A=(r+a)^(1/m);\n", +"B=(r-a)^(1/m);\n", +"xo1=.5*(A+B);\n", +"xo=1.46;// approx. value of xo1 is 1.46 because xo1=1.456957\n", +"// four element array is shown in figure in the given textbook\n", +"// Thus Et, i.e., E4 from the equation\n", +"// E4=aoz+a1(4z^3-3z), where z=(x/xo)\n", +"// E4=T3(xo)\n", +"// ao(x/xo)+a1(4(x/xo)^3-3(x/xo))=4x^3-3x\n", +"// Now equating terms, we have\n", +"// 4a1(x/xo)=4x^3\n", +"a1=xo^3;\n", +"// ao-3a1=-3a1\n", +"ao=3*a1-3*xo;\n", +"// Therefore the relative amplitude of the array are\n", +"a11=a1/a1;// the ratio of the a1 to a1\n", +"ao1=ao/a1;// the ratio of the ao to a1\n", +"printf('The value of the parameter r= %d', r);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the parameter xo= %f', xo);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter ao= %f', ao);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a1= %f', a1);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a11= %f', a11);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter ao1= %f', ao1);\n", +"printf('\n The five element array is shown in figure in the given textbook')" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.7: EX3_7.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.7\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"dB=21;\n", +"n=5;// five element array\n", +"r1=10^(dB/20);// because dB=20log(r1)\n", +"r=floor(r1);\n", +"// Tchebyscheff polynomial of degree (n-1)=5-1=4\n", +"// T4(xo)=r\n", +"// 8xo^4-8xo^2+1=20\n", +"// then using ulternate formula, we get the value of xo\n", +"m=4;// degree of the equation\n", +"a=sqrt(r^2-1);\n", +"A=(r+a)^(1/m);\n", +"B=(r-a)^(1/m);\n", +"xo1=.5*(A+B);\n", +"xo=1.3132;// approx. value of xo1 is 1.3132 because xo1=1.313295\n", +"// Thus Et, i.e., E5 from the equation\n", +"// E5=aoz+a1(2z^2-1)+a2(8z^4-8z^2+1), where z=(x/xo)\n", +"// E5=T4(xo)\n", +"// ao(x/xo)+a1(2(x/xo)^2-1)+a2(8(x/xo)^4-8(x/xo)^2+1)=8x^4-8x^2+1\n", +"// Now equating terms, we have\n", +"// a2(x/xo)^4=x^4\n", +"a2=xo^4;\n", +"// a1*2(x/xo)^2-8(x/xo)^2*a2=-8x^2\n", +"// a1-4a2=-4x^2\n", +"a1=4*a2-4*xo^2\n", +"// ao-a1+a2=1\n", +"ao=a1-a2+1;\n", +"a22=a2/a2;// the ratio of the a2 to a2\n", +"a12=a1/a2;// the ratio of the a1 to a2\n", +"ao2=2*ao/a2;// the ratio of the 2ao to a2\n", +"R=r/sqrt(2);\n", +"// Y=acos(R/sqrt(2))= log(R+sqrt(R^2-1))\n", +"Y=log(R+sqrt(R^2-1))/log(10);\n", +"// cosh(Y/4)=cosh(1.19/4)=cosh(0.2975)\n", +"// because cosh(x)= 1+(x^2/2)+(x^4/24)+.....\n", +"// cosh(0.2975)=1+(0.2975^2/2)+(0.2975^4/24)\n", +"A=1+(0.2975^2/2)+(0.2975^4/24);\n", +"// HPBW= 2*asin((y/180*d)*acos(1/x0*cosh(Y/4)))\n", +"// HPBW= 2*asin((y*2/180*y)*acos(1/x0*cosh(0.2975)))\n", +"// HPBW= 2*asin((2/180)*acos(1/x0*A))\n", +"HPBW=2*(asin((2/180)*(acos(A/xo))*(180/%pi)))*180/%pi;// half power bandwidth in degree\n", +"printf('The value of the parameter r= %d', r);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the parameter xo= %f', xo);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter ao= %f', ao);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a1= %f', a1);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a2= %f', a2);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a22= %f', a22);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a12= %f', a12);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter ao2= %f', ao2);\n", +"printf('\n The half power bandwidth= %f degree', HPBW);\n", +"printf('\n The five element array is shown in figure in the given textbook')" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.8: Design_an_array_to_yield_an_optimum_pattern.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.8\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"m=5;// number of elements\n", +"xn=45/2;// mean beamwidth in degree\n", +"xn1=xn*%pi/180;// mean beamwidth in radian\n", +"x=cos((180/(2*(m-1)))*(%pi/180));\n", +"a=sin(xn1);\n", +"p=cos(90*a*(%pi/180));\n", +"xo=x/p;\n", +"// E5=aoz+a1(2z^2-1)+a2(8z^4-8z^2+1), where z=(x/xo)\n", +"// E5=T4(xo)\n", +"// ao(x/xo)+a1(2(x/xo)^2-1)+a2(8(x/xo)^4-8(x/xo)^2+1)=8x^4-8x^2+1\n", +"// Now equating terms, we have\n", +"// a2(x/xo)^4=x^4\n", +"a2=xo^4;\n", +"// a1*2(x/xo)^2-8(x/xo)^2*a2=-8x^2\n", +"// a1-4a2=-4x^2\n", +"a1=4*a2-4*xo^2\n", +"// ao-a1+a2=1\n", +"ao=a1-a2+1;\n", +"a22=a2/a2;// the ratio of the a2 to a2\n", +"a12=a1/a2;// the ratio of the a1 to a2\n", +"ao2=2*ao/a2;// the ratio of the 2ao to a2\n", +"printf('The value of the parameter xo = %f um', xo);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter ao= %f', ao);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a1= %f', a1);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the current amplitude parameter a2= %f', a2);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a22= %f', a22);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter a12= %f', a12);\n", +"printf('\n The value of the relative amplitude parameter ao2= %f', ao2);\n", +"printf('\n The five element array is shown in figure in the given textbook')" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.9: Calculate_the_directivity_of_a_given_linear_broad_side.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:3.9\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"n=20;// number of isotropic array\n", +"// d=y/8, where y is wavelength\n", +"// then, D=2n(d/y)=2n((y/8)(1/y))=2n(1/8)\n", +"D=2*n*(1/8);// directivity of a linear broad-side array\n", +"printf('The directivity of a linear broad-side array = %d dimensionless', D);" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/4-Practical_Antennas.ipynb b/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/4-Practical_Antennas.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a150419 --- /dev/null +++ b/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/4-Practical_Antennas.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1611 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 4: Practical Antennas" + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.10: Calculate_the_peak_value_of_the_magnetic_field_intensity_H_of_the_RF_wave.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.10\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"N=10;// number of turns\n", +"A=1;// area in m^2\n", +"f=1*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"V=100*10^-6;// in volt\n", +"x=1;// the value of cos(Angle)\n", +"u=4*%pi*10^-7;\n", +"H=(sqrt(2)*V)/(2*%pi*f*u*A*N);// peak value of the magnetic field intensity H \n", +"printf('The peak value of the magnetic field intensity H = %f uA/m', H*10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.11: Calculate_the_radiation_resistance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.11\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"printf('A=pi*a^2=pi(y/25)^2=pi*y^2/625');\n", +"printf('\n Rr=31171.2*(A/y^2)^2');\n", +"printf('\n and finally, Rr=(31171.2*pi^2)/(625^2)');\n", +"Rr=(31171.2*%pi^2)/(625^2);// radiation resistance for single turn\n", +"N2=82;\n", +"Rr1=Rr*N2;// radiation resistance for turn loop\n", +"printf('\n The radiation resistance for single turn = %f ohm', Rr);\n", +"printf('\n The radiation resistance for turn loop = %f ohm', Rr1);\n", +"printf('\n The answer is wronge in the given textbook');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.12: Estimate_the_diameter_of_the_mouth_and_the_half_power_beam_width_of_the_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.12\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"y=0.1;// wavelength in m\n", +"GP=1000;// power gain\n", +"D=y*(sqrt(GP/6));// diameter of the mouth in m\n", +"printf('The diameter of the mouth = %f meter', D);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.13: Find_the_terminal_resistance_of_complementary_slot.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.13\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Zs=35476/710;// terminal resistance in ohm\n", +"L_D=28;// the ratio of L to D\n", +"L=0.925;// length in m in terms of wavelength y\n", +"D=L/L_D;// diameter in m in terms of wavelength y\n", +"W=2*D;// width in m in terms of wavelength y\n", +"printf('The terminal resistance = %f ohm', Zs);\n", +"printf('\n The diameter in m in terms of wavelength = %f*y meter', D);\n", +"printf('\n The width in m in terms of wavelength = %f*y meter', W);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.14: EX4_14.