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+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 20: X RAY"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.10: Calculation_of_Applied_voltage.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"lambda1 = 40e-12 // minimum wavelength in first case in m\n",
+"lambda2 = 1e-10 // minimum wavelength in second case in m\n",
+"// Sample Problem 10 on page no. 20.10\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 10 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf('lambda_min = 12400/V \n')\n",
+"V1 = 12400e-10 / lambda1\n",
+"V2 = 12400e-10 / lambda2\n",
+"printf('\n Applied voltage to get wavelength of %e meter is %f KV. \n Applied voltage to get wavelength of %e meter is %f KV.',lambda1,V1/10^3,lambda2,V2/10^3)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.11: Calculation_of_Planck_constant.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"V1 = 44e3 // voltage in first case in V\n",
+"V2 = 50e3 // voltage in second case in V\n",
+"lambda1 = 0.284e-10 // shortest wavelength in first case in m\n",
+"lambda2 = 0.248e-10 // shortest wavelength in second case in m\n",
+"e = 1.6e-19 // charge on an electron in C\n",
+"c = 3e8 // speed of light in m/sec\n",
+"// Sample Problem 11 on page no. 20.10\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 11 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf(' h*c/Lambda = eV \n')\n",
+"h1 = e * V1 * lambda1 / c\n",
+"h2 = e * V2 * lambda2 / c\n",
+"printf('\n Planck constant is %e J sec if shortest wavelength is %e m .\n Planck constant is %e Jsec if shortest wavelength is %e m. ',h1,lambda1,h2,lambda2)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.12: Calculation_of_Excitation_potential.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"lambda = 1e-11 // K-absorption limit for uranium in m\n",
+"// Sample Problem 12 on page no. 20.10\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 12 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf('lambda_min = 12400/V \n')\n",
+"V = 12400e-10 / lambda\n",
+"printf('\n Excitation potential is %d kV.',V/10^3)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.13: Calculation_of_the_value_of_the_ratio_of_plank_constant_and_charge_of_electron.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"lambda = 1.4e-11 // K-absorption edge for lead in m\n",
+"V = 88.6e3 // minimum voltage required for producing k-lines in V\n",
+"c = 3e8 // speed of light in m/sec\n",
+"// Sample Problem 13 on page no. 20.11\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 13 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf(' h*c/Lambda = eV \n')\n",
+"r = V * lambda / c\n",
+"printf('\n The value of the ratio of h/e = %e Jsec/C.',r)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.14: Calculation_of_Wavelength_of_K_line.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"Z = 92 // atomic no. of atom\n",
+"Rh = 1.1e5 // Rydberg constant in cm^-1\n",
+"c = 3e8 // speed of light in m/sec\n",
+"// Sample Problem 14 on page no. 20.11\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 14 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf(' Moseley Law \n ')\n",
+"lambda = 1 / (Rh *(Z-1)^2 * (1 - (1 / 2^2)))\n",
+"printf('\n Wavelength of K line = %f A',lambda*1e8)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.15: Calculation_of_Wavelength.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"Z = 42 // atomic no. of Mo\n",
+"lambda = 0.71e-10 // wavelength in m\n",
+"Z_ = 29 // atomic no. of Cu\n",
+"// Sample Problem 15 on page no. 20.11\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 15 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf(' nu = a*(Z-b)^2 ........Moseley law \n')\n",
+"lambda_ = (Z-1)^2 * lambda / (Z_-1)^2\n",
+"printf('\n Wavelength of the corresponding radiation of Cu is %f Angstrom.',lambda_*1e10)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.16: Calculation_of_Wavelength_of_xray.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"Z = 79 // atomic no. of element\n",
+"b = 1 // a constant\n",
+"a = 2.468e15 // a constant in per sec\n",
+"c = 3e8 // speed of light in m/sec\n",
+"// Sample Problem 16 on page no. 20.12\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 16 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf(' nu = a*(Z-b)^2 ........Moseley law \n')\n",
+"f = a * (Z - b)^2\n",
+"lambda = c / f\n",
+"printf('\n Wavelength of x-ray is %f Angstrom.',lambda*1e10)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.17: Calculation_of_Ionization_potential_of_K_shell_electron_of_Cu.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"Z = 29 // atomic no. of Cu\n",
+"R = 1.097e7 // Rydberg constant in m^-1\n",
+"c = 3e8 // speed of light in m/sec\n",
+"h = 6.62e-34 // Planck constant in J sec\n",
+"// Sample Problem 17 on page no. 20.12\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 17 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf(' nu = a*(Z-b)^2 ........Moseley law \n')\n",
+"f = 3/4 * (R * c) * (Z-1)^2\n",
+"E = h * f / 1.6e-16\n",
+"E_L = 0.931 // let E_L = 0.931 KeV\n",
+"E_ = E + E_L\n",
+"printf('\n Ionization potential of K-shell electron of Cu is %f keV.',E_)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.18: Calculation_of_Frequency_of_k_line.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"Z = 79 // atomic no. of anticathode\n",
+"R = 1.097e7 // Rydberg constant in m^-1\n",
+"c = 3e8 // speed of light in m/sec\n",
+"// Sample Problem 18 on page no. 20.13\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 18 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf(' nu = a*(Z-b)^2 ........Moseley law \n')\n",
+"f = 3/4 * (R * c) * (Z-1)^2\n",
+"printf('\n Frequency of k line is %e Hz.',f)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.19: Calculation_of_Energy_and_Wavelength_of_xray.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"Z = 27 // atomic no. of Co\n",
