diff options
Diffstat (limited to '767')
126 files changed, 3381 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.11.1/Ch1Exa1_11_1.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.11.1/Ch1Exa1_11_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a564a06e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.11.1/Ch1Exa1_11_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.11.1 : To find the speed, mass and mass number of the ion which is accelerated in a mass spectrograph : Page 40 (2011)
+V = 1000; // Potential difference, volts
+R = 0.122; // Radius of the circular path, m
+B = 1500e-04; // Magnetic field, tesla
+e = 1.602e-019; // Charge of the electron, C
+amu = 1.673e-027; // Atomic mass unit, kg
+v = (2*V)/(R*B); // Speed of the ion, m/s
+M = 2*e*V/v^2; // Mass of the ion, kg
+A = M/amu; // Mass number
+printf("\n Speed > %5.3e m/s \n Mass > %5.3e kg \n Mass number > %5.2f ",v, M, A);
+
+// Result
+//
+// Speed > 1.093e+005 m/s
+// Mass > 2.682e-026 kg
+// Mass number > 16.03
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.11.2/Ch1Exa1_11_2.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.11.2/Ch1Exa1_11_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1cb564a33 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.11.2/Ch1Exa1_11_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 1.11.2 : To determine distances between the isotopic Ar ions in Bainbridge mass spectrograph : Page 41 (2011)
+amu = 1.673e-027; // Atomic mass unit, kg
+E = 5e+04; // Electric field, V/m
+B1 = 0.4; // Magnetic field, tesla
+v = E/B1; // Velocity of ions, m/s
+B = 0.8; // Magnetic field, tesla
+e = 1.602e-019; //charge of electron,C
+m_Ar = zeros(1,3); // Array of masses of three Ar ions, amu
+m_Ar(1,1) = 36,m_Ar(1,2) = 38,m_Ar(1,3) = 40; // Masses of three isoptopes of Ar, amu
+r_Ar = zeros(1,3); // Array of radii of three Ar ions, mm
+for i = 1:1:3
+ r_Ar(1,i) = (m_Ar(1,i)*amu*v)/(B*e)*1e+03; // Radius of Ar ion orbit, mm
+ disp(r_Ar(1,i));
+end
+d1 = 2*(r_Ar(1,2)-r_Ar(1,1)); // Distance b/w first and second line, mm
+d2 = 2*(r_Ar(1,3)-r_Ar(1,2)); // Distance b/w second and third line, mm
+printf("\nThe distance between successive lines due to three different isotopes : %3.1f mm and %3.1f mm", d1,d2);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between successive lines due to three different isotopes : 6.5 mm and 6.5 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.3.1/Ch1Exa1_3_1.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.3.1/Ch1Exa1_3_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e8390dbd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.3.1/Ch1Exa1_3_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.3.1 Momentum determination for a neutron using de-Broglie relation : Page 31 (2011)
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.602e-019; // Charge on an electron, C
+red_h = h/(2*%pi*e*1e+06); // Reduced Planck's constant, MeV
+lambda = 5.0e-015; // de_Broglie wavelength of neutron, m
+p = red_h/lambda; // Momentum of the neutron, MeV-s/m
+printf("\nThe momentum of the neutron from de-Broglie relation : %5.3e MeV-s/m", p);
+
+// Result
+// The momentum of the neutron from de-Broglie relation : 1.317e-007 MeV-s/m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.3.2/Ch1Exa1_3_2.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.3.2/Ch1Exa1_3_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4dc85ccc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.3.2/Ch1Exa1_3_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.3.2 : Grouping the nuclides as isotopes, isotones and isobars : Page 32 (2011)
+E = cell(3,3); // Declare a cell array of empty matrices for nuclides information
+E(1,1).entries = 'C'; // Assign element 'C' to (1,1) cell
+E(2,1).entries = 'N'; // Assign element 'N' to (2,1) cell
+E(3,1).entries = 'O'; // Assign element 'o' to (3,1) cell
+E(1,2).entries = 6; // Assign atomic No. 6 to (1,2) cell
+E(2,2).entries = 7; // Assign atomic No. 7 to (2,2) cell
+E(3,2).entries = 8; // Assign atomic No. 8 to (3,2) cell
+E(1,3).entries = [12,13,14,16]; // Assign mass numbers for 'C' to (1,3) cell
+E(2,3).entries = [14,15,16,17]; // Assign mass numbers for 'N' to (2,3) cell
+E(3,3).entries = [14,15,16,17]; // Assign mass numbers for 'O' to (3,3) cell
+// Isotopes
+printf("\nIsotopes:");
+printf("\n=========");
+for i = 1:1:3 // Search for the three elements one-by-one
+ printf("\n(Z = %d)\n",E(i,2).entries);
+ for j= 1:1:4
+ printf("\t%s(%d)",E(i,1).entries,E(i,3).entries(j));
+ end
+end
+// Isotones
+printf("\n\nIsotones:");
+printf("\n========");
+for N = 6:1:9 // Search for the neutron numbers from 6 to 9
+ printf("\n(N = %d)\n",N);
+ for i = 1:1:3
+ for j= 1:1:4
+ if E(i,3).entries(j)- E(i,2).entries == N then // N = A-Z
+ printf("\t%s(%d)",E(i,1).entries,E(i,3).entries(j));
+ end
+ end
+ end
+end
+// Isobars
+printf("\n\nIsobars:");
+printf("\n=======");
+for A = 14:1:17 // Search for the mass numbers from 14 to 17
+ printf("\n(A = %d)\n",A);
+ for i = 1:1:3
+ for j= 1:1:4
+ if E(i,3).entries(j) == A then
+ printf("\t%s(%d)",E(i,1).entries,E(i,3).entries(j));
+ end
+ end
+ end
+end
+//
+// Result
+//
+// Isotopes:
+// =========
+// (Z = 6)
+// C(12) C(13) C(14) C(16)
+// (Z = 7)
+// N(14) N(15) N(16) N(17)
+// (Z = 8)
+// O(14) O(15) O(16) O(17)
+//
+// Isotones:
+// ========
+// (N = 6)
+// C(12) O(14)
+// (N = 7)
+// C(13) N(14) O(15)
+// (N = 8)
+// C(14) N(15) O(16)
+// (N = 9)
+// N(16) O(17)
+//
+// Isobars:
+// =======
+// (A = 14)
+// C(14) N(14) O(14)
+// (A = 15)
+// N(15) O(15)
+// (A = 16)
+// C(16) N(16) O(16)
+// (A = 17)
+// N(17) O(17)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.4.1/Ch1Exa1_4_1.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.4.1/Ch1Exa1_4_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..15b3a12f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.4.1/Ch1Exa1_4_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.4.1: To calculate the energy of electron at rest : Page 33 (2011)
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, Kg
+C = 3e+08; // Velocity of the light,m/s
+E = m*C^2/1.6e-013; // Energy of the electron at rest, MeV
+printf("\nEnergy of the electron at rest : %5.3f MeV", E)
+
+// Result
+// Energy of the electron at rest : 0.512 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.4.2/Ch1Exa1_4_2.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.4.2/Ch1Exa1_4_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..82cb26349 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.4.2/Ch1Exa1_4_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.4.2 : Estimation of the Nucleus type from its radius : Page 33 (2011)
+r = 3.46e-015; // Radius of the nucleus, m
+r0 = 1.2e-015; // Distance of closest approach of the nucleus, m
+A = round((r/r0)^3); // Mass number of the nucleus
+if A == 23 then
+ element = "Na";
+elseif A == 24 then
+ element = "Mg";
+elseif A == 27 then
+ element = "Al";
+elseif A == 28 then
+ element = "Si";
+end
+printf("The mass number of the nucleus is %d and the nucleus is of %s", A, element);
+
+// Result
+// The mass number of the nucleus is 24 and the nucleus is of Mg
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.4.3/Ch1Exa1_4_3.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.4.3/Ch1Exa1_4_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ae00e12a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.4.3/Ch1Exa1_4_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.4.3 : Estimate the density of nuclear matter : Page 34 (2011)
+m = 40*(1.66e-027); // Mass of the nucleus, kg
+r0 = 1.2e-015; // Distance of the closest approach, m
+A = 40; // Atomic mass of the nucleus
+r = r0*A^(1/3); //Radius of the nucleus, m
+V = 4/3*(%pi*r^3); // Volume of the nucleus, m^3
+density = m/V; // Density of the nucleus, kg/m^3
+printf("\nRadius of the nucleus: %3.1e m\nVolume of the nucleus: %5.3e m^3\nDensity of the nucleus: %3.1e kg/m^3",r,V,density);
+
+// Result
+// Radius of the nucleus: 4.1e-015 m
+// Volume of the nucleus: 2.895e-043 m^3
+// Density of the nucleus: 2.3e+017 kg/m^3
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.4.4/Ch1Exa1_4_4.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.4.4/Ch1Exa1_4_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bfc0236dd --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.4.4/Ch1Exa1_4_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.4.4 : To determine the density of U-235 nucleus : Page 34 (2011)
+m = 1.66e-027; // Mass of a nucleon, kg
+A = 235; // Atomic mass of U-235 nucleus
+M = A*m; //Mass of the U-235 nucleus, kg
+r0 = 1.2e-015; // Distance of closest approach, m
+r = r0*(A)^(1/3); // Radius of the U-235 nucleus
+V = 4/3*(%pi*r^3); // Volume of the U-235 nucleus,m^3
+d = M/V; // Density of the U-235 nucleus,kg/m^3
+printf("\nThe density of U-235 nucleus : %4.2e kg per metre cube",d)
+
+// Result
+// The density of U-235 nucleus : 2.29e+017 kg per metre cube
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.4.5/Ch1Exa1_4_5.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.4.5/Ch1Exa1_4_5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7db317d8d --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.4.5/Ch1Exa1_4_5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.4.5 : To calculate densities of O and Pb whose radii are given: Page 35 (2011)