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.14\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=3*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"BW=10;// beamwidth in degree\n", +"D=140*y/BW;// diameter of a paraboidal reflector antenna in m\n", +"printf('The diameter of a paraboidal reflector antenna = %f meter', D);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.15: Calculate_the_antenna_gain_in_dB.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.15\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"D=20;// diameter in m\n", +"r=10;// radius in m\n", +"f=6*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"K=0.54;// illumination efficiency\n", +"A=%pi*r^2;// area in m^2\n", +"G=(4*%pi*K*A)/y^2;// antenna gain\n", +"G1=10*log(G)/log(10);// antenna gain in dB\n", +"printf('The antenna gain = %f dB', G1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.16: Determine_the_gain_beamwidth_and_capture_area_for_a_parabolic_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.16\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=10*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"D=10;// diameter in m\n", +"Gp=6*(D/y)^2;// gain of a parabolic antenna\n", +"BW=140*y/D;// beamwidth in degree\n", +"Dr=6*Gp;// directivity\n", +"A=(Dr*y^2)/(4*%pi);// capture area in m^2\n", +"printf('The gain of a parabolic antenna = %f', Gp);\n", +"printf('\n The beamwidth = %f degree', BW);\n", +"printf('\n The capture area in m^2 of a parabolic antenna = %f meter^2', A);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.17: Calculate_the_gain_of_the_horn_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.17\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"r=0.45;// distance in m\n", +"f=10*10^3;// frequenc in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"Wtr=8.9;\n", +"wtr=10^(Wtr/10); \n", +"wrt=1/wtr;\n", +"D=(4*%pi*r/y)*(sqrt(wrt));// gain of the horn antenna\n", +"d=10*log(D)/log(10);// gain of the horn antenna in dB\n", +"printf('The gain of the horn antenna = %f dB', d);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.18: Estimate_the_diameter_of_the_paraboloidal_reflector.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.18\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"BW=15;// beamwidth in degree\n", +"f=1.5*10^3;// frequenc in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"D=(140*y)/(BW);// diameter of the paraboloidal reflector in m\n", +"printf('The diameter of the paraboloidal reflector = %f meter', D);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.19: Estimate_the_diameter_and_effective_aperture.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.19\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"BW=15;// beamwidth in degree\n", +"f=3*10^3;// frequenc in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"D=(140*y)/(BW);// diameter of the paraboloidal reflector in m\n", +"printf('The diameter of the paraboloidal reflector = %f meter', D);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.1: Design_a_log_periodic_antenna_for_a_broadcast_band.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.1\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"f=88*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"r=0.95;// in m\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"l1=y/2; \n", +"l2=r*l1; \n", +"l3=r*l2; \n", +"l4=r*l3; \n", +"l5=r*l4; \n", +"d1=0.08*y; \n", +"d2=r*d1; \n", +"d3=r*d2; \n", +"d4=r*d3;\n", +"d=d1+d2+d3+d4;// overall length of the antenna support boom in m\n", +"printf('The wavelength = %f meter', y);\n", +"printf('\n The overall length of the antenna support boom = %f meter', d);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.20: Estimate_the_diameter_of_the_mouth_and_the_half_power_beamwidth.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.20\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"y=0.1;// wavelength in m\n", +"GP=1000;// power gain\n", +"D=y*(sqrt(GP/6));// diameter of the mouth in m\n", +"HPBW=(70*y)/D;// half power beamwidth in degree\n", +"printf('The diameter of the mouth = %f meter', D);\n", +"printf('\n The half power beamwidth of the antenna = %f degree', HPBW);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.21: What_is_the_directivities_of_these_two_antennas.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.21\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"r=5000;// in m\n", +"F=1.9;// propagation factor\n", +"f=150;// frequenc in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"wr=2*10^-3;// receiving power in watt\n", +"wt=25;// transmitting power in watt\n", +"D=(4*%pi*r/(2*F))*(sqrt(wr/wt));// directivities of these antenna\n", +"printf('The directivity of antenna = %f', D);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.22: Calculate_the_directivity_in_dB.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.22\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"a=15*%pi/180;// angle in radian\n", +"N=35;// number of turns\n", +"s_c=tan(a);// the ratio of s to c and c=y\n", +"D=(15*N*s_c);// directivity of 35 turn helix\n", +"d=10*log(D)/log(10);// directivities of 35 turn helix in dB\n", +"printf('The directivity of 35 turn helix = %f dB', d);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.23: Find_out_the_length_and_width_and_half_flare_angles.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.23\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// dl=0.23y, value of dl in E-plane\n", +"// dL=0.375y, value of dl in H-plane\n", +"// h=15y, height in terms of wavelength y\n", +"// L=h^2/8*dl in E-plane\n", +"// L=(15*y)^2/8*0.2y=225y^2/1.6y;=140.625y\n", +"printf('The value of length L in terms of wavelength y=140.625y');\n", +"// OE=atan(h/2L)=atan(15y/2*140.625y)=atan(15/2*140.625)\n", +"OE=(atan(15/(2*140.625))*180/%pi);// half flare angle in E-plane in degree\n", +"// OH=acos(L/(L+dL))=acos(140.625y/(140.625y+0.375y))=acos(140.625/(140.625+.375))\n", +"OH=(acos(140.625/(140.625+0.375))*(180/%pi));// half flare angle in H-plane in degree\n", +"//w=2*L*tan(OH)=2*140.625y*tan(4.18)=20.56y, width interms of wavelength y\n", +"printf('\n The half flare angle in E-plane = %f degree', OE);\n", +"printf('\n The half flare angle in H-plane = %f degree', OH);\n", +"printf('\n The width interms of wavelength y= 20.56y');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.24: Calculate_the_angular_aperture_for_paraboloidal_reflector_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.24\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"D=20;// diameter of the reflector mouth in m\n", +"// As we know, f=(D/4)*cot(x/2)\n", +"// f/D=0.25*cot(x/2)\n", +"f_d1=0.30;// ratio of f to D or aperture number\n", +"f_d2=0.55;// aperture number\n", +"f_d3=0.80;// aperture number\n", +"// 0.30=0.25*cot(x/2)\n", +"// tan(x/2)=0.25/0.30\n", +"x1=2*(atan(0.25/f_d1))*(180/%pi);\n", +"x2=2*(atan(0.25/f_d2))*(180/%pi);\n", +"x3=2*(atan(0.25/f_d3))*(180/%pi);\n", +"Aa1=2*x1;// angular aperture in degree\n", +"Aa2=2*x2;// angular aperture in degree\n", +"Aa3=2*x3;// angular aperture in degree\n", +"f1=f_d1*D;// position of focal point for aperture number 0.30\n", +"f2=f_d2*D;// position of focal point for aperture number 0.30\n", +"f3=f_d3*D;// position of focal point for aperture number 0.30\n", +"printf('The angular aperture for aperture number 0.30 = %f degree', Aa1);\n", +"printf('\n The angular aperture for aperture number 0.55 = %f degree', Aa2);\n", +"printf('\n The angular aperture for aperture number 0.80 = %f degree', Aa3);\n", +"printf('\n The position of focal point for aperture number 0.30 = %f meter', f1);\n", +"printf('\n The position of focal point for aperture number 0.55 = %f meter', f2);\n", +"printf('\n The position of focal point for aperture number 0.80 = %f meter', f3);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.25: Calculate_the_peak_value_of_the_magnetic_field_intensity_H_of_the_radio_wave.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.25\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"N=15;// number of turns\n", +"A=1;// area in m^2\n", +"f=10*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"Vrms=200*10^-6;// e.m.f in volt\n", +"x=1;// the value of cosine angle\n", +"u=4*%pi*10^-7;\n", +"H=(Vrms*sqrt(2))/(2*%pi*f*u*A*N);// peak value of the magnetic field intensity\n", +"printf('The peak value of the magnetic field intensity = %f uA/m', H*10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.26: Calculate_the_input_voltage_to_the_receiver.