Merge pull request #1 from prashantsinalkar/masterHEADmaster

Initial commit

8 files changed, 3473 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/1-Bonding_in_Solids_and_Crystal_Structures.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/1-Bonding_in_Solids_and_Crystal_Structures.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8674a17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/1-Bonding_in_Solids_and_Crystal_Structures.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 1: Bonding in Solids and Crystal Structures"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.10: spacing_between_the_nearest_neighbouring_ions.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"n=4     \n",
+"M=58.5                  //Molecular wt. of NaCl\n",
+"N=6.02*10**26           //Avagadro number\n",
+"rho=2180                //density\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"a=((n*M)/(N*rho))**(1/3)    \n",
+"s=a/2\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('a=%0.3f*10**-9 metre\n',(a/10**-9))\n",
+"printf('spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions =%0.3f nm',(s/10**-9))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.11: lattice_constant.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"n=4     \n",
+"A=63.55                 //Atomic wt. of NaCl\n",
+"N=6.02*10**26           //Avagadro number\n",
+"rho=8930                //density\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"a=((n*A)/(N*rho))**(1/3)      //Lattice Constant\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('lattice constant, a=%0.3f nm',(a*10**9))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.12: Density_of_iron.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"r=0.123                  //Atomic radius\n",
+"n=4\n",
+"A=55.8                   //Atomic wt\n",
+"a=2*sqrt(2) \n",
+"N=6.02*10**26           //Avagadro number\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"rho=(n*A)/((a*r*10**-9)**3*N)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Density of iron =%0.3fkg/m**-3',rho)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.1: Calculation_of_youngs_modulus.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Initialisation of variables\n",
+"clc\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"a=7.68*10**-29;     \n",
+"r0=2.5*10**-10;    //radius(m)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"b=a*(r0**8)/9;\n",
+"y=((-2*a*r0**8)+(90*b))/r0**11;    \n",
+"E=y/r0;           //young's modulus(Pa)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('youngs modulus is %0.2f GPa',(E/10^9))\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.2: Find_the_Effective_charge.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Initialisation of variables\n",
+"clc\n",
+"\n",
+"d=((1.98)*10**-29)*1/3;        //dipole moment\n",
+"b=(0.92);                      //bond length\n",
+"EC=d/(b*10**-10);              //Effective charge\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Effective charge =%0.2f *10**-29 coulomb',((EC*10**19)))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.3: Find_the_Cohesive_energy.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Initialisation of variables\n",
+"clc\n",
+"\n",
+"A=1.748                 //Madelung Constant    \n",
+"N=6.02*10**26           //Avagadro Number\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"n=9.5\n",
+"r=(0.324*10**-9)*10**3\n",
+"E=8.85*10**-12\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"U=((N*A*(e)**2)/(4*%pi*E*r))*(1-1/n)       //Cohesive energy\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Cohesive energy =%0.2f *10**3 kJ/kmol \n',(U/10**3))\n",
+"printf('//Answer varies due to rounding of numbers')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.4: Find_the_Coulomb_energy.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"I=5;                       //Ionisation energy\n",
+"A=4;                       //Electron Affinity\n",
+"e=(1.6*10**-19)\n",
+"E=8.85*10**-12            //epsilon constant\n",
+"r=0.5*10**-19             //dist between A and B\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"C=-(e**2/(4*%pi*E*r*e))/10**10    //Coulomb energy\n",
+"E_c=I-A+C                             //Energy required\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Coulomb energy =%0.2f eV\n',C)\n",
+"printf('Energy required =%0.2f eV',E_c')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.5: Find_the_Distance_of_separation.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"I=5.14;                    //Ionization energy\n",
+"A=3.65;                    //Electron Affinity\n",
+"e=(1.6*10**-19);\n",
+"E=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+"//calculations\n",
+"E_c=I-A                        //Energy required\n",
+"r=e**2/(4*%pi*E*E_c*e)     //Distance of separation\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Energy required=%0.2f eV \n',E_c)\n",
+"printf('Distance of separation =%0.2f Angstrom',r/10**-10)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.6: Find_the_Bond_Energy.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration \n",
+"I=5.14;                    //Ionization energy\n",
+"A=3.65;                    //Electron Affinity\n",
+"e=(1.6*10**-19);\n",
+"E=8.85*10**-12; \n",
+"r=236*10**-12;\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"E_c=I-A                        //Energy required\n",
+"C=-(e**2/(4*%pi*E*r*e))    //Potentential energy in eV\n",
+"BE=-(E_c+C)                    //Bond Energy\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Energy required= %0.2f eV\n',E_c)\n",
+"printf('Energy required =%0.1f eV\n',C)\n",
+"printf('Bond Energy =%0.2f eV',BE)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.7: Find_the_density.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"d=2.351                 //bond lenght\n",
+"N=6.02*10**26           //Avagadro number\n",
+"n=8                     //number of atoms in unit cell\n",
+"A=28.09                 //Atomin mass of silicon\n",
+"m=6.02*10**26           //1mole\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"a=(4*d)/sqrt(3)\n",
+"p=(n*A)/((a*10**-10)*m)    //density\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('a=%0.2fAngstorm\n',a)\n",
+"printf('density =%0.2f kg/m**3\n',(p*10**16))\n",
+"printf('//Answer given in the textbook is wrong')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.8: Find_the_radius_of_sphere.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"a1=4/sqrt(3);\n",
+"R1=(a1/2)-1;           //radius of largest sphere\n",
+"a2=4/sqrt(2);\n",
+"R2=(a2/2)-1;       //maximum radius of sphere\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('radius of largest sphere is %f*r\n',R1)\n",
+"printf('maximum radius of sphere is %f*r',R2 )   "
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.9: increase_of_density_or_the_decrease_of_volume.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"r1=1.258            //Atomic radius of BCC\n",
+"r2=1.292            //Atomic radius of FCC\n",
+"\n",
+"//calculations\n",
+"a1=(4*r1)/sqrt(3)       //in BCC\n",
+"b1=((a1)**3)*10**-30         //Unit cell volume\n",
+"v1=(b1)/2                    //Volume occupied by one atom\n",
+"a2=2*sqrt(2)*r2         //in FCC\n",
+"b2=(a2)**3*10**-30                   //Unit cell volume\n",
+"v2=(b2)/4                    //Volume occupied by one atom  \n",
+"v_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v1)     //Volume Change in % \n",
+"d_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v2)     //Density Change in %\n",
+"\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('a1=%0.3f Angstrom\n\n',(a1)) \n",
