Merge pull request #1 from prashantsinalkar/masterHEADmaster

Initial commit

1 files changed, 1218 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_R_Joel/15-Ideal_gas_power_cycles.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_R_Joel/15-Ideal_gas_power_cycles.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..511bac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_R_Joel/15-Ideal_gas_power_cycles.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,1218 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 15: Ideal gas power cycles"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.10: maximum_temperature_and_thermal_efficiency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 10');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the maximum temperature attained during the cycle\n",
+"// (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle\n",
+"\n",
+"// given value\n",
+"rva  =7.5;// volume ratio of adiabatic expansion\n",
+"rvc  =15;// volume ratio of compression\n",
+"P1 = 98;// initial pressure, [kn/m^2]\n",
+"T1 = 273+44;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"P4 = 258;// pressure at the end of the adiabatic expansion, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;//  heat capacity  ratio\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// by seeing diagram\n",
+"// for process 4-1, P4/T4=P1/T1\n",
+"T4 = T1*(P4/P1);// [K]\n",
+"// for process 3-4\n",
+"T3 = T4*(rva)^(Gama-1);\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a) The maximum temperature during the cycle is  =  %f  C\n',T3-273);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"\n",
+"// for process 1-2,\n",
+"T2 = T1*(rvc)^(Gama-1);// [K]\n",
+"n_the = 1-(T4-T1)/((Gama)*(T3-T2));// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle is  =  %f percent\n',n_the*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.11: thermal_efficiency_and_indicated_power.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.11');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle\n",
+"// (b) the indicared power of the cycle\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"// taking basis one second\n",
+"rv = 11;// volume ratio\n",
+"P1 = 96;// initial pressure , [kN/m^2]\n",
+"T1 = 273+18;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;// heat capacity ratio\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// taking reference  Fig. 15.24\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"Beta = 2;// ratio of V3 and V2\n",
+"TE = 1-(Beta^(Gama)-1)/((rv^(Gama-1))*Gama*(Beta-1));// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle is  =  %f percent\n ',TE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b) \n",
+"// let V1-V2=.05, so\n",
+"V2 = .05*.1;// [m^3]\n",
+"// from this\n",
+"V1 = rv*V2;// [m^3]\n",
+"V3 = Beta*V2;// [m^3]\n",
+"V4 = V1;// [m^3]\n",
+"P2 = P1*(V1/V2)^(Gama);// [kN/m^2]\n",
+"P3 = P2;// [kn/m^2]\n",
+"P4=P3*(V3/V4)^(Gama);// [kN/m^2]\n",
+"// indicated power\n",
+"W = P2*(V3-V2)+((P3*V3-P4*V4)-(P2*V2-P1*V1))/(Gama-1);// indicated power, [kW]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (c) The indicated power of the cycle is  =  %f kW\n',W);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.12: pressures_and_temperatures.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.12');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the pressure and temperature at the end of compression\n",
+"// (b) the pressure and temperature at the end of the constant volume process\n",
+"// (c) the temperature at the end of constant pressure process\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"P1 = 103;// initial pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"T1 = 273+22;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"rv = 16;// volume ratio of the compression\n",
+"Q = 244;//heat added, [kJ/kg]\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;// heat capacity ratio\n",
+"cv = .717;// heat capacity, [kJ/kg k]\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"//  taking reference as Fig.15.26\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"// for compression\n",
+"// rv = V1/V2\n",
+"P2 = P1*(rv)^Gama;// pressure at end of compression, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"T2 = T1*(rv)^(Gama-1);// temperature at end of compression, [K]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a) The pressure at the end of compression is  =  %f  MN/m^2\n',P2*10^-3);\n",
+"mprintf('\n      The temperature at the end of compression is  =  %f C\n',T2-273);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"// for constant volume process, \n",
+"// Q = cv*(T3-T2), so\n",
+"T3 = T2+Q/cv;// temperature at the end of constant volume, [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// so for constant volume, P/T=constant, hence\n",