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.26\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"N=500;// number of turns\n", +"A=1;// area in m^2\n", +"f=10;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"x=60*%pi/180;// angle in radians\n", +"Erms=20*10^-6;// field strength in volt\n", +"Vrms=(2*%pi*Erms*A*N*cos(x))/y;// e.m.f in volt\n", +"Q=150;// quality factor\n", +"Vr=Vrms*Q;// voltage to the receiver in volt\n", +"printf('The voltage to the receiver = %d mV', Vr*10^3);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.27: Estimate_the_voltage_across_the_capacitor.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.27\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"N=10;// number of turns\n", +"r=0.4;// radius in m\n", +"E=200*10^-6;// E-field in V/m\n", +"L=50*10^-6;// inductance in Henry\n", +"R=2;// resistance in ohm\n", +"f=1.5;// frequency in MHz\n", +"f1=1.5*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"A=%pi*r^2;// area in m^2\n", +"Vrms=(2*%pi*E*A*N)/y;// e.m.f in volt\n", +"Q=(2*%pi*f1*L)/R;// \n", +"Vc=Vrms*Q;// voltage across the capacitor in volt\n", +"printf('The voltage across the capacitor = %f mV', Vc*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.28: Calculate_the_max_emf_in_the_loop.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.28\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"A=5;// area in m^2\n", +"w=25*10^-3;// power in watt\n", +"f=15;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"Rr=31171*(A/y^2)^2;// radiation resistance in ohm\n", +"V=sqrt(w*4*Rr);// max emf in volts\n", +"printf('The max emf = %f Volts', V);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.29: Calculate_the_beamwidth_between_first_null_and_what_will_be_its_gain_in_dB.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.29\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=10*1000;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"D=5;// in m\n", +"BW=(140*y)/D;// beamwidth in degree\n", +"Gp=6*(D/y)^2;// gain\n", +"Gp1=10*log(Gp)/log(10);// gain in dB \n", +"printf('The beamwidth = %f degree', BW);\n", +"printf('\n The gain in dB = %f dB', Gp1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.2: Find_the_dimenssions_of_a_three_element.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.2\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"f=100*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"de=y/2;// drive element in m\n", +"Rf=de+(de*5/100);// reflector in m\n", +"Df=de-(de*5/100);// director in m\n", +"sp=0.2*y;// spacing between the elements in m\n", +"printf('The wavelength = %d meter', y);\n", +"printf('\n The drive element = %f meter', de);\n", +"printf('\n The reflector = %f meter', Rf);\n", +"printf('\n The director = %f meter', Df);\n", +"printf('\n The spacing between the elements = %f meter', sp);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.30: What_should_be_minimum_distance_between_primary_and_secondary_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.30\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=5000;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"d=30*0.3048;// aperture dimension in m\n", +"r=(2*d^2)/y;// min distance in m\n", +"printf('The min distance = %f meter', r);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.31: Calculate_the_directivity_in_dB.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.31\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"a=14*%pi/180;// angle in radian\n", +"N=25;// number of turns\n", +"s_c=tan(a);// the ratio of s to c and c=y\n", +"D=(15*N*s_c);// directivity of 35 turn helix\n", +"d=10*log(D)/log(10);// directivities of 35 turn helix in dB\n", +"printf('The directivity of 35 turn helix = %f dB', d);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.32: Find_the_received_power.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.32\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"wt=1;// transmitted power\n", +"Gt=10^4;// transmitter gain\n", +"Gr=10^4;// receiver gain\n", +"f=10000;// frequency in MHz\n", +"r=30000;// range of the link in m\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"wr=wt*Gt*Gr*(y/(4*%pi*r))^2;// received power in Watt;\n", +"printf('The received power = %f uW', wr*10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.33: Find_the_dimensions_of_three_element.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.33\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=100;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"dr=y/2;// the driven element in m\n", +"Rf=dr+(5*dr/100);// reflective in m\n", +"Df=dr-(5*dr/100);// deflective in m\n", +"Sp=0.2*y;// the spacing between terminal\n", +"printf('The reflective = %f m', Rf);\n", +"printf('\n The director = %f m', Df);\n", +"printf('\n The spacing between terminal = %f m', Sp);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.34: How_large_is_the_dish_diameter.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.34\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"G=80;// gain in dB\n", +"G1=10^(G/10);// gain\n", +"f=300;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"D=sqrt(G1/6)*y;// the dish parameter in m\n", +"printf('The dish parameter = %f m', D);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.35: What_is_the_change_in_gain_and_beamwidth.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.35\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"printf('new diameter=2D ');\n", +"printf('\n Gain=2*2=3 times compared to D');\n", +"printf('\n the increase in gain is 4 times or 6 dB');\n", +"printf('\n Bw varies inverse of D');\n", +"printf('\n Bw is half of previous value');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.36: Calculate_the_beamwidth_and_gain_as_a_power_ratio_in_dB.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.36\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=5000;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"h=9/100;// height in m\n", +"w=8/100;// width in m\n", +"D=(7.5*h*w)/y^2;// beamwidth in degree\n", +"Ap=(4.5*h*w)/y^2;\n", +"Ap1=10*log(Ap)/log(10);// gain as a power ratio in dB\n", +"printf('The beamwidth = %f degree', D);\n", +"printf('\n The gain as a power ratio in dB = %f dB', Ap1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.37: Calculate_the_gain_of_the_horn_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.37\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"r=0.35;// distance in m\n", +"f=9*10^3;// frequenc in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"Wtr=8.9;\n", +"wtr=10^(Wtr/10); \n", +"wrt=1/wtr;\n", +"D=(4*%pi*r/y)*(sqrt(wrt));// gain of the horn antenna\n", +"d=10*log(D)/log(10);// gain of the horn antenna in dB\n", +"y1=10;// in m\n", +"Gp=1000;\n", +"D=sqrt((Gp*y1^2)/6);// diameter in m\n", +"HPBW=(58*y1)/D;// the half power band width in degree\n", +"printf('The gain of the horn antenna = %f dB', d);\n", +"printf('\n The half power band width = %f degree', HPBW);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.38: Define_folde_dipole_antenna_and_drive_its_input_impedance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.38\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// Equation of Input impedence- Let V be the emf applied at the end of terminals. This is being divided equally in each dipole. Hence voltage in each dipole V/2 as shown and by nodal analysis\n", +"// V/2=I1.z11+I2z.12\n", +"// where I1, I2 are the currents flowing at terminals of dipole no. 1 and 2 and z11 & z12 are self impedance between dipole 1 & 2 respectively\n", +"// But, I1=I2\n", +"// Then, V/2=I1(z11+z12)\n", +"// The two dipole in system are very close to each other. The spacing between two dipoles is of the order of y/100, i.e., z11=z12\n", +"// Then, V/2=I1*(2z11)\n", +"// z=V/I1 then, z=4*z11, z11=73 for a dipole\n", +"z11=73;// for a dipole\n", +"z=4*z11;// input impedance in ohm\n", +"printf('The input impedance = %d ohm', z);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.39: Calculate_the_capture_area_of_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.39\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"G=75;// gain in dB\n", +"G1=10^(G/10);// gain\n", +"f=15000;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"ca=(G1*y^2)/(4*%pi);// the capture area in m^2\n", +"D=sqrt(G1/6)*y;// the dish parameter in m\n", +"BWFN=(140*y)/D;// 3-dB beamwidth\n", +"printf('The capture area = %f m^2', ca);\n", +"printf('\n The 3-dB beamwidth = %f degree', BWFN);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.3: What_is_the_gain_in_dB_and_the_beam_width_of_a_helical_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.3\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"y=3;// wavelength in m\n", +"d=1;// in m\n", +"N=10;// no. of turns\n", +"s=0.75;// in m\n", +"Gp=15*(%pi^2*(1/y)^2*(10*(s/y)));// power gain\n", +"GdB=10*log(Gp)/log(10);// power gain in dB\n", +"Bw=52/(%pi*(1/y)*sqrt(10*(s/y)));// beamwidth in degree\n", +"BW=70/20;// beamwidth when d=20*y(wavelength)\n", +"printf('The power gain = %f dB', GdB);\n", +"printf('\n The beamwidth = %f degree', Bw);\n", +"printf('\n The beamwidth when d is 20*y = %f degree', BW);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.40: What_is_the_antenna_gain_in_decibels.