+"printf('Unit cell volume =a1**3 =%0.3f *10**-30 m**3\n',((b1)/10**-30))\n",
+"printf('Volume occupied by one atom =%0.2f *10**-30 m**3\n',(v1/10**-30))\n",
+"printf('a2=%0.2f\n Angstorm\n',(a2))\n",
+"printf('Unit cell volume =a2**3 =%0.3f *10**-30 m**3\n',((b2)/10**-30))\n",
+"printf('Volume occupied by one atom =%0.3f*10**-30 m**3\n',(v2/10**-30))\n",
+"printf('Volume Change in percentage  =%0.3f\n',(v_c))\n",
+"printf('Density Change in percentage =%0.3f\n',(d_c))\n",
+"printf('Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5 percentage')"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/2-Crystal_Planes_and_Xray_Diffraction.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/2-Crystal_Planes_and_Xray_Diffraction.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b9418f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/2-Crystal_Planes_and_Xray_Diffraction.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 2: Crystal Planes and Xray Diffraction"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.10: Calcutate_length.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"lamda=0.58\n",
+"theta=9.5*%pi/180\n",
+"n=1\n",
+"d=0.5           //d200=a/sqrt(2**2+0**2+0**2)=0.5a\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"a=n*lamda/(2*d*sin(theta))     //2*d*sin(theta)=n*lamda \n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('a =%0.3f Angstorms\n',(a))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.11: Calculate_the_angle.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"clc\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"lamda=0.842\n",
+"n1=1\n",
+"q=(8+(35/60))*(%pi/180)\n",
+"n2=3\n",
+"d=1\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"//n*lamda=2*d*sin(theta)\n",
+"//n1*0.842=2*d*sin(q)\n",
+"//n3*0.842=2*d*sin(theta3)\n",
+"//Dividing both the eauations, we get\n",
+"//(n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda)=2*d*sin(theta3)/2*d*sin(q)\n",
+"theta3=asin((((n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda))*(2*d*sin(q)))/(2*d))\n",
+"d=theta3*180/%pi;\n",
+"a_d=int(d);\n",
+"a_m=(d-int(d))*60\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('sin(theta3) =%0.3f %0.3f',a_d,a_m)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.12: Calculate_h_and_k_values.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"a=3.16\n",
+"lamda=1.54\n",
+"n=1\n",
+"theta=20.3*%pi/180\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"d=(n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta))\n",
+"x=a/d                             //let sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)=x\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('d =%0.3f Angstorms\n',(d))\n",
+"printf('sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) =%0.3f \n',(x))\n",
+"printf('Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\n')\n",
+"printf('h =1, k=1')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.13: Calculate_wavelength_and_energy.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"n=4\n",
+"A=107.87\n",
+"rho=10500\n",
+"N=6.02*10**26\n",
+"h=1;\n",
+"k=1;\n",
+"l=1;\n",
+"H=6.625*10**-34\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"theta=(19+(12/60))*%pi/180\n",
+"C=3*10**8\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"a=((n*A)/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**10\n",
+"d=a/sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)\n",
+"lamda=2*d*sin(theta)\n",
+"E=(H*C)/(lamda*10**-10*e)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('a =%0.3f Angstroms \n',(a))\n",
+"printf('d =%0.3f Angstroms\n',(d))\n",
+"printf('lamda =%0.3f Angstroms\n',(lamda))\n",
+"printf('E =%0.3f *10**3 eV\n',(E/10**3))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.14: Calculate_wavelength_and_angle.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"a=4.57\n",
+"h=1\n",
+"k=1\n",
+"l=1\n",
+"lamda=1.52\n",
+"twotheta=33.5*%pi/180\n",
+"r=5                  //radius\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"d=a/(h**2+k**2+l**2)**(1/2)\n",
+"sintheta=lamda/(2*d)\n",
+"X=r/tan(twotheta)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('d =%0.3f Angstorms\n',(d))\n",
+"printf('sin(theta)=%0.3f \n',(sintheta))\n",
+"printf('X =%0.3f cm\n',(X))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.1: Number_of_atoms_per_unit_area.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"a=mulf('2','R')\n",
+"\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('i.Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane= 1/(%d*R**2) ',2**2)\n",
+"printf('\nii.Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane=%f*R**2',2**2/(sqrt(2)))\n",
+"printf('\niii.Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane=%f*R**2',2**2/(sqrt(3)))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.2: Surface_area_of_surfaces.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"a=3.61*10**-7\n",
+"BC=sqrt(2)/2\n",
+"AD=(sqrt(6))/2\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('i.Surface area of the face ABCD =%0.3f*10**-14 mm**2\n',(a**2*10**14))\n",
+"printf('ii.Surface area of plane (110) =%0.3f*10**13 atoms/mm**2\n',((2/(a*sqrt(2)*a)/10**13)))\n",
+"printf('iii.Surface area of pane(111)=%0.3f*10**13 atoms/mm**2',(2/(BC*AD*a**2)*10**-13))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.3: Calculate_ratio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"h1=1\n",
+"k1=0\n",
+"l1=0\n",
+"h2=1\n",
+"k2=1\n",
+"l2=0\n",
+"h3=1\n",
+"k3=1\n",
+"l3=1\n",
+"a=1\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"d1=a/(sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2))\n",
+"d2=a/(sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2))\n",
+"d3=a/(sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2))\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('d1 =%0.2f\n',d1 )\n",
+"printf('d2 =%0.2f\n',(d2))\n",
+"printf('d3 =%0.2f\n',(d3))\n",
+"printf('d1:d2:d3 =%0.2f:%0.2f:%0.2f',d1,(d2),d3)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.4: Calcutate_length.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"clc\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"h=2\n",
+"k=2\n",
+"l=0\n",
+"a=450\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"d=a/(sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('d(220) =%0.3fpm\n',(d))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.5: Calcutate_two_lengths.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"clc\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"a=3.615\n",
+"r=1.278\n",
+"h=1\n",
+"k=1\n",
+"l=1\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"a=(4*r)/sqrt(2)\n",
+"d=a/(sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('a =%0.3fAngstroms\n',(a))\n",
+"printf('d =%0.3fAngstroms\n',(d))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.7: Calcutate_lengths_of_two_spheres.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"n=1\n",
+"lamda=1.54\n",
+"theta=32*%pi/180\n",
+"h=2\n",
+"k=2\n",
+"l=0\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"d=(n*lamda*10**-10)/(2*sin(theta))   //derived from 2dsin(theta)=n*l\n",
+"a=d*(sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+"\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('d =%0.3f *10**-10 m\n',(d*10**10))\n",
+"printf('a =%0.3f *10**-10 m\n',(a*10**10))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.8: length_by_diffraction_given_by_angles.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"lamda=0.58\n",
+"theta1=6.45*%pi/180\n",
+"theta2=9.15*%pi/180\n",
+"theta3=13*%pi/180\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"dbyn1=lamda/(2*(sin(theta1)))\n",
+"dbyn2=lamda/(2*sin(theta2))\n",
+"dbyn3=lamda/(2*sin(theta3))\n",