+"P3 = P2*(T3/T2);// pressure at the end of constant volume process, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The pressure at the end of constant volume process is  =  %f  MN/m^2\n ',P3*10^-3);\n",
+"mprintf('\n     The temperature at the end of constant volume process is  =  %f C\n',T3-273);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (c)\n",
+"S = rv-1;// stroke\n",
+"// assuming \n",
+"V3 = 1;// [volume]\n",
+"//so\n",
+"V4 = V3+S*.03;// [volume]\n",
+"// also for constant process V/T=constant, hence\n",
+"T4 = T3*(V4/V3);// temperature at the end of constant presure process, [k] \n",
+"mprintf('\n (c) The temperature at the end of constant pressure process is  =  %f C\n',T4-273);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.13: EX15_13.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.13');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the pressure, volume and temperature at cycle process change points\n",
+"// (b) the net work done \n",
+"// (c)  the thermal efficiency\n",
+"// (d) the heat received\n",
+"// (e)  the work ratio\n",
+"// (f)  the mean effective pressure\n",
+"// (g)  the carnot efficiency\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"rv = 15;// volume ratio\n",
+"P1 = 97*10^-3;// initial pressure , [MN/m^2]\n",
+"V1 = .084;// initial volume, [m^3]\n",
+"T1 = 273+28;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"T4 = 273+1320;// maximum temperature, [K]\n",
+"P3 = 6.2;// maximum pressure, [MN/m^2]\n",
+"cp = 1.005;// specific heat capacity at constant pressure, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"cv = .717;// specific heat capacity at constant volume, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// taking reference  Fig. 15.27\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"R = cp-cv;// gas constant, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"Gama = cp/cv;// heat capacity ratio\n",
+"// for process 1-2\n",
+"V2 = V1/rv;// volume at stage2, [m^3] \n",
+"// using PV^(Gama)=constant for process 1-2\n",
+"P2 = P1*(V1/V2)^(Gama);// pressure at stage2,. [MN/m^2]\n",
+"T2 = T1*(V1/V2)^(Gama-1);// temperature at stage 2, [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for process 2-3\n",
+"// since volumee is constant in process 2-3 , so using P/T=constant, so\n",
+"T3 = T2*(P3/P2);// volume at stage 3, [K]\n",
+"V3 = V2;// volume at stage 3, [MN/m^2]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for process 3-4\n",
+"P4 = P3;// pressure at stage 4, [m^3]\n",
+"// since in stage 3-4 P is constant, so V/T=constant, \n",
+"V4 = V3*(T4/T3);// temperature at stage  4,[K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for process 4-5\n",
+"V5 = V1;// volume at stage 5, [m^3]\n",
+"P5 = P4*(V4/V5)^(Gama);// pressure at stage5,. [MN/m^2]\n",
+"T5 = T4*(V4/V5)^(Gama-1);// temperature at stage 5, [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a)  P1  =  %f kN/m^2,    V1  =  %f m^3,       t1  =  %f C,\n      P2  =  %f MN/m^2,    V2  =  %f m^3,        t2  =  %f C,\n      P3  =  %f MN/m^2,    V3  =  %f m^3,         t3  =  %f C,\n      P4  =  %f MN/m^2,      V4  =  %f m^3,       t4  =  %f C,\n      P5  =   %fkN/m^2,    V5  =  %fm^3,        t5  =  %fC\n',P1*10^3,V1,T1-273,P2,V2,T2-273,P3,V3,T3-273,P4,V4,T4-273,P5*10^3,V5,T5-273);\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"W = (P3*(V4-V3)+((P4*V4-P5*V5)-(P2*V2-P1*V1))/(Gama-1))*10^3;// work done, [kJ]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The net work done is  =  %f kJ\n',W);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (c) \n",
+"TE = 1-(T5-T1)/((T3-T2)+Gama*(T4-T3));// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (c) The thermal efficiency is  =  %f percent\n',TE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (d)\n",
+"Q = W/TE;// heat received, [kJ]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (d) The heat received is  =  %f kJ\n',Q);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (e)\n",
+"PW = P3*(V4-V3)+(P4*V4-P5*V5)/(Gama-1)\n",
+"WR = W*10^-3/PW;//  work ratio\n",
+"mprintf('\n (f) The work ratio is  =  %f\n',WR);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (e)\n",
+"Pm = W/(V1-V2);// mean effective pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (e) The mean effective pressure is  =  %f kN/m^2\n',Pm);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (f)\n",
+"CE = (T4-T1)/T4;// carnot efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (f) The carnot efficiency is  =  %f percent\n',CE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.14: thermal_efficiency_heat_work_done_work_ratio_and_mean_effective_pressure.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.14');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a)  the thermal efficiency\n",