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.40\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=6000;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"A=%pi*100*0.54;// aperture area in m^2\n", +"G=(4*%pi*A)/y^2;// gain of the reflector antenna\n", +"G1=10*log(G)/log(10);// gain of the reflector antenna in dB\n", +"printf('The gain of the reflector antenna = %f dB', G1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.41: What_is_the_corresponding_value_of_illumination_efficiency.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.41\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"// G=4*piAn/y^2=7.4ab/y^2', where y is wavelength\n", +"n=7.4/(4*%pi);// illumination efficiency\n", +"printf('The illumination efficiency = %f%%', n*100);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.42: What_is_its_gai.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.42\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"D=10;// beam width\n", +"y=30.54;// wavelength in cm\n", +"X=(58*y)/D;// 3-dB beam width\n", +"Ar=(%pi*X^2)/4;// area of the cross section in m^2\n", +"G=(4*%pi*Ar)/y^2;// the gain for y=30.54 cm\n", +"G1=10*log(G)/log(10);// the gain for y=30.54 cm in dB\n", +"y1=3.054;// wavelength in cm\n", +"X1=(58*y1)/D;// 3-dB beam width\n", +"Ar1=(%pi*X1^2)/4;// area of the cross section in m^2\n", +"G2=(4*%pi*Ar1)/y1^2;// the gain for y=3.054 cm\n", +"G3=10*log(G2)/log(10);// the gain for y=3.054 cm in dB\n", +"printf('The gain for y=30.54 cm = %f dB', G1);\n", +"printf('\n The gain for y=3.054 cm = %f dB', G3);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.43: Calculate_the_power_gain_and_half_power_point_beam_width.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.43\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=8*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"BW=6;// beamwidth in degree\n", +"D=(70*y)/BW;// in m\n", +"hpbw=(58*y)/D;// the half power point beam width in degree\n", +"Ap=(6*D^2)/y^2;// power gain\n", +"Ap1=10*log(Ap)/log(10);// power gain in dB\n", +"printf('The half power point beam width = %f degree', hpbw);\n", +"printf('\n The power gain = %f', Ap);\n", +"printf('\n The power gain in dB = %f dB', Ap1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.44: Calculate_the_diameter_of_antenna_and_half_power_point_beam_width.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.44\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=3*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"Ap=26;// power gain in dB\n", +"Ap1=10^(Ap/10);// power gain\n", +"D=sqrt((Ap1*y^2)/6);// diameter of antenna in m\n", +"hpbw=(58*y)/D;// the half power point beam width in degree\n", +"printf('The diameter of antenna = %f cm', D*100);\n", +"printf('\n The half power point beam width = %f degree', hpbw);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.45: Calculate_the_directivity_and_power_gain_as_a_ratio_and_in_dB.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.45\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=8*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"A=8*4/100^2;// Area in m^2\n", +"D=(7.5*A)/y^2;// directivity of the horn antenna\n", +"Ap=(4.5*A)/y^2;// power gain\n", +"Ap1=10*log(Ap)/log(10);// power gain in dB\n", +"printf('The directivity of the horn antenna = %f degree', D);\n", +"printf('\n The power gain = %f', Ap);\n", +"printf('\n The power gain in dB = %f dB', Ap1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.46: Calculate_the_aperture_height.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.46\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=4*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"w=10/100;// width in m\n", +"Ap=25;// power gain in dB\n", +"Ap1=10^(Ap/10);// power gain\n", +"h=(Ap1*y^2)/(4.5*w);// aperture height in m\n", +"printf('The aperture height in m = %f m', h);\n", +"printf('\n The aperture height in cm = %f cm', h*100);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.47: Determine_the_dimensions_of_the_horn_mouth_and_the_directive_gain.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.47\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Y1=10;// the half power beam width in E-plane in degree\n", +"Y2=10;// the half power beam width in H-plane in degree\n", +"// Y1=51y/b, where y= wavelength \n", +"// b=51y/10=5.1y\n", +"// Y2=67y/a, then a=67y/10=6.7y\n", +"// the directive gain, G=4.5*l*h/y^2=4.5*6.7y*5.1y/y^2=4.5*6.7*5.1\n", +"G=4.5*6.7*5.1;// the directive gain over the y/2 antenna\n", +"G1=10*log(G)/log(10);// the directive gain over the y/2 antenna in dB\n", +"printf('The dimension of the horn mouth, a=6.7*y, where y is wavelength in m');\n", +"printf('\n The dimension of the horn mouth, b=5.1*y, where y is wavelength in m');\n", +"printf('\n The directive gain over the y/2 antenna = %f', G);\n", +"printf('\n The directive gain over the y/2 antenna in dB = %f dB', G1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.48: Calculate_the_gain_of_the_transmitting_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.48\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=9*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"Pr=5.4*10^-3;// received power in watt\n", +"Pt=20;// transmitted power in watt\n", +"Gr=15;// receiver gain in dB\n", +"Gr1=10^(Gr/10);// receiver gain\n", +"d=10;// distance in m\n", +"Gt=(Pr*(4*%pi*d)^2)/(Pt*Gr1*(y^2));// transmitter antenna gain\n", +"Gt1=10*log(Gt)/log(10);// transmitter antenna gain in dB\n", +"printf('The transmitter antenna gain = %f', Gt);\n", +"printf('\n The transmitter antenna gain in dB = %f dB', Gt1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.49: Calculate_the_gain_and_half_power_beam_widths.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.49\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=10*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"a=5.2/100;// height in m\n", +"b=3.8/100;// width in m\n", +"A=a*b;// area in m^2\n", +"G=(4*%pi*A)/y^2;// the gain of the horn\n", +"G1=10*log(G)/log(10);// the gain of the horn in dB\n", +"he=(51*y)/b;// the half power point beam width in E-plane in degree\n", +"hh=(67*y)/a;// the half power point beam width in H-plane in degree\n", +"printf('The gain of the horn = %f', G);\n", +"printf('\n The the gain of the horn in dB = %f dB', G1);\n", +"printf('\n The half power point beam width in E-plane = %f degree', he);\n", +"printf('\n The half power point beam width in H-plane = %f degree', hh);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.4: How_large_is_the_dish_diameter.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.4\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=300*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/s\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"GdB=60;// gain in dB\n", +"G=10^(GdB/10);// gain\n", +"D=sqrt(G/6)*y;// diameter in m\n", +"D1=3.28*D;// diameter in m\n", +"printf('The dish diameter = %d meter', D);\n", +"printf('\n The dish diameter = %d ft.', D1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.50: Calculate_the_HPBW_and_directivity.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.50\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"N=30;// number of turns\n", +"// Diameter, d=y/3, where, y= wavelength\n", +"// spacing, S=y/5\n", +"// hpbw=52/((pi*d/y)*sqrt(NS/y))=52/((pi*y/3y)*sqrt(30y/5y))\n", +"hpbw=53*3/(%pi*sqrt(30/5));// half power point beam width in degree\n", +"// the directivity, D=15*NS*(pi*d)^2/y^3=((15*30*y)/(5y^3))*(pi*y/3)^2\n", +"D=15*30*%pi^2/(5*3^2);// the directivity\n", +"D1=10*log(D)/log(10);// the directivity in dB\n", +"printf('The half power point beam width = %f degree', hpbw);\n", +"printf('\n The directivity = %f', D);\n", +"printf('\n The directivity in dB= %f dB', D1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.51: EX4_51.