+"           \n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('i.  d/n =%0.3f Angstroms\n',(dbyn1))\n",
+"printf('ii. d/n =%0.3f Angstroms\n',(dbyn2))\n",
+"printf('iii.d/n =%0.3f Angstroms\n',(dbyn3))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 2.9: Given_wavelength_calculate_n.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"d=1.18\n",
+"theta=90*%pi/180\n",
+"lamda=1.540\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"n=(2*d*sin(theta))/lamda\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('n =%0.3f \n',(n))"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/3-Defects_In_Solids.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/3-Defects_In_Solids.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1486ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/3-Defects_In_Solids.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 3: Defects In Solids"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.10: Calculate_delta.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"i=1*10**-10;    //interval\n",
+"L=10*10**-10;   //width\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"si2=2*i/L;\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('si**2 delta(x)=%0.3f ' ,si2)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.11: Calculate_energy_difference.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"nx=1\n",
+"ny=1\n",
+"nz=1\n",
+"a=1\n",
+"h=6.63*10**-34\n",
+"m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"E1=h**2*(nx**2+ny**2+nz**2)/(8*m*a**2)\n",
+"E2=(h**2*6)/(8*m*a**2)             //nx**2+ny**2+nz**2=6\n",
+"diff=E2-E1\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('E1 =%0.3f  *10**-37 Joule \n ',(E1*10**37))\n",
+"printf('E2 =%0.3f  *10**-37 Joule \n ',(E2*10**37))\n",
+"printf('E2-E1 =%0.3f *10**-37 J  \n ',(diff*10**37))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.12: Calculate_energy.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"m=1.67*10**-27\n",
+"a=10**-14\n",
+"h=1.054*10**-34\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"E1=(1*%pi*h)**2/(2*m*a**2)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('E1 =%0.3f *10**-13 J  \n ',(E1*10**13))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.13: Integration.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declarations\n",
+"k=1;\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"\n",
+"a=integrate('2*k*exp(-2*k*x)','x',2/k,3/k)\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('a=%0.3f   \n ',(a))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.1: The_number_of_vacancies_per_kilomole_of_copper.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"N=6.023*10**26\n",
+"deltaHv=120\n",
+"B=1.38*10**-23\n",
+"k=6.023*10**23\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"n0=0                                          // 0 in denominator\n",
+"n300=N*exp(-deltaHv*10**3/(k*B*300))     //The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper\n",
+"n900=N*exp(-(deltaHv*10**3)/(k*B*900))\n",
+"\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is %0.3f' ,n0)\n",
+"printf('at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is %0.3f *10**5\n',(n300/10**5))\n",
+"printf('at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is %0.3f *10**19\n',(n900/10**19))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.2: Fraction_of_vacancies_at_1000_degree.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"F_500=1*10**-10\n",
+"\n",
+"T1=500+273\n",
+"T2=1000+273\n",
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"lnx=log(F_500)*T1/T2;\n",
+"x=exp(lnx)\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C =%0.3f *10**-7\n',(x*10**7))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.3: The_concentration_of_Schottky_defects.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"a=(2*2.82*10**-10)\n",
+"delta_Hs=1.971*1.6*10**-19\n",
+"k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+"T=300\n",
+"e=2.718281\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"V=a**3                           //Volume of unit cell of NaCl\n",
+"N=4/V                            //Total number of ion pairs\n",
+"n=N*e**-(delta_Hs/(2*k*T))  \n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Volume of unit cell of NaCl =%0.3f *10**-28 m**3 \n',(V*10**28))\n",
+"printf('Total number of ion pairs N =%0.3f *10**28\n',(N/10**28))\n",
+"printf('The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K =%0.3f *10**11\n',(n/10**11))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.4: amount_of_climb_down_by_the_dislocation.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"N=6.023*10**23\n",
+"delta_Hv=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+"T=500\n",
+"mv=5.55;     //molar volume\n",
+"x=2*10**-8;     //numbber of cm in 1 angstrom\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"n=N*exp(-delta_Hv/(k*T))/mv\n",
+"a=(n/(5*10**7*10**6))*x;\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n=%0.3f *10**12 per cm**3\n',(n/10**12)) //into cm**3\n",
+"printf('As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm')\n",
+"printf('The amount of climb down by the dislocation is %0.3f cm',a*10**8)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.5: Velocity_and_wavelength.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"KE=10             //Kinetic Energy of neutron in keV\n",
+"m=1.675*10**-27\n",
+"h=6.625*10**-34\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"KE=10**4*1.6*10**-19      //in joule\n",
+"v=((2*KE)/m)**(1/2)       //derived from KE=1/2*m*v**2\n",
+"lamda=h/(m*v)\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('Velocity =%0.3f  *10**6 m/s \n  ',(v/10**6))\n",
+"printf('Wavelength =%0.3f  Angstorm \n ',(lamda*10**10))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.6: Momentum_and_de_Brolie_wavelength.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"E=2*1000*1.6*10**-19       //in joules\n",
+"m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+"h=6.6*10*10**-34\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"p=sqrt(2*m*E)\n",
+"lamda= h/p\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Momentum%0.3f   \n ',(p*10**23))\n",
+"printf('de Brolie wavelength =%0.3f *10**-11 m  \n ',(lamda*10**10))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.7: wavelength.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"M=1.676*10**-27             //Mass of neutron\n",
+"m=0.025\n",
+"v=1.602*10**-19\n",
+"h=6.62*10**-34\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"mv=(2*m*v)**(1/2)\n",
+"lamda=h/(mv*M**(1/2))\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('wavelength =%0.3f  Angstorm \n ',(lamda*10**10))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.8: Wavelength.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"V=10000\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"lamda=12.26/sqrt(V)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Wavelength =%0.3f Angstorm' ,lamda)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 3.9: The_permitted_electron_energies.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19;   //charge of electron(coulomb)\n",
+"L=10**-10            //1Angstrom=10**-10 m\n",
+"n1=1;\n",
+"n2=2;\n",
+"n3=3;\n",
+"h=6.626*10**-34\n",
+"m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+"L=10**-10\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"E1=(h**2)/(8*m*L**2*e)\n",
+"E2=4*E1\n",
+"E3=9*E1\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('The permitted electron energies =%0.3f  *n**2 eV \n ',(E1))\n",
+"printf('E1=%0.3f  eV \n ',(E1))\n",
+"printf('E2=%0.3f  eV \n ',(E2))\n",
+"printf('E3=%0.3f  eV \n ',(E3))\n",