+"// (b)  the heat received\n",
+"// (c) the heat rejected\n",
+"// (d) the net work \n",
+"// (e)  the work ratio\n",
+"// (f)  the mean effective pressure\n",
+"// (g)  the carnot efficiency\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"P1 = 101;// initial pressure , [kN/m^2]\n",
+"V1 = 14*10^-3;// initial volume, [m^3]\n",
+"T1 = 273+15;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"P3 = 1850;// maximum pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"V2 = 2.8*10^-3;// compressed volume, [m^3]\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;// heat capacity\n",
+"R = .29;// gas constant, [kJ/kg k]\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// taking reference  Fig. 15.29\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"// for process 1-2\n",
+"// using PV^(Gama)=constant for process 1-2\n",
+"P2 = P1*(V1/V2)^(Gama);// pressure at stage2,. [MN/m^2]\n",
+"T2 = T1*(V1/V2)^(Gama-1);// temperature at stage 2, [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for process 2-3\n",
+"// since volumee is constant in process 2-3 , so using P/T=constant, so\n",
+"T3 = T2*(P3/P2);// volume at stage 3, [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for process 3-4\n",
+"P4 = P1;\n",
+"T4 = T3*(P4/P3)^((Gama-1)/Gama);// temperature\n",
+"\n",
+"TE = 1-Gama*(T4-T1)/(T3-T2);// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a) The thermal efficiency is  =  %f percent\n',TE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"cv = R/(Gama-1);// heat capacity at copnstant volume, [kJ/kg k]\n",
+"m = P1*V1/(R*T1);// mass of gas, [kg]\n",
+"Q1 = m*cv*(T3-T2);// heat received, [kJ/cycle]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The heat received is  =  %f kJ/cycle\n',Q1);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (c)\n",
+"cp = Gama*cv;// heat capacity at constant at constant pressure, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"Q2 = m*cp*(T4-T1);// heat rejected, [kJ/cycle]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (c) The heat rejected is  =  %f kJ/cycle\n',Q2);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (d)\n",
+"W = Q1-Q2;// net work , [kJ/cycle]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (d) The net work is  =  %f  kJ/cycle\n',W);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (e)\n",
+"// pressure is constant for process 1-4, so V/T=constant\n",
+"V4 = V1*(T4/T1);// volume, [m^3]\n",
+"V3 = V2;// for process 2-3\n",
+"P4 = P1;// for process 1-4\n",
+"PW = (P3*V3-P1*V1)/(Gama-1);// positive work done, [kJ/cycle]\n",
+"WR = W/PW;//  work ratio\n",
+"mprintf('\n (e) The work ratio is  =  %f\n',WR);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (f)\n",
+"Pm = W/(V4-V2);// mean effective pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (f) The mean effefctive pressure is  =  %f  kN/m^2\n',Pm);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (g)\n",
+"CE = (T3-T1)/T3;// carnot efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (g) The carnot efficiency is  =  %f percent\n',CE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// there is minor variation in answer reported in the book\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.15: work_done_and_thermal_efficiency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.15');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the net work done\n",
+"// (b) the ideal thermal efficiency\n",
+"// (c) the thermal efficiency if the process of generation is not included\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"P1 = 110;// initial pressure, [kN/m^2)\n",
+"T1 = 273+30;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"V1 = .05;// initial volume, [m^3]\n",
+"V2 = .005;// volume, [m^3]\n",
+"T3 = 273+700;// temperature, [m^3]\n",
+"R = .289;// gas constant, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"cv = .718;// heat capacity, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"m = P1*V1/(R*T1);// mass , [kg]\n",
+"W = m*R*(T3-T1)*log(V1/V2);// work done, [kJ]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a) The net work done is  =  %f kJ\n',W);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"n_the = (T3-T1)/T3;// ideal thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The ideal thermal efficiency is  =  %f percent\n',n_the*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (c)\n",
+"V4 = V1;\n",
+"V3 = V2;\n",
+"T4 = T3;\n",
+"T2 = T1;\n",
+"\n",
+"Q_rej = m*cv*(T4-T1)+m*R*T1*log(V1/V2);// heat rejected\n",
+"Q_rec = m*cv*(T3-T2)+m*R*T3*log(V4/V3);// heat received\n",
+"\n",
+"n_th = (1-Q_rej/Q_rec);// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (c) the thermal efficiency if the process of regeneration is not included is  =  %f percent\n',n_th*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.16: maximum_temperature_work_done_and_thermal_efficiency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.16');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the maximum temperature\n",
