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+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 4: WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.10: noise_ratio_and_required_bits.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption :noise ratio,required bits\n",
+"//Example 4.10\n",
+"//page no 173\n",
+"//find i)noise ratio ii)bits\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"Am=3;\n",
+"v=10;\n",
+"SNR=1.8+6*v;//noise ratio \n",
+"disp(SNR,'Signal to Quantization noise ratio');\n",
+"disp('dB.');\n",
+"SN=40;\n",
+"v=(SN-1.8)/6;\n",
+"\n",
+"disp('bits required to get signal to niose ratio of 40dB',ceil(v));"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.11: Maximum_frequency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption :Maximum frequency\n",
+"//Example 4.11\n",
+"//page no 174\n",
+"//find Maximum frequency\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"v=7;\n",
+"SNR=1.8+6*v;\n",
+"r=56*10^3;\n",
+"fs=r/v;//r=v*fs signaling rate\n",
+"fm=fs/2;//Nquset rate\n",
+"disp(fm/10^3,'Maximum frequency is');\n",
+"disp('kHz');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.13: Maximum_Amplitude.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Maximum Amplitude\n",
+"//Example 4.13\n",
+"//page no 185\n",
+"//Find  Maximum Amplitude\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fm=3*10^3;\n",
+"Nyquistrate=2*fm;//Nyquistrate\n",
+"fs=5*Nyquistrate;//Samplingfrquency\n",
+"Ts=1/fs;// Sampling Interval\n",
+"del=0.25;//step size\n",
+"fm1=2*10^3;\n",
+"Am=del/(2*%pi*fm1*Ts);\n",
+"disp('Volts',Am,'Maximum Amplitude ');\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.14: Signaling_rate.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: signaling rate\n",
+"//Example 4.14\n",
+"//page no 187\n",
+"//Find  signaling rate\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fs1=8*10^3;\n",
+"del=31.25*10^-3;\n",
+"q=64;\n",
+"v=log2(q);\n",
+"r=v*fs1;//signaling rate\n",
+"disp(r*10^-3,'i)Signaling rate of PCM is');\n",
+"disp('kHz');\n",
+"\n",
+"fm=3*10^3;\n",
+"A=1;\n",
+"fs2=(2*%pi*fm*A)/(del);\n",
+"disp(fs2*10^-3,'ii)The signaling rate of DM is');;\n",
+"disp('kHz');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.15: Signal_to_noise_ratio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Signal to noise ratio\n",
+"//Example 4.15\n",
+"//page no 188\n",
+"//Find  signal to noise ratio\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fs=64*10^3;\n",
+"fm=2*10^3;\n",
+"fM=4*10^3;\n",
+"SNR=(3*fs^3)/(8*%pi^2*fm^2*fM);// Signal to noise ratio\n",
+"SNRO=10*log10(SNR)\n",
+"disp('dB',SNRO,'Output signal to noise ratio =');\n",
+" "
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.16: Signal_to_Quatization_noise_ratio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Signal to Quatization noise ratio\n",
+"//Example 4.16\n",
+"//page no 188\n",
+"//Find  signal to Quatization noise ratio \n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"\n",
+"fs=8*10^3;\n",
+"r=64*10^3;\n",
+"N=8;//number of bits\n",
+"SNR=(1.8+6*N);//signal to Quatization noise ratio\n",
+"disp(SNR,'Signal to Quatization noise ratio of PCM system is')\n",
+"disp('dB');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.17: sampling_rate_and_quantizing_level.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: sampling rate,quantizing level\n",
+"//Example 4.17\n",
+"//page no 194\n",
+"//Find  sampling rate,quantizing level\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"r=36000;\n",
+"fm=3.2*10^3;\n",
+"fs=2*fm;//Nquest rate\n",
+"\n",
+"v=r/fs;  //r=v*fs signaling rate\n",
+"v=floor(v);\n",
+"q=2^v;\n",
+"fs1=r/v;\n",
+"disp(q,'quantizing level q=');\n",
+"disp(fs1/1000,'sampling rate fs=');\n",
+"disp('kHz');\n",
+"disp(v,'Number of binary digits =')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.18: time_duration_of_binary_signal.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: time duration of binary signal\n",
+"//Example 4.18\n",
