Merge pull request #1 from prashantsinalkar/masterHEADmaster

Initial commit

9 files changed, 3277 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/1-Introduction_To_Electronics.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/1-Introduction_To_Electronics.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68915ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/1-Introduction_To_Electronics.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 1: Introduction To Electronics"
+	   ]
+	},
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/12-Memory_Systems.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/12-Memory_Systems.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1704395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/12-Memory_Systems.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 12: Memory Systems"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 12.1: Capacity_of_memory_chip.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 12.1\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"RAMbit= 2*4;//K bit RAM IC chip\n",
+"// The capacity of the memory chip,\n",
+"Capacity = RAMbit*2^10;// in bits\n",
+"disp(Capacity,'The capacity (or density) of the memory chip in bits is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 12.2: Required_address_bits.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 12.2\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"// (a) For 1024 number of bits\n",
+"No_of_bits= 1024;// bits\n",
+"Req_add_bits= log(No_of_bits)/log(2);\n",
+"disp(Req_add_bits,'Address bits required for a memory that has 1024 number of bits');\n",
+"\n",
+"// (b) For 256 number of bits\n",
+"No_of_bits= 256;// bits\n",
+"Req_add_bits= log(No_of_bits)/log(2);\n",
+"disp(Req_add_bits,'Address bits required for a memory that has 256 number of bits');\n",
+"\n",
+"// (c) For 4098 number of bits\n",
+"No_of_bits= 4096;// bits\n",
+"// 2^12= 4096, 2^13= 8192, where 4096<4098<8192 or 2^12<4098<2^13, hence\n",
+"Req_add_bits= 13;\n",
+"disp(Req_add_bits,'Address bits required for a memory that has 4098 number of bits');\n",
+"\n",
+"// d) For 16384 number of bits\n",
+"No_of_bits= 16384;// bits\n",
+"Req_add_bits= log(No_of_bits)/log(2);\n",
+"disp(Req_add_bits,'Address bits required for a memory that has 16384 number of bits');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 12.3: Bits_of_storage_and_lines_in_address_bus.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 12.3\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"memory = 16;// in K\n",
+"memory= memory*1024;// in bits\n",
+"// Number of bits of storage,\n",
+"Req_add_bits= log(memory)/log(2);\n",
+"disp(Req_add_bits,'Number of bits of storage is : ')\n",
+"disp(Req_add_bits,'Number of lines in address bus is : ')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 12.4: Number_of_address_line.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 12.4\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"memory= 16;// in K\n",
+"wordBit= 8;\n",
+"// Number of address\n",
+"N= log((memory/wordBit)*1024)/log(2);\n",
+"disp(N,'The number of address lines is : ')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 12.5: Memory_cell.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 12.5\n",
+"format('v',8)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"memory= 16;// in K\n",
+"memory= memory*1024;// in bits\n",
+"// Number of words\n",
+"N1= memory;\n",
+"disp(N1,'The number of words is : ')\n",
+"N2= 32;// number of bits per word\n",
+"disp(N2,'The number of bits per word is : ')\n",
+"// Number of memory cell\n",
+"N3= N2*memory;\n",
+"disp(N3,'The number of memory cell is : ')\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 12.6: Total_number_of_memory_cells.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 12.6\n",
+"format('v',9)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"N1= 16;// address input\n",
+"inputs= 4;\n",
+"outputs= 4;\n",
+"// Total number of memory cells\n",
+"N2= 2^N1*2^inputs;\n",
+"disp(N2,'Total number of memory cells is : ')"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/2-Semiconductor_Materials_And_Junction_Diode.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/2-Semiconductor_Materials_And_Junction_Diode.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff91a12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/2-Semiconductor_Materials_And_Junction_Diode.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 2: Semiconductor Materials And Junction Diode"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.1: Electron_and_hole_component_of_current_density.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 2.1\n",
+"format('v',9)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"n_i = 1.5 * 10^10;// in /cc\n",
+"p = n_i;// in /cc\n",
+"n = n_i;// in /cc\n",
+"miu_n = 1400;// in cm^2/V-s\n",
+"miu_p = 450;//in cm^2/V-s\n",
+"q = 1.6 * 10^-19;// in C\n",
+"E = 20;// in V/cm\n",
+"a= 5;// cross section area of Si bar in cm^2\n",
+"sigma_n = n*q*miu_n;// in mho/cm\n",
+"sigma_p = n*q*miu_p;// in mho/cm\n",
+"// Electron current density \n",
+"Jn = sigma_n*E;// in A\n",
+"Jn= Jn*10^6;// in µA/cm^2\n",
+"disp(Jn,'Electron current density in µA/cm^2 is');\n",
+"// The hole current density \n",
+"Jp = sigma_p*E;// in A/cm^2\n",
+"Jp= Jp*10^6;// in µA/cm^2\n",
+"disp(Jp,'The hole current density in µA/cm^2 is');\n",
+"//The total current in the bar \n",
+"total = (Jn+Jp)*a;// µA/cm^2\n",
+"disp(total,'The total current in the bar in µA/cm^2 is');\n",
+"format('e',8)\n",
+"// The resistivity of the bar \n",
+"rho = 1/(n_i*q*(miu_p+miu_n)*10^2);// in ohm-cm\n",
+"disp(rho,'The resistivity of the bar in ohm-cm is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.2: Peak_output_voltage.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 2.2\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V_F = 20;// in V\n",
+"Vin = V_F;// in V\n",
+"V_BE = 0.7;// in V\n",
+"R1 = 500;//resistance in ohm\n",
+"R2 = 10;// resistance in ohm\n",
+"// Peak current though the diode\n",
+"Ifpeak = (V_F-V_BE)/(R1+R2);// in A\n",
+"Ifpeak = Ifpeak * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(Ifpeak,'The peak current through the diode in mA is');\n",
+"R_L = 500;// in ohm\n",
+"// Peak output voltage\n",
+"Vpeakout = Ifpeak*10^-3*R_L;// in V\n",
+"disp(Vpeakout,'The peak out voltage in V is');\n",
+"// For ideal diode\n",
+"Ifpeak = V_F/R_L;// in A\n",
+"Ifpeak = Ifpeak * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"// The peak output voltage for ideal diode \n",
+"Vpeakout= Ifpeak*10^-3*R_L;// in V\n",
+"disp(Ifpeak,'The peak current for ideal diode in mA is');\n",
+"disp(Vpeakout,'The peak output voltage for ideal diode in V is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.3: Increase_in_forward_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 2.3\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"t = 27;// in °C\n",
+"t= t+273;// in °K\n",
+"q= 1.6*10^-19;// electron charge in C\n",
+"v = 200*10^-3;// in V\n",
+"kt_by_q= 0.026;// in V\n",
+"Io= 3*10^-7;// in A\n",
+"// For large reverse bias I= Io*(%e^(q*v/(k*t)))\n",
+"I= Io*(%e^(v/kt_by_q)-1);// in A\n",
+"I= round(I*10^6);// in µA\n",
+"disp(I,'The current flowing through the diode in µA is');\n",
+"Idaso = Io*2^7;// in A\n",
+"// r_ac = dv/di = 1/( Io*(1/kTdividedq)*(%e^(v/(kTdividedq))) );\n",
+"r_ac = 1/( Io*(1/kt_by_q)*(%e^(v/(kt_by_q))) );\n",
+"disp(r_ac,'The ac resistance in ohm is : ');\n",
+"kt_by_q = 0.032;// in V\n",
+"I1 = Idaso * ((%e^(v/(kt_by_q))) - 1);// in A\n",
+"I1 = I1 * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"delI = I1-(I*10^-3);// in mA\n",
+"disp(delI,'The increase in forward current in mA is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.4: Slope_of_the_line.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 2.4\n",
+"format('e',9)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V = 30;//applied forward voltage in V\n",
+"R_L = 3;//load resistance in  k ohm\n",
+"R_L = R_L * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"Imax = V/R_L;// maximum diode current in A\n",
+"Imax = Imax * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"slope = -1/R_L;// in mho\n",
+"plot([V,0],[0,Imax]);\n",
+"xlabel('V_F in volts');\n",
+"ylabel('I_F in mA');\n",
+"title('DC load line');\n",
+"disp('DC load line shown in figure')\n",
+"disp(slope,'The slope of the line in mho is');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Note: There is calculation error to find the value of slope because -1/3kΩ = -3.33*10^-4 mho,  not = -3.33*10^-3 mho"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.5: Maximum_and_minimum_values_of_the_instantaneous_power.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 2.5\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Vp= '[4+0.2*sin(omega*t)]';// in V\n",
+"Ip= '[4+0.3*sin(omega*t)]';// in mA\n",
+"//The instantaneous power dissipated, P= Vp*Ip = [4+0.2*sind(wt)]*[4+0.3*sind(wt)] \n",
+"// and putting, sin^2(omega*t)= 1/2-1/2*cos(2*omega*t)\n",
+"P= '[16.03+2*sin(omega*t)-0.03*cos(2*omega*t)]*10^-3';// in W\n",
+"disp(P,'The instantaneous power dissipated in the diode in W is : ')\n",
+"// Pmax occurs when omega*t=90, so\n",
+"omega_t= 90;// in °\n",
+"Pmax= [16.03+2*sind(omega_t)-0.03*cosd(2*omega_t)]*10^-3;// in W\n",
+"disp(Pmax,'The maximum value of instantaneous power dissipated in W is : ')\n",
+"// Pmin occurs when omega*t=-90, so\n",
+"omega_t= -90;// in °\n",
+"Pmin= [16.03+2*sind(omega_t)-0.03*cosd(2*omega_t)]*10^-3;// in W\n",
+"disp(Pmin,'The minimum value of instantaneous power dissipated in W is : ');\n",
+"// The average power dissipated\n",
+"Pav=(Pmax+Pmin)/2;// in W\n",
+"disp(Pav,'The average power dissipated in the diode in W is : ')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.6: Load_line.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 2.6\n",
+"format('v',9)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"R_L = 50;// in ohm\n",
+"V = 10;// in V\n",
+"R = 5;// in ohm\n",
+"V_D = (V*R)/(R_L+R);// in V\n",
+"R_D = (R_L*R)/(R_L+R);// in ohm\n",
+"I_D = V_D/R_D;// in A\n",
+"I_D = I_D * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"plot([V_D,0],[0,I_D])\n",
+"xlabel('V_D in volts');\n",
+"ylabel('I_D in mA');\n",
+"title('DC load line');\n",
+"disp('DC load line shown in figure')\n",
+"slope = -1/R_D;\n",
+"disp(slope,'The slope of the dc load line is : ');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.7: Value_of_Is.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 2.7\n",
+"format('e',8)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V_T= 26*10^-3;// in V\n",
+"T = 300;// in K\n",
+"V = 0.25;// in V\n",
+"I=  10 * 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"// I = I_S*( (%e^(V/(n*kTdividedq)))-1 ) = I_S*( (%e^(V/V_T))-1 );\n",
+"I_S= I/(%e^(V/V_T)-1);// in A\n",
+"disp(I_S,'The reverse saturate current in amp. is : ')\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"// For 1 mA current\n",
+"I = 1;// in mA\n",
+"I = I*10^-3;// in A\n",
+"V = (1/38.46)*log(I/I_S);// in V\n",
+"disp(V,'The bias voltage needed for 1 mA in V is');\n",
+"// For 100 mA current\n",
+"I = 100;// in mA\n",
+"I = I * 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"V = (1/38.46)*log(I/I_S);// in V\n",
+"disp(V,'The bias voltage needed for 100 mA in V is');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Note: Answer in the book is not accurate."