+"printf('//Answer varies due to ing of numbers')"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/4-Electron_Theory_of_Metals.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/4-Electron_Theory_of_Metals.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf37c99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/4-Electron_Theory_of_Metals.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 4: Electron Theory of Metals"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.10: Increase_in_resistivity_in_copper.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"rho1=1.2*10**-8\n",
+"p1=0.4\n",
+"rho2=0.12*10**-8\n",
+"p2=0.5\n",
+"rho3=1.5*10**-8\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"R=(rho1*p1)+(rho2*p2)\n",
+"R_c=R+rho3\n",
+"\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('Increase in resistivity in copper =%0.3f *10**-8 ohm m  \n ',(R*10**8))\n",
+"printf('Total resistivity of copper alloy =%0.3f *10**-8 ohm m  \n ',(R_c*10**8))\n",
+"printf('The resistivity of alloy at 3K =%0.3f  *10**-8 ohm m \n ',(R*10**8))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.1: energy_difference.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"m=9.1*10**-31;     //mass(kg)\n",
+"nx=1;\n",
+"ny=1\n",
+"nz=1\n",
+"n=6;\n",
+"a=1;     //edge(m)\n",
+"h=6.63*10**-34;     //planck's constant\n",
+"k=1.38\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"E1=h**2*(nx**2+ny**2+nz**2)/(8*m*a**2);\n",
+"E2=h**2*n/(8*m*a**2);\n",
+"E=E2-E1;               //energy difference(J)\n",
+"T=(2*E2*10**37)/(3*k*10**-23)\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('energy difference is%0.3f  *10**-37 J \n ',(E*10**37))\n",
+"printf('3/2*k*T = E2 =%0.3f  *10**-37 J \n ',(E2*10**37))\n",
+"printf('T =%0.3f *10**-14 K  \n ',(T/10**23))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.2: Calculate_temperature.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"y=1/100;    //percentage of probability\n",
+"x=0.5*1.6*10**-19;     //energy(J)\n",
+"k=1.38*10**-23;       //boltzmann constant\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"xbykT=log((1/y)-1);\n",
+"T=x/(k*xbykT);       //temperature(K)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('temperature is %0.3f K ',int(T))\n",
+"printf('answer varies due to ing off errors')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.3: Calculate_fermi_energy.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"d=970;    //density(kg/m**3)\n",
+"Na=6.02*10**26;    //avagadro number\n",
+"w=23;    //atomic weight\n",
+"m=9.1*10**-31;     //mass(kg)\n",
+"h=6.62*10**-34;     //planck's constant\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"N=d*Na/w;    //number of atoms/m**3\n",
+"x=h**2/(8*m);\n",
+"y=(3*N/%pi)**(2/3)\n",
+"EF=x*y;     //fermi energy(J)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('fermi energy is %0.3f  eV \n ',(EF/(1.6*10**-19)))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.4: Find_energy.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"kT=1;\n",
+"E_EF=1;\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"p_E=1/(1+exp(E_EF/kT)) \n",
+"        \n",
+"//Result        \n",
+"printf('p(E) =%0.3f   \n ',(p_E))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.5: Number_of_states.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declarations\n",
+"m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+"h=6.626*10**-34\n",
+"Ef=3.1\n",
+"Ef1=Ef+0.02\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"\n",
+"	N=integrate('%pi*((8*m)**(3/2))*(E**(1/2)*e**(3/2))/(2*(h**3))','E',Ef,Ef1)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('N =%0.3f  *10**26 states \n ',(N*10**-26))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.6: mean_free_collision_time.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"N=6.023*10**26                   //Avagadro number\n",
+"D=8960                           //density  \n",
+"F_e=1                            //no.of free electrons per atom     \n",
+"W=63.54                          //Atomic weight\n",
+"i=10\n",
+"e=1.602*10**-19\n",
+"m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+"rho=2*10**-8\n",
+"Cbar=1.6*10**6                   //mean thermal velocity(m/s)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"n=(N*D*F_e)/W\n",
+"A=%pi*0.08**2*10**-4\n",
+"Vd=i/(A*n*e)                      //Drift speed\n",
+"Tc=m/(n*(e**2)*rho)\n",
+"lamda=Tc*Cbar\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('n =%0.3f  *10**28 /m**3 \n ',(n/10**28))\n",
+"printf('The drift speed Vd =%0.3f *10**-5 m/s  \n ',(Vd*10**5))\n",
+"printf('The mean free collision time Tc =%0.3f  *10**-14 seconds \n ',(Tc*10**14))\n",
+"printf('Mean free path =%0.3f *10**-8 m''(answer varies due to ing off errors)  \n ',(lamda*10**8)) "
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.7: The_mean_free_collision_time.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"n=8.5*10**28\n",
+"e=1.602*10**-19\n",
+"t=2*10**-14\n",
+"m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Tc=n*(e**2)*t/m\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('The mean free collision time =%0.3f *10**7 ohm**-1 m**-1  \n ',(Tc/10**7))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.8: Relaxation_time.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"E=1                    //(V/m)\n",
+"rho=1.54*10**-8\n",
+"n=5.8*10**28\n",
+"m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"T=m/(rho*n*e**2)\n",
+"Me=(e*T)/m\n",
+"Vd=Me*E\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result \n",
+"printf('Relaxation time =%0.3f *10**-14 second  \n ',(T*10**14))\n",
+"printf('Mobility =%0.3f  *10**-3 m**2/volt-s \n ',(Me*10**3))\n",
+"printf('Drift Velocity=%0.3f m/s  \n ',(Vd*100))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.9: Temperature_coefficient_of_resistivity.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"rho_r=0\n",
+"T=300\n",
+"rho=1.7*10**-18\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations \n",
+"a=rho/T\n",
+"rho_973=a*973\n",
+"\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('Temperature coefficient of resistivity,a =%0.3f   \n ',(a*10**21))\n",
+"printf('rho_973 =%0.3f *10**-8 ohm-m  \n ',(rho_973*10**18))"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/5-Dielectric_Properties_and_Magnetic_Properties.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/5-Dielectric_Properties_and_Magnetic_Properties.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0936dc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/5-Dielectric_Properties_and_Magnetic_Properties.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 5: Dielectric Properties and Magnetic Properties"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.10: hysteresis_loss.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"A=94;      //area(m**2)\n",
+"vy=0.1;    //value of length(weber/m**2)\n",
+"vx=20;     //value of unit length\n",
+"n=50;      //number of magnetization cycles\n",
+"d=7650;    //density(kg/m**3)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"h=A*vy*vx;     //hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3)\n",
+"hs=h*n;       //hysteresis loss per second(watt/m**3)\n",
+"pl=hs/d;      //power loss(watt/kg)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('hysteresis loss per cycle is  %0.3f    J/m**3 \n',h)\n",
+"printf('hysteresis loss per second is  %0.3f   watt/m**3  \n',hs)\n",
+"printf('power loss is %0.3f watt/kg\n',(pl))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.1: insulation_resistance.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"rho=5*10**16;   //resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+"l=5*10**-2;    //thickness(m)\n",