+"//page no 196\n",
+"//Find  time duration of 1bit  binary encoded signal\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fs=input('Enter the Nyquist rate of Signal fs(Hz)=');\n",
+"q=input('Enter the Quantization levels q =');\n",
+"\n",
+"v=log2(q);//binary pulses transmitted per second\n",
+"t=1/(v*fs);//Nyquist interval\n",
+"disp('  sec',t,' Time duration of binary signal  t=');\n",
+"//output\n",
+"//Enter the Nyquist rate fs(Hz)=3\n",
+"//Enter the Quantization levels q =5\n",
+" \n",
+" // time duration of 1bit binary signal   \n",
+" \n",
+" //   t=0.1435589  sec\n",
+" "
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.20: Quantizing_noise_ratio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Caption: Quantizing noise ratio\n",
+"//Example 4.20\n",
+"//page no 196\n",
+"//find signal to noise ratio\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"\n",
+"SNR=40;\n",
+"SNRO=10^(SNR/10);\n",
+"//SNR=3(q^2)/2, Signal to Quantization noise ratio\n",
+"q=sqrt((2*SNRO)/3);\n",
+"q=ceil(q);\n",
+"v=log2(q);//q=2^v  Quantization levels\n",
+"v=ceil(v);\n",
+"snr=1.76+6.02*v;//output Signal to Quantization noise ratio\n",
+"disp('dB',snr,'Output Signal to Quantization noise ratio')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.21_ii: Bandwidth.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Bandwidth\n",
+"//Example 4.21.i\n",
+"//page no 197\n",
+"//Find  minimum required bandwidth\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"SNRO=30;//dB\n",
+"fmin=300;\n",
+"fmax=3300;\n",
+"fs=8000;\n",
+"v=5;\n",
+"fPCM=(v*fs)/2;\n",
+"disp(fPCM/1000,'minimum required bandwidth');\n",
+"disp('kHz');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.21_iii: Quantizing_levels_bits_per_sample_and_Bandwidth.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Quantizing levels,bits per sample,Bandwidth\n",
+"//Example 4.21.iii\n",
+"//page no 197\n",
+"//Find  Quantizing  levels,minimum number of bits per sample and bandwidth\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"SNRO=30;//dB\n",
+"fmin=300;\n",
+"fmax=3300;\n",
+"fs=8000;\n",
+"\n",
+"q=10^((SNRO+10.1)/20);\n",
+"q=ceil(q);\n",
+"v=log2(q);\n",
+"v=ceil(v);\n",
+"disp(q,'Quantizing  levels need is');\n",
+"disp(v,'minimum number of bits per sample is');\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"fPCM=(v*fs)/2;\n",
+"disp(fPCM/1000,'minimum required bandwidth');\n",
+"disp('kHz');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.21_i: Quantizing_levels_and_bits_per_sample.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption:Quantizing  levels, bits per sample\n",
+"//Example 4_21.i\n",
+"//page no 197\n",
+"//Find  Quantizing  levels,minimum number of bits per sample\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"SNRO=30;//dB\n",
+"fmin=300;\n",
+"fmax=3300;\n",
+"fs=80000;\n",
+"//SNRO=1.76+20log10(q)\n",
+"q=10^((SNRO-1.76)/20);\n",
+"q=ceil(q);\n",
+"v=log2(q);\n",
+"disp(q,'Quantizing  levels required is');\n",
+"disp(ceil(v),'minimum number of bits per sample are');\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.24: Maximum_Amplitude_and_SNR.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Maximum Amplitude,SNR\n",
+"//Example 4.24\n",
+"//page no 199\n",
+"//determine the  Maximum Amplitude,\n",
+"//              \n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"del=250*10^-3;\n",
+"wm=2*%pi*1000; \n",
+"fs=3*10^3;\n",
+"Ts=1/fs\n",
+"\n",
+"Amax=(del*3*fs*2)/(wm);//Amplitude\n",
+"disp('V',Amax,'Maximum Amplitude,');\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.26: Bits_per_sample.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption:Bits per sample\n",
+"//Example 4.26\n",
+"//page no 200\n",
+"//Find number of bits per sample\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"SNR=20;//dB\n",
+"averagepower=30*10^-3;\n",
+"SNRO=10^(SNR/10);//dB\n",
+"A=3.8;\n",
+"//L=2^n\n",
+"//SNRO=average signal power/Quatizing power\n",
+"//del=(2*A)/L\n",
+"L=sqrt((SNRO*A^2)/(3*averagepower));\n",
