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+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 1: Background to Numerical Methods"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.10: Conversion_to_Binary_System_and_to_Base_N.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.10\n",
+"//Conversion to Binary System and to Base N\n",
+"//Page no. 9\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"\n",
+"b=dec2bin(oct2dec('1753'))\n",
+"disp(b,'Binary form of 1753 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"b=dec2hex(oct2dec('1753'))\n",
+"disp(b,'Hexadecimal form of 1753 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"//conversion from octal to binary\n",
+"b=dec2bin(hex2dec('A478'))\n",
+"disp(b,'Binary form of A478 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"b=dec2oct(hex2dec('A478'))\n",
+"disp(b,'Octal form of A478 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"//conversion from octal to binary\n",
+"s=dec2bin(oct2dec('3'));\n",
+"s1=dec2bin(oct2dec('154'));    //inbuilt function\n",
+"printf('\n Octal form of 3.154 is = \n\n %s.00%s',s,s1)\n",
+"s=dec2hex(oct2dec('3'));\n",
+"s1=dec2hex(oct2dec('154'));    //inbuilt function\n",
+"printf('\n\n Hexadecimal form of 3.154 is = \n\n %s.%s',s,s1)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.13: 1s_compliment_and_2s_compliment.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.13\n",
+"//1s compliment and 2s compliment\n",
+"//Page no. 11\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"\n",
+"function [x1]=com1(x)      //function for 1s compliment\n",
+"    for i=8:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=x-fix(x)\n",
+"        if(floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1)\n",
+"            x1(1,i)=0;\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            x1(1,i)=1;\n",
+"        end\n",
+"        x=x-xd;\n",
+"    end\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"function [x1]=com2(x)         //function for 2s compliment()\n",
+"    for i=8:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=x-fix(x)\n",
+"        if(int((xd*10)+0.1)==1)\n",
+"            x1(1,i)=0;\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            x1(1,i)=1;\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    for i=8:-1:1\n",
+"        if (x1(1,i)==0) then\n",
+"           x1(1,i)=1;\n",
+"           break;\n",
+"        else\n",
+"           x1(1,i)=0;\n",
+"        end\n",
+"        \n",
+"    end\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"a=[00010011,01110110,11101101,10000001,10000000,00000000];\n",
+"for i=1:6\n",
+"    printf('1s Compliment of %.8i=',a(i));\n",
+"    disp(com1(a(i)))\n",
+"    printf('2s Compliment of %.8i=',a(i));\n",
+"    disp(com2(a(i)))\n",
+"    printf('\n\n')\n",
+"end"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.14: 1s_compliment.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.14\n",
+"//1s compliment\n",
+"//Page no. 12\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"\n",
+"function [x1]=com1(x)      //function for 1s compliment\n",
+"    for i=8:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=x-fix(x)\n",
+"        if(floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1)\n",
+"            x1(1,i)=0;\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            x1(1,i)=1;\n",
+"        end\n",
+"        x=x-xd;\n",
+"    end\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"a=[00010011,01110110,11101101,10000001,10000000,00000000];\n",
+"for i=1:6\n",
+"    printf('1s Compliment of %.8i=',a(i));\n",
+"    disp(com1(a(i)))\n",
+"    printf('\n\n')\n",
+"end"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.15: Addition_and_Subtraction.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.15\n",
+"//Addition and Subtraction\n",
+"//Page no. 13\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"function [x1]=add(x,y)                  //function for addition of binaries\n",
+"    c=0;\n",
+"    for i=1:10\n",
+"        x1(1,i)=0\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    for i=10:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=x-fix(x)\n",
+"        x=x-xd;\n",
+"        y=y/10;\n",
+"        yd=y-fix(y)\n",
+"        y=y-yd;\n",
+"        if c==1 then\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    disp(x1,'Addition of 173 and 141= ')\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"function [x1]=sub(x,y)           //function for subtraction of binaries\n",
+"        c=0;\n",
