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+
+// ELECTRICAL MACHINES
+// R.K.Srivastava
+// First Impression 2011
+// CENGAGE LEARNING INDIA PVT. LTD 
+
+// CHAPTER : 4 : DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES 
+
+// EXAMPLE : 4.16
+
+clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console
+
+
+// GIVEN DATA
+
+Out_hp = 20;                   // Output of the Motor in HP
+eta = 90/100;                  // Full load efficiency of the Motor
+V = 220;                       // Motor voltage in Volts
+ns = 5;                        // Number of the step of Starter
+Rf = 220;                      // Field Resistance in Ohms
+cr = 1.8;                      // Lowest Current rating is 1.8 times of the Full load current
+Cu = 5/100;                    // Total Copper loss is 5% of the Input
+
+
+// CALCULATIONS
+
+Out = 20 * 746;                    ..       // Output of the Motor in Watt
+Inp = (Out/eta);                            // Input of the Motor in KiloWatt
+I = Inp/Rf;                                 // Full-Load Current in Amphere
+Cu_l = Inp*Cu;                              // Total Copper loss in Watts
+olf = (V ^ 2)/Rf;                           // Ohmic loss in the Fiels in the Watts
+Acu = Cu_l - olf;                           // Armature Copper loss in Watts
+Ra = Acu/(I * I);                           // Armature Resistance in Ohms
+I2 = I * cr;                                // Lower Current in Amphere
+n = ns - 1;                                 // Number of the Resistance
+gama = ( (I2 * Ra)/Rf ) ^ (1/(n + 1));      // Current Ratio
+I1 = I2/gama;                               // Initial Current in amphere
+R1 = V/I1;                                  // Initial Resistance in Ohms
+R2 = gama * R1;                             // Initial Resistance in Ohms
+r1 = R1 - R2;                               // Graded Resistance in Ohms
+R3 = gama * R2;                             // Initial Resistance in Ohms
+r2 = gama * r1;                             // Graded Resistance in Ohms
+r3 = gama ^ 2 * r1;                         // Graded Resistance in Ohms
+r4 = gama ^ 3 * r1;                         // Graded Resistance in Ohms
+
+
+// DISPLAY RESULTS
+
+disp("EXAMPLE : 4.16 : SOLUTION :-") ;
+printf("\n (a) Graded Resistances are %.4f Ohms, %.4f Ohms, %.4f Ohms and %.4f Ohms \n",r1,r2,r3,r4);