+"n=log2(L);\n",
+"n=ceil(n);\n",
+"disp(n,'Bits required per sample');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.27_ii: Bit_transmission_rate.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Bit transmission rate\n",
+"//Example 4.27.ii\n",
+"//page no 200\n",
+"//Find bit transmission rate\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fm=3*10^3;\n",
+"v=8;\n",
+"VH=5;\n",
+"VL=-5;\n",
+"q=2^v;\n",
+"\n",
+"fs=2*fm; //Nyquist rate\n",
+"r=8*fs;\n",
+"disp('K bits/s',r/1000,'bit transmission rate');\n",
+" "
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.27_iii: SNR.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: SNR\n",
+"//Example 4.27.i\n",
+"//page no 200\n",
+"//Find  Signal to quantization noise ratio\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"Nq=127.15*10^-6\n",
+"Meansignal=2;\n",
+"P=Meansignal/1;\n",
+"SNR=P/Nq;\n",
+"SNRq=10*log10(SNR);\n",
+"disp('dB',SNRq,'Signal to quantization noise ratio');\n",
+" "
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.27_i: Normalized_power.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption:Normalized power \n",
+"//Example 4.27.i\n",
+"//page no 200\n",
+"//Find  Normalized power for quantization noise\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fm=3*10^3;\n",
+"v=8;\n",
+"VH=5;\n",
+"VL=-5;\n",
+"q=2^v;\n",
+"del=(VH-VL)/q;\n",
+"Nq=del^2/12;//quantization noise\n",
+"disp('W',Nq,'Normalized power for quantization noise')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.28: SNR_bitrate_and_no_of_bits_recorded.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: SNR,bitrate,no.of bits recorded\n",
+"//Example 4.28\n",
+"//page no 201\n",
+"//Find  i)SNR  ii)output bit rate iii)no.of bits recorded\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"N=16;\n",
+"v=16;\n",
+"fs=44.1*10^3;\n",
+"SNR=1.76+6*N;\n",
+"disp('dB',SNR,'i)Out put signal noise ratio');\n",
+"bitrate=2*v*fs;\n",
+"outputbitrate=2*bitrate;//including addtional 100% over head\n",
+"disp('Mbits/sec',outputbitrate*10^-6,'ii)output bit rate');\n",
+"CD=outputbitrate*3600;\n",
+"disp('gigabits',CD*10^-9,'iii)no.of bits recorded in CD');\n",
+" "
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.29: output_SNR.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: output SNR\n",
+"//Example 4.29\n",
+"//page no 202\n",
+"//Find  output SNR\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fm=1*10^3;\n",
+"fs=32*10^3;\n",
+"FM=4*10^3;// Bandwidth\n",
+"SNR=(3*fs^3)/(8*%pi^2*fm^2*FM);//SNR\n",
+"SNRO=10*log10(SNR);\n",
+"disp('dB',SNRO,'Output signal to noise ratio');\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.2_i: code_word_length.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption:code word length\n",
+"//Example 4.2.i\n",
+"//page no 167\n",
+"//find code word length\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"bandwidth=4.2*10^6;\n",
+"fm=bandwidth;\n",
+"q=512// Quantization levels\n",
+"//q=2^v\n",
+"v=log10(512)/log10(2);\n",
+"disp(v,'The code word legth is ');\n",
+"disp('bits');\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.2_iii: Final_Bit_rate.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Final Bit rate\n",
+"//Example 4.2.iii\n",
+"//page no 167\n",
+"//find  Final Bit rate\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"bandwidth=4.2*10^6;\n",
+"fm=bandwidth;\n",
+"q=512// Quantization levels\n",
+"v=9;\n",
+"fs=2*fm;\n",
+"r=v*fs;//signaling rate\n",
+"disp(r,'Final Bit rate ');\n",
+"disp('bits/sec');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.2_ii: Transmission_Bandwidth.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Transmission Bandwidth\n",
+"//Example 4.2.ii\n",
+"//page no 167\n",
+"//find The transmission Bandwidth\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"bandwidth=4.2*10^6;\n",
+"fm=bandwidth;\n",
+"q=512// Quantization levels\n",
+"v=9;\n",
+"bw=v*fm;\n",
+"disp(bw*10^-6,'The transmission Bandwidth is ');\n",