+"        for i=1:10\n",
+"            x1(1,i)=0\n",
+"        end\n",
+"        for i=10:-1:1\n",
+"            x=x/10;\n",
+"            xd=x-fix(x)\n",
+"            x=x-xd;\n",
+"            y=y/10;\n",
+"            yd=y-fix(y)\n",
+"            y=y-yd;\n",
+"            if c==1 then\n",
+"                if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"                elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"                elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"                elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"                end\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"                elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"                elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"                elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"                end\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    disp(x1,'Subtraction of 45 from 228= ')\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"add(10101101,10001101)\n",
+"sub(11100100,00101101)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.16: Additio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.16\n",
+"//Addition\n",
+"//Page no. 14\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"\n",
+"function [x1]=add(x,y)                  //function for addition of binaries\n",
+"    c=0;\n",
+"    printf('Addition of %.4i and %.4i= ',x,y)\n",
+"    for i=1:4\n",
+"        x1(1,i)=0\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    for i=4:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=x-fix(x)\n",
+"        x=x-xd;\n",
+"        y=y/10;\n",
+"        yd=y-fix(y)\n",
+"        y=y-yd;\n",
+"        if c==1 then\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    \n",
+"    disp(x1)\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"add(0010,0101);\n",
+"add(1110,1011);\n",
+"add(1110,0101);\n",
+"add(0010,1011);\n",
+"add(1110,0010);\n",
+"add(0000,0000);"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.17: Additio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.17\n",
+"//Addition\n",
+"//Page no. 14\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"\n",
+"function [x1]=add(x,y)                  //function for addition of binaries\n",
+"    c=0;\n",
+"    printf('Addition of %.4i and %.4i= ',x,y)\n",
+"    for i=1:5\n",
+"        x1(1,i)=0\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    for i=5:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=x-fix(x)\n",
+"        x=x-xd;\n",
+"        y=y/10;\n",
+"        yd=y-fix(y)\n",
+"        y=y-yd;\n",
+"        if c==1 then\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    \n",
+"    disp(x1)\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"\n",
+"add(0010,0101);\n",
+"add(1101,1010);\n",
+"add(1101,0101);\n",
+"add(0010,1010);\n",
+"add(1101,0010);\n",
+"add(1111,0000);"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.18: Additio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.18\n",
+"//Addition\n",
+"//Page no. 15\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"\n",
+"function [x1]=add(x,y)                  //function for addition of binaries\n",
+"    c=0;\n",
+"    printf('Addition of %.4i and %.4i= ',x,y)\n",
+"    for i=1:5\n",
+"        x1(1,i)=0\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    for i=5:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=x-fix(x)\n",
+"        x=x-xd;\n",
+"        y=y/10;\n",
+"        yd=y-fix(y)\n",
+"        y=y-yd;\n",
+"        if c==1 then\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    \n",
+"    disp(x1)\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"\n",
+"add(0100,0101);\n",
+"add(1100,1011);\n",
+"add(1000,1000);"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.19: Additio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.19\n",
+"//Addition\n",
+"//Page no. 15\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"\n",
+"function [x1]=add(x,y)                  //function for addition of binaries\n",
+"    c=0;\n",
+"    printf('Addition of %.4i and %.4i= ',x,y)\n",
+"    for i=1:5\n",
+"        x1(1,i)=0\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    for i=5:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=x-fix(x)\n",
+"        x=x-xd;\n",
+"        y=y/10;\n",
+"        yd=y-fix(y)\n",
+"        y=y-yd;\n",
+"        if c==1 then\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    \n",