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.8: Reverse_saturation_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 2.8\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V_T= 25*10^-3;// in V\n",
+"// I = Io*( (%e^(V/V_T))-1 );\n",
+"I = 1;// in mA\n",
+"I = I * 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"V = 0.15;// in V\n",
+"Io = I/( (%e^((1/V_T)*V))-1 );// in A\n",
+"Io = Io * 10^6;// in µA\n",
+"disp(Io,'The reverse saturation current at room temperature in µA is');\n",
+"// Io doubles for every 10°C-rise in temperature. Thus at 40°C\n",
+"Io_new= 4*Io;//new value of reverse saturation current in µA\n",
+"disp(Io_new,'The reverse saturation current at 40 °C in µA is');\n",
+"I = 100;// in mA\n",
+"I = I * 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"// I = Io*( (%e^((1/V_T)*V))-1 );\n",
+"V = (1/40)*log( I/(Io*10^-6) );// in V\n",
+"disp(V,'The forward bias voltage in V is');"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/3-Junction_Diode_and_Their_Applications.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/3-Junction_Diode_and_Their_Applications.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db03a42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/3-Junction_Diode_and_Their_Applications.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 3: Junction Diode and Their Applications"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.10: Value_of_limiting_resistance_R1_and_R2.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 3.10\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Vz1= 10;//voltage across zener diode, Z1 in V\n",
+"Vz2= 5;// voltage across zener diode, Z2 in V\n",
+"Iz1= 30*10^-3;// current through zener diode, Z1 in A\n",
+"Iz2= 15*10^-3;// current through zener diode, Z1 in A\n",
+"I_knee= 5*10^-3;//knee current of zener diode,Z1 in A\n",
+"R_L=500;//load resistance in ohm\n",
+"R= 1*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"V_B= 25;// in V\n",
+"// Current through RL,\n",
+"I_RL= Vz2/R_L;// in A\n",
+"// Current through R2,\n",
+"I_R2= Iz2+Vz2/R_L;// in A\n",
+"// Voltage across resistance R2,\n",
+"V_R2= Vz1-Vz2;// in V\n",
+"R2= V_R2/I_R2;// in ohm\n",
+"disp(R2,'The value of resistance R2 in ohm is : ')\n",
+"// Current through R1,\n",
+"I_R1= Iz1+Vz1/R+I_R2;//in A\n",
+"// Voltage across R1,\n",
+"V_R1= V_B-Vz1;// in V\n",
+"R1= V_R1/I_R1;// in ohm\n",
+"disp(R1,'The value of resistance R1 in ohm is : ')\n",
+"// Current through R1,\n",
+"I_R1= I_knee+Vz1/R+I_R2;// in mA\n",
+"// Voltage across R1,\n",
+"V_R1= I_R1*R1;// in volts\n",
+"V_Bmin= Vz1+V_R1;// in V\n",
+"disp(V_Bmin,'The lowest power supply voltage in volts is : ')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.1: Im_Idc_Irms_and_Ripple_factor.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 3.1\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"// V = 50 * snid(omega*t);\n",
+"Vm = 50;// in V\n",
+"r_d = 20;// in ohm\n",
+"R_L = 800;// in ohm\n",
+"Im = Vm/(r_d+R_L);// in A\n",
+"Im = Im * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(Im,'The value of Im in mA is');\n",
+"Idc = Im/%pi;// in mA\n",
+"disp(Idc,'The value of Idc in mA is');\n",
+"Irms = Im/2;// in mA\n",
+"disp(Irms,'The value of Irms in mA is');\n",
+"// The ac power input\n",
+"P_ac_input = (Irms*10^-3)^2*(r_d+R_L);// in W\n",
+"disp(P_ac_input,'The ac power input in W is');\n",
+"P_dc_output = (Idc*10^-3)^2*R_L;// in W\n",
+"// The dc power output \n",
+"disp(P_dc_output,'The dc power output in W is');\n",
+"// The dc output voltage \n",
+"V_dc_out = Idc*10^-3*R_L;// in V\n",
+"disp(V_dc_out,'The dc output voltage in V is');\n",
+"//The Efficiency of rectification, Eta = ((Idc^2*R_L)*100)/(Irms^2*(R_L+r_d)) = (8/%pi) * ((R_L*100)/(R_L+r_d))\n",
+"Eta = 8/%pi^2 * ((R_L*100)/(R_L+r_d));// in %\n",
+"disp(Eta,'The Efficiency of rectification in % is');\n",
+"ripplefactor = sqrt( (Irms/Idc)^2 -1 );\n",
+"disp(ripplefactor,'The ripple factor is');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Note: In the book, the calculation to evaluate the value of efficiency of rectification is wrong."