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.51\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=1.7*10^3;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"D=4.84/100;// diameter in m\n", +"a=11.7*%pi/180;// angle in radian\n", +"C=%pi*D;// circumference of the helix in m\n", +"S=C*tan(a);// in m\n", +"L=78.7/100;// length in m\n", +"N=L/S;// the number of turns\n", +"Dr=(15*N*S*(%pi*D)^2)/y^3;// the directivity of the antenna\n", +"Dr1=10*log(Dr/10);// the directivity of the antenna in dB\n", +"h_3dB=52/((%pi*D/y)*sqrt(N*S/y));// half power point beam width in degree\n", +"Ar=(2*N+1)/(2*N);// the axial ratio\n", +"printf('The number of turns = %f', N);\n", +"printf('\n The directivity of the antenna = %f', Dr);\n", +"printf('\n The directivity of the antenna in dB = %f dB', Dr1);\n", +"printf('\n The half power point beam width in degree = %f degree', h_3dB);\n", +"printf('\n The axial ratio = %f', Ar);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.5: What_is_the_change_in_gain_and_beam_width.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.5\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"printf('By the formula, gain increases with the square of D, so new diameter =2D will have gain 2*2=4 compared to diameter D. The increase in gain is 4 times or 6dB.');\n", +"printf('\n Similarly, the beamwidth varies with the inverse of D, so the new D causes beamwidth to one half its previous value ');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.6: what_is_the_change_in_gain.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.6\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"printf('The formula for the gain shows that it is proportional to 1/y^3, a new y(wavelength) is half of the previous value will therefore increase the gain by');\n", +"printf('\n 1/(1/2)^3=8 times ')" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.7: Calculate_the_beamwidth_and_gain_as_a_power_ratio_and_in_dB.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.7\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Vc=3*10^10;// the speed of light in m/cm\n", +"f=5*10^9;// frequency in Hz\n", +"y=Vc/f;// wavelength in cm\n", +"hw=9*8;// aperture dimensions in cm\n", +"D=(7.5*hw)/y^2;// beamwidth in degree\n", +"Ap=(4.5*hw)/y^2;\n", +"G=10*log(Ap)/log(10);// gain as a power ratio and in dB\n", +"printf('The beamwidth = %d degree', D);\n", +"printf('\n The gain as a power ratio and in dB = %f dB', G);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.8: What_are_the_dimensions_of_the_elements.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.8\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Vc=3*10^8;// the speed of light in m/cm\n", +"f=100*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"y=Vc/f;// wavelength in cm\n", +"de=(y/2)+(y/2)*(5/100);// driven element length in m\n", +"l1=(y/2)-(y/2)*(5/100);// first director length in m\n", +"l2=l1-(l1*5/100);// second director length in m\n", +"l3=l2-(l2*5/100);// third director length in m\n", +"l_s=0.2*y*4;// support boom length in m\n", +"L_s=l_s*3.28;// support boom length in ft.\n", +"printf('The first director length = %f meter', l1);\n", +"printf('\n The second director length = %f meter', l2);\n", +"printf('\n The third director length = %f meter', l3);\n", +"printf('\n The support boom length in m = %f meter', l_s);\n", +"printf('\n The support boom length in ft. = %d ft.', L_s)" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.9: Calculate_the_power_gain_of_an_optimum_horn_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:4.9\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"printf('Aperture=10y*10y');\n", +"printf('\n then, G=(4.5*10y*10y)/(y^2)');\n", +"printf('\n and finally, G=4.5*100');\n", +"G=4.5*100;// power gain of optimum horn antenna\n", +"printf('\n The power gain of optimum horn antenna = %d', G);" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/5-Propagation.ipynb b/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/5-Propagation.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edff7cb --- /dev/null +++ b/Antenna_and_Wave_Propagation_by_A_K_Gautam/5-Propagation.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1550 @@ +{ +"cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 5: Propagation" + ] + }, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.10: At_what_frequency_a_wave_must_propagate_for_the_D_region.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.10\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"u=0.5;// refractive index\n", +"N=400;// electron/cc\n", +"f=sqrt(81*N/(1-u^2));// frequency in KHz\n", +"printf('The frequency = %f KHz', f);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.11: What_will_be_the_range_for_which_the_MUF_is_twelve_MHz.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.11\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"u=0.75;// refractive index\n", +"f=10*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"fmuf=12*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"h=350;// height in km\n", +"Nmax=((1-u^2)*f^2)/81;\n", +"fc=9*sqrt(Nmax);// frequency in Hz\n", +"Ds=(2*h)*(sqrt((fmuf/fc)^2-1));// range in km\n", +"printf('The range = %f km', Ds);\n", +"printf('\n The ans is wronge in the given textbook');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.12: What_is_the_max_distance_and_the_radio_horizon_in_this_case.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.12\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"ht=256;// transmeter height in m\n", +"hr=25;// receiver height in m\n", +"d=4.12*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr));// in km\n", +"Rh=4.12*(sqrt(ht));/// radio horizon in km\n", +"printf('The radio horizon = %f km', Rh);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.13: What_is_the_critical_frequency_for_the_reflection_at_vertical_incidence.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.13\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Nm=2.58*10^6/10^6;// electron density in m^-3\n", +"fc=9*sqrt(Nm);// critical frequency in MHz\n", +"printf('The critical frequency = %f MHz', fc);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.14: Find_the_basic_path_loss.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.14\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=4000;// frequency in MHz\n", +"d=384000;// distance in km\n", +"Lp=32.45+20*log(f)/log(10)+20*log(d)/log(10);// path loss in dB\n", +"printf('The path loss = %f dB', Lp);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.15: Find_the_field_strength_at_a_distance_of_twenty_km.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.15\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"p=150;// power in kW\n", +"d=20;// distance in km\n", +"Eo=(300*sqrt(p))/d;// field strength mV/m\n", +"printf('The field strength = %f mV/m', Eo);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.16: Determine_the_ground_range_for_which_this_frequency_is_the_MUF.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.16\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"u=0.9;// refractive index\n", +"f=10*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"h=400;// height in km\n", +"Nmax=((1-0.81)*f^2)/81;\n", +"fmuf=10*10^6;// in Hz\n", +"fc=9*sqrt(Nmax);// frequency in Hz\n", +"R=6370;// in km\n", +"d=1651.76;\n", +"D=2*(h+(d^2/(8*R)))*(sqrt((fmuf/fc)^2-1));// skip distance in km\n", +"printf('The skip distance = %f km', D);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.17: Determine_the_transmitter_power_required.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.17\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=1690*1000;// frequency in Hz\n", +"d=16*1000;// distance in m\n", +"E=15;// dielectric constant\n", +"k=5*10^-5;// conductivity in ohms/cm\n", +"Eg=0.5*10^-3;// V/m\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of ligth in m/s\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"// tan(b)=(E+1)/x=(E+1)/(1.8*10^12*k/f=f*(E+1))/(1.8*10^12*k)\n", +"// then b=atan(f*(E+1))/(1.8*10^12*k))\n", +"x=1.8*10^12*k/f;\n", +"b=(atan((f*(E+1))/(k*1.8*10^12)))*(180/3.14);// in degree\n", +"p=((%pi*d)/(x*y))*cos(b*%pi/180);\n", +"p1=5.1;// approx. value of p \n", +"A=(2+0.3*p1)/(2+p1+0.6*p1^2);\n", +"A1=0.15\n", +"ps=(Eg*d)/(300*A1);\n", +"P=ps^2;// transmitter power in KW\n", +"P1=P*1000;// transmitter power in watts\n", +"printf('The transmitter power = %f watts', P1);\n", +"printf('\n since antenna efficiency is 50 percent, the transmitter must deliver 31.6049*2=63.2098 watts to the antenna.');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.18: Determine_the_strength_of_its_ground_wave.