+"    disp(x1)\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"\n",
+"add(0010,0101);\n",
+"add(11110,11011);\n",
+"add(1000,0101);\n",
+"add(00010,11011);\n",
+"add(11110,00010);\n",
+"add(11111,0000);"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.1: Conversion_to_Decimal_System.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.1\n",
+"//Conversion to Decimal System\n",
+"//Page no. 4\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"function [s]=bas2dec(x,b)\n",
+"    xi=int(x)\n",
+"    xd=x-int(x)\n",
+"    s=0\n",
+"    for i=1:10\n",
+"        xi=xi/10\n",
+"        s=s+(10*(xi-fix(xi))*b^(i-1))\n",
+"        xi=int(xi)\n",
+"        if(xi==0)\n",
+"            break\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    for i=1:1\n",
+"        xd=xd*10;\n",
+"        s=s+(ceil(xd)/b^(i))\n",
+"        xd=xd-fix(xd)\n",
+"        if(xd==0)\n",
+"            break\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from hexadecimal to decimal system\n",
+"disp(hex2dec('1A2C'),'1A2C=');     //inbuit function\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from hexadecimal to decimal system\n",
+"disp(bas2dec(428.5,8),'428.5=')   //inline function\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from hexadecimal to decimal system\n",
+"disp(bas2dec(120.1,3),'120.1=')     //inline function"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.20: Subtractio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.20\n",
+"//Subtraction\n",
+"//Page no. 16\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"function [x1]=add(x,y)                  //function for addition of binaries\n",
+"    c=0;\n",
+"    for i=1:5\n",
+"        x1(1,i)=0\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    for i=5:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=x-fix(x)\n",
+"        x=x-xd;\n",
+"        y=y/10;\n",
+"        yd=y-fix(y)\n",
+"        y=y-yd;\n",
+"        if c==1 then\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            if floor((xd*10)+0.1)==1 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"            elseif floor((xd*10)+0.1)==0 & floor((yd*10)+0.1)==0\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    disp(x1,'Addition of 173 and 141= ')\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"\n",
+"add(0100,1011);\n",
+"add(1100,0101);\n",
+"add(1000,1000);"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.23: Multiplicatio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.23\n",
+"//Multiplication\n",
+"//Page no. 18\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"\n",
+"function [x1]=mul(x,y)\n",
+"    for i=1:8\n",
+"        x1(1,i)=0\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    printf('Multiplication of %.4i and %.4i = ',x,y)\n",
+"    x=x*y;\n",
+"    c=0;\n",
+"    for i=8:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=floor((x-fix(x))*10+0.1)\n",
+"        if c==1 then\n",
+"            if xd==0 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0\n",
+"            elseif xd==1\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;\n",
+"                c=1;\n",
+"            elseif xd==2\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            if xd==0 | xd==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=xd;c=0\n",
+"            elseif xd==2\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;\n",
+"                i=i-1;c=1;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    disp(x1)\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"mul(1110,1011);"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.24: Multiplicatio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.24\n",
+"//Multiplication\n",
+"//Page no. 18\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"\n",
+"function [x1]=mul(x,y)\n",
+"    for i=1:8\n",
+"        x1(1,i)=0\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    printf('Multiplication of %.4i and %.4i = ',x,y)\n",
+"    x=x*y;\n",
+"    c=0;\n",
+"    for i=8:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=floor((x-fix(x))*10+0.1)\n",
+"        if c==1 then\n",
+"            if xd==0 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0\n",
+"            elseif xd==1\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;\n",
+"                c=1;\n",
+"            elseif xd==2\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            if xd==0 | xd==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=xd;c=0\n",
+"            elseif xd==2\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;\n",