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.2: Required_PIV.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 3.2\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Vdc = 120;// in V\n",
+"Vm = (%pi/2)*Vdc;// in V\n",
+"disp(Vm,'The peak value of output voltage in V is');\n",
+"Vpeak = 2*Vm;// in V\n",
+"disp(Vpeak,'The peak value of voltage at transformer secondary in volts is : ')\n",
+"Vrms = Vpeak/sqrt(2);// in V\n",
+"disp(Vrms,'The r.m.s. value of voltage at transformer secondary in V is');\n",
+"R_L = 250;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_L = R_L * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"Idc = Vdc/R_L;// in A\n",
+"Idc= Idc*10^6;// in µA\n",
+"disp(Idc,'The average current delivered to load in µA is');\n",
+"Io = Idc/2;// in µA\n",
+"disp(Io,'The average current through each of the diode in µA is');\n",
+"// Peak current through each of the diode in A\n",
+"I_peak = Vm/R_L;// in A\n",
+"I_peak= I_peak*10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(I_peak,'The peak current through each of the diode in mA is');\n",
+"PIV = 2*Vm;// in V\n",
+"disp(PIV,'The PIV required for each of the diode in V is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.3: Maximum_and_minimum_value_of_zener_diode_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 3.3\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V = 120;// in V\n",
+"Vz = 50;// in V\n",
+"R = 5;// in k ohm \n",
+"R = R * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"I = (V-Vz)/R;// in A\n",
+"R1 = 10;// in k ohm\n",
+"R1 = R1 * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"I_L = Vz/R1;// in A\n",
+"// The maximum value of zener diode current \n",
+"I_Zmax = I-I_L;// in A\n",
+"I_Zmax= I_Zmax*10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(I_Zmax,'The maximum value of zener diode current in mA is');\n",
+"V2 = 80;// in V\n",
+"I = (V2-Vz)/R;// in A\n",
+"// The minimum value of zener diode current \n",
+"I_Zmin = I-I_L;// in A\n",
+"I_Zmin=I_Zmin*10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(I_Zmin,'The minimum value of zener diode current in mA is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.4: Value_of_R.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 3.4\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"R_L = 18;// in ohm\n",
+"Vz = 18;// in V\n",
+"V1 = 22;// in V\n",
+"V2 = 28;// in V\n",
+"// Minimum voltage across R,\n",
+"V = V1-Vz;// in V\n",
+"Izmin = 200;// in mA\n",
+"I_Lmax = Vz/R_L;// in A\n",
+"I = I_Lmax+Izmin*10^-3;// in A\n",
+"R =V/I;// in ohm\n",
+"disp(R,'The value of R in ohm is : ')\n",
+"I1 = (V2-Vz)/R;;// in A\n",
+"// The maximum current through R \n",
+"Izmax = I1 - 1;// in A\n",
+"Izmax= Izmax*10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(Izmax,'The maximum current through R in mA is');\n",
+"disp('Which is within the limit of Iz (max) provided.')\n",
+"pd = Vz*Izmax*10^-3;// maximum power dissipated in W\n",
+"disp(pd,'The maximum power dissipated in W is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.5: Designing_of_the_circuit.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 3.5\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V1 = 12;// in V\n",
+"Vz = 10;// in V\n",
+"V = V1-Vz;// in V\n",
+"I_Lmax = 10;// in mA\n",
+"I_Zmin = 0.2;// in mA\n",
+"I = I_Lmax+I_Zmin;// in mA\n",
+"R = V/I;// in k ohm\n",
+"Vz1 = 5;// in V\n",
+"// The maximum current through R \n",
+"Imax = Vz1/R;// in mA\n",
+"disp(Imax,'The maximum current through R in mA is');\n",
+"// The power rating of zener \n",
+"power = Vz*Imax;// in mW\n",
+"disp(power,'The power rating of zener in mW is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.6: Input_and_output_waveform.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 3.6\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Vo= -6;// in V    (for Vi<=-6.6 V)\n",
+"Vo= 8;// in V     (for Vi>=8.8 V)\n",
+"// Vi= 10000*i+100000*i or i= Vi/110000     (i)\n",
+"Vi= -6.6:0.1:8.8;\n",
+"// Vo= 100000*i \n",
+"Vo= 100000*Vi/110000;//     (substituting i from eq(i))\n",
+"plot(Vi,Vo);\n",
+"xlabel('Vi in volts')\n",
+"ylabel('Vo in volts')\n",
+"title('The overall transfer characteristics')\n",
+"disp('The overall transfer characteristics shown in figure.')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.7: Output_dc_voltage.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 3.7\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Vm = 20;// in V\n",
+"Idc = 100;// in mA\n",
+"Idc = Idc * 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"R_S = 5;// in ohm\n",
+"R_F = 2;// in ohm\n",
+"Vdc = ((2*sqrt(2)*Vm)/%pi) - Idc*(R_S+2*R_F);// in V\n",
+"disp(Vdc,'The output dc voltage at dc load current of 100 mA in V is');\n",
+"Idc = 200;// in mA\n",
+"Idc = Idc * 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"Vdc = ((2*sqrt(2)*Vm)/%pi) - Idc*(R_S+2*R_F);// in V\n",
+"R_L = Vdc/Idc;// in ohm\n",
+"// The percentage regulaiton\n",
+"Per_reg = ((2*R_F+R_S)/R_L)*100;// in %\n",
+"disp(Per_reg,'The percentage regulation for a full load dc current of 200 mA in % is');\n",
+"Eta = round((8/(%pi^2)) * ( R_L/(2*R_F+R_S+R_L) )*100);// in %\n",
+"disp(Eta,'The efficiency of the rectifier in % is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.8: Designing_of_a_zener_voltage_regulator.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 3.8\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Vz = 20;// in V\n",
+"R_L = 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_L = R_L * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"I_L =Vz/R_L;// in A\n",
+"V1 = 30;// in V\n",
+"R_S = (V1-Vz)/I_L;// in ohm\n",
+"V2 = 50;// in V\n",
+"// The maximum current through Rs resistor,\n",
+"I_S = (V2-Vz)/R_S;// in A\n",
+"I_Smax = V1/R_S;// in A\n",
+"I_Zmax = I_Smax-I_L;// in A\n",
+"power = I_Zmax*Vz;// in W\n",
+"disp(power,'The maximum power rating of the Zener diode in W is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.9: Designing_of_a_zener_voltage_regulator.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 3.9\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Vz = 20;// in V\n",
+"V1 = 30;// in V\n",
+"V2 = 50;// in V\n",
+"R_L = 2;// in  k ohm\n",
+"R_L = R_L * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"I_L =Vz/R_L;// in A\n",
+"I_ZK = 5*10^-3;// in mA\n",
+"I_Smin = I_L+I_ZK;// in A\n",
+"R_S = (V1-Vz)/I_Smin;// in ohm\n",
+"I_Smax = (V2-Vz)/R_S;// in A\n",
+"I_Zmax = I_Smax-(I_Smin+I_ZK);// in A\n",
+"// The maximum power rating of the zener diode, \n",
+"power = I_Zmax*Vz;// in W\n",
+"disp(power,'The maximum power rating of the zener diode in W is');"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/4-BJTs_and_FETs.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/4-BJTs_and_FETs.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7efca47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/4-BJTs_and_FETs.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,838 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 4: BJTs and FETs"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.10: DC_load_line.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.10\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V_CC = 18;// in V\n",
+"V_BB = 6;// in V\n",
+"Beta = 75;\n",
+"I_CO = 100;// in nA\n",
+"I_CO = I_CO * 10^-9;// in A\n",
+"R_C = 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_C = R_C * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"V_CE = 9;// in V\n",
+"I_C = 9;// in mA\n",
+"I_C = I_C * 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"// I_C = Beta*I_B + (1+Beta)*I_CO;\n",
+"I_B = (I_C-((1+Beta)*I_CO))/Beta;// in A\n",
+"I_B = I_B * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(I_B,'The value of I_B in mA is');\n",
+"V_BE = 0.7;// in V assumed\n",
+"R_B = (V_BB-V_BE)/(I_B*10^-3);// in ohm\n",
+"R_B = R_B * 10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(R_B,'The value of R_B for Si transistor in k ohm is');\n",
+"V_BE = 0.3;// in V\n",
+"R_B = (V_BB-V_BE)/(I_B*10^-3);// in ohm\n",
+"R_B= R_B*10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(R_B,'The value of R_B for Ge transistor in k ohm is');\n",
+"V_CEQ= V_CC-I_C*R_C;// in V\n",
+"I_CQ= round(Beta*I_B);// in mA\n",
+"I_C= V_CC/R_C;// in A\n",
+"I_C= I_C*10^3;// in mA\n",
+"plot([V_CC,0],[0,I_C]);\n",
+"xlabel('V_CC in volts ');\n",
+"ylabel('I_C in mA')\n",
+"title('DC load line ')\n",
+"disp('DC load line shown in figure')\n",
+"disp('Q point : '+string(V_CEQ)+' volts, '+string(I_CQ)+' mA')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.11: Base_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.11\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"alpha = 0.9;\n",
+"I_E = 1;// mA\n",
+"I_C = alpha * I_E;// in mA\n",
+"// The base current,\n",
+"I_B = I_E - I_C;// in mA\n",
+"disp(I_B,'The value of base current in mA is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.12: Emitter_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.12\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"bita = 50;\n",