+m_O = 2.7e-026; // Mass of O nucleus, kg
+r_O = 3e-015; // Radius of O nucleus, m
+V_O = 4/3*(%pi*(r0)^3); // Volume of O nucleus, metre cube
+d_O = m_O/V_O; // Density of O nucleus, kg/metre cube
+m_Pb = 3.4e-025; // Mass of Pb nucleus, kg
+r_Pb = 7.0e-015; // Radius of Pb nucleus, m
+V_Pb = 4/3*(%pi*(r_Pb)^3); // Volume of Pb nucleus, metre cube
+d_Pb = m_Pb/V_Pb; //Density of Pb nucleus,kg/metre cube
+printf("\nThe density of oxygen nucleus : %4.2e in kg/metre cube",d_O);
+printf("\nThe density of Pb nucleus : %4.2e in kg/metre cube",d_Pb);
+
+// Result
+// The density of oxygen nucleus : 3.73e+018 in kg/metre cube
+// The density of Pb nucleus : 2.37e+017 in kg/metre cube
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.4.6/Ch1Exa1_4_6.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.4.6/Ch1Exa1_4_6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0aea535e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.4.6/Ch1Exa1_4_6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.4.6 : Determination of distance of closest approach for alpha-particle : Page 35 (2011)
+E = 5.48*1.6e-013; // Energy of alpha particle, J
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of an electron, C
+Z = 79; // Mas number of Au nucleus,
+epsilon_0 = 8.85e-012; // Permittivity of free space,
+D = (2*Z*e^2)/(4*%pi*epsilon_0*E); // Distance of closest approach, m
+printf("\nThe distance of closest appproach of alpha particle : %4.2e m", D)
+
+// Result
+// The distance of closest appproach of alpha particle : 4.15e-014 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.4.7/Ch1Exa1_4_7.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.4.7/Ch1Exa1_4_7.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..14d1a0cfd --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.4.7/Ch1Exa1_4_7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.4.7 : Determination of radius of Pb-208 : Page 36 (2011)
+A = 208; // Mass number of Pb-208
+r0 = 1.2e-015; // Distance of closest approach, m
+r = r0*((A)^(1/3)); // Radius of Pb-208, m
+printf("\nThe radius of Pb-208 : %4.2e m", r)
+
+// Result
+// The radius of Pb-208 : 7.11e-015 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.5.1/Ch1Exa1_5_1.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.5.1/Ch1Exa1_5_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bb7638353 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.5.1/Ch1Exa1_5_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.5.1 : Calculation of binding energy of alpha particle and express in MeV and joule : Page 36 (2011)
+amu = 931.49; // Atomic mass unit, MeV
+M_p = 1.00758; // Mass of proton, amu
+M_n = 1.00897; // Mass of neutron, amu
+M_He = 4.0028; // Mass of He nucleus, amu
+Z = 2; // Atomic number
+N = 2; // Number of neutron
+M_defect = Z*M_p+N*M_n-M_He; // Mass defect, amu
+BE_MeV = M_defect*amu; // Binding energy, MeV
+BE_J = M_defect*1.49239e-010; // Binding energy, J
+printf("\nThe binding energy (in MeV): %5.2f", BE_MeV)
+printf("\nThe binding energy (in J): %4.2e", BE_J)
+
+// Result
+// The binding energy (in MeV): 28.22
+// The binding energy (in J): 4.52e-012
diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.5.2/Ch1Exa1_5_2.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.5.2/Ch1Exa1_5_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..11a6c5168 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.5.2/Ch1Exa1_5_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.5.2 : Calculation of energy required to break C-12 into 3-alpha particle : Page 37 (2011)
+amu = 1.49239e-010; // Atomic mass unit, J
+M_C = 12; // Mass of C-12, amu
+M_a = 4.0026; // Mass of alpha particle, amu
+M_3a = 3*M_a; // Mass of 3 alpha particle, amu
+D = M_C-M_3a; // Difference in two masses, amu
+E = D*amu; // Required energy,J
+printf("\nThe energy required to break 3 alpha particles : %4.2e J",E)
+
+// Result
+// The energy required to break 3 alpha particles : -1.16e-012 J
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.5.3/Ch1Exa1_5_3.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.5.3/Ch1Exa1_5_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3341d4b34 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.5.3/Ch1Exa1_5_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.5.3 : Calculation of energy required to knock out nucleon from He nucleus : Page 37 (2011)
+M_p = 1.007895; // Mass of proton, amu
+M_n = 1.008665; // Mass of neutron, amu
+M_He = 4.0026; // Mass of He-nucleus, amu
+Z = 2; // Number of proton
+N = 2; // Number of neutron
+D_m = [(Z*M_p)+(N*M_n)-M_He]; // Mass defect, amu
+amu = 931.49; // Atomic mass unit, MeV
+E = D_m*amu; // Required energy, MeV
+printf("\nThe energy required to knock out nucleons from the He nucleus = %5.2f MeV", E);
+
+// Result
+// The energy required to knock out nucleons from the He nucleus = 28.43 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.5.4/Ch1Exa1_5_4.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.5.4/Ch1Exa1_5_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b79acd1cb --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.5.4/Ch1Exa1_5_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.5.4 : To calculate binding energy of Fe-56 : Page 38 (2011)
+M_Fe = 55.934939; // Mass of Fe-56, amu
+M_p = 1.007825; // Mass of proton, amu
+M_n = 1.008665; // Mass of neutron, amu
+Z = 26; // Atomic number of Fe-56
+N = 30; // Number of neutron in Fe-56
+amu = 931.49; // Atomic mass unit, MeV
+BE = [(Z*M_p)+(N*M_n)-M_Fe]*amu; // Binding energy of Fe-56, MeV
+printf("\nThe binding energy of Fe-56 : %6.4f MeV",BE)
+
+// Result
+// The binding energy of Fe-56 : 492.2561 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.5.5/Ch1Exa1_5_5.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.5.5/Ch1Exa1_5_5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c54e3213d --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.5.5/Ch1Exa1_5_5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.5.5 : Calculation of mass defect and packing fraction from given data Page : 38 (2011)
+amu = 931.49; // Atomic mass unit, MeV
+M_p = 1.007825; // Mass of proton, amu
+M_n = 1.008663; // Mass of neutron, amu
+A = 2; // Mass number of deutron, amu
+M_D = 2.014103; // Mass of deuteron nucleus, amu
+M_Defect = (M_p+M_n-M_D)*amu; // Mass defect of the nucleus, MeV
+P_fraction = (M_D - A)/A; // Packing fraction of nucleus
+printf("\n Mass defect %4.2f MeV\n Packing fraction %7.5f",M_Defect,P_fraction);
+
+// Result
+// Mass defect 2.22 MeV
+// Packing fraction 0.00705
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.5.6/Ch1Exa1_5_6.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.5.6/Ch1Exa1_5_6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0734fd3ba --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.5.6/Ch1Exa1_5_6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.5.6 : To calculate binding energy per nucleon of He-4 nucleus : Page 38 (2011)
+m_p = 1.007825; // Mass of proton, amu
+m_n = 1.008665; // Mass of neutron, amu
+m_He = 4.002634; // Mass of He-4 nucleus, amu
+amu = 931.47; // Atomic mass unit, MeV
+A = 4, // Mass number of He-4 nucleus
+BE = [2*m_p+2*m_n-m_He]*amu; // Binding energy of He-4 nucleus, MeV
+Av_BE = BE/A; // Average binding energy or binding energy per nucleon, MeV
+printf("\nThe binding energy per nucleon : %4.2f MeV", Av_BE);
+
+// Result
+// The binding energy per nucleon of He-4 is
+// The binding energy per nucleon : 7.07 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.6.1/Ch1Exa1_6_1.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.6.1/Ch1Exa1_6_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..363f8491c --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.6.1/Ch1Exa1_6_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.6.1 : Orbital angular momentum of coupled nucleons : Page 39 (2011)
+l1 = 1; // Orbital qunatum number for p-state nucleon
+l2 = 2; // Orbital qunatum number for d-state nucleon
+// Display the value of L within the for loop
+disp("The possible L values will be");
+for i = abs(l1-l2):1:abs(l1+l2) // Coupling of l-orbitals
+ printf("\t %1d",i);
+end
+
+// Result
+// The possible L values will be
+// 1 2 3
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH1/EX1.6.2/Ch1Exa1_6_2.sci b/767/CH1/EX1.6.2/Ch1Exa1_6_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..69f6eed08 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH1/EX1.6.2/Ch1Exa1_6_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Exa1.6.2 : Total angular momentum of proton : Page 40 (2011)
+// Get the l value from the user
+l = 3; // Orbital qunatum number for f-state proton
+s = 1/2; // Magnitude of spin quantum number
+// Display the value of j within the for loop
+disp("The j values will be between");
+for i = abs(l-s):1:abs(l+s) // l-s Coupling
+ printf("\t %3.1f",i);
+end
+
+// Result
+// The j values will be between
+// 2.5 3.5
diff --git a/767/CH2/EX2.2.1/CH02Exa2_2_1.sci b/767/CH2/EX2.2.1/CH02Exa2_2_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2873cd108 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH2/EX2.2.1/CH02Exa2_2_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Scilab code Exa2.2.1 To calculate the binding energy of Ca(20,40) and %_age discrepancy : Page 66 (2011)
+// For Ca(20,40), actual binding energy is ......