+"                i=i-1;c=1;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    disp(x1)\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"mul(1110,1011);"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.25: Divisio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.25\n",
+"//Division\n",
+"//Page no. 19\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"function [co]=com(x,y)\n",
+"    co=1;\n",
+"    for i=1:length(x)\n",
+"        if x(i)>y(i) then\n",
+"            break\n",
+"        elseif x(i)==y(i)\n",
+"            continue\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            co=0;break\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"function [x1]=sub(x,y)           //function for subtraction of binaries\n",
+"        c=0;m=0;\n",
+"        for i=1:5\n",
+"            x1(1,i)=0\n",
+"        end\n",
+"        for i=5:-1:1\n",
+"            if c==1 then\n",
+"                if x(i)==0 & y(i)==1 then\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=0;c=1;\n",
+"                elseif x(i)==0 & y(i)==0\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"                elseif x(i)==1 & y(i)==1\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"                elseif x(i)==1 & y(i)==0\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"                end\n",
+"            else\n",
+"                if x(i)==1 & y(i)==1 then\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"                elseif x(i)==0 & y(i)==0\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=0;c=0;\n",
+"                elseif x(i)==1 & y(i)==0\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=1;c=0;\n",
+"                elseif x(i)==0 & y(i)==1\n",
+"                    x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"                end\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    disp(x1,'Remainder = ')\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"d1=11011001;d2=01011;d22=[0,0,0,0,0]\n",
+"for i=8:-1:1\n",
+"    d3=d1/10;\n",
+"    div(1,i)=int(10*(d3-int(d3)))\n",
+"    d1=d1/10\n",
+"end\n",
+"for i=5:-1:1\n",
+"    d3=d2/10;\n",
+"    d21(1,i)=int(10*(d3-int(d3))+0.5)\n",
+"    d2=d2/10\n",
+"end\n",
+"div1(1,1)=0\n",
+"for j=1:4\n",
+"    div1(1,j+1)=div(1,j)\n",
+"end\n",
+"for i1=1:5\n",
+"    printf('After Step %i : \n',i1)\n",
+"    if com(div1,d21)==1 then\n",
+"        dis(1,i1)=1\n",
+"        n=sub(div1,d21)\n",
+"    else\n",
+"        dis(1,i1)=0\n",
+"        n=sub(div1,d22)\n",
+"end\n",
+"disp(dis,'Divisor = ')\n",
+"if i1==5 then\n",
+"    break\n",
+"end\n",
+"       for j=1:5\n",
+"                if j<5 then\n",
+"                    div1(1,j)=n(j+1)\n",
+"                else\n",
+"                    div1(1,j)=div(1,i1+4)\n",
+"                end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('\n\n\n\n')\n",
+"end"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.26: Multiplicatio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.26\n",
+"//Multiplication\n",
+"//Page no. 19\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"function [x1]=mul(x,y)\n",
+"    for i=1:8\n",
+"        x1(1,i)=0\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    printf('Multiplication of %.4i and %.4i = ',x,y)\n",
+"    x=x*y;\n",
+"    c=0;\n",
+"    for i=10:-1:1\n",
+"        x=x/10;\n",
+"        xd=floor((x-fix(x))*10+0.1)\n",
+"        if c==1 then\n",
+"            if xd==0 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=0\n",
+"            elseif xd==1\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;\n",
+"                c=1;\n",
+"            elseif xd==2\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=1;c=1;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        else\n",
+"            if xd==0 | xd==1 then\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=xd;c=0\n",
+"            elseif xd==2\n",
+"                x1(1,i)=0;\n",
+"                i=i-1;c=1;\n",
+"            end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    for i=1:10\n",
+"        if x1(1,i)==1 then\n",
+"            x1(1,i-1)=1;\n",
+"            break\n",
+"        end\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    disp(x1)\n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"mul(1110,1011);"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.29: Normalized_Floating_Point_Representation.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.29\n",
+"//Normalized Floating Point Representation\n",