+"I_B= 20;// in µA\n",
+"I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A\n",
+"I_C= bita*I_B;// in A\n",
+"// The emitter current,\n",
+"I_E= I_C+I_B;// in A\n",
+"I_E = I_E * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(I_E,'The Emitter current in mA is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.13: Base_current_and_emitter_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.13\n",
+"format('v',7)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"beta_dc = 90;\n",
+"// The base current,\n",
+"I_C = 15;// in mA\n",
+"I_C = I_C * 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"I_B = I_C/beta_dc;// in A\n",
+"I_B= I_B*10^6;// in µA\n",
+"disp(I_B,'The base current in µA is');\n",
+"I_B= I_B*10^-6;// in A\n",
+"// The emitter current,\n",
+"I_E = I_C + I_B;// in A\n",
+"I_E = I_E * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(I_E,'The Emitter current in mA is');\n",
+"alpha_dc = beta_dc/(1+beta_dc);\n",
+"disp(alpha_dc,'The value of alpha_dc is');\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.14: Change_in_base_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.14\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"del_ic = 1.8;// in mA\n",
+"del_ie = 1.89;// in mA\n",
+"alpha = del_ic / del_ie;\n",
+"bita = alpha/(1 - alpha);\n",
+"// Change in base current,\n",
+"del_ib = del_ic/bita;// in mA\n",
+"del_ib = del_ib * 10^3;// in µA\n",
+"disp(del_ib,'The change in I_B in µA is'); \n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.15: Collector_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Exa 4.15\n",
+"format('v',7)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"bita = 100;\n",
+"I_CBO = 4;// in µA\n",
+"I_B = 40;// in µA\n",
+"// The collector current,\n",
+"I_C = (bita * I_B) + ((1+bita) * I_CBO);// in µA\n",
+"I_C = I_C * 10^-3;// in msA\n",
+"disp(I_C,'The collector current in mA is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.16: Alphadc_and_beta_dc.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Exa 4.16\n",
+"format('v',7)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"I_CEo = 21;// in µA\n",
+"I_CBO = 1.1;// in µA\n",
+"// Value of beta_dc \n",
+"beta_dc = round((I_CEo/I_CBO) - 1);\n",
+"disp(beta_dc,'Value of beta_dc is');\n",
+"// The value of alpha_dc \n",
+"alpha_dc = beta_dc/(1 + beta_dc);\n",
+"disp(alpha_dc,'The value of alpha_dc is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.17: Alphadc_and_emitter_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.17\n",
+"format('v',7)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"I_CBO = 3;//in µA\n",
+"I_CBO= I_CBO*10^-3;// in mA \n",
+"I_C= 15;// in mA\n",
+"// But it is given that I_C= 99.5% of I_E, SO\n",
+"I_E= I_C/99.5*100;// in mA\n",
+"alpha_dc= I_C/I_E;\n",
+"disp(alpha_dc,'The value of alpha_dc is : ')\n",
+"disp(I_E,'The value of I_E in mA is : ')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.18: IC_and_IB.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Exa 4.18\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"//Given data\n",
+"alpha_dc = 0.99;\n",
+"I_CBO = 10;// in µA\n",
+"I_CBO= I_CBO*10^-6;// in A\n",
+"I_E = 10;// in mA\n",
+"I_E= I_E*10^-3;// in A\n",
+"// The collector current,\n",
+"I_C = (alpha_dc * I_E) + I_CBO;// in A\n",
+"I_C=I_C*10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(I_C,'The value of I_C in mA is');\n",
+"I_C=I_C*10^-3;// in A\n",
+"// The base current,\n",
+"I_B = I_E - I_C;// in A\n",
+"I_B = I_B * 10^6;// in µA\n",
+"disp(I_B,'The value of I_B in µA is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.19: Base_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.19\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"format('v',9)\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"alpha_dc = 0.99;\n",
+"I_C = 6;// in mA\n",
+"I_C= I_C*10^-3;// in A\n",
+"I_CBO = 15;// in µA\n",
+"I_CBO= I_CBO*10^-6;// in A\n",
+"// The emitter current,\n",
+"I_E = (I_C - I_CBO)/alpha_dc;// in A\n",
+"// The base current,\n",
+"I_B = I_E - I_C;// in A \n",
+"I_B= I_B*10^6;// in µA\n",
+"I_B= round(I_B)\n",
+"disp(I_B,'The value of I_B in µA is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.1: DC_load_line.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.1\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V_CC = 18;// in V\n",
+"V_BB = 6;// in V\n",
+"Beta = 75;\n",
+"I_CO = 100;// in nA\n",
+"I_CO = I_CO * 10^-9;// in A\n",
+"R_C = 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_C = R_C * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"V_CE = 9;// in V\n",
+"I_C = 9;// in mA\n",
+"I_C = I_C * 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"// I_C = Beta*I_B + (1+Beta)*I_CO;\n",
+"I_B = (I_C-((1+Beta)*I_CO))/Beta;// in A\n",
+"I_B = I_B * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(I_B,'The value of I_B in mA is');\n",
+"V_BE = 0.7;// in V assumed\n",
+"R_B = (V_BB-V_BE)/(I_B*10^-3);// in ohm\n",
+"R_B = R_B * 10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(R_B,'The value of R_B for Si transistor in k ohm is');\n",
+"V_BE = 0.3;// in V\n",
+"R_B = (V_BB-V_BE)/(I_B*10^-3);// in ohm\n",
+"R_B= R_B*10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(R_B,'The value of R_B for Ge transistor in k ohm is');\n",
+"V_CEQ= V_CC-I_C*R_C;// in V\n",
+"I_CQ= round(Beta*I_B);// in mA\n",
+"I_C= V_CC/R_C;// in A\n",
+"I_C= I_C*10^3;// in mA\n",
+"plot([V_CC,0],[0,I_C]);\n",
+"xlabel('V_CC in volts ');\n",
+"ylabel('I_C in mA')\n",
+"title('DC load line ')\n",
+"disp('DC load line shown in figure')\n",
+"disp('Q point : '+string(V_CEQ)+' volts, '+string(I_CQ)+' mA')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.20: Emitter_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Exa 4.20\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"alpha_dc = 0.98;\n",
+"I_CBO = 12;// in µA\n",
+"I_CBO = I_CBO * 10^-6;// in A\n",
+"I_B = 120;// in µA\n",
+"I_B = I_B * 10^-6;// in A\n",
+"beta_dc = alpha_dc/(1-alpha_dc);\n",
+"// The emitter current,\n",
+"I_E = ((1 + beta_dc) * I_B) + ((1 + beta_dc) * I_CBO);//in A\n",
+"I_E = I_E * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(I_E,'The value of I_E in mA is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.21: Base_and_emitter_current.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.21\n",
+"format('v',7)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"beta_dc = 90;\n",
+"// The base current,\n",
+"I_C = 15;// in mA\n",
+"I_C = I_C * 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"I_B = I_C/beta_dc;// in A\n",
+"I_B=I_B*10^6;// in µA\n",
+"disp(I_B,'The base current in µA is');\n",
+"I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A\n",
+"// The emitter current,\n",
+"I_E = I_C + I_B;// in A\n",
+"I_E = I_E * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"disp(I_E,'The Emitter current in mA is');\n",
+"alpha_dc = beta_dc/(1+beta_dc);\n",
+"disp(alpha_dc,'The value of alpha_dc is');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Note: There is printing mistake in the book in this example."
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.2: Value_of_RB_RC_and_IC.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.2\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V_BB = 15;// in V\n",
+"V_CC = 15;// in V\n",
+"I_CO = 0.1;// in µA\n",
+"I_CO = I_CO * 10^-6;// in A\n",
+"Beta = 60;\n",
+"I_B = 50;// in µA\n",
+"I_B = I_B * 10^-6;// in A\n",
+"V_CE = 8;// in V\n",
+"I_C = (Beta*I_B)+((1+Beta)*I_CO);// in A\n",
+"I_C =  round(I_C * 10^3);// in mA\n",
+"disp('Part (i) : ')\n",
+"disp(I_C,'The value of I_C in mA is');\n",
+"R_C = (V_CC-V_CE)/(I_C*10^-3);// in ohm\n",
+"R_C = R_C * 10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(R_C,'The value of R_C in k ohm is');\n",
+"V_BE = 0.3;// in V\n",
+"R_BGe = (V_BB-V_BE)/I_B;// in ohm\n",
+"R_BGe = R_BGe * 10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(R_BGe,'The value of R_B for Ge in k ohm is');\n",
+"V_BE = 0.7;// in V\n",
+"R_BSi = (V_BB-V_BE)/I_B;// in ohm\n",
+"R_BSi = R_BSi * 10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(R_BSi,'The value of R_B for Si in k ohm is');\n",
+"P_RC = ((I_C*10^-3)^2)*(7/3)*10^3;// in W\n",
+"P_RC = P_RC * 10^3;// in mW\n",
+"disp('Part (ii) : ')\n",
+"disp(P_RC,'The power dissipations in RC in mW is');\n",
+"// The power dissipations in the transistor \n",
+"P_TRANS = V_CE*I_C;// in mW\n",
+"disp(P_TRANS,'The power dissipations in the transistor in mW is');\n",
+"disp('Part (iii) : For RC= 1 kΩ, V_CE increase, shifting the Q-point ot right and I_C increase slightly')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.3: NEw_value_of_VCE.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.3\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V_CE = 9;// in V\n",
+"R_C = 10;// in Mohm\n",
+"R_C = R_C * 10^6;// in ohm\n",
+"V = 10;// in V\n",
+"I_CEO = (V - V_CE)/R_C;// in A\n",
+"// When R_C is changed to 10 k ohm\n",
+"R_C = 10;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_C = R_C * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"V_CE = (V - (I_CEO*R_C));// in V\n",