+"disp('MHz');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.2_iv: Output_signal_to_noise_ratio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Output signal to noise ratio\n",
+"//Example 4.2.iv\n",
+"//page no 167\n",
+"//find Output signal to noise ratio\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"bandwidth=4.2*10^6;\n",
+"fm=bandwidth;\n",
+"q=512// Quantization levels\n",
+"v=9;\n",
+"sn=4.8+6*v;//noise in dB\n",
+"disp(sn,'Output signal to noise ratio is');\n",
+"disp('dB');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.30_iii: Signal_to_Noise_Ratio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: SNR\n",
+"//Example 4.30iii\n",
+"//page no 202\n",
+"//Find SNR\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fs=64000;\n",
+"Amax=1;\n",
+"fm=3500;\n",
+"Nqd=2.1522995*10^-3;\n",
+"So=Amax^2/2;\n",
+"SNR=So/Nqd;\n",
+"SNRO=10*log10(SNR);\n",
+"disp('dB',SNRO,'Output signal noise ratio');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.30_ii: Noise_power.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: noise power\n",
+"//Example 4.30ii\n",
+"//page no 202\n",
+"//Find  Quantizatio noise power \n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fs=64000;\n",
+"Amax=1;\n",
+"fm=3500;\n",
+" del=343.6117*10^-3;//step size\n",
+" Nq=del^2/3;//Quantizatio noise power\n",
+" Nqd=Nq*(fm/fs);\n",
+"disp('mW',Nqd*1000,'Quantizatio noise power ');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.30_i: step_size.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: step size\n",
+"//Example 4.30i\n",
+"//page no 202\n",
+"//Find  step size\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fs=64000; //  samples/sec\n",
+"Amax=1;\n",
+"fm=3500;\n",
+"//A=del/(2*%pi*fm*Ts)\n",
+"del=(2*%pi*fm*Amax)/fs;\n",
+"disp('mV',del*1000,'Step Size ');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.31: number_of_bits_per_sec.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: no.of bits/sec\n",
+"//Example 4.31\n",
+"//page no 203\n",
+"//Find  no.of bits/sec\n",
+"//assuming signal is sampled at the rate 20% above Nyquist rate\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fm=4.5*10^6;\n",
+"q=1024;\n",
+"fs=1.2*2*fm;//20% above Nyquist rate\n",
+"v=log2(q);\n",
+"r=v*fs;\n",
+"disp('M bit/sec',r/10^6,'no.of bits/sec');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.32: step_size_noise_power_and_SNR.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: step size,noise power, SNR\n",
+"//Example 4.32\n",
+"//page no 203\n",
+"//Find step size,noise power, SNR\n",
+"//assume bandwidth of the singal is 4kHz\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fs=32000;\n",
+"A=2;\n",
+"fm=4000;\n",
+"BW=4000;\n",
+"del=(2*%pi*fm*A)/fs;\n",
+"disp('Volt',del,'i)step size');\n",
+"Nq=del^2/3\n",
+"disp('W',Nq,'ii)noise power');\n",
+"SNR=(3*fs^3)/(8*%pi^2*fm^2*BW);\n",
+"disp(SNR,'iii)SNR=');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.33: signaling_rate_and_bandwidth.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: signaling rate, bandwidth\n",
+"//Example 4.33\n",
+"//page no 204\n",
+"//Find  signaling rate, bandwidth\n",
+"//assuming signal is sampled at the rate 20% above Nyquist rate\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fm=15*10^3;\n",
+"fs=1.2*2*fm;\n",
+"q=65536;\n",
+"v=log2(q);\n",
+"r=v*fs;\n",
+"disp('i)signaling rate,')\n",
+"disp('K bits/sec',r/1000,'r=');\n",
+"BW=r/2;\n",
+"disp('ii)bandwidth')\n",
+"disp('kHz',BW/1000,'BW min=')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.34: Step_size_and_Noise_power.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: step size,noise power\n",
+"//Example 4.34\n",
+"//page no 204\n",
+"//Find  step size,noise power\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"fs=64*10^3;\n",
+"fm=3500;\n",
+"A=1;\n",
+"del=(2*%pi*fm*A)/fs;//step size\n",
+"disp('Volts',del,'i)step size');\n",
+"Nq=(del^2/3)*(fm/fs);//Granular noise power\n",