+m_p = 1.007825; // Mass of proton, amu
+m_n = 1.008665; // Mass of neutron, amu
+Z = 20; // Number of protons
+N = 20; // Number of neutrons
+M_n = 39.962591; // Mass of the nucleus, amu
+B_actual = (M_n-Z*m_p-N*m_n)*931.49; // Actual binding energy, MeV
+// For Ca(20,40), Binding energ as per semiemperical mas formula......
+Z = 20; // Number of protons
+a_v = 15.5; // Volume constant, MeV
+a_s = 16.8; // Surface constant, MeV
+a_a = 23.0; // Asymmetric constant, MeV
+a_c = 0.7; // Coulomb constant, MeV
+a_p = 34.0; // Paring constant, MeV
+A = 40; // Mass number
+B_semi = [a_v*A-(a_s*A^(2/3))-(a_c*Z*(Z-1)/A^(1/3))-(a_a*(A-2*Z)^2/A)-(a_p*A^(-3/4))]; // Binding energy as per semiemperical mass formula
+// Percentage discrepancy between actual and semiemperical mass formula values are.......
+Per_des = -(B_semi+B_actual)/B_actual*100; // Percentage discrepancy
+printf("\nActual binding energy = %6.2f MeV\nBinding energy as per semiemperical mass formula = %6.2f MeV\nPercentage discrepancy = %3.1f percent", B_actual, B_semi, Per_des);
+
+// Result
+// Actual binding energy = -342.05 MeV
+// Binding energy as per semiemperical mass formula = 343.59 MeV
+// Percentage discrepancy = 0.4 percent
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH2/EX2.2.2/CH02Exa2_2_2.sci b/767/CH2/EX2.2.2/CH02Exa2_2_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5185c7810 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH2/EX2.2.2/CH02Exa2_2_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Scilab code Exa2.2.2 To calculate the difference in coulomb energy and nucleons' mass difference for mirror nuclei and show in agreement with actual mass difference Page 67 (2011)
+ // Calculation of coulomb energy for mirror nuclei : N-7 and O-8
+ // For N-7 nucleus
+a_c = 0.7; // Coulomb energy constant, MeV
+Z_N = 7; // Atpmic no.
+A = 15; // Atomic mass
+E_C_N = a_c*Z_N*(Z_N-1)/(A^(1/3)); // Coulomb energy for N-7, MeV
+// For O-8 nucleus
+a_c = 0.7; // Coulomb energy constant, MeV
+Z_O = 8; // Atpmic no.
+A = 15; // Atomic mass
+E_C_O = a_c*Z_O*(Z_O-1)/(A^(1/3)); // Coulomb energy for O-8, MeV
+C_E_d = E_C_O-E_C_N; // Coulomb energy difference, MeV
+m_p = 1.007276*931.49; // Mass of proton, MeV
+m_n = 1.008665*931.49; // Mass of neutron, MeV
+M_d = m_n-m_p; // Mass difference of nucleons, MeV
+D_C_M = round(C_E_d-M_d); // Difference in coulomb energy and nucleon mass difference, MeV
+M_O = 15.003070*931.49; // Mass of O-8, MeV
+M_N = 15.000108*931.49; // Mass of N-7, MeV
+D_A = round(M_O-M_N); // Actual mass difference, MeV
+printf("\nDifference in Coulomb energy = %5.3f MeV\nNucleon mass difference = %6.4f MeV\nDifference in Coulomb energy and nucleon mass difference = %5.3f MeV\nActual mass difference = %5.3f MeV",C_E_d, M_d ,D_C_M, D_A);
+if D_A == D_C_M then printf("\nResult is verified")
+end
+// Result
+// Difference in Coulomb energy = 3.974 MeV
+// Nucleon mass difference = 1.2938 MeV
+// Difference in Coulomb energy and nucleon mass difference = 3.000 MeV
+// Actual mass difference = 3.000 MeV
+// Result is verified
diff --git a/767/CH2/EX2.2.3/CH02Exa2_2_3.sci b/767/CH2/EX2.2.3/CH02Exa2_2_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..331259624 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH2/EX2.2.3/CH02Exa2_2_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Scilab code Exa2.2.3 To calculate the energy required to remove a neutron from Kr-81, Kr-82, Kr-83 : Page 68 (2011)
+// For Kr-80,
+m_p = 1.007825; // Mass of proton, amu
+m_n = 1.008665; // Mass of neutron, amu
+Z = 36; // Number of protons
+N_80 = 44; // Number of neutrons
+M_n_80 = 79.91628; // Mass of Kr nucleus
+BE_Kr_80 = (Z*m_p+N_80*m_n-M_n_80)*931.49; // Binding energy for Kr-80, MeV
+// For Kr-81,
+N_81 = 45; // Number of neutrons
+M_n_81 = 80.91661; // Mass of Kr-81 nucleus
+BE_Kr_81 = (Z*m_p+N_81*m_n-M_n_81)*931.49; // Binding energy for Kr-81 nucleus
+// For Kr-82
+N_82 = 46; // Number of neutrons
+M_n_82 = 81.913482; // Mass of Kr nucleus
+BE_Kr_82 = (Z*m_p+N_82*m_n-M_n_82)*931.49; // Binding energy for Kr-82,MeV
+// For Kr-83
+N_83 = 47; // Number of protons
+M_n_83 = 82.914134; // Mass of Kr-83 nucleus
+BE_Kr_83 = (Z*m_p+N_83*m_n-M_n_83)*931.49; // Binding energy for Kr-83, MeV
+E_sep_81 = BE_Kr_81-BE_Kr_80; // Energy seperation of neutron for Kr-81, MeV
+E_sep_82 = BE_Kr_82-BE_Kr_81; // Energy seperation of neutron for Kr-82, MeV
+E_sep_83 = BE_Kr_83-BE_Kr_82; // Energy seperation of neutron for Kr-83, MeV
+,
+printf("\nEnergy seperation of neutron for Kr-81 = %4.2f MeV\nEnergy seperation of neutron for Kr-82 = %4.2f MeV\nEnergy seperation of neutron for Kr-83 = %5.2f MeV", E_sep_81, E_sep_82, E_sep_83);
+
+// Result
+// Energy seperation of neutron for Kr-81 = 7.76 MeV
+// Energy seperation of neutron for Kr-82 = 10.99 MeV
+// Energy seperation of neutron for Kr-83 = 7.46 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH2/EX2.2.4/CH02Exa2_2_4.sci b/767/CH2/EX2.2.4/CH02Exa2_2_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c2b073ac --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH2/EX2.2.4/CH02Exa2_2_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab code Exa2.2.4 To determine the most stable isotope of A = 75 : Page 68 (2011)
+a_v = 15.5; // Volume energy coefficient, MeV
+a_s = 16.8; // Surface energy coefficient MeV
+a_c = 0.7; // Coulomb energy coefficient, MeV
+a_a = 23.0; // Asymmetric energy coefficient, MeV
+a_p = 34.0; // Pairing energy coefficient, MeV
+A = 75; // Given atomic mass
+z = poly(0, 'z'); // z declares a polynomial
+B = -a_c*z*(z-1)/A^(1/3)-a_a*(A-2*z)^2/A ; // Binding energy as per liquid drop model
+dB = derivat(B); // Differentiate B w.r.t. z
+z = roots(dB); // Isotope of A = 75
+z_i = round(z); // Most stable isotope of A = 75
+printf("\nMost stable isotope of A = 75 corresponds to Z = %d ", z_i)
+
+// Result
+// Most stable isotope of A = 75 corresponds to Z = 33
diff --git a/767/CH2/EX2.2.5/CH02Exa2_2_5.sci b/767/CH2/EX2.2.5/CH02Exa2_2_5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c79e7c66a --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH2/EX2.2.5/CH02Exa2_2_5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Scilab code Exa2.2.5 To determine the most stable isotopes for A = 27, A = 118, A = 238 : Page 69 (2011)
+a_v = 15.5; // Volume energy, MeV
+a_s = 16.8; // Surface energy, MeV
+a_c = 0.7; // Coulomb energy, MeV
+a_a = 23.0; // Asymmetric energy, MeV
+a_p = 34.0; // Pairing energy, MeV
+z = poly(0, 'z')
+// For A = 27;
+B_27 = -a_c*z*(z-1)/27^(1/3)-a_a*(27-2*z)^2/27 ; // Binding energy as per liquid drop model
+dB_27 = derivat(B_27) // Differentiate B w.r.t. z
+z_27 = roots(dB_27) // Isotope of A = 27
+z_i_27 = round(z_27) // Most stable isotope of A = 27
+// For A = 118
+B_118 = -a_c*z*(z-1)/118^(1/3)-a_a*(118-2*z)^2/118 ; // Binding energy as per liquid drop model
+dB_118 = derivat(B_118) // Differentiate B w.r.t. z
+z_118 = roots(dB_118) // Isotope of A = 118
+z_i_118 = round(z_118) // Most stable isotope of A = 118
+// For A = 238
+B_238 = -a_c*z*(z-1)/238^(1/3)-a_a*(238-2*z)^2/238 ; // Binding energy as per liquid drop model
+dB_238 = derivat(B_238); // Differentiate B w.r.t. z
+z_238 = roots(dB_238); // Isotope of A = 238
+z_i_238 = round(z_238); // Most stable isotope of A = 238
+printf("\nMost stable isotopes for A = 27, A = 118, A = 238 corresponds to z = %d, %d and %d respectively", z_i_27, z_i_118, z_i_238);
+
+// Result
+// Most stable isotopes for A = 27, A = 118, A = 238 corresponds to z = 13, 50 and 92 respectively
+
diff --git a/767/CH2/EX2.2.6/CH02Exa2_2_6.sci b/767/CH2/EX2.2.6/CH02Exa2_2_6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9329efe93 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH2/EX2.2.6/CH02Exa2_2_6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab code Exa2.2.6 : To calculate the coulomb coefficient and estimate nuclear radius for mirror nuclei: Page no. 69 (2011)
+// Mirror nuclei : Na-11 and Mg-12
+m_p = 1.007276; // Mass of proton, amu
+m_n = 1.008665; // Mass of neutron, amu
+M_Mg = 22.994124; // Atomic mass of Mg-12, amu
+M_Na = 22.989768; // Atomic mass of Na-11, amu
+A = 23; // Mass number
+Z_Mg = 12; // Atomic number of Mg-12
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of the electron, C
+K = 8.98e+09; // Coulomb force constant
+a_c = A^(1/3)/(2*Z_Mg-1)*[(M_Mg-M_Na)+(m_n-m_p)]*931.47; // Coulomb coefficient, MeV
+r_0 = 3/5*K*e^2/(a_c*1.6e-013); // Nuclear radius, m
+printf("\nCoulomb coefficient = %4.2f MeV\nNuclear radius = %3.1e m", a_c, r_0)
+// Result
+// Coulomb coefficient = 0.66 MeV