+"b=8*10**-2;    //length(m)\n",
+"w=3*10**-2;    //width(m)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"A=b*w;    //area(m**2)\n",
+"Rv=rho*l/A;    \n",
+"X=l+b;      //length(m)\n",
+"Y=w;      //perpendicular(m)\n",
+"Rs=Rv*X/Y;    \n",
+"Ri=Rs*Rv/(Rs+Rv);       //insulation resistance(ohm)			\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('insulation resistance is %0.3f *10**18 ohm',(Ri/10**18))\n",
+"printf('answer varies due to rounding off errors')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.2: polarisability_of_He.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"epsilon0=8.84*10**-12;\n",
+"R=0.55*10**-10;    //radius(m)\n",
+"N=2.7*10**25;      //number of atoms\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"alpha_e=4*%pi*epsilon0*R**3;    //polarisability of He(farad m**2)\n",
+"epsilonr=1+(N*alpha_e/epsilon0);      //relative permittivity\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('polarisability of He is  %0.3f *10**-40 farad m**2\n',(alpha_e*10**40))\n",
+"printf('relative permittivity is  %0.3f \n',(epsilonr))\n",
+"printf('answer varies due to ing off errors')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.3: total_dipole_moment.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"A=360*10**-4;    //area(m**2)\n",
+"V=15;    //voltage(V)\n",
+"C=6*10**-6;     //capacitance(farad)\n",
+"epsilonr=8;\n",
+"epsilon0=8.84*10**-12;\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"E=V*C/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A);     //field strength(V/m)\n",
+"dm=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)*V*A;    //total dipole moment(Cm)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('field strength is %0.3f *10**7 V/m\n',(E/10**7))\n",
+"printf('total dipole moment is %0.3f *10**-12 Cm\n',(dm*10**12))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.4: the_complex_polarizability.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"epsilonr=4.36;      //dielectric constant\n",
+"t=2.8*10**-2;       //loss tangent(t)\n",
+"N=4*10**28;         //number of electrons\n",
+"epsilon0=8.84*10**-12;      \n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"epsilon_r = epsilonr*t;\n",
+"epsilonstar = (complex(epsilonr,-epsilon_r));\n",
+"alphastar = (epsilonstar-1)/(epsilonstar+2);\n",
+"alpha_star = 3*epsilon0*alphastar/N;             //complex polarizability(Fm**2)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('the complex polarizability is  %0.3f *10**-40 F-m**2    \n',alpha_star*10**40)\n",
+"printf('answer cant be rouned off to 2 decimals as given in the textbook. Since it is a complex number and complex cant be converted to float')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.5: temperature_rise.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"El=10**-2*50;       //energy loss(J)\n",
+"H=El*60;      //heat produced(J)\n",
+"d=7.7*10**3;    //iron rod(kg/m**3)\n",
+"s=0.462*10**-3;    //specific heat(J/kg K)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"theta=H/(d*s);     //temperature rise(K)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('temperature rise is %0.3f K \n',(theta))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.6: magnetic_field_at_the_centre.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19;    //charge(coulomb)\n",
+"new=6.8*10**15;   //frequency(revolutions per second)\n",
+"mew0=4*%pi*10**-7;\n",
+"R=5.1*10**-11;     //radius(m)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"i=(e*new);          //current(ampere)\n",
+"B=mew0*i/(2*R);    //magnetic field at the centre(weber/m**2)\n",
+"A=%pi*R**2;\n",
+"d=i*A;       //dipole moment(ampere/m**2)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('magnetic field at the centre is %0.3f weber/m**2\n',(B))\n",
+"printf('dipole moment is %0.3f *10**-24 ampere/m**2\n',(d*10**24))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.7: intensity_of_magnetisation.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"chi=0.5*10**-5;    //magnetic susceptibility\n",
+"H=10**6;     //field strength(ampere/m)\n",
+"mew0=4*%pi*10**-7;\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"I=chi*H;     //intensity of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+"B=mew0*(I+H);    //flux density in material(weber/m**2)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('intensity of magnetisation is  %0.3f  ampere/m   \n',I)\n",
+"printf('flux density in material is %0.3f weber/m**2 \n',(B))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.8: number_of_Bohr_magnetons.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"B=9.27*10**-24;      //bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+"a=2.86*10**-10;      //edge(m)\n",
+"Is=1.76*10**6;       //saturation value of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"N=2/a**3;\n",
+"mew_bar=Is/N;      //number of Bohr magnetons(ampere m**2)\n",
+"mew_bar=mew_bar/B;      //number of Bohr magnetons(bohr magneon/atom)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('number of Bohr magnetons is %0.3f bohr magneon/atom\n',(mew_bar))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 5.9: average_magnetic_moment.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"mew0=4*%pi*10**-7;\n",
+"H=9.27*10**-24;      //bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+"beta=10**6;      //field(ampere/m)\n",
+"k=1.38*10**-23;    //boltzmann constant\n",
+"T=303;    //temperature(K)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"mm=mew0*H*beta/(k*T);    //average magnetic moment(bohr magneton/spin)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('average magnetic moment is %0.3f *10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\n',(mm*10**3))"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/6-Semiconductors_and_Superconductivity.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/6-Semiconductors_and_Superconductivity.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c17adbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/6-Semiconductors_and_Superconductivity.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,765 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 6: Semiconductors and Superconductivity"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.10: Conductivity.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"m=9.1*10**-31\n",
+"k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+"T=300\n",
+"h=6.626*10**-34\n",
+"Eg=1.1\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"mu_e=0.48\n",
+"mu_h=0.013\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"ni=2*((2*%pi*m*k*T)/h**2)**(3/2)*exp(-(Eg*e)/(2*k*T))\n",
+"sigma=ni*e*(mu_e+mu_h)\n",
+"                                                  \n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Conductivity = %0.3f    *10**-3 ohm**-1 m**-1   \n',(sigma*10**3))             "
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.11: The_electron_concentration.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"Na=5*10**23\n",
+"Nd=3*10**23\n",
+"ni=2*10**16\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"p=((Na-Nd)+(Na-Nd))/2\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('p = %0.3f    *10**23 m**-3 \n',p*10**-23)\n",
+"printf('The electron concentration is given by n = %0.3f   *10**9 m**-3  \n',ni**2/p*10**-9)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.12: resistance.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"Vh=37*10**-6\n",
+"thick=1*10**-3\n",
+"width=5\n",
+"Iy=20*10**-3\n",