+"// (b) the net work done\n",
+"// (c) the ideal thermal efficiency\n",
+"// (d) the thermal efficiency if the process of regeneration is not included\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"P1 = 100;// initial pressure, [kN/m^2)\n",
+"T1 = 273+20;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"V1 = .08;// initial volume, [m^3]\n",
+"rv = 5;// volume ratio\n",
+"R = .287;// gas constant, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"cp = 1.006;// heat capacity, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"V3_by_V2 = 2;\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"// using Fig.15.33\n",
+"// process 1-2 is isothermal\n",
+"T2 = T1;\n",
+"// since process 2-3 isisobaric, so V/T=constant\n",
+"T3 = T2*(V3_by_V2);// maximumtemperature, [K]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a) The maximum temperature is  =  %f C\n',T3-273);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"m = P1*V1/(R*T1);// mass , [kg]\n",
+"W = m*R*(T3-T1)*log(rv);// work done, [kJ]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The net work done is  =  %f  kJ\n',W);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (c)\n",
+"TE = (T3-T1)/T3;// ideal thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (c) The ideal thermal efficiency is  =  %f  percent\n',TE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (d)\n",
+"T4 = T3;\n",
+"T2 = T1;\n",
+"\n",
+"Q_rej = m*cp*(T4-T1)+m*R*T1*log(rv);// heat rejected\n",
+"Q_rec = m*cp*(T3-T2)+m*R*T3*log(rv);// heat received\n",
+"\n",
+"n_th = (1-Q_rej/Q_rec);// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (d) the thermal efficiency if the process of regeneration is not included is  =  %f  percent\n',n_th*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.17: work_done_and_thermal_efficiency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.17');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine \n",
+"// (a) the net work done\n",
+"// (b) thethermal efficiency\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"m = 1;// mass of air, [kg]\n",
+"T1 = 273+230;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"P1 = 3450;// initial pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"P2 = 2000;// pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"P3 = 140;// pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"P4 = P3;\n",
+"Gama = 1.4; // heat capacity ratio\n",
+"cp = 1.006;// heat capacity, [kJ/kg k]\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"T2 =T1;// isothermal process 1-2\n",
+"// process 2-3 and 1-4 are adiabatic so\n",
+"T3 = T2*(P3/P2)^((Gama-1)/Gama);// temperature, [K] \n",
+"T4 = T1*(P4/P1)^((Gama-1)/Gama);// [K]\n",
+"R = cp*(Gama-1)/Gama;// gas constant, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"Q1 = m*R*T1*log(P1/P2);// heat received, [kJ]\n",
+"Q2 = m*cp*(T3-T4);// heat rejected\n",
+"\n",
+"//hence\n",
+"W = Q1-Q2;// work done\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a) The net work done is  =  %f kJ\n',W);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"TE = 1-Q2/Q1;// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The thermal efficiency is  =  %f  percent\n',TE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.18: thermal_efficiency_and_Carnot_efficiency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.18');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine \n",
+"// thermal eficiency\n",
+"// carnot efficiency\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"rv = 5;// volume ratio\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;// heat capacity ratio\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// under given condition\n",
+"\n",
+"TE = 1-(1/Gama*(2-1/rv^(Gama-1)))/(1+2*((Gama-1)/Gama)*log(rv/2));// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n The thermal efficiency is  =  %f percent\n',TE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"CE = 1-1/(2*rv^(Gama-1));// carnot efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n The carnot efficiency is  =  %f \n',CE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.1: thermal_efficiency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.1');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine \n",
+"// the thermal efficiency of the cycle\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"T1 = 273+400;//  temperature limit, [K]\n",
+"T3 = 273+70;// temperature limit, [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"//  solution\n",
+"//  using equation [15] of section 15.3\n",
+"n_the = (T1-T3)/T1*100;// thermal efficiency \n",