+// Nuclear radius = 1.3e-015 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH2/EX2.2.7/CH02Exa2_2_7.sci b/767/CH2/EX2.2.7/CH02Exa2_2_7.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..722c9eeb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH2/EX2.2.7/CH02Exa2_2_7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Exa2.2.7 To calculate coulomb energy and surface energy for U(92,236) : Page 71 (2011)
+Z = 92; // Atomic number of U-236
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of an electron, C
+A = 236; // Mass number of U-236
+K = 8.98e+09; // Coulomb constant,
+r_o = 1.2e-015; // Distance of closest approach, m
+a_s = -16.8; // Surface constant
+E_c = -(3*K*Z*(Z-1)*e^2)/(5*r_o*A^(1/3)*1.6e-013); // Coulomb energy, MeV
+E_s = a_s*A^(2/3); // Surface energy, MeV
+printf("\nCoulomb energy for U(92,236) = %5.1f MeV \nSurface energy for U(92,236) = %5.1f MeV ", E_c, E_s)
+// Result
+// Coulomb energy for U(92,236) = -973.3 MeV
+// Surface energy for U(92,236) = -641.6 MeVS
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH2/EX2.3.1/CH02Exa2_3_1.sci b/767/CH2/EX2.3.1/CH02Exa2_3_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f333dccc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH2/EX2.3.1/CH02Exa2_3_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Exa2.3.1 To calculate the mass of decayed radioactive material: Page 126 (2011)
+t_prime = 1600; // Half life of radioactive material, years
+t = 2000; // Total time, years
+lambda = 0.6931/t_prime; // Decay constant, years^(-1)
+m0 = 1; // The mass of radioactive substance at t0, mg
+m = m0* %e^(-(lambda*t)); // Ratio of total number of atoms and number of atoms disintegrat, mg
+a = 1-m; // The amount of radioactive substance decayed, mg
+printf("\nThe amount of radioactive substance decayed : %6.4f mg", a)
+
+// Result
+// The amount of radioactive substance decayed : 0.5795 mg
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH2/EX2.3.4/CH02Exa2_3_4.sci b/767/CH2/EX2.3.4/CH02Exa2_3_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fb4281d1a --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH2/EX2.3.4/CH02Exa2_3_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Exa2.3.4 : To calculate the magnetic moment of given nuclei : Page no. 74 : (2011)
+// For Ne(10.19) nucleus
+j_Ne_9 = 5/2; // Total angular momentum for Ne-19 nucleus
+u_Ne_9 = j_Ne_9+2.29; // Magnetic moment of Ne-19 nucleus , nuclear magneton
+// For Ne(10,20) nucleus
+j_Ne_10 = 0;// Total angular momentum for Ne-20 nucleus
+u_Ne_10 = j_Ne_10+2.29; // Magnetic moment of Ne-20 nucleus, nuclear magneton
+// For Ne(10,21) nucleus
+j_Ne_11 = 5/2;// Total angular momentum for Ne-21 nucleus
+u_Ne_11 = j_Ne_11+2.29; // Magnetic moment of Ne-21 nucleus, nuclear magneton
+printf("\nMagnetic moment of Ne-19 nucleus = %4.2f nuclear magneton\nMagnetic moment of Ne-20 nucleus = %4.2f nuclear magneton\nMagnetic moment of Ne-21 nucleus = %4.2f nuclear magneton", u_Ne_9, u_Ne_10, u_Ne_11);
+// Result
+// Magnetic moment of Ne-19 nucleus = 4.79 nuclear magneton
+// Magnetic moment of Ne-20 nucleus = 2.29 nuclear magneton
+// Magnetic moment of Ne-21 nucleus = 4.79 nuclear magneton
diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.2.1/Ch03Exa3_2_1.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.2.1/Ch03Exa3_2_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f432f8fae --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.2.1/Ch03Exa3_2_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Exa3.2.1: To determine how many curie in 10^10 Bq : Page 124 (2011)
+Bq = 1/3.7e+010; // Number of curie in one Bq, Ci
+N = 10^10*Bq; // The number of curie in 10^10 Bq, Ci
+printf("\nThe number of curie in 10^10 Bq : %4.2f Ci", N)
+// Result
+// The number of curie in 10^10 Bq : 0.27 Ci
+
+
diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.2.10/Ch03Exa3_2_10.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.2.10/Ch03Exa3_2_10.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9121b45e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.2.10/Ch03Exa3_2_10.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa3.2.10 : To calculate the power produced by 10 mg of Po-210 : Page no. 130 (2011)
+N = 2.87e+019; // Number of atoms in 10e-10kg of Po-210
+t_h = 138*24*3600; // Half life of Po-210, s
+D = 0.693/t_h; // Decay constant, s^-1
+A = N*D; // Activity of K-40, dps
+E = 5.3*1.6e-013; // Power produce by one dps, MeV
+P = A*E; // Power produced by 1.667e+012 dps, W
+printf("\nThe Power produced by 1.667e+012 dps : %3.1f W", P)
+// Result
+// The Power produced by 1.667e+012 dps : 1.4 W
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.2.2/Ch03Exa3_2_2.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.2.2/Ch03Exa3_2_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6e72b29da --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.2.2/Ch03Exa3_2_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa3.2.2: To calculate the activity of 10g of Th-232 : Page 125 (2011)
+lambda_232 = 1.58e-018; // Decay constant, s^-1
+N = 2.596e+022; // Number of atoms in 10g Th-232
+A = N*lambda_232; // The activity of 10g of Th-232, dps
+printf("\nThe activty of 10g of Th-232 : %5.3e dps", A)
+// Result
+// The activty of 10g of Th-232 : 4.102e+004 dps
diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.2.3/Ch03Exa3_2_3.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.2.3/Ch03Exa3_2_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..489b35b40 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.2.3/Ch03Exa3_2_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa3.2.3: Calculation of mass of 1 Ci sample of radioactive sample : Page 125 (2011)
+A = 3.7e+010; // Activity of 1Ci sample, dps
+t = 1608; // Half life of radioactive substance, s
+N = 6.023e+023/214; // Number of atoms in 1g of substance having atomic mass 214
+lambda = 0.6931/t; // Decay constant, s^-1
+m = A/(lambda*N); // The mass of radoiactive substance, g
+printf("\nThe mass of radioactive substance : %4.2e g", m)
+// Result
+// The mass of radioactive substance : 3.05e-008 g
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.2.4/Ch03Exa3_2_4.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.2.4/Ch03Exa3_2_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b35edb4d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.2.4/Ch03Exa3_2_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Exa3.2.4: To calculate the activity of 1kg of U-238: Page 125 (2011)
+t = 1.419e+017; // Half life of U-238, s
+N = 6.023e+023/238; // Number of atoms in 1g of U-238
+lambda = 0.6931/t; // Decay constant, s^-1
+A = (lambda*N)*1000/(3.7e+010); // The activity of 1kg of U-238, Ci
+printf("\nThe activity of 1kg of U-238 : %4.2e Ci", A)
+// Result
+// The activity of 1kg of U-238 : 3.34e-004 Ci
diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.2.6/Ch03Exa3_2_6.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.2.6/Ch03Exa3_2_6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5dcedb48c --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.2.6/Ch03Exa3_2_6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Exa3.2.6 Determination of half life of radioactive material Page 127 (2011)
+t = 10; // Total period of radioactive material, days
+lambda = log(6.6667)/10; //Decay constant, day^-1
+t_h = 0.6931/(lambda); // Half life of radioactive substance, days
+printf("\nThe half life of radioactive substance : %4.2f days", t_h)
+// Result
+// The half life of radioactive substance : 3.65 days
+
diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.2.7/Ch03Exa3_2_7.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.2.7/Ch03Exa3_2_7.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0f5629b21 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.2.7/Ch03Exa3_2_7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Exa3.2.7 : To calculate the mass of Ra-226 :Page no. 127 (2011)
+t_h = 1620*31536000; // Half life of Ra-226, S
+D = 0.6931/t_h; // Decay constant, S^-1
+A_Ci = 3.7e+010; // Activity, Ci
+N_Ci = A_Ci/D; // Number of atoms decayed
+m = 0.226; // Mass of 6.023e+023 atoms, kg
+M_Ci = m*N_Ci/6.023e+023; // Mass of 1-Ci sample of Ra-226, kg
+A_rf = 10^6; // Activity, Rf
+N_rf = A_rf/D; // Number of atoms decayed
+M_rf = m*N_rf/6.023e+023; // Mass of 1-Rf sample of Ra-226, kg
+printf("\n Mass of 1-Ci sample of Ra-226 = %5.3e kg and \n Mass of 1-Rf sample of Ra-226 = %4.2e kg ",M_Ci, M_rf )
+// Result
+// Mass of 1-Ci sample of Ra-226 = 1.023e-003 kg and
+// Mass of 1-Rf sample of Ra-226 = 2.77e-008 kg
+
diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.2.8/Ch03Exa3_2_8.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.2.8/Ch03Exa3_2_8.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e135174ea --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.2.8/Ch03Exa3_2_8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab code Exa3.2.8 To calculate the activity and weight of radioactive material : Page 128 (2011)
+N_o = 7.721e+018; // Number of atoms in 3 mg of U-234
+t_h = 2.5e+05; // Half life of U-234, years
+T = 150000; // Total time, years
+lambda = 0.6931/t_h; // Decay constant, year^-1
+N = N_o*(%e^-(lambda*T)); // Number of atoms left after T years
+m = 234000; // Mass of 6.023e+023 atoms of U-234, mg
+M = m*N/(6.023e+023); // Weight of sample left after t years,
+L = 8.8e-014; // Given decay constant, S^-1
+A = N*L*10^6/(3.7e+010); // Activity, micro Ci
+printf("\nThe weight of sample = %5.3f mg \n Activity = %5.2f micro Ci ", M, A)
+// Result
+// The weight of sample = 1.979 mg
+// Activity = 12.12 micro Ci
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.2.9/Ch03Exa3_2_9.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.2.9/Ch03Exa3_2_9.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..01773cf19 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.2.9/Ch03Exa3_2_9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa3.2.9 : To calculate the activity of K-40 : Page no. 129 (2011)
+N = 6.324e+020; // Number of atoms in 4.2e-05 kg of K-40
+t_h = 1.31e+09*31536000; // Half life of K-40, s
+D = 0.693/t_h; // Decay constant, s^-1
+A = N*D/(3.7e+010)*10^6; // Activity of K-40, microCi
+printf("\nThe activity of K-40 : %5.3f micro Ci", A )
+// Result
+// The activity of K-40 : 0.287 micro Ci
+
+
diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ch03Exa3_3_1.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ch03Exa3_3_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..345acc83a --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ch03Exa3_3_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 3.3.1 : Finding particles in the given reactions : page no. 131 (2011) +// Declare three cells (for three reactions) +R1 = cell(4,3); +R2 = cell(4,3); +R3 = cell(3,3); + +// Enter data for first cell (Reaction) +R1(1,1).entries = "Pb"; +R1(1,2).entries = 82; +R1(1,3).entries = 211; +R1(2,1).entries = 'Bi'; +R1(2,2).entries = 83; +R1(2,3).entries = 211; +R1(3,1).entries = 'Tl'; +R1(3,2).entries = 81; +R1(3,3).entries = 207; +R1(4,1).entries = 'Pb'; +R1(4,2).entries = 82; +R1(4,3).entries = 207; + +// Enter data for second cell (Reaction) +R2(1,1).entries = "U"; +R2(1,2).entries = 92; +R2(1,3).entries = 238; +R2(2,1).entries = 'Th'; +R2(2,2).entries = 90; +R2(2,3).entries = 234; +R2(3,1).entries = 'Pa'; +R2(3,2).entries = 91; +R2(3,3).entries = 234; +R2(4,1).entries = 'U'; +R2(4,2).entries = 92; +R2(4,3).entries = 234; + +// Enter data for third cell (Reaction) +R3(1,1).entries = "Bi"; +R3(1,2).entries = 83; +R3(1,3).entries = 211; +R3(2,1).entries = 'Pa'; +R3(2,2).entries = 84; +R3(2,3).entries = 211; +R3(3,1).entries = 'Pb'; +R3(3,2).entries = 82; +R3(3,3).entries = 207; + +// Declare a function returning the type of particle emitted +function particle = identify_particle(d_Z, d_A) + if d_Z == 2 & d_A == 4 then + particle = "Alpha"; + elseif d_Z == -1 & d_A == 0 then + particle = "Beta minus"; + elseif d_Z == 1 & d_A == 0 then + particle = "Beta plus"; + end +endfunction + +// Display emitted particles for first reaction +printf("\n\n\nReaction-I:"); +for i = 1:1:3 + dZ = R1(i,2).entries-R1(i+1,2).entries; + dA = R1(i,3).entries-R1(i+1,3).entries; + p = identify_particle(dZ,dA); + printf("\n%s(%d) - (%s) --> %s(%d)", R1(i,1).entries, R1(i,2).entries, p, R1(i+1,1).entries, R1(i+1,2).entries); +end + +// Display emitted particles for second reaction +printf("\n\n\nReaction-II:"); +for i = 1:1:3 + dZ = R2(i,2).entries-R2(i+1,2).entries; + dA = R2(i,3).entries-R2(i+1,3).entries; + p = identify_particle(dZ,dA); + printf("\n%s(%d) - (%s) --> %s(%d)", R2(i,1).entries, R2(i,2).entries, p, R2(i+1,1).entries, R2(i+1,2).entries); +end + +// Display emitted particles for third reaction +printf("\n\n\nReaction-III:"); +for i = 1:1:2 + dZ = R3(i,2).entries-R3(i+1,2).entries; + dA = R3(i,3).entries-R3(i+1,3).entries; + p = identify_particle(dZ,dA); + printf("\n%s(%d) - (%s) --> %s(%d)", R3(i,1).entries, R3(i,2).entries, p, R3(i+1,1).entries, R3(i+1,2).entries); +end + +// Result +// +// Reaction-I: +// Pb(82) - (Beta minus) --> Bi(83) +// Bi(83) - (Alpha) --> Tl(81) +// Tl(81) - (Beta minus) --> Pb(82) + + +// Reaction-II: +// U(92) - (Alpha) --> Th(90) +// Th(90) - (Beta minus) --> Pa(91) +// Pa(91) - (Beta minus) --> U(92) + + +// Reaction-III: +// Bi(83) - (Beta minus) --> Pa(84) +// Pa(84) - (Alpha) --> Pb(82) diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ch03Exa3_3_2.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ch03Exa3_3_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..701d73e63 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ch03Exa3_3_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 3.3.2 To calculate mass number of Pb isotope and energy emitted : Page no : 132 (2011) +M_U = 238.050786; // Atomic mass of U-238, amu +M_Pb = 205.9744550; // Atomic mass of Pb-205, amu +M_He = 4.002603; // Atomic mass of He-4, amu +M_e = 5.486e-04; // Atomic mass of electron, amu +M = M_Pb+(8*M_He)+(6*M_e); // Total mass of products, amu +D = M_U-M; // Decrease in mass, amu +E = D*931.47; // Energy evolved, MeV +printf("\nTotal mass of products = %1.7f amu \n Decrease in mass = %9.7f amu and \n Energy evolved = %4.1f MeV", M, D, E) +// Result +// Total mass of products = 237.9985706 amu +// Decrease in mass = 0.0522154 amu and +// Energy evolved = 48.6 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ch03Exa3_4_1.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ch03Exa3_4_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8191390e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ch03Exa3_4_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Finding atomic No. and mass No. of daughter nuclei in the given reactions : Page No. 133(2011) +// Declare cell (for given reaction) +R1 = cell(5,4); +// Enter data for cell (Reaction-I) +R1(1,1).entries = "A"; +R1(1,2).entries = 90; +R1(1,3).entries = 238; +R1(1,4).entries = "Alpha"; +R1(2,1).entries = 'B'; +R1(2,4).entries = "Beta minus"; +R1(3,1).entries = 'C'; +R1(3,4).entries = "Alpha"; +R1(4,1).entries = 'D'; +R1(4,4).entries = "Beta minus"; +R1(5,1).entries = 'E'; + +// Declare a function returning the type of particle emitted +function [Z, A] = daughter_nucleus(particle_emitted) + if particle_emitted == "Alpha" then + Z = 2, A = 4; + elseif particle_emitted == "Beta minus" then + Z = -1, A = 0; + elseif particle_emitted == "Beta plus" then + Z = 1, A = 0; + end +endfunction + +// Display emitted particles for first reaction +printf("\n\n\nReaction-I:"); +for i = 1:1:4 + [Z, A] = daughter_nucleus(R1(i,4).entries); + R1(i+1,2).entries = R1(i,2).entries-Z; + R1(i+1,3).entries = R1(i,3).entries-A; + printf("\n%s(%d,%d) - (%s) --> %s(%d,%d)", R1(i,1).entries, R1(i,2).entries, R1(i,3).entries, R1(i,4).entries, R1(i+1,1).entries, R1(i+1,2).entries, R1(i+1,3).entries) + ; +end +// Result +// +// Reaction-I: +// A(90,238) - (Alpha) --> B(88,234) +// B(88,234) - (Beta minus) --> C(89,234) +// (89,234) - (Alpha) --> D(87,230) +// D(87,230) - (Beta minus) --> E(88,230) + diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.4.2/Ch03Exa3_4_2.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.4.2/Ch03Exa3_4_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f0ceb1d57 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.4.2/Ch03Exa3_4_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 3.4.2 : To determine the number of Rn-222 half lives elapsed when it reaches 99% of its equilibrium concentration : Page no. 133 : (2011) + D = log(2); // Decay constant, s^-1 + t = log(100); // Half life, s + n = t/D; // Number of half-lives +printf("\n Number of half-lives : %4.2f ", n) +// Result +// Number of half-lives : 6.64
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.4.3/Ch03Exa3_4_3.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.4.3/Ch03Exa3_4_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d7f5f4c7b --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.4.3/Ch03Exa3_4_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 3.4.3 : To calculate the decay constant for alpha and beta decays : Page no. 133 : (2011) + H_t = 60.5*60; // Total half life period, s + T_d = 0.693/H_t; // Total decay constant, s^-1 + A_d = 34/100*T_d; // Decay constant for alpha decays, s^-1 + B_d = 66/100*T_d; // Decay constant for beta decay, s^-1 +printf("\n Alpha decay = %4.2e s^-1 \n Beta decay = %4.2e s^-1", A_d, B_d) +// Result +// Alpha decay = 6.49e-005 s^-1 +// Beta decay = 1.26e-004 s^-1