+"Bz=0.5\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Rh=(Vh*width*thick)/(width*Iy*Bz)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Rh = %0.3f     *10**-6 C**-1 m**3   \n',(Rh*10**6))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.13: Calculate_Dn_and_Dp.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"Vt=0.0258\n",
+"mu_n=1300\n",
+"mu_p=500\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Dn=Vt*mu_n\n",
+"Dp=Vt*mu_p\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Dn = %0.3f   cm**2 s**-1  \n',Dn)\n",
+"printf('Dp = %0.3f cm**2 s**-1    \n',Dp)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.14: Electrical_Conductivity.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"ni=1.5*10**16\n",
+"Nd=2*10**19\n",
+"e=1.602*100**-19\n",
+"mu_n=0.12\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"p=ni**2/Nd\n",
+"E_c=e*Nd*mu_n\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('The hole concentration p = %0.3f     *10**13 /m**3   \n',(p*10**-13))\n",
+"printf('n= Nd = %0.3f     *10**19   \n',(Nd*10**-19))\n",
+"printf('Electrical Conductivity = %0.3f      ohm**-1 m**-1  \n',(E_c*10**19))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.15: Current_density.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"N=1/60\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"ni=2.5*10**13\n",
+"b=5*10**13\n",
+"E=2\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"n=(b+sqrt(2*b**2))/2\n",
+"mu_p=N/(3*e*ni)\n",
+"mu_i=2*mu_p\n",
+"np=ni**2\n",
+"p=(ni**2)/n\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"E=2\n",
+"J=(e*E)*((n*mu_i)+(p*mu_p))\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('mu_p= %0.3f   cm**2/V-s     \n',(mu_p))\n",
+"printf('n= %0.3f     *10**13/cm**3   \n',(n/10**13))\n",
+"printf('p= %0.3f     *10**13/cm**3   \n',(p*10**-13))\n",
+"printf('J= %0.3f    A/m**2    \n',(J*10**4))\n",
+"printf('//Answer varies due to ing of numbers')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.16: Drift_velocity.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"rho=47*10**-2\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"mu_n=0.39\n",
+"mu_p=0.19\n",
+"E=10**4\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"ni=1/(rho*e*(mu_n+mu_p))\n",
+"Dh=mu_p*E\n",
+"De=mu_n*E\n",
+"\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('ni = %0.3f     *10**19 /m**3   \n',(ni/10**19))\n",
+"printf('Drift velocity of holes %0.3f   ms**-1  \n',Dh)\n",
+"printf('Drift velocity of electrons= %0.3f    ms**-1 \n',De)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.17: critical_field.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"H0=64*10**3;    //initial field(ampere/m)\n",
+"T=5;    //temperature(K)\n",
+"Tc=7.26;   //transition temperature(K)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"H=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2);     //critical field(ampere/m)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('critical field is %0.3f     *10**3 ampere/m   \n',(H/10**3))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.18: Frequency_of_generated_microwaves.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"V=1*10\n",
+"h=6.625*10**-34\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"v=(2*e*V**-3)/h \n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Frequency of generated microwaves= %0.3f  *10**9 Hz      \n',(v/10**9))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.19: Penetration_depth.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"d=7300                  //density in (kg/m**3)\n",
+"N=6.02*10**26           //Avagadro Number\n",
+"A=118.7                 //Atomic Weight\n",
+"E=1.9                 //Effective mass\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"n=(d*N)/A\n",
+"m=E*9.1*10**-31\n",
+"x=4*%pi*10**-7*n*e**2\n",
+"lamda_L=sqrt(m/x)\n",
+"      \n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Number of electrons per unit volume = %0.3f   *10**28/m**3     \n',(n/10**28))\n",
+"printf('Effective mass of electron m = %0.3f     *10*-31 kg   \n',(m*10**31))\n",
+"printf('Penetration depth = %0.3f   Angstroms  \n',lamda_L*10**8)\n",
+"printf('//The answer given in the text book is wrong')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.1: number_of_electron_hole_pairs.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"ni1=2.5*10**19;    //number of electron hole pairs\n",
+"T1=300;     //temperature(K)\n",
+"Eg1=0.72*1.6*10**-19;    //energy gap(J)\n",
+"k=1.38*10**-23;     //boltzmann constant\n",
+"T2=310;    //temperature(K)\n",
+"Eg2=1.12*1.6*10**-19;    //energy gap(J)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"x1=-Eg1/(2*k*T1);\n",
+"y1=(T1**(3/2))*exp(x1);\n",
+"x2=-Eg2/(2*k*T2);\n",
+"y2=(T2**(3/2))*exp(x2);\n",
+"ni=ni1*(y2/y1);          //number of electron hole pairs\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('number of electron hole pairs is %0.3f    *10**16 per cubic metre    \n',(ni/10**16))\n",
+"printf('answer varies due to ing off errors')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.20: Calculate_wavelength.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"lamda_L1=39.6*10**-9\n",
+"lamda_L2=173*10**-9\n",
+"T1=7.1\n",
+"T2=3\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"x=(lamda_L1/lamda_L2)**2\n",
+"Tc4=(T1**4)-((T2**4)*x)/(1-x)\n",
+"Tc=(Tc4)**(1/4)\n",
+"printf('Tc = %0.3f     K   \n',(Tc))\n",
+"printf('lamda0= %0.3f    nm    \n',((sqrt(1-(T2/Tc)**4)*lamda_L1)*10**9))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.21: Critical_current_density.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"H0=6.5*10**4           //(ampere/metre)\n",
+"T=4.2                  //K\n",
+"Tc=7.18                //K\n",
+"r=0.5*10**-3\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2)\n",
+"Ic=(2*%pi*r)*Hc\n",
+"A=%pi*r**2\n",
+"Jc=Ic/A                //Critical current density\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Hc = %0.3f       *10**4 \n',(Hc/10**4))\n",
+"printf('Critical current density,Jc = %0.3f  *10**8 ampere/metre**2      \n',(Jc/10**8))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.22: New_critical_temperature_for_mercury.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"Tc1=4.185\n",
+"M1=199.5\n",
+"M2=203.4\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Tc2=Tc1*(M1/M2)**(1/2)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('New critical temperature for mercury = %0.3f     K   \n',(Tc2))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.2: intrinsic_conductivity.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"w=72.6;    //atomic weight\n",
+"d=5400;    //density(kg/m**3)\n",
+"Na=6.025*10**26;    //avagadro number\n",
+"mew_e=0.4;    //mobility of electron(m**2/Vs)\n",
+"mew_h=0.2;    //mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+"m=9.108*10**-31;    //mass(kg)\n",
+"ni=2.1*10**19;      //number of electron hole pairs\n",
+"Eg=0.7;    //band gap(eV)\n",
+"k=1.38*10**-23;    //boltzmann constant\n",
+"h=6.625*10**-34;    //plancks constant\n",
+"T=300;     //temperature(K)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"sigmab=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);    //intrinsic conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+"rhob=1/sigmab;     //resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+"n=Na*d/w;     //number of germanium atoms per m**3\n",
+"p=n/10**5;   //boron density\n",
+"sigma=p*e*mew_h;\n",
+"rho=1/sigma;\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('intrinsic conductivity is %0.3f   *10**4 ohm-1 m-1     \n',(sigma/10**4))\n",
+"printf('intrinsic resistivity is %0.3f    *10**-4 ohm m    \n',(rho*10**4))\n",
+"printf('answer varies due to ing off errors')\n",