+"disp(V_CE,'The new value of V_CE in V is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.4: DC_load_line.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.4\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V_CC = 20;// in V\n",
+"V_BB = 10;// in V\n",
+"V_BE= 0.7;// in V\n",
+"V_CEsat = 0.3;// in V\n",
+"R_B = 47;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_B = R_B * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R_C = 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_C = R_C * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"I_C =V_CC/R_C;// in A\n",
+"I_C = I_C * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"plot([V_CC,0],[0,I_C]);\n",
+"xlabel('V_CE in volts');\n",
+"ylabel('I_C in mA');\n",
+"title('DC load line')\n",
+"I_BQ = (V_BB-V_BE)/R_B;// in A\n",
+"Beta = 80;\n",
+"I_CQ = Beta*I_BQ*10^3;// in mA\n",
+"V_CEQ = V_CC - (I_CQ*10^-3*R_C);// in V\n",
+"disp('DC load line shown in figure')\n",
+"disp('Q points : '+string(V_CEQ)+' volts, '+string(I_CQ)+' mA')\n",
+"I_Csat = (V_CC-V_CEsat)/R_C;// in A\n",
+"I_B = I_Csat/Beta;// in A\n",
+"V_BE = 0.7;// in V\n",
+"R_B = (V_BB-V_BE)/I_B;// in ohm\n",
+"disp(R_B*10^-3,'The value of R_B in k ohm is');\n",
+"R_C = 500;// in ohm\n",
+"V_CE = V_CC - (I_Csat*R_C);// in V\n",
+"disp(V_CE,'The value of V_CE in volts is : ')\n",
+"disp('The transistor will come out of saturation and enter the active region of the transistors.');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.5: Value_of_bita_dc.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.5\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Beta_dc = 80;\n",
+"V_CC = 25;// in V\n",
+"V_BE = 0.7;// in V\n",
+"R_B = 180;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_B = R_B * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R_E = 200;// in ohm\n",
+"R_C = 820;// in ohm\n",
+"I_B = (V_CC-V_BE)/(R_B+((Beta_dc+1)*R_E));// in A\n",
+"I_C = Beta_dc*I_B;// in A\n",
+"V_CG = V_CC - (I_C*R_C);// in V\n",
+"disp(V_CG,'The voltage between collector and ground in volts is : ')\n",
+"V_CEsat = 0.3;// in V\n",
+"// V_CC - V_CEsat = I_Csat*R_C + I_Csat/Beta_dc*(Beta_dc+1)*R_E;\n",
+"I_C = (V_CC-V_CEsat)/(R_C+R_E);// in A\n",
+"//I_B = V_CC - ((I_E*R_E)+V_BE)/R_B = V_CC - ((I_C*R_E)+V_BE)/R_B;\n",
+"I_B = (V_CC-I_C*R_E+V_BE)/R_B;// in A\n",
+"Beta_dc = I_C/I_B;\n",
+"disp(Beta_dc,'The value of Beta_dc on which transistor is saturate is');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Note: There is some difference between the value of Beta_dc in the book and coding output because the correct values of I_C and I_B are  24.215 mA and 0.1158"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.7: Value_of_Beta_dc.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.7\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Beta_dc = 80;\n",
+"V_CC = 25;// in V\n",
+"V_BE = 0.7;// in V\n",
+"R_B = 180;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_B = R_B * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R_E = 200;// in ohm\n",
+"R_C = 820;// in ohm\n",
+"I_B = (V_CC-V_BE)/(R_B+((Beta_dc+1)*R_E));// in A\n",
+"I_C = Beta_dc*I_B;// in A\n",
+"V_CG = V_CC - (I_C*R_C);// in V\n",
+"disp(V_CG,'The voltage between collector and ground in volts is : ')\n",
+"V_CEsat = 0.3;// in V\n",
+"// V_CC - V_CEsat = I_Csat*R_C + I_Csat/Beta_dc*(Beta_dc+1)*R_E;\n",
+"I_C = (V_CC-V_CEsat)/(R_C+R_E);// in A\n",
+"//I_B = V_CC - ((I_E*R_E)+V_BE)/R_B = V_CC - ((I_C*R_E)+V_BE)/R_B;\n",
+"I_B = (V_CC-I_C*R_E+V_BE)/R_B;// in A\n",
+"Beta_dc = I_C/I_B;\n",
+"disp(Beta_dc,'The value of Beta_dc on which transistor is saturate is');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Note: There is some difference between the value of Beta_dc in the book and coding output because the correct values of I_C and I_B are  24.215 mA and 0.1158"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.8: New_operating_point.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.8\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V_CE = 8;// in V\n",
+"I_C = 1;// in mA\n",
+"I_C = I_C * 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"V_CC = 12;// in V\n",
+"Beta = 100;\n",
+"R_C = (V_CC-V_CE)/I_C;// in ohm\n",
+"I_B = I_C/Beta;// in A\n",
+"V_BE = 0.3;// in V\n",
+"R_B = ((V_CC-(I_C*R_C))-V_BE)/I_B;// in ohm\n",
+"// For Beta= 50;\n",
+"V_CE= 9.6;// in V\n",
+"I_C= 0.6;// in mA\n",
+"R_C= R_C*10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_B= R_B*10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(R_C,'The value of R_C in k ohm is');\n",
+"disp(R_B,'The value of R_B in k ohm is');\n",
+"disp('New Q point : '+string(V_CE)+' volts, '+string(I_C)+' mA')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.9: Value_of_R1_and_R2.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 4.9\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V_BE= 0.7;\n",
+"bita = 100;\n",
+"V_CC = 20;// in V\n",
+"R_E = 1 * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"V_CEQ = 10;// in V\n",
+"I_CQ = 2* 10^-3;// in A\n",
+"S_ICO = 10;\n",
+"I_BQ = I_CQ/bita;// in A\n",
+"// R_B= R1*R2/(R1+R2)      (i)\n",
+"// V_B= R2*V_CC/(R1+R2) (ii)\n",
+"R_B= (S_ICO-1)*R_E;// in ohm\n",
+"// V_CC= I_CQ*R_C+V_CEQ+(1+bita)*I_C/bita*R_E\n",
+"R_C= (V_CC-V_CEQ-I_CQ*R_E)/I_CQ;// in ohm\n",
+"I_B= I_CQ/bita;// in A\n",
+"V_B= I_B*R_B+V_BE+(1+bita)*R_E*I_B;// in V\n",
+"// From eq (i) and (ii)\n",
+"R2= (V_B*R_B+R_B*(V_CC-V_B))/(V_CC-V_B);// in ohm\n",
+"R1= R2*R_B/(R2-R_B);// in ohm\n",
+"R1= R1*10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"R2= R2*10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(R1,'The value of R1 in k ohm is : ')\n",
+"disp(R2,'The value of R2 in k ohm is : ')"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/5-Transistor_Biasing_and_Small_Signal_Amplifiers.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/5-Transistor_Biasing_and_Small_Signal_Amplifiers.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac15fe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/5-Transistor_Biasing_and_Small_Signal_Amplifiers.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 5: Transistor Biasing and Small Signal Amplifiers"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.10: Value_of_rE_Ai_and_Rin.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 5.10\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"V = 5.7;// in V\n",
+"V_BE = 0.7;// in V\n",
+"R1 =10 * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R2 = 100 * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"I_BQ = (V-V_BE)/(R1+R2);// in A\n",
+"I_BQ = I_BQ * 10^3;// in mA\n",
+"I_EQ = 100*I_BQ;// in mA\n",
+"R1= 2;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_L= 100*10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(I_EQ,'The value of I_EQ in mA is');\n",
+"V_T = 0.026;// in V assumed\n",
+"r_E = V_T/(I_EQ*10^-3);// in ohm\n",
+"disp(r_E,'The value of r_E in ohm is');\n",
+"Beta = 100;\n",
+"h_fe= Beta;\n",
+"r_pi = Beta*r_E;// in ohm\n",
+"disp(r_pi,'The value of r_pi in ohm is : ')\n",
+"ib= poly(0,'ib');\n",
+"vb_by_ib= 0.572+101*1;// in k ohm\n",
+"Ri= 10;// in k ohm\n",
+"i1_by_ib= vb_by_ib/Ri;\n",
+"is_by_ib= 1+i1_by_ib;\n",
+"iL_by_ib= -h_fe*R1/(R1+R_L);\n",
+"// Ai= iL/is = iL_by_ib/is_by_ib;\n",
+"Ai= iL_by_ib/is_by_ib;\n",
+"Rin= vb_by_ib/is_by_ib;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(Ai,'The value of Ai is : ')\n",
+"disp(Rin,'The value of Rin in k ohm is : ')\n",
+"\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.1: h_parameters.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 5.1\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"R1= 10;// in ohm\n",
+"R2= 20;// in ohm\n",
+"R3=30;// in ohm\n",
+"v2= 50;// in V\n",
+"v1= 20;// in V\n",
+"i1= -2.5;//in V\n",
+"i2= 1;// in A\n",
+"h11= R1+(R2*R3/(R2+R3));// in ohm\n",
+"// h-parameters\n",
+"disp('h-parameters : ')\n",
+"disp(h11,'The value of h11 in ohm is : ')\n",
+"// From vi= h11*i1+h12*V1 and i2= h21*i1+h22*v2\n",
+"h12= v1/v2;\n",
+"disp(h12,'The value of h12 is : ')\n",
+"h21= i2/i1;\n",
+"disp(h21,'The value of h21 is : ')\n",
+"h22= i2/v2;// in mho\n",
+"disp(h22,'The value of h22 in mho is : ')\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.2: h_parameters.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 5.2\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"R1 = 30;// in ohm\n",
+"R2 = 40;// in ohm\n",
+"R3 = 60;// in ohm\n",
+"R4 = 40;// in ohm\n",
+"R5 = 70;// in ohm\n",
+"h11 = (R1+(R2*R5/(R2+R5)));// in ohm\n",
+"disp(h11,'The numericals values of h11 in ohm is');\n",
+"h12 =R2*R4/(R4+R5)*1/(R3+R4*R5/(R4+R5))\n",
+"disp(h12,'The numericals values of h12 is');\n",
+"h21 =-R4*R2/(R5+R2)*1/(R3+R5*R2/(R5+R2))\n",
+"disp(h21,'The numericals values of h21 is');\n",
+"h22 = 1/(R3+(R2*R5/(R2+R5)))\n",
+"disp(h22,'The numericals values of h22 in mho is');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Note : In the book the calculated value of h11 i.e 30+(40 || 70) = 53 is wrong. correct value is 55.45 so the answer in the book is wrong."