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.4.4/Ch03Exa3_4_4.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.4.4/Ch03Exa3_4_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..43b08e622 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.4.4/Ch03Exa3_4_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 3.4.4 : To calculate the half life of U(92,234): Page no. 134 : (2011) +A_r = 1.8e+04; // Atomic ratio of U(92,238) and U(92,234) +T_238 = 2.5e+05; // Half life of U(92,238), years +T_234 = A_r*T_238; // Half life of U(92,234), years +printf("\n Half life of U(92,234): %3.1e years", T_234) +// Result +// Half life of U(92,234): 4.5e+009 years
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.4.5/Ch03Exa3_2_5.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.4.5/Ch03Exa3_2_5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..deb529aad --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.4.5/Ch03Exa3_2_5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa3.2.5 To calculate the mass of decayed radioactive material: Page 126 (2011)
+t_h = 1600; // Half life of radioactive material, years
+t = 2000; // Totaltime, years
+lambda = 0.6931/t_h; // Decay constant, years^-1
+m0 = 1; // The mass of radioactive substance at t0, mg
+m = m0* %e^(-(lambda*t)); // Ratio of total number of atoms and number of atoms disintegrat, mg
+A = 1-m; // The amount of radioactive substance decayed, mg
+printf("\nThe amount of radioactive substance decayed : %6.4f mg",A)
+// Result
+// The amount of radioactive substance decayed : 0.5795 mg
diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.5.2/Ch03Exa3_5_2.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.5.2/Ch03Exa3_5_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a61a62a46 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.5.2/Ch03Exa3_5_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 3.5.2 : To calculate the K.E. of alpha particle in following decay Pu-239 to U-235+He-4 +M_239 = 239.052158; // Atomic mass of Pu-239, amu +M_235 = 235.043925; // Atomic mass of U-235, amu +M_4 = 4.002603; // Atomic mass of He-4, amu +Q = (M_239-M_235-M_4)*931.47; // Difference in masses, MeV +A = 241; // Mass number +K_alpha = Q*(A-4)/A; // Kinetic energy of alpha particle, MeV +printf("\nKinetic energy of alpha particle %5.2f MeV", K_alpha) +// Result +// Kinetic energy of alpha particle 5.16 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.5.3/Ch03Exa3_5_3.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.5.3/Ch03Exa3_5_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d30c6c03a --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.5.3/Ch03Exa3_5_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 3.5.3 : To calculate the height of barrier faced by alpha particle of Ra-226 : Page no. : 136 (2011) +Z = 88; // Atomic number of Ra-226 nucleus, +A = 226; // Atomic mass of Ra-226 nucleus +R_0 = 1.3e-015; // Distance of closest approach, m +E_0 = 8.854e-012; // Permittivity of free space, C^2/Nm^2 +e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of an electron, C +B = 2/(1.6e-013)*(Z-2)*e^2/(4*%pi*E_0*R_0*A^(1/3)); // The barrier height faced by alpha particle, MeV +printf("\nThe barrier height faced by alpha particle : %4.1f MeV", B) +// Result +// The barrier height faced by alpha particle : 31.2 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.5.4/Ch03Exa3_5_4.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.5.4/Ch03Exa3_5_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e1f6a5ba --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.5.4/Ch03Exa3_5_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 3.5.4 : To calculate the height of coulomb barrier faced by alpha particle : Page no. : 136 (2011) +Z_1 = 2; //Atomic number of He-4, +Z_2 = 7; // Atomic number of N-14, +A_1 = 4; // Atomis mass of He-4 nucleus +A_2 = 14; // Atomic mass of N-14 nucleus +R_0 = 1.5e-015; // Distance of closest approach, m +E_0 = 8.854e-012; // Permittivity of free space, C^2/Nm^2 +e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of an electron, C +B = Z_1/(1.6e-013)*Z_2*e^2/(4*%pi*E_0*R_0*(A_1^(1/3)+A_2^(1/3))); // The coulomb barrier faced by alpha particle, MeV +printf("\nThe coulomb barrier faced by alpha particle : %4.2f MeV", B) +// Result +// The coulomb barrier faced by alpha particle : 3.36 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.5.5/Ch03Exa3_5_5.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.5.5/Ch03Exa3_5_5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..039596785 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.5.5/Ch03Exa3_5_5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 3.5.5 : To calculate the K.E. of a proton to penetrate the barrier of H nucleus : Page no. : 137 (2011) +R_0 = 1.2; // Distance of closest approach, m +E_b = 197/(R_0*137); // The K.E. of proton to penetrate the berrier of H nucleus, Mev +printf("\nThe K.E. of proton to penetrate the berrier of H nucleus : %3.1f MeV", E_b) +// Result +// The K.E. of proton to penetrate the berrier of H nucleus : 1.2 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.6.1/Ch03Exa3_6_1.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.6.1/Ch03Exa3_6_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e470ce160 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.6.1/Ch03Exa3_6_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 3.6.1 : To determine the mass of daughter nucleus for given reaction : Page no. 138 : (2011) + M_C = 14.007685; // Mass of C-14 nucleus, amu + E_e = 0.156/931.47; // Kinetic energy of emitted electron, amu + M_N = M_C-E_e; // Mass of N-14 nucleus, amu +printf("\n Mass of N-14 nucleus : %9.6f amu", M_N) +// Result +// Mass of N-14 nucleus : 14.007518 amu
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.6.3/Ch03Exa3_6_3.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.6.3/Ch03Exa3_6_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4a68c19d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.6.3/Ch03Exa3_6_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa. 3.6.3 : To determine the number of proton decayed per year from H2O in a reservior : Page no. 139 : (2011) +N_p = 6.70e+033;// Number of protons +T_p = 10^32; // Mean life of proton, years +D_p = N_p/T_p*0.5; // Number of proton decays per year, decays/year +printf("\n Number of proton decays per year,: %4.1f decays/year", D_p) +// Result +// Number of proton decayed per year: 33.5 decays/year
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.7.1/Ch03Exa3_7_1.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.7.1/Ch03Exa3_7_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c2fc22549 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.7.1/Ch03Exa3_7_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa. 3.7.1 : To determine the energies of two gamma rays emitted during de-excitation of Ni-60: Page no. 141 : (2011) +E_2 = 2505; // Second excited state of Ni-60, KeV +E_1 = 1332; // First excited state of Ni-60, KeV +E_0 = 0; // Ground state of Ni-60 , KeV +E_G_2 = E_2-E_1; // Energy of gamma rays emitted when transition from 2 to 1, KeV +E_G_1 = E_1-E_0; // Energy of gamma rays emitted when transition from 1 to 0, KeV +printf("\n Energies of two gamma rays emitted : %d KeV and %d KeV", E_G_2, E_G_1) +// Result +// Energy of two gamma rays emitted : 1173 KeV and 1332 KeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.7.2/Ch03Exa3_7_2.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.7.2/Ch03Exa3_7_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..67f45c5d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.7.2/Ch03Exa3_7_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa. 3.7.2 : To determine the energies conversion for K and L-shell electrons for reaction Cs(55,137) = Ba(56,137)+e(-1,0): Page no. 141 : (2011) +E = 662; // Energy available with the nucleus, KeV +I_b_K = 37.4; // Binding energy for K-shell, KeV +I_b_L = 6.0; // Binding energy for L-shell, KeV +E_c_K = E-I_b_K; // Energy conversion for K-shell, KeV +E_c_L = E-I_b_L; // Energy conversion for L-shell, KeV +printf("\n Energies conversion for K and L-shell electrons : %5.1f KeV and %d KeV", E_c_K, E_c_L) +// Result +// Energies conversion for K and L-shell electrons : 624.6 KeV and 656 KeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.9.1/Ch03Exa3_9_1.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.9.1/Ch03Exa3_9_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e5968f345 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.9.1/Ch03Exa3_9_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa. 3.9.1 : To calculate the age of uranium mineral: Page no. 143 : (2011) +t_h = 4.5e+09; // Half life of mineral, years +D_c = 0.6931/t_h; // Decay constant of minerals, years^-1 +N_1 = 6.023e+023/238; // Number of nuclei in 1g of Uranium +N = 6.023e+023*0.093/206; // Number of nuclei in 0.093g of lead +t = log(1+N/N_1)/D_c; // Age of the mineral, years +printf("\n Age of the mineral : %6.4e years ", t) +// Result +// Age of the mineral : 6.6261e+008 years