+"printf('number of germanium atoms per m**3 is %0.3f   *10**28     \n',(n/10**28))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.3: charge_carrier_density.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+"RH=3.66*10**-4;    //hall coefficient(m**3/coulomb)\n",
+"sigma=112;      //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"ne=3*%pi/(8*RH*e);    //charge carrier density(per m**3)\n",
+"mew_e=sigma/(e*ne);      //electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('charge carrier density is %0.3f  *10**22 per m**3   \n',int(ne/10**22))\n",
+"printf('electron mobility is %0.3f    m**2/Vs    \n',(mew_e))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.4: conductivity_during_donor_impurity.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"mew_e=0.13;    //mobility of electron(m**2/Vs)\n",
+"mew_h=0.05;    //mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+"ni=1.5*10**16;      //number of electron hole pairs\n",
+"N=5*10**28;\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"sigma1=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);    //intrinsic conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+"ND=N/10**8;\n",
+"n=ni**2/ND;\n",
+"sigma2=ND*e*mew_e;     //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+"sigma3=ND*e*mew_h;     //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('intrinsic conductivity is %0.3f *10**-3 ohm-1 m-1 %0.3f \n',(sigma1*10**3),sigma2)\n",
+"printf('conductivity during donor impurity is %0.3f ohm-1 m-1 \n',sigma2)\n",
+"printf('conductivity during acceptor impurity is %0.3f ohm-1 m-1',int(sigma3))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.5: conductivity.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+"Eg=0.72;    //band gap(eV)\n",
+"k=1.38*10**-23;    //boltzmann constant\n",
+"T1=293;     //temperature(K)\n",
+"T2=313;     //temperature(K)\n",
+"sigma1=2;    //conductivity(mho m-1)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"x=(Eg*e/(2*k))*((1/T1)-(1/T2));\n",
+"y=(x/2.303);\n",
+"z=(log10(sigma1));\n",
+"log_sigma2=y+z;\n",
+"sigma2=10**log_sigma2;     //conductivity(mho m-1)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('conductivity is %0.3f   mho m-1     \n',(sigma2))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.6: Concentration.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"ni=1.5*10**16\n",
+"mu_n=1300*10**-4\n",
+"mu_p=500*10**-4\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"sigma=3*10**4\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"//Concentration in N-type\n",
+"n1=sigma/(e*mu_n)\n",
+"p1=ni**2/n1\n",
+"//Concentration in P-type\n",
+"p=sigma/(e*mu_p)\n",
+"n2=(ni**2)/p\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('a)Concentration in N-type\n ')\n",
+"printf('n = %0.3f     *10**24 m**-3   \n',(n1*10**-24))\n",
+"printf('Hence p = %0.3f     *10**8 m**-3   \n',(p1/10**8))\n",
+"printf('b)Concentration in P-type\n')\n",
+"printf('p = %0.3f      *10**24 m**-3  \n',(p/10**24))\n",
+"printf('Hence n = %0.3f   *10**8 m**-3     \n',(n2/10**8))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.7: Current_density.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"i=10**-2\n",
+"A=0.01*0.001\n",
+"RH=3.66*10**-4\n",
+"Bz=0.5\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Jx=i/A\n",
+"Ey=RH*(Bz*Jx)\n",
+"Vy=Ey*0.01\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Jx = %0.3f   ampere/m**2  \n',Jx)\n",
+"printf('Ey = %0.3f     V/m   \n',(Ey))\n",
+"printf('Vy = %0.3f     mV   \n',(Vy*10**3))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.8: Position_of_fermi_level.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"Ev=0\n",
+"Ec=1.12\n",
+"k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+"T=300\n",
+"mh=0.28\n",
+"mc=0.12\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Ef=((Ec+Ev)/2)+((3*k*T)/(4*e))*log(mh/mc)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Position of fermi level = %0.3f     eV   \n',(Ef))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.9: Conductivity_of_intrinsic_germanium_at_300K.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//Variable declaration\n",
+"ni=2.5*10**19\n",
+"mu_e=0.38\n",
+"mu_h=0.18\n",
+"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"sigmai=ni*e*(mu_e+mu_h)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Conductivity of intrinsic germanium at 300K = %0.3f    ohm**-1 m**-1    \n',(sigmai))"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/7-Lasers.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/7-Lasers.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06e04b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/7-Lasers.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 7: Lasers"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.1: Calcutate_Divergence.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"r1 = 7;                //in radians\n",
+"r2 = 3;                //in radians\n",
+"d1 = 4;                //Converting from mm to radians\n",
+"d2 = 6;                //Converting from mm to radians\n",
+"\n",
+"//calculations\n",
+"D = (r2-r1)/(d2*10**3-d1*10**3)   //Divergence\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Divergence = %0.3f   *10**-3 radian     \n',(D*10**3))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.2: Relative_Populatio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"C=3*10**8                    //The speed of light\n",
+"Lamda=6943                   //Wavelength\n",
+"T=300                        //Temperature in Kelvin\n",
+"h=6.626*10**-34              //Planck constant \n",
+"k=1.38*10**-23               //Boltzmann's constant\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"\n",
+"V=(C)/(Lamda*10**-10)       //Frequency\n",
+"R=exp(h*V/(k*T))       //Relative population\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Frequency (V) = %0.3f  *10**14 Hz      \n',(V/10**14))\n",
+"printf('Relative Population= %0.3f    *10**30    \n',(R/10**30))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.3: Power_density.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"C=3*10**8                     //Velocity of light\n",
+"W=632.8*10**-9                //wavelength\n",
+"P=2.3\n",
+"t=1\n",
+"h=6.626*10**-34              //Planck constant \n",
+"S=1*10**-6\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"V=C/W                        //Frequency\n",
+"n=((P*10**-3)*t)/(h*V)       //no.of photons emitted\n",
+"PD=P*10**-3/S                //Power density\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Frequency= %0.3f    *10**14 Hz    \n',(V/10**14))\n",
+"printf('no.of photons emitted= %0.3f    *10**15 photons/sec    \n',(n/10**15))\n",
+"printf('Power density = %0.3f   kWm**-2     \n',(PD/1000))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.4: Wavelenght.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"h=6.626*10**-34              //Planck constant \n",
+"C=3*10**8                    //Velocity of light\n",
+"E_g=1.44                     //bandgap \n",
+"\n",
+"//calculations\n",
+"lamda=(h*C)*10**10/(E_g*1.6*10**-19)       //Wavelenght\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Wavelenght = %0.3f   Angstrom     \n',(lamda))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 7.5: Band_gap.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"\n",
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"W=1.55                       //wavelength\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"E_g=(1.24)/W                 //Bandgap in eV           \n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Band gap = %0.3f    eV \n',E_g)"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/8-Fiber_Optics.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/8-Fiber_Optics.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bce86e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Applied_Physics_by_M_Arumugam/8-Fiber_Optics.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 8: Fiber Optics"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 1.1: Critical_angle.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"n1=1.50          //Core refractive index\n",