+"mprintf('\n The thermal efficiency of the cycle is  =  %f percent\n',n_the);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.2: volume_ratios_and_thermal_efficiency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.2');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the volume ratios of the isothermal and adiabatic processes\n",
+"// (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"T1 = 273+260;// temperature, [K]\n",
+"T3 = 273+21;// temperature, [K]\n",
+"er = 15;// expansion ratio\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;// heat capacity ratio\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"T2 = T1;\n",
+"T4 = T3;\n",
+"// for adiabatic process\n",
+"rva = (T1/T4)^(1/(Gama-1));// volume ratio of adiabatic\n",
+"rvi = er/rva;// volume ratio of isothermal\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a) The volume ratio of the adiabatic process is  =  %f\n',rva);\n",
+"mprintf('\n      The volume ratio of the isothermal process is  =  %f\n',rvi);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"n_the = (T1-T4)/T1*100;// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle is  =  %f percent\n',n_the);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.3: pressure_volume_temperature_thermal_efficiency_work_done_and_work_ratio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.3');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the pressure, volume and temperature at each corner of the cycle\n",
+"// (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle\n",
+"// (c) the work done per cycle\n",
+"// (d) the work ratio\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"m = 1;// mass of air, [kg]\n",
+"P1 = 1730;// initial pressure of carnot engine, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"T1 = 273+300;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"R = .29;// [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;// heat capacity ratio\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// taking reference  Fig. 15.15\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"// for the isothermal process 1-2\n",
+"// using ideal gas law\n",
+"V1 = m*R*T1/P1;// initial volume, [m^3]\n",
+"T2 = T1;\n",
+"V2 = 3*V1;// given condition\n",
+"// for isothermal process, P1*V1=P2*V2, so\n",
+"P2 = P1*(V1/V2);// [MN/m^2]\n",
+"// for the adiabatic process 2-3\n",
+"V3 = 6*V1;// given condition\n",
+"T3 = T2*(V2/V3)^(Gama-1);\n",
+"// also for adiabatic process, P2*V2^Gama=P3*V3^Gama, so\n",
+"P3 = P2*(V2/V3)^Gama;\n",
+"// for the isothermal process 3-4\n",
+"T4 = T3;\n",
+"// for both adiabatic processes, the temperataure ratio is same, \n",
+"// T1/T4 = T2/T3=(V4/V1)^(Gama-1)=(V3/V2)^(Gama-1), so\n",
+"V4 = 2*V1;\n",
+"// for isothermal process, 3-4, P3*V3=P4*V4, so\n",
+"P4 = P3*(V3/V4);\n",
+"disp('(a) At line 1');\n",
+"mprintf('\n V1  =  %f  m^3, t1  =  %f  C,  P1  =  %f  kN/m^2\n',V1,T1-273,P1);\n",
+"\n",
+"disp('At line 2');\n",
+"mprintf('\n V2  =  %f  m^3, t2  =  %f  C,  P2  =  %f  kN/m^2\n',V2,T2-273,P2);\n",
+"\n",
+"disp('At line 3');\n",
+"mprintf('\n V3  =  %f  m^3, t3  =  %f  C,  P3  =  %f  kN/m^2\n',V3,T3-273,P3);\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"disp('At line 4');\n",
+"mprintf('\n V4  =  %f  m^3, t4  =  %f  C,  P4  =  %f  kN/m^2\n',V4,T4-273,P4);\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"n_the = (T1-T3)/T1;// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle is  =  %f percent\n',n_the*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (c)\n",
+"W = m*R*T1*log(V2/V1)*n_the;//  work done, [J]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (c) The work done per cycle is  =  %f  kJ\n',W);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  (d)\n",
+"wr = (T1-T3)*log(V2/V1)/(T1*log(V2/V1)+(T1-T3)/(Gama-1));// work ratio\n",
+"mprintf('\n (d) The work ratio is  =  %f\n',wr);\n",
+"\n",
+"// there is calculation mistake in the book so answer is not matching\n",
+"\n",
+"//   End\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.4: EX15_4.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.4');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the pressure, volume and temperature at cycle state points\n",
+"// (b) the heat received\n",
+"// (c) the work done \n",
+"// (d) the thermal efficiency\n",
+"// (e) the carnot efficiency\n",
+"// (f) the work ration\n",
+"// (g) the mean effective pressure\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"ro = 8;// overall volume ratio;\n",
+"rv = 6;// volume ratio of adiabatic compression\n",
+"P1 = 100;// initial pressure , [kN/m^2]\n",
+"V1 = .084;// initial volume, [m^3]\n",
+"T1 = 273+28;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;// heat capacity ratio\n",