+"//Page no. 23\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"\n",
+"function []=fp(x)\n",
+"    x1=x;\n",
+"    if x>0 then\n",
+"        for i=1:10\n",
+"            x=x/10\n",
+"             if int(x)==0 then\n",
+"                break\n",
+"             end\n",
+"        end\n",
+"         printf('\n                                                               %i\nNormalized Floating Point Representation of %g = %.4f x 10',i,x1,x)\n",
+"     else\n",
+"         for i=1:10\n",
+"            x=x*10\n",
+"             if ceil(x)~=0 then\n",
+"                break\n",
+"             end\n",
+"         end\n",
+"         x=x/10;i=i-1;\n",
+"         printf('\n                                                                  -%i\nNormalized Floating Point Representation of %g = %.4f x 10',i,x1,x)\n",
+"    end\n",
+"    \n",
+"endfunction\n",
+"\n",
+"x=[25.12,-0.00287,87000];\n",
+"for i=1:3\n",
+"    fp(x(i))\n",
+"end"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.2: Conversion_Using_Shortcut_Method.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.2\n",
+"//Conversion Using Shortcut Method\n",
+"//Page no. 4\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"A=10;C=12;\n",
+"d=(((1)*16+A)*16+2)*16+C;\n",
+"disp(d,'Decimal form of 1A2C is =');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.30: Add.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.30\n",
+"//Add\n",
+"//Page no. 26\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"a=0.4532e7;b=0.5427e7;\n",
+"c=a+b\n",
+"printf('Addition of %.6g and %.6g = %.6g',a,b,c)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.31: Add.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.31\n",
+"//Add\n",
+"//Page no. 26\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"a=0.4532e5;b=0.5427e7;\n",
+"c=a+b\n",
+"printf('Addition of %.4g and %.6g = %.6g',a,b,c)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.32: Add.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.32\n",
+"//Add\n",
+"//Page no. 26\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"a=0.4532e3;b=0.5427e7;\n",
+"c=a+b\n",
+"printf('Addition of %.2g and %.6g = %.4g',a,b,c)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.33: Add.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.33\n",
+"//Add\n",
+"//Page no. 27\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"a=[0.4632e3,0.4632e99];b=[0.5427e3,0.5427e99];\n",
+"\n",
+"for i=1:2\n",
+"    c(i)=a(i)+b(i)\n",
+"    printf('\nAddition of %.2g and %.2g = %.5g\n',a(i),b(i),c(i))\n",
+"end"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.34: Subtractio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.34\n",
+"//Subtraction\n",
+"//Page no. 27\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"a=[0.5427e-3,0.9627e4,0.9627e-99];b=[0.9632e-4,0.9622e4,0.9622e-99];\n",
+"for i=1:3\n",
+"    c(i)=a(i)-b(i)\n",
+"    printf('\nSubtraction of %.2g from %.3g = %.6g\n',a(i),b(i),c(i))\n",
+"end"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.35: Multiplicatio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.35\n",
+"//Multiplication\n",
+"//Page no. 28\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"a=[0.9632e12,0.1132e12,0.1132e52,0.1132e-52];b=[0.5427e-15,0.1027e15,0.1027e50,0.1027e-50];\n",
+"for i=1:4\n",
+"    c(i)=a(i)*b(i)\n",
+"    printf('\nMultiplication of %.3g and %.2g = %.6g\n',a(i),b(i),c(i))\n",
+"end"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.36: Divisio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.36\n",
+"//Division\n",
+"//Page no. 28\n",
+"clc;clear;close;\n",
+"a=[0.1132e1,0.1132e-6,0.1132e6];b=[0.1000e-99,0.1000e99,0.1000e3];\n",
+"for i=1:3\n",
+"    c(i)=a(i)/b(i)\n",
+"    printf('\nDivision of %.2g by %.3g= %.3g\n',a(i),b(i),c(i))\n",
+"end"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.3: Conversion_to_Base_B_from_Decimal_System.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.3\n",
+"//Conversion to Base B from Decimal System\n",
+"//Page no. 5\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"//conversion from binary to octal\n",
+"disp(dec2oct(bin2dec('10101101110')),'Octal form of 10101101110 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from binary to hexadecimal\n",
+"disp(dec2hex(bin2dec('10101101110')),'Hexadecimal form of 10101101110 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from binary to octal\n",
+"s=dec2oct(bin2dec('1011'));\n",
+"s1=dec2oct(bin2dec('110011010100'));    //inbuilt function\n",
