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+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 9: X Rays"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 9.1: highest_order_of_reflectio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//chapter9,Example9_1,pg 237\n",
+"\n",
+"d=4.255*10^-10\n",
+"\n",
+"lam=1.549*10^-10//wavelength of K-copper line\n",
+"\n",
+"n=1//theta is smallest when n=1\n",
+"\n",
+"theta=asin(lam/(2*d))//glancing angle\n",
+"\n",
+"theta=theta*(180/%pi)\n",
+"\n",
+"//max value of sin(theta)=1\n",
+"\n",
+"//for highest order\n",
+"\n",
+"nmax=((2*d)/lam)//highest bragg's order\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('smallest glancing angle\n')\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('theta=%.2f deg.',theta)\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('\nmaximum order of reflection\n')\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('nmax=%.2f',nmax)\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('\nsince fraction is meaningless for order nmax=5')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 9.2: find_plancks_constant.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//chapter9,Example9_2,pg 237\n",
+"\n",
+"V=60*10^3\n",
+"\n",
+"c=3*10^8\n",
+"\n",
+"e=1.6*10^-19\n",
+"\n",
+"lam=0.194*10^-10//min. wavelength of x-rays\n",
+"\n",
+"h=(lam*e*V)/c\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('plancks constant\n')\n",
+"\n",
+"disp(h)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 9.3: find_wavelength_and_maximum_order_of_reflection.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//chapter9,Example9_3,pg 238\n",
+"\n",
+"//for 110 plane\n",
+"\n",
+"a=3*10^-10//lattice parameter\n",
+"\n",
+"d=(a/sqrt(2))//d110=(a/sqrt((1^2)+(1^2)+0))\n",
+"\n",
+"theta=12.5*(%pi/180)//glancing angle\n",
+"\n",
+"n=1\n",
+"\n",
+"lam=2*d*sin(theta)//wavelength of x-ray\n",
+"\n",
+"nmax=((2*d)/lam)//highest order\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('wavelength of x-ray beam\n')\n",
+"\n",
+"disp(lam)\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('\nhighest braggs order\n')\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('nmax=%.2f',nmax)\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('\nfraction is meaningless so nmax=4')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 9.4: find_plancks_constant.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//chapter9,Example9_4,pg 238\n",
+"\n",
+"d=2.81*10^-10\n",
+"\n",
+"theta=14*(%pi/180)//glancing angle\n",
+"\n",
+"lam=2*d*sin(theta)//min. wavelength\n",
+"\n",
+"e=1.6*10^-19\n",
+"\n",
+"V=9100\n",
+"\n",
+"c=3*10^8\n",
+"\n",
+"h=(lam*e*V)/c\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('plancks constant\n')\n",
+"\n",
+"disp(h)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 9.5: find_wavelength_of_line_A.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//chapter9,Example9_5,pg 238\n",
+"\n",
+"//for line A-> 2*d*sin(thetaA)=lamA(n=1)\n",
+"\n",
+"thetaA=30*(%pi/180)//glancing angle for line A\n",
+"\n",
+"//for line B-> 2*d*sin(thetaB)=3*lamB(n=3)\n",
+"\n",
+"thetaB=60*(%pi/180)\n",
+"\n",
+"lamB=0.97*10^-10\n",
+"\n",
+"d=(3*lamB)/(2*sin(thetaB))\n",
+"\n",
+"lamA=2*d*sin(thetaA)//wavelength of line A\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('wavelength of line A\n')\n",
+"\n",
+"disp(lamA)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 9.6: find_wavelength_of_x_rays.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//chapter9,Example9_6,pg 239\n",
+"\n",
+"a=3.615*10^-10\n",
+"\n",
+"d111=a/sqrt(1+1+1)//for 111 plane \n",
+"\n",
+"theta=21.7*(%pi/180)//converting into radian\n",
+"\n",
+"lam=2*d111*sin(theta)\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('wavelength of X-rays\n')\n",
+"\n",
+"disp(lam)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 9.7: find_min_wavelength_and_glancing_angle.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//chapter9,Example9_7,pg 239\n",
+"\n",
+"V=50*10^3\n",
+"\n",
+"lam=(12400/V)*10^-10\n",
+"\n",
+"n=4//FCC crystal\n",
+"\n",
+"m=74.6\n",
+"\n",
+"N=6.022*10^26\n",
+"\n",
+"rho=1.99*10^3\n",
+"\n",
+"a=(((n*m)/(N*rho))^(1/3))\n",
+"\n",
+"//for kcl ionic crystal\n",
+"\n",
+"d=a/2\n",
+"\n",
+"theta=asin(lam/(2*d))\n",
+"\n",
+"theta=theta*(180/%pi)\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('min. wavelength of spectrum from tube\n')\n",
+"\n",
+"disp(lam)\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('glancing angle for that wavelength\n')\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('theta=%.2f deg.',theta)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 9.8: identify_type_of_crystal.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//chapter9,Example9_8,pg 239\n",
+"\n",
+"//from bragg's law\n",
+"\n",
+"//2*d*sin(theta)=n*lam\n",
+"\n",
+"n=1\n",
+"\n",
+"theta1=5.4*(%pi/180)\n",
+"\n",
+"theta2=7.6*(%pi/180)\n",
+"\n",
+"theta3=9.4*(%pi/180)\n",
+"\n",
+"d100=lam/2*sin(theta1)\n",
+"\n",
+"d110=lam/2*sin(theta2)\n",
+"\n",
+"d111=lam/2*sin(theta3)\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('ratio of interplannar spacing \n(1/d100):(1/d110):(1/d111)=')\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('%.2f:',sin(theta1));printf('%.2f:',sin(theta2));printf('%.2f',sin(theta3));\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('\nas ratio (1/d100):(1/d110):(1/d111)=1:sqrt(2):sqrt(3)this relation is valid for simple cubic crystal therefore, this is a SCC crystal')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 9.9: find_interplannar_spacing.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//chapter9,Example9_9,pg 240\n",
+"\n",
+"lam=0.58*10^-10\n",
+"\n",
+"theta1=6.5*(%pi/180)\n",
+"\n",
+"theta2=9.15*(%pi/180)\n",
+"\n",
+"theta3=13*(%pi/180)\n",
+"\n",
+"//from bragg's law\n",
+"\n",
+"d1=lam/(2*sin(theta1))*10^10\n",
+"\n",
+"d2=lam/(2*sin(theta2))*10^10\n",
+"\n",
+"d3=lam/(2*sin(theta3))*10^10\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('interplannar spacing of crystal\n')\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('%.2f:',d1);printf('%.2f:',d2);printf('%.2f',d3);"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}