+"cp = 1.006;// specific heat capacity, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// taking reference  Fig. 15.18\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"V2 = V1/rv;// volume at stage2, [m^3] \n",
+"V4 = ro*V2;// volume at stage 4;[m^3]\n",
+"// using PV^(Gama)=constant for process 1-2\n",
+"P2 = P1*(V1/V2)^(Gama);// pressure at stage2,. [kN/m^2]\n",
+"T2 = T1*(V1/V2)^(Gama-1);// [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"P3 = P2;// pressure at stage 3, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"V3 = V4/rv;// volume at stage 3, [m^3]\n",
+"// since pressure is constant in process 2-3 , so using V/T=constant, so\n",
+"T3 = T2*(V3/V2);// temperature at stage 3, [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for process 1-4\n",
+"T4 = T1*(V4/V1);// temperature at stage4, [K\n",
+"P4 = P1;// pressure at stage4, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a)  P1  =  %f kN/m^2,    V1  =  %f m^3,       t1  =  %f C,\n      P2  =    %f kN/m^2,    V2  =  %f m^3,      t2  =  %f C,\n      P3  =  %f kN/m^2,    V3  =  %f m^3,       t3  =  %f C,\n      P4  =  %f kN/m^2,      V4  =  %f m^3,       t4  =  %f C\n',P1,V1,T1-273,P2,V2,T2-273,P3,V3,T3-273,P4,V4,T4-273);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"R = cp*(Gama-1)/Gama;// gas constant, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"m = P1*V1/(R*T1);// mass of gas, [kg]\n",
+"Q = m*cp*(T3-T2);// heat received, [kJ]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The heat received is  =  %f kJ\n',Q);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (c) \n",
+"W = P2*(V3-V2)-P1*(V4-V1)+((P3*V3-P4*V4)-(P2*V2-P1*V1))/(Gama-1);// work done, [kJ]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (c) The work done is  =  %f  kJ\n',W);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  (d)\n",
+"TE = 1-T1/T2;// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (d) The thermal efficiency is  =  %f  percent\n',TE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (e)\n",
+"CE = (T3-T1)/T3;// carnot efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (e) The carnot efficiency is  =  %f  percent\n',CE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (f)\n",
+"PW = P2*(V3-V2)+(P3*V3-P4*V4)/(Gama-1);// positive work done, [kj]\n",
+"WR = W/PW;//  work ratio\n",
+"mprintf('\n (f) The work ratio is  =  %f\n',WR);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (g)\n",
+"Pm = W/(V4-V2);// mean effective pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (g) The mean effective pressure is  =  %f  kN/m^2\n',Pm);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  there is minor variation in answer reported in the book\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.5: thermal_efficiency_and_specific_fuel_consumption.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.5');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the actual thermal efficiency of the turbine\n",
+"// (b) the specific fuel consumption of the turbine in kg/kWh\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"P2_by_P1 = 8;\n",
+"n_tur = .6;// ideal turbine thermal efficiency\n",
+"c = 43*10^3;// calorific value of fuel, [kJ/kg]\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;// heat capacity ratio\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"rv = P2_by_P1;\n",
+"n_tur_ide = 1-1/(P2_by_P1)^((Gama-1)/Gama);// ideal thermal efficiency\n",
+"ate = n_tur_ide*n_tur;// actual thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a) The actual thermal efficiency of the turbine is  =  %f percent\n',ate*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"ewf = c*ate;// energy to work fuel, [kJ/kg]\n",
+"kWh = 3600;// energy equivalent ,[kJ]\n",
+"sfc = kWh/ewf;// specific fuel consumption, [kg/kWh]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The specific fuel consumption of the turbine is  =  %f  kg/kWh',sfc);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.6: relative_efficiency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.6');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// the relative efficiency of the engine\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"d = 80;// bore, [mm]\n",
+"l = 85;// stroke, [mm]\n",
+"V1 = .06*10^6;// clearence volume, [mm^3]\n",
+"ate = .22;// actual thermal efficiency of the engine\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;// heat capacity ratio\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"sv = %pi*d^2/4*l;// stroke volume, [mm^3]\n",
+"V2 = sv+V1;// [mm^3]\n",
+"rv = V2/V1;\n",
+"ite = 1-(1/rv)^(Gama-1);// ideal thermal efficiency\n",
+"re = ate/ite;// relative thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n The relative efficiency of the engine is  =  %f percent\n',re*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.7: EX15_7.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.7');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the pressure, volume and temperature at each cycle process change points\n",