+"printf('\n Octal form of 1011.1100110101 is = \n\n %s.%s',s,s1)\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from binary to hexadecimal\n",
+"s=dec2hex(bin2dec('1011'));\n",
+"s1=dec2hex(bin2dec('110011010100'));    //inbuilt function\n",
+"printf('\n\n Hexadecimal form of 1011.1100110101 is = \n\n %s.%s',s,s1)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.4: Conversion_to_Binary_System.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.4\n",
+"//Conversion to Binary System\n",
+"//Page no. 6\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"//conversion from octal to binary\n",
+"disp(dec2bin(oct2dec('1753')),'Binary form of 1753 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from octal to binary\n",
+"disp(dec2bin(hex2dec('A478')),'Binary form of A478 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from octal to binary\n",
+"s=dec2bin(oct2dec('3'));\n",
+"s1=dec2bin(oct2dec('154'));    //inbuilt function\n",
+"printf('\n Octal form of 3.154 is = \n\n %s.00%s',s,s1)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.5: Conversion_to_Binary_System.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.5\n",
+"//Conversion to Binary System\n",
+"//Page no. 6\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"//conversion from octal to binary\n",
+"b=dec2bin(oct2dec('1753'))\n",
+"disp(b,'Binary form of 1753 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"b=dec2hex(oct2dec('1753'))\n",
+"disp(b,'Hexadecimal form of 1753 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"//conversion from octal to binary\n",
+"b=dec2bin(hex2dec('A478'))\n",
+"disp(b,'Binary form of A478 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"b=dec2oct(hex2dec('A478'))\n",
+"disp(b,'Octal form of A478 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"//conversion from octal to binary\n",
+"s=dec2bin(oct2dec('3'));\n",
+"s1=dec2bin(oct2dec('154'));    //inbuilt function\n",
+"printf('\n Octal form of 3.154 is = \n\n %s.00%s',s,s1)\n",
+"s=dec2hex(oct2dec('3'));\n",
+"s1=dec2hex(oct2dec('154'));    //inbuilt function\n",
+"printf('\n\n Hexadecimal form of 3.154 is = \n\n %s.%s',s,s1)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.6: Conversion_to_Decimal_Number.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.6\n",
+"//Conversion to Decimal Number\n",
+"//Page no. 7\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"\n",
+"disp(dec2bin(182),'Binary of 182=')   //inbuilt function"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.7: Conversion_to_Decimal_Number.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.7\n",
+"//Conversion to Decimal Number\n",
+"//Page no. 7\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"\n",
+"disp(dec2oct(467),'Octal of 467=')           //inbuilt function"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.8: Conversion_to_Base_B_from_Binary_System.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.8\n",
+"//Conversion to Base B from Binary System\n",
+"//Page no. 8\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"//conversion from binary to octal\n",
+"disp(dec2oct(bin2dec('10101101110')),'Octal form of 10101101110 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from binary to hexadecimal\n",
+"disp(dec2hex(bin2dec('10101101110')),'Hexadecimal form of 10101101110 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from binary to octal\n",
+"s=dec2oct(bin2dec('1011'));\n",
+"s1=dec2oct(bin2dec('110011010100'));    //inbuilt function\n",
+"printf('\n Octal form of 1011.1100110101 is = \n\n %s.%s',s,s1)\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from binary to hexadecimal\n",
+"s=dec2hex(bin2dec('1011'));\n",
+"s1=dec2hex(bin2dec('110011010100'));    //inbuilt function\n",
+"printf('\n\n Hexadecimal form of 1011.1100110101 is = \n\n %s.%s',s,s1)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.9: Conversion_to_Binary_System.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Example 1.9\n",
+"//Conversion to Binary System\n",
+"//Page no. 8\n",
+"clc;close;clear;\n",
+"//conversion from octal to binary\n",
+"disp(dec2bin(oct2dec('1753')),'Binary form of 1753 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from octal to binary\n",
+"disp(dec2bin(hex2dec('A478')),'Binary form of A478 is =');    //inbuilt function\n",
+"\n",
+"//conversion from octal to binary\n",
+"s=dec2bin(oct2dec('3'));\n",
+"s1=dec2bin(oct2dec('154'));    //inbuilt function\n",
+"printf('\n Octal form of 3.154 is = \n\n %s.00%s',s,s1)"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}