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+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 8: thermodynamics"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.10: chapter_8_example_10.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"T1=20+273//k\n",
+"T2=273//k\n",
+"m=2//kg\n",
+"L=80000//cal/kg\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"Q2=m*L/3600\n",
+"w=(T1-T2)*Q2*4.2/(T2)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n minimum power output of the motor= % 1f H.P',w/746)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.11: chapter_8_example_11.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"T1=20+273//k\n",
+"T2=273//k\n",
+"m=2//kg\n",
+"L=80000//cal/kg\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"Q2=m*L/3600\n",
+"w=(T1-T2)*Q2*4.2/(T2)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n minimum power output of the motor= % 1f H.P',w/746)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.12: chapter_8_example_12.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"p=10^5//N/m^2\n",
+"l=1//m\n",
+"a=0.2//m^2\n",
+"n=5\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"power=2*p*l*a*n/746\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n horse power of engine= % 1f H P',power)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.13: chapter_8_example_13.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"dp=1//atm\n",
+"L=80000//cal\n",
+"T=273//k\n",
+"r=11/10\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"dv=(1-r)/1000\n",
+"dt=T*dv*(13600*9.81*0.76)/(L*4.2)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n depression in melting point of ice= % 1f c',-dt)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.14: chapter_8_example_14.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"dt=0.5//c\n",
+"L=80000*4.2//J/kg\n",
+"T=273//k\n",
+"dv=0.000091//m^3\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"dp=(L*dt)/(T*dv*100000)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n pressure= % 1f atm',dp)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.15: chapter_8_example_15.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"dp=1.01*10^5//Nm^-2\n",
+"L=4563000*4.2//J\n",
+"dv=18.7*10^-3//m^3\n",
+"T=353//k\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"dT=(dp*T*dv)/L\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n change in melting point= % 1f c',dT)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.16: chapter_8_example_16.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"T=373//k\n",
+"L=537000*4.2//J\n",
+"dp=0.0212*13600*9.81\n",
+"dv=1.673//m^3\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"dT=dp*T*dv/L\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n change in temperature of boiling water= % 1f c',dT)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.17: chapter_8_example_17.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variabes\n",
+"dp=(100-1)*1.01*10^5\n",
+"L=24500//J\n",
+"T=600//k\n",
+"d2=11010\n",
+"d1=10650\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"dv=(1/d2)-(1/d1)\n",
+"dT=dp*T*dv/L\n",
+"mp=T+(-dT)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n new melting point= % 1f c',mp)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.18: chapter_8_example_18.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"p=1.5//kg/cm2\n",
+"T=373//k\n",
+"v=1600//cc\n",
+"L=2240000//J/kg\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"dp=((p*1000*980)-(1.01*10^6))/10\n",
+"dv=(v-1)/1000\n",
+"dT=dp*T*dv/L\n",
+"T1=dT+T-273\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n new temperature of cooker= % 1f c',T1)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.19: chapter_8_example_19.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"c1=1000\n",
+"T=373//k\n",
+"L=539300//cal\n",
+"r=604// cal/kg/deg\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"c2=c1-(r)-(L/T)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n specific heat of saturated steam= % 1f cal/kg',c2)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.1: chapter_8_example_1.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"Q=50//cal\n",
+"W=20//cal\n",
+"Qi=36//cal\n",
+"Wi=-13//cal\n",
+"ui=10//cal\n",
+"ub=22//cal\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"du=Q-W\n",
+"Wibf=Qi-du\n",
+"Qfi=du+Wi\n",
+"Uf=du+ui\n",
+"Qbf=Uf-ub\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n Wibf= % 1f cal',Wibf)\n",
+"printf(' \n Qfi= % 1f cal',Qfi)\n",
+"printf(' \n Uf= % 1f cal',Uf)\n",
+"printf(' \n Qbf= % 1f cal',Qbf)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.20: chapter_8_example_20.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"m=0.1//kg\n",
+"v=1.01*10^-4//m^3\n",
+"vs=0.167404//m^3\n",
+"t1=101//c\n",
+"t2=99//c\n",
+"p1=0.788//m\n",
+"p2=0.7337//m\n",
+"T=373//k\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"v1=v/m\n",
+"v2=vs/m\n",
+"dv=v2-v1\n",
+"dt=t1-t2\n",
+"dp=p1-p2\n",
+"dP=dp*13600*9.81\n",
+"L=dP*T*dv/(dt*4.2)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n latent heat of steam= % 1f cal/kg',L)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.21: chapter_8_example_21.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"T1=1100//k\n",
+"T3=200//k\n",
+"r=0.5\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"T=(T1-(T3*r))/(1+r)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n value of T= % 1f k',T)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.22: chapter_8_example_22.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"T2=500//k\n",
+"T1=1000//k\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"r=1-(T2/T1)\n",
+"x=T1/r\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n value of x= % 1f k',x)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.23: chapter_8_example_23.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"T1=900//k\n",
+"T2=300//k\n",