+"disp('W',Nq,'ii)Nq=');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.3_i: bits_per_sample.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption :bits per sample\n",
+"//Example 4.3.i\n",
+"//page no 168\n",
+"//find bits per sample\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"fmax=4*10^3;\n",
+"xmax=3.8;\n",
+"snr=100;\n",
+"P=30*10^-3;\n",
+"v=(log10(((snr*xmax^2)/(3*P)))/(2*log10(2)));\n",
+"disp(ceil(v),'Number of bits required per sample are');\n",
+"disp('bits');\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.3_ii: Transmission_Bandwith.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Transmission Bandwith\n",
+"//Example 4.3.ii\n",
+"//page no 168\n",
+"//Find  Transmission Bandwith\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"fm=4*10^3;//Bandwidth of PCM\n",
+"xmax=3.8;\n",
+"snr=100;// Signal to Noise Ratio\n",
+"outputs=30;\n",
+"v=7;\n",
+"bw=outputs*v*fm;\n",
+"r=bw*2;\n",
+"disp(bw/10^3,'Transmission Bandwith');\n",
+"disp('kHz');\n",
+"disp('bits/sec',r/1000,'Signaling rate')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.4: samplingrate_bandwidth_and_bitrate.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: samplingrate,number of bits,bitrate,bandwidth\n",
+"//Example 4.4\n",
+"//page no 169\n",
+"//find sampling rate,number of bits,bit rate,bandwidht\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"emax=0.001;\n",
+"del=2*emax;;\n",
+"fm=100;\n",
+"xmax=10;\n",
+"\n",
+"q=(2*xmax)/del;\n",
+"fs=2*fm;\n",
+"v=(log10(q))/log10(2);\n",
+"v=ceil(v);\n",
+"r=v*fs;\n",
+"disp(fs,'i)sampling Frequncy');\n",
+"disp('Hz.');\n",
+"disp(v,'ii)no.of bits in PCM');\n",
+"disp('bits.');\n",
+"disp(r,'iii)sampling rate');\n",
+"disp('bits per second.');\n",
+"disp(r/2,'iv)Transmission Bandwidth');\n",
+"disp('Hz.');\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.5: Bandwidth_and_Sampling_Rate.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Bandwidth,Sampling Rate\n",
+"//Example 4.5\n",
+"//page no 170\n",
+"//Find  Bandwidth,Sampling Rate\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"fm=3.4*10^3;\n",
+"N=24;\n",
+"r=1.5*10^6;\n",
+"encoder=8;\n",
+"\n",
+"BW=N*fm;\n",
+"disp(BW/10^3,'Channel Bandwith is');\n",
+"disp('kHz');\n",
+"\n",
+"r1=r/N;\n",
+"fs=r1/encoder;\n",
+"\n",
+"disp(fs,'sampling frequency');\n",
+"disp('Hz or samples per second.');\n",
+"\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.6: Signal_Bandwidth_and_Noise_Ratio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: Signal Bandwidth,Noise Ratio\n",
+"//Example 4.6\n",
+"//page no 170\n",
+"//Find Signal Bandwidth,Noise Ratio\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"v=7;\n",
+"r=50*10^6;\n",
+"//fs=2*fm\n",
+"fm=r/(2*v);\n",
+"disp(fm*10^-6,'Maximum message Bandwidth is ');\n",
+"disp('MHz');\n",
+"\n",
+"snr=1.8+(6*v);\n",
+"disp(snr,'signal to quantization niose ration');\n",
+"disp('dB');\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.7: Bitspersample_and_Transmissionrate.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption: bitspersample,Transmissionrate\n",
+"//Example 4.7\n",
+"//page no 171\n",
+"//find i)bits per sample,ii)transmission rate\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"fm=3*10^3;\n",
+"q=16;\n",
+"\n",
+"v=(log10(q))/log10(2);\n",
+"disp(v,'bits in code word');\n",
+"disp('bits');\n",
+"fs=2*fm;\n",
+"r=v*fs;\n",
+"disp(r,'bit trasmission rate');\n",
+"disp('bits per second')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.8: signal_to_noise_ratio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Caption:signal to noise ratio\n",
+"//Example 4.8\n",
+"//page no 171\n",
+"//find signal to noise ratio\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"fm=3.5*10^3;\n",
+"r=50*10^3;\n",
+"fs=2*fm;\n",
+"rms=0.2;\n",
+"xmax=2;\n",
+"v=r/fs;//signaling rate r=v*fs\n",
+"v=ceil(v);\n",
+"P=(rms^2)/1;\n",
+"SNR=((3*P*2^(2*v))/(xmax^2));\n",
+"SN=10*log10(SNR);\n",
+"disp(ceil(SN),'signal to niose ratio');\n",
+"disp('dB');"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}