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//Example 12.3
//Program to estimate the average number of photons which must be
//incident on the APD to register a binary one with a BER of 10^(-9)
clear;
clc ;
close ;
//Given data
k=0.02; //CARRIER IONIZATION RATE
M=100; //MULTIPLICATION FACTOR
SNR=144; //SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
Bt=0.6; //FOR RAISED COSINE PULSE SPECTRUM
n=0.8; //(*100) percent - QUANTUM EFFICIENCY
//Excess avalanche noise factor F(M)
F=k*M+(2-1/M)*(1-k);
//Average number of photons
z=2*Bt*ceil(F)/n*SNR;
//Displaying the Result in Command Window
printf("\n\n\t The average number of photons which must be incident on the APD is %1.0f photons.",z);
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