+"// (b) the heat transferred to air\n",
+"// (c) the heat rejected by the air\n",
+"// (d) the ideal thermal efficiency\n",
+"// (e) the work done \n",
+"// (f) the mean effective pressure\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"m = 1;// mass of air, [kg]\n",
+"rv = 6;// volume ratio of adiabatic compression\n",
+"P1 = 103;// initial pressure , [kN/m^2]\n",
+"T1 = 273+100;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"P3 = 3450;// maximum pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;// heat capacity ratio\n",
+"R = .287;// gas constant, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// taking reference  Fig. 15.20\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"// for point 1\n",
+"V1 = m*R*T1/P1;// initial volume, [m^3]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for point 2\n",
+"V2 = V1/rv;// volume at point 2, [m^3] \n",
+"// using PV^(Gama)=constant for process 1-2\n",
+"P2 = P1*(V1/V2)^(Gama);// pressure at point 2,. [kN/m^2]\n",
+"T2 = T1*(V1/V2)^(Gama-1);// temperature at point 2,[K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for point 3\n",
+"V3 = V2;// volume at point 3, [m^3]\n",
+"// since volume is constant in process 2-3 , so using P/T=constant, so\n",
+"T3 = T2*(P3/P2);// temperature at stage 3, [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for point 4\n",
+"V4 = V1;//  volume at point 4, [m^3]\n",
+"P4 = P3*(V3/V4)^Gama;// pressure at point 4, [kN/m^2] \n",
+"// again  since volume is constant in process 4-1 , so using P/T=constant, so\n",
+"T4 = T1*(P4/P1);// temperature at point 4, [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a)  P1  =  %f kN/m^2,    V1  =  %f m^3,       t1  =  %f C,\n      P2  =  %f kN/m^2,    V2  =  %f m^3,      t2  =  %f C,\n      P3  =  %f kN/m^2,    V3  =  %f m^3,       t3  =  %f C,\n      P4  =  %f kN/m^2,      V4  =  %f m^3,       t4  =  %f C\n',P1,V1,T1-273,P2,V2,T2-273,P3,V3,T3-273,P4,V4,T4-273);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  (b)\n",
+"cv = R/(Gama-1);//  specific heat capacity, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"Q23 = m*cv*(T3-T2);// heat transferred, [kJ]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The heat transferred to the air is  =  %f  kJ\n',Q23);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (c) \n",
+"Q34 = m*cv*(T4-T1);// heat rejected by air, [kJ]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (c) The heat rejected by the air is  =  %f  kJ\n',Q34);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (d)\n",
+"TE = 1-Q34/Q23;// ideal thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (d) The ideal thermal efficiency is  =  %f percent\n',TE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (e)\n",
+"W = Q23-Q34;// work done ,[kJ]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (e) The work done  is  =  %f  kJ\n',W);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (f)\n",
+"Pm = W/(V1-V2);// mean effective pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (f)  The mean effefctive pressure is  =  %f kN/m^2\n',Pm);\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.8: EX15_8.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.8');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the pressure, volume and temperature at cycle state points\n",
+"// (b) the thermal efficiency\n",
+"// (c) the theoretical output\n",
+"// (d) the mean effective pressure\n",
+"// (e) the carnot efficiency\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"rv = 9;// volume ratio\n",
+"P1 = 101;// initial pressure , [kN/m^2]\n",
+"V1 = .003;// initial volume, [m^3]\n",
+"T1 = 273+18;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"P3 = 4500;// maximum pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"N = 3000;\n",
+"cp = 1.006;// specific heat capacity at constant pressure, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"cv = .716;// specific heat capacity at constant volume, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"// taking reference  Fig. 15.20\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"// for process 1-2\n",
+"Gama = cp/cv;// heat capacity ratio\n",
+"R = cp-cv;// gas constant, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"V2 = V1/rv;// volume at stage2, [m^3] \n",
+"// using PV^(Gama)=constant for process 1-2\n",
+"P2 = P1*(V1/V2)^(Gama);// pressure at stage2,. [kN/m^2]\n",
+"T2 = T1*(V1/V2)^(Gama-1);// [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for process 2-3\n",
+"V3 = V2;// volume at stage 3, [m^3]\n",
+"// since volume is constant in process 2-3 , so using P/T=constant, so\n",
+"T3 = T2*(P3/P2);// temperature at stage 3, [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for process 3-4\n",