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.18\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=900*1000;// frequency in Hz\n", +"c=10^-4;// conductivity in mhos/cm\n", +"p=10;// power in kw\n", +"d=100*1000;// distance in m\n", +"d1=100;// distance in km\n", +"Er=20;// relative dielectric constant\n", +"y=3*10^8/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"w=2*%pi*f;\n", +"Eo=(10^-9)/(36*%pi);\n", +"x=c/(w*Eo);\n", +"b=(atan((Er+1)/x))*180/3.14;// in degree\n", +"P=(%pi*d*cos(b*%pi/180))/(x*y);\n", +"A1=(2+0.3*P)/(2+P+0.6*P^2);\n", +"// tower efficiency is 80% so effective power is 10/.80=12.5kW=Pef\n", +"Pef=12.5;// effective power in kW\n", +"Eg=(1.1*300*A1*sqrt(Pef))/d1;// strength of ground wave in mV/meter\n", +"printf('The strength of ground wave= %f mV/meter', Eg);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.19: Calculate_the_transmission_path_distance_for_an_ionospheric_transmission.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.19\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"h=200;// height in km\n", +"B=20;// angle of elevation in degree\n", +"B1=B*3.14/180;// angle of elevation in radians\n", +"R=6370;// radius of earth in km\n", +"D=2*h/tan(B1);// in km\n", +"D1=2*R*((3.14/2)-(B1)-asin((R*cos(B1))/(R+h)));// transmission-path distance in km\n", +"printf('The transmission-path distance= %f km', D1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.1: EX5_1.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.1\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"ht=100;// transmitter height in m\n", +"hr=9;// receiver height in m\n", +"D=3550*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr));// distance to horizon in m\n", +"f=60;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"p=10*1000;// power in watt\n", +"d=10*1000;// distance in m\n", +"h=5;\n", +"Et=(88*sqrt(p)*hr*ht)/(h*d^2);// the field strength in V/m\n", +"et=10^-3;// field strength in V/m\n", +"d2=(88*sqrt(p)*hr*ht)/(h*et);\n", +"d1=sqrt(d2);// distance at which the field strength reuces to 1 mV/meter\n", +"printf('The field strength = %f mV/m', Et*1000);\n", +"printf('\n The distance at which the field strength reuces to 1 mV/meter = %f*10^3 meter', d1/1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.20: Find_the_effective_area.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.20\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"d=10*1000;// distance in m\n", +"wt=500;// transmeter power in Watt\n", +"wr=2*10^-6;// receiver power in Watt\n", +"Gt=10;// antenna gain\n", +"Ae=(wr*4*%pi*d^2)/(wt*Gt);// effective area in m^2\n", +"printf('The effective area = %f m^2', Ae);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.21: Calculate_the_open_circuit_voltage.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.21\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=150;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// in m\n", +"wt=10;// transmeter power in Watt\n", +"Gt=1.641;// antenna gain\n", +"d=50*10^3;// in m\n", +"E=sqrt(30*wt*Gt)/d;// electric field strength in V/m\n", +"Voc=E*y/%pi;// open circuit voltage in mV\n", +"printf('The open circuit voltage = %f mV', Voc*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.22: Calculate_the_field_strength_at_a_receiving_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.22\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=150;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"ht=20;// transmeter height in km\n", +"hr=2;// receiver height in km\n", +"d=40*10^3;// distance in m\n", +"p=100;// power in watt\n", +"Er=(88*sqrt(p)*ht*hr)/(y*d^2);// field strength in uV/m\n", +"printf('The field strength = %d uV/m', Er*10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.23: Calculate_the_the_attenuation.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.23\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Gt=20;// transmeter gain in dB\n", +"Gr=20;// receiver gain in dB\n", +"d=40;// distance in km\n", +"f=600;// frequency in MHz\n", +"Ls=32.45+20*log(f)/log(10)+20*log(d)/log(10);// loss in dB\n", +"at=Gt+Gr-Ls;// attenuation in dB\n", +"printf('The attenuation = %f dB', at);\n", +"printf('\n Negative sign shown attenuation');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.24: EX5_24.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.24\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"R=6370;// radius of earth in km\n", +"hm=400;// height of the ionospheric layer in km\n", +"d=2*R*(acos(R/(R+hm)));// max range in a single hop transmission in km\n", +"printf('The max range in a single hop transmission = %f km', d);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.25: Calculate_the_max_range_obtainable_in_single_hop_transmission_utilizing_E_layer.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.25\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"R=6370;// radius of earth in km\n", +"hm=140;// height of the ionospheric layer in km\n", +"d=2*R*(acos(R/(R+hm)));// max range in a single hop transmission in km\n", +"printf('The max range in a single hop transmission = %f km', d);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.26: Calculate_the_max_range_obtainable_in_single_hop_transmission_utilizing_D_layer.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.26\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"R=6370;// radius of earth in km\n", +"hm=90;// height of the ionospheric layer in km\n", +"d=2*R*(acos(R/(R+hm)));// max range in a single hop transmission in km\n", +"printf('The max range in a single hop transmission = %f km', d);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.27: Find_the_virtual_heightof_the_reflected_layer.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.27\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"T=5/1000;// period in sec\n", +"c=3*10^8;// the speed of the light in m/s\n", +"h=c*T/2;// virtual height in m\n", +"printf('The virtual height = %f km', h/1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.28: Calculate_the_max_line_of_sight_range_and_the_field_strength_and_also_distance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.28\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"ht=120;// transmeter height in m\n", +"hr=16;// receiver height in m\n", +"Los=4.12*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr));// line of sight range in km\n", +"f=50;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"d=12*10^3;// distance in m\n", +"p=15000;// power in watt\n", +"Er=(88*sqrt(p)*ht*hr)/(y*d^2);// field strength in v/m\n", +"Er1=1/1000;// field strength in V/m\n", +"d1=sqrt((88*sqrt(p)*ht*hr)/(y*Er1));// distance in km\n", +"printf('The line of sight range = %f km', Los);\n", +"printf('\n The field strength = %f mV/m', Er*1000);\n", +"printf('\n The distance = %d km', d1);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.29: Calculate_the_power_density_reating_the_moon_surface.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.29\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"wt=10*10^6;// power in Watt\n", +"Gt=65;// antenna gain in dB\n", +"Gt1=10^(Gt/10);// antenna gain\n", +"d=4000000*100;// distance in m\n", +"Pd=(wt*Gt1)/(4*%pi*d^2);// power density in uW\n", +"printf('The power density = %f uW', Pd*10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.2: Calculate_the_field_strength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.2\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"p=100;// power in kW\n", +"d=10;// distance in km\n", +"Eo=(300*sqrt(p))/d;/// the field strength in mV/m\n", +"printf('The field strength = %d mV/m', Eo);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.30: What_is_the_max_disance_along_the_surface_of_the_earth.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.30\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"ht=4000;// transmeter height in m\n", +"hr=7000;// receiver height in m\n", +"Los=4.12*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr));// line of sight range in km\n", +"printf('The line of sight range = %f km', Los);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.31: What_will_be_the_range_for_which_the_MUF_is_twenty_MHz.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.31\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"u=0.8;// refractive index\n", +"f=15*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"fmuf=20*10^6;// MUF in Hz\n", +"h=350;// height in km\n", +"Nmax=((1-u^2)*f^2)/81;\n", +"fc=9*sqrt(Nmax);// frequency in Hz\n", +"Ds=(2*h)*(sqrt((fmuf/fc)^2-1));// range in km\n", +"printf('The range = %f km', Ds);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.32: Calculate_the_power_received_by_an_antenna.