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.3: z_parameter.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 5.3\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"R1 = 30;// in ohm\n",
+"R2 = 40;// in ohm\n",
+"R3 = 60;// in ohm\n",
+"R4 = 40;// in ohm\n",
+"R5 = 70;// in ohm\n",
+"// z-parameters\n",
+"z11= R1+(R2*(R1+R2)/(R2+(R1+R2)))\n",
+"disp(z11,'The value of z11 in ohm is : ');\n",
+"z22= R3+R4*R5/(R4+R5);\n",
+"disp(z22,'The value of z22 is : ');\n",
+"z12= R2*R4/(R1+R2+R4);\n",
+"disp(z12,'The value of z12 is : ');\n",
+"z21= R2*R4/(R1+R2+R4);\n",
+"disp(z21,'The value of z21 in mho is : ');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.4: External_voltage_gain.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 5.4\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Avint = 100;\n",
+"Ri = 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"Ro = 200;// in ohm\n",
+"Ro = Ro * 10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_S = 50;// in ohm\n",
+"R_S = R_S * 10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_L = 2;// in k ohm\n",
+"// Avext = V_L/V_S =Avint*(Ri/(RiR_S))*(R_L/(R_L+Ro));\n",
+"Avext = Avint*(Ri/(Ri+R_S))*(R_L/(R_L+Ro));\n",
+"disp(Avext,'The external voltage gain is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.5: External_current_gain.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 5.5\n",
+"format('v',7)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Ri = 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"Ro = 80;// in k ohm\n",
+"Aiint = 150;\n",
+"R_S = 5;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_L = 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"//Aiext = i1/i2 = (R_S/(R_S+Ri)) * (Ro/(Ro+R_L))*Aiint;\n",
+"Aiext = (R_S/(R_S+Ri)) * (Ro/(Ro+R_L))*Aiint;\n",
+"disp(Aiext,'The external current gain is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.6: Lower_3_dB_frequency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 5.6\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"// Vo = -R_L*Io = ( (-R_L*Rc)/(Rc+R_L+(1/SC)) )*h_fe*Ib;\n",
+"R_C = 4;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_L = 2;// in k ohm\n",
+"R = R_C+R_L;// in k ohm\n",
+"R= R*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"C_L = 10;// in µF\n",
+"C_L = C_L * 10^-6;// in F\n",
+"// Vo/Ib =Aos/(S+(1/R*C_L));\n",
+"f_L = 1/(2*%pi*R*C_L);// in Hz\n",
+"disp(f_L,'The lower  3-dB frequency in Hz is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.7: Ai_Av_Ri_Ais_and_Avs.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 5.7\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// GIven data\n",
+"R_L= 10*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"h_ie = 1.1;// in k ohm\n",
+"h_ie = h_ie * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"h_re = 2.5*10^-4;\n",
+"h_fe = 50;\n",
+"h_oe = 24;// in µA/V\n",
+"h_oe = h_oe * 10^-6;// in A/V\n",
+"R_S = 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_S = R_S * 10^3;// in  ohm\n",
+"Rc = 10;// in k ohm\n",
+"Rc = Rc * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"Ai = round(-h_fe/(1+(h_oe*R_L)));\n",
+"disp(Ai,'The value of Ai is');\n",
+"Ri = h_ie+(h_re*Ai*R_L);// in ohm\n",
+"Ri= Ri*10^-3;// k ohm\n",
+"disp(Ri,'The value of Ri in k ohm is');\n",
+"Ri= Ri*10^3;// ohm\n",
+"Av = (Ai*R_L)/Ri;\n",
+"disp(Av,'The value of Av is');\n",
+"Avs = (Av*Ri)/(Ri+R_S);\n",
+"disp(Avs,'The value of Avs is');\n",
+"Ais = (Ai*R_S)/(Ri+R_S);\n",
+"disp(Ais,'The value of Ais is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.8: Cut_off_frequency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 5.8\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"I_C = 1 ;// in A\n",
+"bita= 200;\n",
+"h_fe = bita;\n",
+"R_C = 5*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R_E = 2*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R_S =600;// in ohm\n",
+"R_L = 600;// in ohm\n",
+"C1=10*10^-6;// in F\n",
+"C2= C1;// in F\n",
+"f_L= 20;// in Hz (lower cut-off frequency)\n",
+"// R1||R2= 6;// in k ohm\n",
+"r_e = 25/I_C;// in ohm\n",
+"h_i = bita*r_e;// in ohm\n",
+"// R_B= R1||R2=6;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_B= 6*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"r_i = 5*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"Ri = (R_B*r_i)/(R_B+r_i);// in ohm\n",
+"// The cut off frequency due to C1\n",
+"f1= 1/(2*%pi*(Ri+R_S)*C1);// in Hz\n",
+"disp(f1,'The cut-off frequency due to C1 in Hz is : ')\n",
+"// The cut off frequency due to C2\n",
+"f2= 1/(2*%pi*(R_C+R_L)*C2);// in Hz\n",
+"disp(f2,'The cut-off frequency due to C1 in Hz is : ')\n",
+"// The cut off frequency due to C_E, f_L= (1+h_fe)/(2*%pi*C_E*(R_S+h_ie)) or\n",
+"C_E = (1+h_fe)/(2*%pi*f_L*(R_S+h_i));// in F\n",
+"C_E =round(C_E * 10^6);// in µF\n",
+"disp(C_E,'The value of C_E in µF is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.9: Mid_band_voltage_gain_and_input_impedance.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 5.9\n",
+"format('v',9)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"h_fe = 100;\n",
+"h_ie = 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"h_ie = h_ie * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"vo_by_I= -100*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"vi_by_I= 1100+101*0.1*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"Av= vo_by_I/vi_by_I;\n",
+"Av= round(Av);\n",
+"Av= abs(Av);\n",
+"disp(Av,'The mid-band voltage gain is');\n",
+"//Ri =Vi/Ii;\n",
+"Ri= vi_by_I;// in ohm\n",
+"Ri= Ri*10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(Ri,'The input impedance in k ohm is');"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/6-Feedback_Amplifiers_and_Oscillations.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/6-Feedback_Amplifiers_and_Oscillations.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90d81c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/6-Feedback_Amplifiers_and_Oscillations.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 6: Feedback Amplifiers and Oscillations"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.10: Voltage_gain_input_resistance.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 6.10\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"h_fe = 50;\n",
+"h_ie = 1.2;// in k ohm\n",
+"h_ie  = h_ie * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R_C = 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_C = R_C * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R_E = 200;// in ohm\n",
+"R_B = 2;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_B = R_B * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"Av = (-h_fe*R_C)/h_ie;\n",
+"disp(Av,'The voltage gain (Av) is');\n",
+"Ri = (h_ie*R_B)/(h_ie+R_B);// in ohm\n",
+"disp(Ri,'The input resistance (Ri) in ohm is');\n",
+"// vi= vs (on neglecting Rs), hence i_E= i_B+h_fe*i_B = (1+h_fe)*i_B                (i)\n",
+"// vo= -i_C*R_C = -h_fe*i_B*R_C         (As i_C= h_fe*i_B)                                  (ii)\n",
+"// From eq (i) : vi= i_B*h_ie+i_E*R_E= i_B*(h_ie+(1+h_fe)*R_E)                      (iii)\n",
+"//  i_L= i_B                                                                                                                        (iv)  \n",
+"// Avf = (h_fe*i_B*R_C)/(i_B*(h_ie+(1+h_fe)*R_E));\n",
+"Avf = (-h_fe*R_C)/( h_ie+(1+h_fe)*R_E );\n",
+"disp(Avf,'The voltage gain (Avf) is');\n",
+"Rif = (R_B*(h_ie + ((1+h_fe)*R_E)))/(R_B+(h_ie + ((1+h_fe)*R_E)));// in ohm\n",
+"Rif= Rif*10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(Rif,'The input resistance (Rif) in k ohm is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.1: New_gain_after_feedback.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 6.1\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"BWf = 5;// in MHz\n",
+"BWf= BWf * 10^6;// in Hz\n",
+"Av = 100;\n",
+"BW = 500;// in kHz\n",
+"BW = BW * 10^3;// in Hz\n",
+"// BWf = (1+(B*Av))*BW;\n",
+"B = ((BWf/BW)-1)/Av;\n",
+"disp(B,'The amount of negative feed back is');\n",