+"Q1=10^6//cal\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"r=(1-(T2/T1))\n",
+"r1=r*100\n",
+"w=r*Q1\n",
+"w1=w*4.2//J\n",
+"w2=w1/(3.6*10^6)\n",
+"w3=w1/(1.609*10^-19)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n efficiency= % 1f ',r1)\n",
+"printf(' \n work in KWH= % 1f KWH',w2)\n",
+"printf(' \n work in ev= % 1e ev',w3)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.24: chapter_8_example_24.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"T2=300///k\n",
+"T1=900//k\n",
+"T3=600//k\n",
+"Q2=15000//k.cal\n",
+"Q1=12000//k.cal\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"na=1-(T2/T1)\n",
+"nb=1-(T2/T3)\n",
+"w1=Q1*na\n",
+"w2=Q2*nb\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n w1= % 1f kcal',w1)\n",
+"printf(' \n w2= % 1f kcal',w2)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.25: chapter_8_example_25.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variab;es\n",
+"l=420//m\n",
+"g=9.81//m/sec^2\n",
+"c=1000\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"dt=(g*l)/(c*4.2)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n difference in temperature= % 1f c',dt)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.26: chapter_8_example_26.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"m=0.005//kg\n",
+"c=0.17//kcal/kg/c\n",
+"t1=12.4//c\n",
+"t2=10.2//c\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"du=m*c*(t1-t2)*4.2*1000\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n change in internal energy= % 1f J',du)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.27: chapter_8_example_27.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"dq=-80\n",
+"dv=0.091*10^-6//m^3\n",
+"p=1.013*10^5//n/m^2\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"du=dq-(p*dv/46)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n change in internal energy= % 1f cal',du)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.28: chapter_8_example_28.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"p=1*10^5//n/m^2\n",
+"v2=2.6//litre\n",
+"v1=2.2//litre\n",
+"dq=250//j\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"dv=(v2-v1)*10^-3\n",
+"dw=p*dv\n",
+"du=dq-dw\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n change in internal energy= % 1f J',du)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.29: chapter_8_example_29.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"v2=6//lit\n",
+"v1=2//lit\n",
+"r=3/2\n",
+"p1=1.01*10^5//n/m^2\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"g=(r+1)/r\n",
+"p2=p1*(v2/v1)^g\n",
+"w=(1/(g-1))*((p1*v2*10^-3)-(p2*v1*10^-3))\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n work done= % 1f J',w)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.2: chapter_8_example_2.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"g=1.4\n",
+"T1=15+273//k\n",
+"r=2\n",
+"p=2//atm\n",
+"r1=0.5\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"T2=T1*r^(g-1)\n",
+"t2=T1*r1^((g-1)/g)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n final temperature= % 1f k',T2)\n",
+"printf(' \n temperature= % 1f k',t2)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.3: chapter_8_example_3.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"r=1/20\n",
+"p1=1//atm\n",
+"g=1.4\n",
+"T1=273//k\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"p2=p1/r\n",
+"pad=p2^g\n",
+"T2=T1*((1/r)^(g-1))\n",
+"dt=T2-T1\n",
+"//RESULTS\n",
+"printf(' \n pressure required= % 1f atm',p2)\n",
+"printf(' \n pressure for adiabatic conditions= % 1f atm',pad)\n",
+"printf(' \n rise in temperature= % 1f c',dt)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.4: chapter_8_example_4.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"R=8400//j/mole\n",
+"T1=273//k\n",
+"g=1.66\n",
+"r=2\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"T2=T1*r^(g-1)\n",
+"w=(R*(T1-T2))/(22400*(g-1))\n",
+"wi=R*T1*log(1/r)/22400\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n amount of work done= % 1f J',w)\n",
+"printf(' \n isothermal work done= % 1f J',wi)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.5: chapter_8_example_5.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"r1=2\n",
+"r=2\n",
+"rv=0.75\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"g=log(r1/rv)/log(r)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n gamma value= % 1f ',g)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.6: chapter_8_example_6.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"t0=273//k\n",
+"d0=1.29//kg/m^3\n",
+"p=0.75//m\n",
+"t=273+17//k\n",
+"p0=0.76//m\n",
+"v=342.15//m/sec\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"d=t0*d0*p/(t*p0)\n",
+"g=(v*v*d)/(p*13600*9.81)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n gamma value= % 1f ',g)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.7: chapter_8_example_7.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"n=0.5\n",
+"n1=0.6\n",
+"T2=27+273//k\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"T1=T2/(1-n)\n",
+"T=T2/(1-n1)\n",
+"dt=T-T1\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n source tempperature must be raised by= % 1f c',dt)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.8: chapter_8_example_8.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"w=100//watt\n",
+"T2=100+273//k\n",
+"T1=273//k\n",
+"L=80000//cal/kg\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"dt=T2-T1\n",
+"Q1=T2*w/dt\n",
+"m=(Q1-w)*60/(4.2*L)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n mass of ice melts in 1 min= % 1f kg',m)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.9: chapter_8_example_9.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//initialisation of variables\n",
+"L=80000//cal/kg\n",
+"T1=27+273//k\n",
+"T2=0+273//k\n",
+"//CALCULATIONS\n",
+"Q1=T1*L/T2\n",
+"w=4.2*(Q1-L)\n",
+"c=L/(Q1-L)\n",
+"//results\n",
+"printf(' \n coefficient of performance= % 1f ',c)"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}