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.32\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"wt=35;// transmeter power in Watt\n", +"wt1=10*log(wt)/log(10);// transmeter power in dB\n", +"Gt=40;// transmeter gain in dB\n", +"Gr=40;// receiver gain in dB\n", +"d=150;// distance in km\n", +"y=6/100;// wavelength in m\n", +"f=300/y;// frequency in MHz\n", +"Ls=32.45+20*log(f)/log(10)+20*log(d)/log(10);// loss in dB\n", +"wr=wt1+Gt+Gr-Ls;// receive power in dB\n", +"WR=10^(wr/10);// receive power in watt\n", +"printf('The receive power = %f dB', wr);\n", +"printf('\n The receive power = %f uW', WR*10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.33: What_is_the_max_power_received_by_the_receiver.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.33\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"wt=2*10^3;// transmeter power in Watt\n", +"Gt=1.64;// directivity of transmeter\n", +"Gr=1.64;// directivity of receiver\n", +"d=200*10^3;// distance in m\n", +"f=150;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"wr=(wt*Gt*Gr)*(y/(4*%pi*d))^2;// max received power in Watt\n", +"printf('The max received power = %f*10^-9 Watts', wr*10^9);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.34: Calculate_the_MUF_for_the_given_path.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.34\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"D=400;// depth in km\n", +"h=300;// height in km \n", +"f=5;// critical frequency in MHz\n", +"fmuf=f*sqrt(1+(D/(2*h))^2);// MUF in MHz\n", +"printf('The MUF in MHz = %d MHz', fmuf);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.35: EX5_35.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.35\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"u=0.6;// refractive index\n", +"N=4.23*10^4;// electron/m^3\n", +"f=sqrt(81*N/(1-u^2));// frequency in Hz\n", +"printf('The frequency = %f Hz', f);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.36: Determine_the_ground_range_for_which_this_frequency_is_MUF.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.36\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"h=300;// height in km\n", +"fmuh=15*10^6;// in Hz\n", +"// we know that u=sqrt(1-81N/f^2)\n", +"u=0.8;// refractive index\n", +"//then 0.8^2=1-81N/f^2');\n", +"// fc=9*sqrt(Nmax)\n", +"// 0.36=fc^2/fmuh^2\n", +"fc=sqrt(0.36*fmuh^2);// in Hz\n", +"fc1=fc/10^6;// cut off frequancy in MHz\n", +"printf('The cut off frequancy, fc= %d MHz', fc1);\n", +"// skip distance D=2*(h+D^2/8R^2)*sqrt((fmuh/fc)^2-1)\n", +"// D=2*(300+D^2/8*6370)*sqrt((15/9)^2-1)\n", +"// D^2-19.11*10^3D+15.29*10^16=0\n", +"// after solve this equation, we get D=18.27*10^6 meter\n", +"D=18.27*10^3;// skip distance in meter\n", +"printf('\n The skip distance = %f*10^3 meter', D/10^3);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.37: At_what_frequency_a_wave_must_propogate_for_the_D_regions.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.37\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"u=0.6;// refractive index\n", +"N=500;// electron/cc\n", +"f=sqrt(81*N/(1-u^2));// frequency in KHz\n", +"printf('The frequency = %f KHz', f);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.38: Find_the_received_power.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.38\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"u=0.5;// refractive index\n", +"N=500;// electron/cc\n", +"f=sqrt(81*N/(1-u^2));// frequency in KHz\n", +"printf('The frequency = %f Hz', f);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.39: Explain_the_Directivity_polarization_and_virtual_height.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.39\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"printf('Directivity: The max directive gain is called directivity of an antenna.');\n", +"printf('\n Directivity= max radiation intensity of test antenna/average radiation intensity of test antenna ');\n", +"printf('\n Polarization: Polarization of an antenna means the direction of electric field of the electromagnetic wave being radiated by the transmitting syatem.');\n", +"printf('\n Virtual Height: Virtual height of an ionospheric layer may be defined as the height to which short pulse of energy sent vertically upward and travelling with speed of light would reach taking the same ways travel time as does the actual pulse reflected from the layer.');\n", +"printf('\n Practically the virtual height is alway greater than actual height');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.3: What_will_be_the_range_for_which_the_MUF_is_ten_MHz.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.3\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"u=0.9;// refractive index\n", +"f=10*10^6;// frequency in Hz\n", +"h=400;// height in km\n", +"Nmax=((1-0.81)*f^2)/81;\n", +"fc=9*sqrt(Nmax);// frequency in Hz\n", +"Ds=(2*h)*(sqrt((f/fc)^2-1));// range in km\n", +"printf('The range = %f km', Ds);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.40: Calculate_the_LOS_range_and_field_strength.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.40\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"ht=120;// height of transmitting antenna in m\n", +"hr=16;// height of receiving antenna in m\n", +"d=4.12*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr));// line of sight range in km\n", +"p=15*1000;// power in watts\n", +"f=50;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelenght in m\n", +"r=12*1000;// distance in m\n", +"E=(88*sqrt(p)*ht*hr)/(y*r^2);// field strength at a receiving antenna\n", +"printf('The line of sight range = %f km', d);\n", +"printf('\n The field strength at a receiving antenna = %f mV', E*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.41: Find_the_field_strenght.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.41\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=500/1000;// frequency in MHz\n", +"A=1;// area in m^2\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"Vrms=2/1000;// potential difference in Volt\n", +"N=10;// no. of turns\n", +"Erms=(Vrms*y)/(2*%pi*A*N);// field strength in v/m\n", +"printf('The field strength = %f mV/m', Erms*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.42: What_is_standing_wave_ratio_and_explain_how_it_is_measured_experimentally.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.42\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"printf('SWR may be defined as ratio of max to min current on voltage on a line having standing waves. ');\n", +"printf('\n VSWR=Vmax/Vmin');\n", +"printf('\n S=Vmax/Vmin=Imax/Imin');\n", +"printf('\n The SWR is a measure of mismatch between load of transmission line and is first and foremost quantity calculated for a particular load. Its value is always greater than unity when termination is not correct. But when termination is correct, its value is equal to unity, if termination is perfectly matched.');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.43: Calculate_the_value_of_the_frequency.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.43\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"u=0.5;// refractive index\n", +"N=3.25*10^4;// electron/m^3\n", +"f=sqrt(81*N/(1-u^2));// frequency in Hz\n", +"printf('The frequency = %f KHz', f/1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.44: EX5_44.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.44\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"printf('Effect of Earth Magnetic Field on Refractive Index of the Ionosphere: The theory which deals with the propagation of Radio wave through Ionosphere in presence of earth magnetic field is known as Magneto-Ionic-theory. ');\n", +"printf('\n The phenomenon of propagation of radio waves through Ionosphere in the presence of earth magnetic field is changed.');\n", +"printf('\n because is the presence of earth magnetic field, the formula of refractive Index u is changed,');\n", +"printf('\n u=sqrt(1-81N/f^2)');\n", +"printf('\n i.e.,');\n", +"printf('\n u^2=sqrt(1-(2/(2a-(yt^2/a-1)+sqrt(yt^2/(a-1)^2+4yL^2))))');\n", +"printf('\n where');\n", +"printf('\n a=(EoMw^2)/(Ne^2)=d^2/dc^2');\n", +"printf('\n yt=aBt.e/wm');\n", +"printf('\n yL=aBL.e/wm and y=sqrt(yt^2+yL^2)');\n", +"printf('\n BL=component of earth magnetic field intensity B along the direction of propagation.');\n", +"printf('\n Bt=component of earth magnetic field intensity traverse to the direction of propagation.');\n", +"printf('\n B=uo.H');\n", +"printf('\n M=mass of electron=9.1*10^-31 kg');\n", +"printf('\n e=charge of electron=1.6*10^-19c');\n", +"printf('\n w=2*3.14*d=angular frequency');\n", +"printf('\n N=electron density');\n", +"printf('\n Eo=dielectric constant=8.854*10^-12 F/M');\n", +"printf('\n u=refractive index of Ionosphere.');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.45: EX5_45.