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.9.2/Ch03Exa3_9_2.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.9.2/Ch03Exa3_9_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..47933c333 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.9.2/Ch03Exa3_9_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa. 3.9.2 : To determine the age of boat whose half life is given : Page no. 145 : (2011) +t_h = 5760; // Half life of boat, years +D_c = 0.6931/t_h; // Decay constant of boat, years^-1 +N_1 = 16; // Number of atoms decay per min. per gram initially +N = 5; // Number of atoms decay per min per gram presently +t = log(N_1/N)*1/D_c; // Age of the boat, years +printf("\n Age of the boat : %d years ", t) +// Result +// Age of the boat : 9666 years
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH3/EX3.9.4/Ch03Exa3_9_4.sci b/767/CH3/EX3.9.4/Ch03Exa3_9_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..609cf1dc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH3/EX3.9.4/Ch03Exa3_9_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Exa. 3.9.4 : To calculate the number of nuclei at t = 0, initial activity and age of Pu-239 which emit alpha particle : Page no. 145 : (2011) +t_h = 24000*365*24*3600; // Half life of Pu-239, s +D_c = 0.6931/t_h; // Decay constant of Pu-239, s^-1 +N = 6.023e+023*10/239; // Number of nuclei at t = 0, nuclei +A_0 = D_c*N; // Initial activity, disintegrations/sec +A = 0.1; // Activity after time t, disintegrations/sec +t = log(A_0/A)*1/D_c; // Age of the Pu-239, years +printf("\nThe number of nuclei at t = 0, = %4.2e nuclei \nInitial activity = %4.2e disintegrations/s and \nAge of Pu-239 = %4.2e years ", N, A_0, t) +// Result +// The number of nuclei at t = 0, = 2.52e+022 nuclei +// Initial activity = 2.31e+010 disintegrations/s and +// Age of Pu-239 = 2.86e+013 years
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ch04Exa4_3_1.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ch04Exa4_3_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e878bdbe8 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ch04Exa4_3_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.3.1: To calculate the cross section of Li(3,7) : Page 179(2011)
+t = 10^-5; // Thickness of Li(3,7), m
+d = 500; // Density, Kg/m^3
+N = 6.023e+026; // Number of nuclei in 7-Kg of Li-7
+M = 7 ; // Molar mass of Li
+n = d*N*t/M; // Number of Li(3,7) nuclei/area
+N_p = 10^8; // Number of neutron produced/s
+N_0 = 10^13; // Number of incident particle striking/unit area of target
+C_s = N_p/(N_0*n*10^(-028)); // Cross section, b
+printf("\n Cross section : %5.3f b", C_s)
+ // Result
+// Cross section : 0.232 b
diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.3.2/Ch04Exa4_3_2.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.3.2/Ch04Exa4_3_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..453847baf --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.3.2/Ch04Exa4_3_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.3.2: To calculate the fraction of neutron absorbed by Cd sheet of given thickness : Page 180 (2011)
+t = 0.2e-03; // Thickness of Cd sheet, m
+d = 8.64e+03; // Density, Kg/m^3
+N = 6.023e+026; // Number of nuclei in 7-Kg of Li-7
+M = 112 ; // Atomic mass of Cd-113, amu
+C_s = 20000e-028; // Cross section of neutron for Cd-113, m^2
+n = 0.12*d*N/M; // Number of Cd atoms/volume, atoms/m^3
+F_inc_absorb = [1-%e^(-n*C_s*t)]*100; // Fraction of neutron absorbed
+printf("\n Fraction of neutron absorbed by Cd sheet : %4.2f percent",F_inc_absorb )
+// Result
+// Fraction of neutron absorbed by Cd sheet : 89.25 percent
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.4.1/CH04Exa4_4_1.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.4.1/CH04Exa4_4_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e08d8594b --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.4.1/CH04Exa4_4_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +// Scilab code Exa test : Checking the possibility of occurence of reactions : page no. 181 (2011) +// Declare three cells (for three reactions) +R1 = cell(4,4); +R2 = cell(5,4); +R3 = cell(4,4); +// Enter data for first cell (Reaction) +R1(1,1).entries = 'Al'; // Element +R1(1,2).entries = 13; // Atomic number +R1(1,3).entries = 27; // Mass number +R1(1,4).entries = 0; // Lepton number +R1(2,1).entries = 'He'; +R1(2,2).entries = 2; +R1(2,3).entries = 4; +R1(2,4).entries = 0; +R1(3,1).entries = 'Si'; +R1(3,2).entries = 14; +R1(3,3).entries = 30; +R1(2,4).entries = 0; +R1(4,1).entries = 'n'; +R1(4,2).entries = 0; +R1(4,3).entries = 1; +R1(2,4).entries = 0; +// Enter data for second cell (Reaction) +R2(1,1).entries = "U"; +R2(1,2).entries = 92; +R2(1,3).entries = 235; +R2(1,4).entries = 0; +R2(2,1).entries = 'n'; +R2(2,2).entries = 0; +R2(2,3).entries = 1; +R2(2,4).entries = 0; +R2(3,1).entries = 'Ba'; +R2(3,2).entries = 56; +R2(3,3).entries = 143; +R2(3,4).entries = 0; +R2(4,1).entries = 'Kr'; +R2(4,2).entries = 36; +R2(4,3).entries = 90; +R2(4,4).entries = 0; +R2(5,1).entries = '2n'; +R2(5,2).entries = 0; +R2(5,3).entries = 1; +R1(5,4).entries = 0; +// Enter data for third cell (Reaction) +R3(1,1).entries = 'P'; +R3(1,2).entries = 15; +R3(1,3).entries = 32; +R3(1,4).entries = 0; +R3(2,1).entries = 'S'; +R3(2,2).entries = 16; +R3(2,3).entries = 32; +R3(2,4).entries = 0; +R3(3,1).entries = 'e'; +R3(3,2).entries = -1; +R3(3,3).entries = 0; +R3(3,4).entries = 0; +R3(4,1).entries = 'v_e'; +R3(4,2).entries = 0; +R3(4,3).entries = 0; +R3(4,4).entries = 0; +// Declare a function returning equality status of nucleon number +function f = check_nucleon(nr_sum,np_sum) + if nr_sum == np_sum then + f = 1; + else + f = 0; + end +endfunction + +// Declare a function returning equality status of proton number +function f = check_proton(pr_sum,pp_sum) + if pr_sum == pp_sum then + f = 1; + else + f = 0; + end +endfunction + +// Declare a function returning equality status of lepton number +function f = check_lepton(lr_sum,lp_sum) + if lr_sum == lp_sum then + f = 1; + else + f = 0; + end +endfunction + +// Reaction-I +printf("\n\n\nReaction-I:\n\n"); + pr_sum = R1(1,2).entries+R1(2,2).entries; + pp_sum = R1(3,2).entries+R1(4,2).entries; + nr_sum = R1(1,3).entries+R1(2,3).entries; + np_sum = R1(3,3).entries+R1(4,3).entries; + lr_sum = R1(1,4).entries+R1(2,4).entries; + lp_sum = R1(3,4).entries+R1(4,4).entries; + if (check_nucleon(nr_sum,np_sum)&check_proton(pr_sum,pp_sum)&check_lepton(lr_sum,lp_sum) == 1) then + printf("The Reaction\n") + printf("\t%s(%d) + %s(%d) --> %s(%d)+%s(%d)\nis possible", R1(1,1).entries, R1(1,3).entries, R1(2,1).entries, R1(2,3).entries, R1(3,1).entries, R1(3,3).entries, R1(4,1).entries, R1(4,3).entries); + elseif (check_proton(pr_sum,pp_sum) == 0) then + printf("The Reaction\n") + printf("\t%s(%d) + %s(%d) --> %s(%d)+%s(%d)\nis impossible", R1(1,1).entries, R1(1,3).entries, R1(2,1).entries, R1(2,3).entries, R1(3,1).entries, R1(3,3).entries, R1(4,1).entries, R1(4,3).entries); + R1(4,1).entries = 'H'; R1(4,3).entries = 1; + printf("\nThe correct reaction is:\n") + printf("\t%s(%d) + %s(%d) --> %s(%d)+%s(%d)\n", R1(1,1).entries, R1(1,3).entries, R1(2,1).entries, R1(2,3).entries, R1(3,1).entries, R1(3,3).entries, R1(4,1).entries, R1(4,3).entries); + end +// Display for reaction-II + printf("\n\n\nReaction-II:\n\n"); + pr_sum = R2(1,2).entries+R2(2,2).entries; + pp_sum = R2(3,2).entries+R2(4,2).entries+R2(5,2).entries; + nr_sum = R2(1,3).entries+R2(2,3).entries; + np_sum = R2(3,3).entries+R2(4,3).entries+R2(5,3).entries; + lr_sum = R2(1,4).entries+R2(2,4).entries; + lp_sum = R2(3,4).entries+R2(4,4).entries+R2(5,4).entries; + if (check_nucleon(nr_sum,np_sum)&check_proton(pr_sum,pp_sum)&check_lepton(lr_sum,lp_sum) == 1) then + printf("The Reaction\n") + printf("\t%s(%d) + %s(%d) --> %s(%d)+%s(%d)+%s(%d)\nis possible", R2(1,1).entries, R2(1,3).entries, R2(2,1).entries, R2(2,3).entries, R2(3,1).entries, R2(3,3).entries, R2(4,1).entries, R2(4,3).entries, R2(5,1).entries, R2(5,3).entries); + elseif (check_nucleon(nr_sum,np_sum) == 