+"Avf = Av/(1+(Av*B));\n",
+"disp(Avf,'The new gain after negative feed back is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.2: Av_of_the_basic_amplifier.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 6.2\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"h11 = 2;// in k ohm\n",
+"h11 = h11 * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"h12 = 0;\n",
+"h21 = 80;\n",
+"h22= 1*10^-3;// in mho\n",
+"R_L= 10*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"B= 10/100;\n",
+"Ri= 2;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_Ldesh= (R_L*1/h22)/(R_L+1/h22);// in ohm\n",
+"Av= h21*R_Ldesh/h11;\n",
+"disp(Av,'Part (a) : The value of Av of the basic amplifier is : ')\n",
+"D= 1+Av*B;\n",
+"disp(D,'The value of densitivity factor is : ')\n",
+"Avf= Av/(1+B*Av);\n",
+"disp(Avf,'The value of Avf is : ')\n",
+"Rif= (1+Av*B)*Ri;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(Rif,'The value of Rif in k ohm is : ')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.3: Value_of_RC.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 6.3\n",
+"format('e',8)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"f_osc = 6.5;// in kHz\n",
+"f_osc = f_osc * 10^3;// in Hz\n",
+"// f_osc = 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(6)*RC);\n",
+"RC = 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(6)*f_osc);// in sec\n",
+"disp(RC,'The value of RC in sec is : ')\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"// Possible selection of R and C may be\n",
+"R= 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"C= RC/R;// in mF\n",
+"C= C*10^3;// in µF\n",
+"disp('The posible selection of R and C : ')\n",
+"disp('(a) : '+string(R)+' kΩ and '+string(C)+' µF')\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"R= 10;// in k ohm\n",
+"C= RC/R;// in mF\n",
+"C= C*10^3;// in µF\n",
+"disp('The posible selection of R and C : ')\n",
+"disp('(a) : '+string(R)+' kΩ and '+string(C)+' µF')\n",
+"\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.4: Reverse_transmission_factor.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 6.4\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"A= 1000;\n",
+"dA= 100;\n",
+"dAbyAf= 0.1/100;\n",
+"// dAf/Af = 1/|1+B*A| * dA/A or\n",
+"B= (dA-dAbyAf*A)/(dAbyAf*A^2)\n",
+"disp(B,'The reverse transmission factor of the feedback networks used is : ');\n",
+"Af = A/(1+(B*A));\n",
+"disp(Af,'The gain with feed back is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.5: Output_voltage_and_input_voltage.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 6.5\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Vout = 36;// in V\n",
+"Vs = 0.028;// in V\n",
+"B = 1.2/100;\n",
+"A = Vout/Vs;\n",
+"Af = A/(1+(B*A));\n",
+"Vo =Af*Vs;// in V\n",
+"disp(Vo,'The output voltage in V is');\n",
+"// 1+BA = 7 or\n",
+"BA= 6;\n",
+"Af= A/(1+BA);\n",
+"Vin = Vout/Af;// in V\n",
+"disp(Vin,'The input voltage in V is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.6: Value_of_fLF.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 6.6\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"f_L = 20;// in Hz\n",
+"f_H = 50;// in kHz\n",
+"f_H = f_H * 10^3;// in Hz\n",
+"Ao = 1000;\n",
+"B = 10/100;\n",
+"f_HF =f_H*(1+(B*Ao));// in Hz\n",
+"f_HF = f_HF * 10^-6;// in MHz\n",
+"disp(f_HF,'The value of f_HF in MHz is');\n",
+"f_LF = f_L/(1+(B*Ao));// in Hz\n",
+"disp(f_LF,'The value of f_LF in Hz is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.7: Wien_bridge_oscillation.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 6.7\n",
+"format('e',9)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"f_o = 1;// in kHz\n",
+"f_o = f_o * 10^3;// in Hz\n",
+"// f_o = 1/(2*%pi*Rc);\n",
+"RC = 1/(2*%pi*f_o);\n",
+"disp(RC,'The value of RC is : ')\n",
+"disp('So R and C can be choosen as 15.9 kΩ and 0.01 µF respectively.')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.8: Av_of_the_basic_amplifier.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 6.8\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"h11 = 2;// in k ohm\n",
+"h11 = h11 * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"h12 = 0;\n",
+"h21 = 80;\n",
+"h22= 1*10^-3;// in mho\n",
+"R_L= 10*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"B= 10/100;\n",
+"Ri= 2;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_Ldesh= (R_L*1/h22)/(R_L+1/h22);// in ohm\n",
+"Av= h21*R_Ldesh/h11;\n",
+"disp(Av,'Part (a) : The value of Av of the basic amplifier is : ')\n",
+"D= 1+Av*B;\n",
+"disp(D,'The value of densitivity factor is : ')\n",
+"Avf= Av/(1+B*Av);\n",
+"disp(Avf,'The value of Avf is : ')\n",
+"Rif= (1+Av*B)*Ri;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(Rif,'The value of Rif in k ohm is : ')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.9: Value_of_vo_by_vs_Ri_and_Ro.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 6.9\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"h_ie = 1.5 * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"h_fe = 100;\n",
+"// R = R1||R2 = 20;// in k ohm\n",
+"R = 20 * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R_E = 560;// in ohm\n",
+"R_S = 600;// in ohm\n",
+"Avf = (h_fe*R_E)/(h_ie+(h_fe*R_E));\n",
+"VoByVs = Avf;\n",
+"disp(VoByVs,'The value of midband voltage gain (vo/vs) is :');\n",
+"Ri = h_ie + ((1+h_fe)*R_E);// in ohm\n",
+"Ri= Ri*10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(Ri,'The value of input impedance (Ri) in k ohm is : ')\n",
+"Ri= Ri*10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"Ro = (R_S+h_ie)/(1+h_fe);// in ohm\n",
+"disp(Ro,'The value of output impedance (Ro) in ohm is : ')\n",
+"R_desh_i = (R*Ri)/(R+Ri);// in ohm\n",
+"R_desh_i=R_desh_i*10^-3;// in k ohm \n",
+"disp(R_desh_i,'The value of R''i in k ohm is');\n",
+"// For load resistance of 10 k ohm\n",
+"R_L = 10;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_L = R_L * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R_desh_o = (Ro*R_L)/(Ro+R_L);// in ohm\n",
+"disp(R_desh_o,'The value of R''o for load resistance of 10 k ohm  in ohm is');\n",
+"// For load resistance of 220 ohm\n",
+"R_L = 220;// in ohm\n",
+"R_desh_o = (Ro*R_L)/(Ro+R_L);// in ohm\n",
+"disp(R_desh_o,'The value of R''o for load resistance of 220 ohm  in ohm is');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Note: There is a calculation mistake to evaluate the value of R_desh_i (R'i)"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/7-Operational_Amplifiers.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/7-Operational_Amplifiers.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7624f67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/7-Operational_Amplifiers.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 7: Operational Amplifiers"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.10: CMRR_in_dB.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 7.10\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Ad = 100000;\n",
+"Ac = 25;\n",
+"CMRR = Ad/Ac;\n",
+"CMRR_indB= 20*log10(CMRR);// in dB\n",
+"disp(CMRR_indB,'Part (a) : The value of CMRR in dB is');\n",
+"format('e',8)\n",
+"R2 = 100;// in k ohm\n",
+"R1 = 10;// in k ohm\n",
+"V_B = 0.18;// in mV\n",
+"V_A = 0.16;// in mV\n",
+"// The output from the amplifier,\n",
+"Vo = ((R2/R1)*(V_B-V_A)*10^-3) + ((R2/R1)*V_B*10^-3*(1/CMRR));// in V\n",
+"disp(Vo,'Part (b) : The output from the amplifier in V is');\n",
+"V_B = 2.00018;// in V\n",
+"V_A = 2.00016;// in V\n",
+"// The output from the amplifier,\n",
+"Vo = ((R2/R1)*(V_B-V_A)) + ((R2/R1)*V_B*(1/CMRR));// in V\n",
+"disp(Vo,'Part (c) : The output from the amplifier in V is'); "
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.12: Output_voltage.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 7.12\n",
+"format('v',9)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"R1 = 10;// in k ohm\n",
+"Rf = 30;// in k ohm\n",
+"Vs = 4;// in V\n",
+"V_A = 2;// in V\n",
+"V_B = 2;// in V\n",
+"I = (Vs-V_B)/(R1);// in mA\n",
+"Vo = (-I*Rf)+V_B;// in V\n",