+"n2=1.47          //Cladding refractive index\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"C_a=asin(n2/n1)        //Critical angle       \n",
+"N_a=(n1**2-n2**2)**(1/2)\n",
+"A_a=asin(N_a)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('The Critical angle =%0.3f degrees\n',(C_a*180/%pi))\n",
+"printf('The numerical aperture =%0.3f \n',(N_a))\n",
+"printf('The acceptance angle =%0.3f degrees\n',(A_a*180/%pi))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.10: Numerical_aperture_and_Acceptance_angle.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"n1=1.53\n",
+"delta=0.0196\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2)\n",
+"A_a=asin(N_a)\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Numerical aperture =%0.3f \n',(N_a))\n",
+"printf('Acceptance angle =%0.3f degrees \n',(A_a*180/%pi))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.11: Core_radius.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"n1=1.480\n",
+"n2=1.465\n",
+"V=2.405\n",
+"lamda=850*10**-9\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"delta=(n1**2-n2**2)/(2*n1**2)\n",
+"a=(V*lamda*10**-9)/(2*%pi*n1*sqrt(2*delta))\n",
+"\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('delta =%0.3f \n',(delta))\n",
+"printf('Core radius,a =%0.3f micro m\n',(a*10**15))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.12: Total_dist_travelled_by_light_over_one_metre_of_fiber.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"n1=1.5\n",
+"n2=1.49\n",
+"a=25\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"C_a=asin(n2/n1)           //Critical angle\n",
+"L=2*a*tan(C_a)             \n",
+"N_r=10**6/L                    \n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Critical angle=%0.3f degrees\n',(C_a*180/%pi))\n",
+"printf('Fiber length covered in one reflection=%0.3f micro m\n',(L))\n",
+"printf('Total no.of reflections per metre=%0.3f \n',(N_r))\n",
+"printf('Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber =%0.3f m \n',(1/sin(C_a)))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.13: No_of_modes.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"alpha=1.85\n",
+"lamda=1.3*10**-6\n",
+"a=25*10**-6\n",
+"N_a=0.21\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"V_n=((2*%pi**2)*a**2*N_a**2)/lamda**2\n",
+"N_m=(alpha/(alpha+2))*V_n\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('No.of modes =%0.3f =155(approx)\n',(N_m))\n",
+"printf('Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes =%0.3f \n',(N_m*2))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.14: ignal_attention_per_unit_length.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"P_i=100\n",
+"P_o=2\n",
+"L=10\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"S=(10/L)*log(P_i/P_o)\n",
+"O=S*L\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('a.Signal attention per unit length =%0.3f dB km**-1\n',(S))\n",
+"printf('b.Overall signal attenuation =%0.3f dB\n',(O))\n",
+"printf('//Answer given in the textbook is wrong')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.15: Bandwidth_length_product.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"L=10\n",
+"n1=1.55\n",
+"delta=0.026\n",
+"C=3*10**5\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"delta_T=(L*n1*delta)/C\n",
+"B_W=10/(2*delta_T)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Total dispersion =%0.3f ns\n',(delta_T/10**-9))\n",
+"printf('Bandwidth length product =%0.3f Hz-km\n',(B_W/10**5))\n",
+"printf('//Answer given in the text book is wrong')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.2: No_of_modes_propogated_inside_the_fiber.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"d=50                //diameter\n",
+"N_a=0.2             //Numerical aperture\n",
+"lamda=1             //wavelength\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('N =%0.3f \n',N)\n",
+"printf('Fiber can support%0.3f guided modes \n',N)\n",
+"printf('In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber =%0.3f only',N/2)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.3: Numerical_aperture.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"d=50                //diameter\n",
+"n1=1.450\n",
+"n2=1.447\n",
+"lamda=1             //wavelength\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"N_a=(n1**2-n2**2)   //Numerical aperture\n",
+"N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('Numerical aperture =%0.3f ',N_a)\n",
+"printf('No. of modes that can be propogated =%0.3f \n',(N))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.4: Numerical_aperture.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"delta=0.05          \n",
+"n1=1.46\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2)     //Numerical aperture\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Numerical aperture =%0.3f \n',(N_a))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.5: maximum_no_of_modes_propogating_through_fiber.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"a=5\n",
+"n1=1.450\n",
+"n2=1.447\n",
+"lamda=1             //wavelength\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"N_a=(n1**2-n2**2)   //Numerical aperture\n",
+"\n",
+"N=4.9*((a*10**-6*sqrt(N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"\n",
+"printf('maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber =%0.3f \n',(N))\n",
+"printf('Correction needed')"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.6: Number_of_modes.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"a=100\n",
+"N_a=0.3               //Numerical aperture\n",
+"lamda=850             //wavelength\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"V_n=(2*(%pi**2*a**2*10**-12*N_a**2)/lamda**2*10**-18)\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Number of modes =%0.3f modes\n',(V_n/10**-36))\n",
+"printf('No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations')\n",
+"printf('Total No.of modes =%0.3f \n',(V_n/10**-36)*2)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.7: Cutoff_Wavellength.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"a=5;\n",
+"n1=1.48;\n",
+"delta=0.01;\n",
+"V=25;\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculation\n",
+"lamda=(%pi*(a*10**-6)*n1*sqrt(2*delta))/V   // Cutoff Wavelength\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Cutoff Wavellength =%0.3f micro m. \n',(lamda*10**7))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.8: Maximum_core_radius.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"V=2.405\n",
+"lamda=1.3\n",
+"N_a=0.05\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"a_max=(V*lamda)/(2*%pi*N_a)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Result\n",
+"printf('Maximum core radius=%0.3f micro m\n',(a_max))"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 8.9: Acceptance_angle.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"//variable declaration\n",
+"N_a=0.3\n",
+"gamma=45\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"theta_a=asin(N_a)\n",
+"theta_as=asin((N_a)/cos(gamma))\n",
+"\n",
+"//Results\n",
+"printf('Acceptance angle, theta_a =%0.3f degrees\n',(theta_a*180/%pi))\n",
+"printf('For skew rays,theta_as %0.3f degrees\n',(theta_as*180/%pi))\n",
+"printf('//Answer given in the textbook is wrong')"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}