+"R = 1.097e7 // Rydberg constant in m^-1\n",
+"c = 3e8 // speed of light in m/sec\n",
+"h = 6.62e-34 // Planck constant in J sec\n",
+"// Sample Problem 19 on page no. 20.13\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 19 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n')\n",
+"printf(' nu = a*(Z-b)^2 ........Moseley law \n')\n",
+"f = 3/4 * (R * c) * (Z-1)^2\n",
+"E = h * f\n",
+"lambda = c / f\n",
+"printf('\n Energy is %f keV.\n Wavelength of x-ray is %f Angstrom.',E / 1.6e-16,lambda*1e10)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.1: Calculation_of_Max_speed_and_Shortest_wavelength.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"V1 = 40e3 // voltage in first case in V\n",
+"V2 = 20e3 // voltage in second case in V\n",
+"V3 = 100e3 // voltage in second in V\n",
+"// Sample Problem 1 on page no. 20.7\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 1 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf('1/2*m*v^2 = eV \n')\n",
+"v1 = 0.593e6 * sqrt(V1)\n",
+"lambda1 = 12400 / V1\n",
+"v2 = 0.593e6 * sqrt(V2)\n",
+"lambda2 = 12400 / V2\n",
+"v3 = 0.593e6 * sqrt(V3)\n",
+"lambda3 = 12400 / V3\n",
+"printf('\n Max. speed of electrons at %d Volts is %e m/sec.\n Max. speed of electrons at %d Volts is %e m/sec./sec.\n Max. speed of electrons at %d Volts is %e m/sec. \n Shortest wavelength of x-ray = %f Angstrom.\n Shortest wavelength of x-ray = %f Angstrom.\n Shortest wavelength of x-ray = %f Angstrom.',V1,v1,V2,v2,V3,v3,lambda1,lambda2,lambda3)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.2: Calculation_of_Planck_constant.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"V = 30e3 // voltage in V\n",
+"lambda_min = 0.414e-10 // shortest wavelength in m\n",
+"e = 1.6e-19 // charge on an electron in C\n",
+"c = 3e8 // speed of light in m/sec\n",
+"// Sample Problem 2 on page no. 20.7\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 2 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf('h*c/lambda = eV \n')\n",
+"h = (e * V * lambda_min) / c\n",
+"printf('\n Planck constant is %e J sec.',h)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.3: Calculation_of_Minimum_wavelength.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"V = 25e3 // voltage in V\n",
+"// Sample Problem 3 on page no. 20.8\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 3 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf('Lambda_min = 12400/V \n')\n",
+"lambda_min = 12400 / V\n",
+"printf('\n Minimum wavelength of x-ray is %f Angstrom.',lambda_min)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.4: Calculation_of_Maximum_speed_of_electron.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"V = 13.6e3 // voltage in V\n",
+"// Sample Problem 4 on page no. 20.8\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 4 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf('1/2*m*v^2 = eV \n')\n",
+"v = 0.593e6*sqrt(V)\n",
+"printf('\n Maximum speed of electron is %e m/sec.',v)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.5: Calculation_of_Velocity_of_electron.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"V = 10e3 // voltage in V\n",
+"i = 2e-3 // current in amp\n",
+"// Sample Problem 5 on page no. 20.8\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 5 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf('1/2*m*v^2 = eV \n')\n",
+"v = 0.593e6*sqrt(V)\n",
+"printf('\n Velocity of electron is %e m/sec.',v)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.6: Calculation_of_Highest_frequency_and_Minimum_wavelength.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"V = 9.8e3 // voltage in V\n",
+"i = 2e-3 // current in amp\n",
+"c = 3e8 // speed of light in m/sec\n",
+"// Sample Problem 6 on page no. 20.8\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 6 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf('h*c/lambda = eV \n')\n",
+"lambda = 12400 / V\n",
+"f = c / lambda\n",
+"printf('\n Highest frequency is %e Hz.\n Minimum wavelength is %f Angstrom.',f,lambda)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.7: Calculation_of_Number_of_electrons_striking_the_target_and_Speed_of_electrons.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"V = 12.4e3 // voltage in V\n",
+"i = 2e-3 // current in amp\n",
+"e = 1.6e-19 // charge on an electron in C\n",
+"// Sample Problem 7 on page no. 20.9\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 7 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf('I = ne \n 1/2*m*v^2 = eV \n')\n",
+"n = i / e\n",
+"v = 0.593e6*sqrt(V)\n",
+"printf('\n Number of electrons striking the target per sec is %e.\n Speed of electrons is %e m/sec.',n,v)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.8: Calculation_of_Number_of_electrons_striking_the_anode_and_Minimum_wavelength.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"V = 10e3 // voltage in V\n",
+"i = 15e-3 // current in amp\n",
+"e = 1.6e-19 // charge on an electron in C\n",
+"// Sample Problem 8 on page no. 20.9\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 8 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf('I = ne \n 1/2*m*v^2 = eV \n')\n",
+"n = i / e\n",
+"lambda = 12400 / V \n",
+"printf('\n Number of electrons striking the anode per sec is %e.\n Minimum wavelength produced  is %f Angstrom.',n,lambda)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 20.9: Calculation_of_Number_of_electrons_striking_the_anode.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"// Given that\n",
+"V = 50e3 // voltage in V\n",
+"i = 1e-3 // current in amp\n",
+"e = 1.6e-19 // charge on an electron in C\n",
+"// Sample Problem 9 on page no. 20.9\n",
+"printf('\n # PROBLEM 9 # \n')\n",
+"printf('Standard formula used \n ')\n",
+"printf('I = ne \n')\n",
+"n = i / e\n",
+"printf('\n Number of electrons striking the anode per sec is %e.',n)"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}