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.45\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"u=0.5;// refractive index\n", +"N=400;// electron/cc\n", +"f=sqrt(81*N/(1-u^2));// frequency in Hz\n", +"N1=1.24*10^6;// in per cm^3\n", +"fc=9*sqrt(N1);// critical frequency in Hz\n", +"printf('The frequency = %f KHz', f/1000);\n", +"printf('\n The critical frequency = %d KHz', fc/1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.46: Find_the_skip_distance.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.46\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"h=300;// height in km\n", +"fmuh=15*10^6;// in Hz\n", +"// we know that u=sqrt(1-81N/f^2)\n", +"u=0.8;// refractive index\n", +"//then 0.8^2=1-81N/f^2');\n", +"// fc=9*sqrt(Nmax)\n", +"// 0.36=fc^2/fmuh^2\n", +"fc=sqrt(0.36*fmuh^2);// in Hz\n", +"fc1=fc/10^6;// cut off frequancy in MHz\n", +"printf('The cut off frequancy, fc= %d MHz', fc1);\n", +"// skip distance D=2*(h+D^2/8R^2)*sqrt((fmuh/fc)^2-1)\n", +"// D=2*(300+D^2/8*6370)*sqrt((15/9)^2-1)\n", +"// D^2-19.11*10^3D+15.29*10^16=0\n", +"// after solve this equation, we get D=18.27*10^6 meter\n", +"D=18.27*10^6;// skip distance in meter\n", +"printf('\n The skip distance = %f*10^6 meter', D/10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.47: What_is_the_max_power_thet_can_be_received.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.47\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Gt=25;// transmitter gain in dB\n", +"gt=10^(Gt/10);// transmitter gain\n", +"Gr=30;// receiver gain in dB\n", +"gr=10^(Gr/10);// receiver gain\n", +"f=1.5*1000;// frequency in MHz\n", +"R=1.5*1000;// distance in m\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"pt=200;// transmitted power in watt\n", +"pr=(pt*gt*gr)*(y/(4*%pi*R))^2;// received power in watt\n", +"printf('The received power = %f mW', pr*1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.48: Find_the_max_range_of_the_radar_and_also_the_max_range_when_frequency_is_doubled.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.48\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"A=12.5;// cross section area of the target in m^2\n", +"pr=10^-13;// max received power in Watt\n", +"Gr=2000;// receiver gain\n", +"Gt=2000;// transmitter gain\n", +"y=16/100;// wavelength in m\n", +"pt=250*10^3;// transmitted power in Watts\n", +"Rmax=((pt*Gt^2*y^2*A)/((4*%pi)^3*pr))^(1/4);// max range in m\n", +"Rmax2=sqrt(2)*Rmax;// max range in m\n", +"printf('The max range Rmax1 = %f km', Rmax/1000);\n", +"printf('\n The max range Rmax2 = %f km', Rmax2/1000);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.49: Find_the_max_allowable_distance_between_the_two_antennas.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.49\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=30;// frequency in MHz\n", +"y=300/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"l=y/2;// in m\n", +"I=10;// current in amp\n", +"Gt=1.5;// gain\n", +"Gr=1.5;// gain\n", +"Pr=10^-3;// receiver power in Watts\n", +"Ptmax=(80*%pi^2*I^2*l^2)/y^2;// max transmitter power in watts\n", +"Ptav=Ptmax/2;// average power in Watts\n", +"d=(Ptav*Gt*Gr*y^2)/(16*%pi*%pi*Pr);// max allowable distance in m\n", +"printf('The max allowable distance = %f km', d/1000);\n", +"printf('\n The answer is wronge in the textbook');" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.4: Calculate_the_max_electron_concentrations_of_the_layers.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.4\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"fc1=2.5*10^6;// critical frequency in Hz of E layer\n", +"fc2=8.4*10^6;// critical frequency in Hz of F layer\n", +"Nmax1=fc1^2/81;// maximum electron concentration of E layer \n", +"Nmax2=fc2^2/81;// maximum electron concentration of F layer \n", +"printf('The maximum electron concentration of E layer = %f*10^11 per cubic meter', Nmax1/10^11);\n", +"printf('\n The maximum electron concentration of F layer = %f*10^11 per cubic meter', Nmax2/10^11);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.50: What_is_the_voltage_available_at_the_terminals.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.50\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=2*10^9;// frequency in Hz\n", +"c=3*10^8;// speed of light in m/s\n", +"R1=50;// lengt in km\n", +"R=50*1000;// lengt in meter\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"GT=20;// gain in db\n", +"GR=20;// gain in db\n", +"Gt=10^(GT/10);// gain\n", +"Gr=10^(GR/10);// gain\n", +"pt=1;// power in watt\n", +"pr=(pt*Gt*Gr)*(y/(4*%pi*R))^2;// the received power in watt\n", +"V=sqrt(pr*R1);// voltage available at the terminals in micro volt\n", +"printf('voltage available at the terminals in micro volt = %f uV', V*10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.51: What_transmitter_power_is_required_for_a_received_signal.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.51\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=4*10^9;// frequency in Hz\n", +"c=3*10^8;// speed of light in m/s\n", +"y=c/f;// wavelength in m\n", +"D=1.22;// in meter\n", +"A=(%pi*D*D)/4;// area in m^2\n", +"d=96*1000;// in m\n", +"Pr=(10^-3)*(10^(-90/10));// received power in watt\n", +"//the received power is given by\n", +"//Pr=Pt*Gt*Gr*(y/4*%pi*d)\n", +"//antennas are symmetrical, Gt=Gr=G\n", +"//Pr/Pt=G^2*(y/4*%pi*d)^2\n", +"// =A^2/(y*d)^2\n", +"// then\n", +"//Pt=Pr*(y*d/A)^2\n", +"Pt=Pr*(y*d/A)^2;// the transmitted power in watts\n", +"printf('the transmitted power = %f micro watt', Pt*10^6);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.5: What_is_the_critical_frequency_for_the_reflection_at_vertical_incidence.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.5\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"Nm=1.24*10^6/10^6;// electron density in per m^3\n", +"fc=9*sqrt(Nm);// critical frequency in MHz\n", +"printf('The critical frequency = %f MHz', fc);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.6: What_is_the_max_distance_and_what_is_the_radio_horizon_in_this_case.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.6\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"ht=169;// transmeter height in m\n", +"hr=16;// receiver height in m\n", +"d=4.12*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr));// in km\n", +"Rh=4.12*(sqrt(ht));/// radio horizon in km\n", +"printf('The radio horizon = %f km', Rh);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.7: Find_the_basic_path_loss.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.7\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"f=3000;// frequency in MHz\n", +"d=384000;// distance in km\n", +"Lp=32.45+20*log(f)/log(10)+20*log(d)/log(10);// path loss in dB\n", +"printf('The path loss = %f dB', Lp);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.8: Find_the_max_range_of_a_tropospheric_transmission.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.8\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"ht=100;// transmeter height in m\n", +"hr=50;// receiver height in m\n", +"d=1.4142*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr));// max range in miles\n", +"printf('The max range = %f miles', d);" + ] + } +, +{ + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.9: Find_the_range_of_LOS_system.sce" + ] + }, + { +"cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], +"source": [ +"//Ex:5.9\n", +"clc;\n", +"clear;\n", +"close;\n", +"ht=100;// transmeter height in m\n", +"hr=10;// receiver height in m\n", +"d=4.12*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr));// line of sight range in km\n", +"printf('The line of sight range = %f km', d);" + ] + } +], +"metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Scilab", + "language": "scilab", + "name": "scilab" + }, + "language_info": { + "file_extension": ".sce", + "help_links": [ + { + "text": "MetaKernel Magics", + "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md" + } + ], + "mimetype": "text/x-octave", + "name": "scilab", + "version": "0.7.1" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} |