+"// The output voltage,\n",
+"disp(Vo,'The value of Vo in V is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.13: Voltage_gain_and_input_resistance.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 7.13\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"h_fe = 50;\n",
+"h_ie = 1.2;// in k ohm\n",
+"h_ie  = h_ie * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R_C = 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_C = R_C * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"R_E = 200;// in ohm\n",
+"R_B = 2;// in k ohm\n",
+"R_B = R_B * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"Av = (-h_fe*R_C)/h_ie;\n",
+"disp(Av,'The voltage gain (Av) is');\n",
+"Ri = (h_ie*R_B)/(h_ie+R_B);// in ohm\n",
+"disp(Ri,'The input resistance (Ri) in ohm is');\n",
+"// vi= vs (on neglecting Rs), hence i_E= i_B+h_fe*i_B = (1+h_fe)*i_B                (i)\n",
+"// vo= -i_C*R_C = -h_fe*i_B*R_C         (As i_C= h_fe*i_B)                                  (ii)\n",
+"// From eq (i) : vi= i_B*h_ie+i_E*R_E= i_B*(h_ie+(1+h_fe)*R_E)                      (iii)\n",
+"//  i_L= i_B                                                                                                                        (iv)  \n",
+"// Avf = (h_fe*i_B*R_C)/(i_B*(h_ie+(1+h_fe)*R_E));\n",
+"Avf = (-h_fe*R_C)/( h_ie+(1+h_fe)*R_E );\n",
+"disp(Avf,'The voltage gain (Avf) is');\n",
+"Rif = (R_B*(h_ie + ((1+h_fe)*R_E)))/(R_B+(h_ie + ((1+h_fe)*R_E)));// in ohm\n",
+"Rif= Rif*10^-3;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(Rif,'The input resistance (Rif) in k ohm is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.1: Output_voltage.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 7.1\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Ac = 35;//common mode gain in dB\n",
+"Ac = 10^(Ac/20);\n",
+"CMRR = 72;// in dB\n",
+"CMRR = 10^(CMRR/20);\n",
+"// CMRR = Ad/Ac\n",
+"Ad = CMRR*Ac;\n",
+"V1 = 0.16;// in mV\n",
+"V2 = 0.18;// in mV\n",
+"// Common mode signal\n",
+"Vc = 1/2*(V1+V2);// in mV\n",
+"// Difference mode signal\n",
+"Vd = V2-V1;// in mV\n",
+"// The output voltage\n",
+"Vo = Ac*Vc+Ad*Vd;// in mV\n",
+"Vo= Vo*10^-3;// in V\n",
+"disp(Vo,'The output voltage in V is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.6: Output_voltage.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 7.6\n",
+"format('v',5)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"Ro = 10;// in k ohm\n",
+"R1 = 10;// in k ohm\n",
+"R2 = 2.2;// in k ohm\n",
+"R3 = 3.3;// in k ohm\n",
+"V1 = 6;// in V\n",
+"V2 = -3;// in V\n",
+"V3 = -0.75;// in V\n",
+"// Output voltage,\n",
+"Vo = -( ((Ro/R1)*V1) + ((Ro/R2)*V2) + ((Ro/R3)*V3) );// in V\n",
+"disp(Vo,'The value of Vo in V is');"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.8: Open_loop_voltage_gain.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 7.8\n",
+"format('v',7)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"R = 100;// in k ohm\n",
+"R = R * 10^3;// in ohm\n",
+"C = 2;// in µF\n",
+"C = C * 10^-6;// in F\n",
+"f = 10;// in kHz\n",
+"f = f * 10^3;// in Hz\n",
+"omega = 2*%pi*f;// in Krad\n",
+"// The open loop voltage gain,\n",
+"A = R*omega*C;\n",
+"disp(A,'The open loop voltage gain is');\n",
+"format('e',9)\n",
+"//The feedback function, B is evaluated as, A_F = -R/Z_C*( 1/(1+(1/(A*B))) );\n",
+"B = 1/( sqrt( 1+((R*omega*C)^2) ) );\n",
+"disp(B,'The feed back function is');\n",
+"format('v',7)\n",
+"//A_F = -R/Z_C*(1/( 1+(1/(A*B)) ));\n",
+"Av = 10^3;\n",
+"A_F = round(A*(1/(1+(1/(Av*B)))));\n",
+"disp(A_F,'The overall gain is');\n",
+"\n",
+"// Note: The open loop voltage gain in the book is not accurate."
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.9: Value_of_constant_A1_and_A2.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 7.9\n",
+"format('v',7)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// GIven data\n",
+"R1 = 10;// in k ohm\n",
+"R2 = 100;// in k ohm\n",
+"R3 = 10.1;// in k ohm\n",
+"R4 = 99;// in k ohm\n",
+"// Vdaso = Vo2 = V2*(-R2/R1)\n",
+"//Vdaso = Vo1 = V1*(R4/(R3+R4))*(1+(R2/R1))\n",
+"//Vo = Vo1+Vo2 = (V1*(R4/(R3+R4))*(1+(R2/R1))) - (V2*(-R2/R1))\n",
+"//Vo = (R2/R1) * ( -V2 + ( 1+(R1/R2) )/(1+(R3/R4))*V1 )\n",
+"A1 = (1+(R1/R2))/(1+(R3/R4))*(R2/R1);// (on comparing vo= A1*V1+A2*V2)\n",
+"disp(A1,'The value of A1 is');\n",
+"A2 = -R2/R1;\n",
+"disp(A2,'The value of A2 is');"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/8-Digital_Logic_and_Combinational_Circuits.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/8-Digital_Logic_and_Combinational_Circuits.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..282b5ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Basic_Electronics_Devices_Circuits_and_Its_Fundamentals_by_S_Kal/8-Digital_Logic_and_Combinational_Circuits.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 8: Digital Logic and Combinational Circuits"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.1: Hexadecimal_number_3BF_ino_binary.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 8.1\n",
+"format('v',9)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"str= '3BF';// given number in hexadecimal to convert into binary\n",
+"str_in_dec= hex2dec(str);// decimal equivalent\n",
+"str_in_bin= dec2bin(str_in_dec);// binary equivalent\n",
+"disp(str_in_bin,'The binary equivalent of 3BF is : ')\n",
+"\n",
+"// Note : The answer in the book is wrong because binary equivalent of B = 1011 and in the book they used 1101 which is wrong."
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.2: Convert_octal_into_binary.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 8.2\n",
+"format('v',9)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"str= '527';// given number in octal to convert into binary\n",
+"str_in_dec= oct2dec(str);// decimal equivalent\n",
+"str_in_bin= dec2bin(str_in_dec);// binary equivalent\n",
+"disp(str_in_bin,'The binary equivalent of 527 is : ')\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.3: Convert_octal_into_hexadecimal_number.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 8.3\n",
+"format('v',9)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"str= '256';// given number in octal to convert into hexadecimal\n",
+"str_in_dec= oct2dec(str);// decimal equivalent\n",
+"str_in_hex= dec2hex(str_in_dec);// hexadecimal equivalent\n",
+"disp(str_in_hex,'The hexadecimal equivalent of 256 is : ')\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.4: Convert_decimal_into_octal.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 8.4\n",
+"format('v',9)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"str= 450;// given number in decimal to convert into octal\n",
+"str_in_oct= dec2oct(str);// octal equivalent\n",
+"disp(str_in_oct,'The octal equivalent of 450 is : ')\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.9: Maximum_permissible_value_of_RB.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"// Exa 8.9\n",
+"format('v',6)\n",
+"clc;\n",
+"clear;\n",
+"close;\n",
+"// Given data\n",
+"R_C= 1;// in k ohm\n",
+"V_CC= 5;// in V\n",
+"V_CEsat= 0;// in V\n",
+"V_BE= 0.7;// in V\n",
+"bita_min= 50;\n",
+"bita_max= 100;\n",
+"// For the transistor to go to saturation,\n",
+"I_C= (V_CC-V_CEsat)/R_C;// in mA\n",
+"bita= bita_min;// for driving the transistor into saturation\n",
+"I_Bmin= I_C/bita;//minimum base current in mA\n",
+"// So, (V_CC-V_BE)/R_B >= I_B or\n",
+"R_B= (V_CC-V_BE)/I_Bmin;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp(R_B,'The maximum permissible value of R_B in k ohm is : ')\n",
+"// For actual calculation one may take V_CEsat= 0.3 V\n",
+"V_CEsat= 0.3;// in V\n",
+"I_C= (V_CC-V_CEsat)/R_C;// in mA\n",
+"bita= bita_min;// for driving the transistor into saturation\n",
+"I_Bmin= I_C/bita;//minimum base current in mA\n",
+"// So, (V_CC-V_BE)/R_B >= I_B or\n",
+"R_B= (V_CC-V_BE)/I_Bmin;// in k ohm\n",
+"disp('For actual calculation at V_CE(sat) = 0.3 V, the maximum value ')\n",
+"disp(R_B,'of R_B in k ohm is : ')"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}