+"V4 = V1;// volume at stage 4\n",
+"// using PV^(Gama)=constant for process 3-4\n",
+"P4 = P3*(V3/V4)^(Gama);// pressure at stage2,. [kN/m^2]\n",
+"T4 = T3*(V3/V4)^(Gama-1);// temperature at stage  4,[K]\n",
+"\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a)  P1  =  %f kN/m^2,    V1  =  %f m^3,       t1  =  %f C,\n      P2  =  %f kN/m^2,    V2  =  %f m^3,      t2  =  %f C,\n      P3  =  %f kN/m^2,    V3  =  %f m^3,       t3  =  %f C,\n      P4 =  %f kN/m^2,      V4  =  %f m^3,       t4  =  %f C\n',P1,V1,T1-273,P2,V2,T2-273,P3,V3,T3-273,P4,V4,T4-273);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"TE = 1-(T4-T1)/(T3-T2);// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The thermal efficiency is  =  %f percent\n',TE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (c)\n",
+"m = P1*V1/(R*T1);// mass os gas, [kg] \n",
+"W = m*cv*((T3-T2)-(T4-T1));// work done, [kJ]\n",
+"Wt = W*N/60;// workdone per minute, [kW]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (c) The theoretical output  is  =  %f  kW\n',Wt);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (d)\n",
+"Pm = W/(V1-V2);// mean effective pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (g) The mean effefctive pressure is  =  %f  kN/m^2\n',Pm);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (e)\n",
+"CE = (T3-T1)/T3;// carnot efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (e) The carnot efficiency is  =  %f percent\n',CE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//  End"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 15.9: EX15_9.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clear;\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"disp('Example 15.9');\n",
+"\n",
+"// aim : To determine\n",
+"// (a) the pressure and temperature at cycle process change points\n",
+"// (b) the work done \n",
+"// (c)  the thermal efficiency\n",
+"// (d)  the work ratio\n",
+"// (e)  the mean effective pressure\n",
+"// (f)  the carnot efficiency\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"// given values\n",
+"rv = 16;// volume ratio of compression\n",
+"P1 = 90;// initial pressure , [kN/m^2]\n",
+"T1 = 273+40;// initial temperature, [K]\n",
+"T3 = 273+1400;// maximum temperature, [K]\n",
+"cp = 1.004;// specific heat capacity at constant pressure, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"Gama = 1.4;// heat capacoty ratio\n",
+"\n",
+"// solution\n",
+"cv = cp/Gama;// specific heat capacity at constant volume, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"R = cp-cv;// gas constant, [kJ/kg K]\n",
+"// for one kg of gas\n",
+"V1 = R*T1/P1;// initial volume, [m^3]\n",
+"// taking reference  Fig. 15.22\n",
+"// (a)\n",
+"// for process 1-2\n",
+"// using PV^(Gama)=constant for process 1-2\n",
+"// also rv = V1/V2\n",
+"P2 = P1*(rv)^(Gama);// pressure at stage2,. [kN/m^2]\n",
+"T2 = T1*(rv)^(Gama-1);// temperature at stage 2, [K]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for process 2-3\n",
+"P3 = P2;// pressure at stage 3, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"V2 = V1/rv;//[m^3]\n",
+"// since pressure is constant in process 2-3 , so using V/T=constant, so\n",
+"V3 = V2*(T3/T2);// volume at stage 3, [m^3]\n",
+"\n",
+"// for process 1-4\n",
+"V4 = V1;// [m^3]\n",
+"P4 = P3*(V3/V4)^(Gama)\n",
+"// since in stage 1-4 volume is constant, so P/T=constant, \n",
+"T4 = T1*(P4/P1);// temperature at stage  4,[K]\n",
+"\n",
+"mprintf('\n (a)  P1  =  %f kN/m^2,          t1  =  %f C,\n      P2  =  %f kN/m^2,        t2  =  %f C,\n      P3  =  %f kN/m^2,         t3  =  %f C,\n      P4  =  %f kN/m^2,          t4  =  %f C\n',P1,T1-273,P2,T2-273,P3,T3-273,P4,T4-273);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b)\n",
+"W = cp*(T3-T2)-cv*(T4-T1);// work done, [kJ]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (b) The work done is  =  %f kJ\n',W);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (c) \n",
+"TE = 1-(T4-T1)/((T3-T2)*Gama);// thermal efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (c) The thermal efficiency is  =  %f percent\n',TE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (d)\n",
+"PW = cp*(T3-T2)+R*(T3-T4)/(Gama-1);// positive work done\n",
+"WR = W/PW;//  work ratio\n",
+"mprintf('\n (d) The work ratio is  =  %f\n',WR);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (e)\n",
+"Pm = W/(V1-V2);// mean effective pressure, [kN/m^2]\n",
+"mprintf('\n (e) The mean effefctive pressure is  =  %f kN/m^2\n',Pm);\n",
+"\n",
+"// (f)\n",
+"CE = (T3-T1)/T3;// carnot efficiency\n",
+"mprintf('\n (f) The carnot efficiency is  =  %f percent\n',CE*100);\n",
+"\n",
+"// value of t2 printed in the book is incorrect\n",
+"\n",
+"// End"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}