0) then + printf("The Reaction\n") + printf("\t%s(%d) + %s(%d) --> %s(%d)+%s(%d)+%s(%d)\nis impossible", R2(1,1).entries, R2(1,3).entries, R2(2,1).entries, R2(2,3).entries, R2(3,1).entries, R2(3,3).entries, R2(4,1).entries, R2(4,3).entries, R2(5,1).entries, R2(5,3).entries); + R2(5,1).entries = '3n'; + printf("\nThe correct reaction is:\n") + printf("\t%s(%d) + %s(%d) --> %s(%d)+%s(%d)+%s(%d)\n", R2(1,1).entries, R2(1,3).entries, R2(2,1).entries, R2(2,3).entries, R2(3,1).entries, R2(3,3).entries, R2(4,1).entries, R2(4,3).entries, R2(5,1).entries, R2(5,3).entries); + end +// Reaction-III + printf("\n\n\nReaction-III:\n\n"); + pr_sum = R3(1,2).entries+R3(2,2).entries; + pp_sum = R3(3,2).entries+R3(4,2).entries; + nr_sum = R3(1,3).entries+R3(2,3).entries; + np_sum = R3(3,3).entries+R3(4,3).entries; + lr_sum = R3(1,4).entries+R3(2,4).entries; + lp_sum = R3(3,4).entries+R3(4,4).entries; + if (check_nucleon(nr_sum,np_sum)&check_proton(pr_sum,pp_sum)&check_lepton(lr_sum,lp_sum) == 1) then + printf("The Reaction\n") + printf("\t%s(%d) + %s(%d) --> %s(%d)+%s(%d)\nis possible", R3(1,1).entries, R3(1,3).entries, R3(2,1).entries, R3(2,3).entries, R3(3,1).entries, R3(3,3).entries, R3(4,1).entries, R2(4,3).entries); + elseif (check_lepton(nr_sum,np_sum) == 0) then + printf("The Reaction\n") + printf("\t%s(%d) + %s(%d) --> %s(%d)+%s(%d)\nis impossible", R3(1,1).entries, R3(1,3).entries, R3(2,1).entries, R3(2,3).entries, R3(3,1).entries, R3(3,3).entries, R3(4,1).entries, R3(4,3).entries); + R3(4,1).entries = 'v_e_a' + printf("\nThe correct reaction is:\n") + printf("\t%s(%d) + %s(%d) --> %s(%d)+%s(%d)\n", R3(1,1).entries, R3(1,3).entries, R3(2,1).entries, R3(2,3).entries, R3(3,1).entries, R3(3,3).entries, R3(4,1).entries, R3(4,3).entries); + end + +// Reaction-I: + +// The Reaction +// Al(27) + He(4) --> Si(30)+n(1) +// is impossible +// The correct reaction is: +// Al(27) + He(4) --> Si(30)+H(1) + + + +// Reaction-II: + +// The Reaction +// U(235) + n(1) --> Ba(143)+Kr(90)+2n(1) +// is impossible +// The correct reaction is: +// U(235) + n(1) --> Ba(143)+Kr(90)+3n(1) + + + +// Reaction-III: + +// The Reaction +// P(32) + S(32) --> e(0)+v_e(0) +// is impossible +// The correct reaction is: +// P(32) + S(32) --> e(0)+v_e_a(0) +
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.5.1/Ch04Exa4_5_1.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.5.1/Ch04Exa4_5_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..249edb090 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.5.1/Ch04Exa4_5_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.5.1: To calculate Q-value for given reaction : Page 182 (2011)
+M_n = 1.00866501; // Mass of neutron, amu
+M_Hp = 2.014102; // Mass of proton, amu
+M_Hd = 3.016049; // Mass of deutron, amu
+M_He = 4.002603; // Mass of alpha particle, amu
+Q = [M_Hp+M_Hd-M_He-M_n]*931.49; // Q-value, MeV
+printf("\nThe Q-value for the reaction : %4.1f MeV", Q)
+// Result
+// The Q-value for the reaction : 17.6 MeV
diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.5.10/Ch04Exa4_5_10.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.5.10/Ch04Exa4_5_10.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..93a823b18 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.5.10/Ch04Exa4_5_10.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.5.10: To determine the energy of gamma ray for reaction :: P.no. 186 (2011)
+// H(1,2)+G = H(1,1)+ n(0,1) is the given reaction
+M_H_2 = 2.014735; // Mass of H-2, amu
+M_H_1 = 1.008142 ; // Mass of H-1, amu
+M_n_1 = 1.008987; // Mass of M_n_1, amu
+Q = -5.4; // Q-value, MeV
+E_g = (M_H_1*931.47+M_n_1*931.47)-(M_H_2*931.47); //Energy of the gama rays, MeV
+printf("\nThe energy of the gama rays : %6.4f MeV ", E_g)
+// Result
+// The energy of the gama rays : 2.2299 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.5.2/Ch04Exa4_5_2.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.5.2/Ch04Exa4_5_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c193c29da --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.5.2/Ch04Exa4_5_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.5.2: To calculate Q-value for the reaction : Page 183 (2011)
+M_Cf = 252.081621; // Mass of califronium, amu
+M_Cm = 248.072343; // Mass of curium, amu
+M_He = 4.002603; // Mass of alpha particle, amu
+Q = [M_Cf-M_Cm-M_He]*931.49; // Q-value, MeV
+printf("\nThe Q-value for the reaction : %4.2f MeV", Q)
+// Result
+// The Q-value for the reaction : 6.22 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.5.3/Ch04Exa4_5_3.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.5.3/Ch04Exa4_5_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..93ed6ce8e --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.5.3/Ch04Exa4_5_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.5.3: To calculate Q-value and threshold energy for the given reaction : Page 183 (2011)
+// Pb_208(Fe_56, Fe_54)Pb_210
+M_Pb_208 = 207.976641; // Mass of Pb-208, amu
+M_Fe_56 = 55.934939; // Mass of Fe-56, amu
+M_Pb_210 = 209.984178; // Mass of Pb-210, amu
+M_Fe_54 = 53.939612; // Mass of Fe-54, amu
+Q = [M_Pb_208+M_Fe_56-M_Pb_210-M_Fe_54]*931.49; // Q-value, MeV
+E_th = -Q*(M_Fe_56+M_Pb_208)/M_Pb_208; // Threshold energy, MeV
+printf("\nThe Q-value for the reaction = %5.2f MeV \n Threshold energy = %5.2f MeV ", Q,E_th)
+// Result
+// The Q-value for the reaction = -11.37 MeV
+// Threshold energy = 14.43 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.5.4/Ch04Exa4_5_4.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.5.4/Ch04Exa4_5_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ef6c61a97 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.5.4/Ch04Exa4_5_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.5.4: To calculate the mass of neutron for given reaction : P.No. 184 (2011)
+// H(1,1)+n(0,1) = H(1,2)+G is the reaction
+M_H_2 = 2.014735; // Mass of H-2, amu
+M_H_1 = 1.008142 ; // Mass of H-1, amu
+E_g = 2.230; // Energy of gamma rays, MeV
+M_n_1 = [(M_H_2*931.47+E_g)-(M_H_1*931.47)]/931.47; //Mass of neutron, amu
+printf("\nThe mass of the neutron : %8.6f MeV ", M_n_1)
+// Result
+// The mass of the neutron : 1.008987 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.5.5/CH04Exa4_5_5.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.5.5/CH04Exa4_5_5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c3f938f6a --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.5.5/CH04Exa4_5_5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 4.5.5 : Checking given reaction condition : page no. 184 (2011) +// Li-6 + n-1 > He-4 + H-3 is the given reaction +M_Li = 6.0151234; // Atomic mass of Li, amu +M_n = 1.0086654; // Atomic mass of neutron, amu +M_He = 4.0026034; // Atomic mass of He, amu +M_H = 3.0160294; // Atomic mass of H, amu +r_sum = M_Li+M_n; // Sum of reactant, amu +p_sum = M_He+M_H; // Sum of product, amu +// Declare a function returning equality status of nucleon number +function Q = check_Qvalue(r_sum,p_sum) + if r_sum >= p_sum then + Q = 1; + else + Q = 0; + end +endfunction + +// Reaction + if (check_Qvalue(r_sum,p_sum) == 1) then + printf("\n Reaction : \n\n\t Li(6)+n(1) ----> He(4)+H(3)") + printf("\n\n\t\tThis reaction is exoergic") + elseif (check_Qvalue(r_sum,p_sum) == 0) then + printf("\n Reaction : \n\n\t Li(6)+n(1) ----> He(4)+H(3)") + printf("\n\n\t\tThis reaction is endoergic") + end +// Reaction : + +// Li(6)+n(1) ----> He(4)+H(3) + + // This reaction is exoergic
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.5.6/CH04Exa4_5_6.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.5.6/CH04Exa4_5_6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cb5ff786f --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.5.6/CH04Exa4_5_6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 4.5.5 : Checking whether the reaction is spontaneous or exoergic : page no. 185 (2011) +// Cf-252 > Zr-98 +Ce-145 + 9*n-1 is the given reaction +M_Cf = 252.081621; // Atomic mass of Cf, amu +M_Zr = 97.912735; // Atomic mass of Zr, amu +M_Ce = 144.917230; // Atomic mass of Ce, amu +M_n = 3.0160294; // Atomic mass of neutron, amu +r_sum = M_Cf+M_Zr; // Sum of reactant, amu +p_sum = M_Ce+M_n; // Sum of product, amu +// Declare the function which check the Q-value +function Q = check_Qvalue(r_sum,p_sum) + if r_sum >= p_sum then + Q = 1; + else + Q = 0; + end +endfunction + +// Reaction + if (check_Qvalue(r_sum,p_sum) == 1) then + printf("\n Reaction : \n\n\t Cf(256) ----> Zr(98)+Ce(145)+9*n(1)") + printf("\n\n\t\tThis reaction is spontaneous") + elseif (check_Qvalue(r_sum,p_sum) == 0) then + printf("\n Reaction : \n\n\t Cf(256) ----> Zr(98)+Ce(145)+9*n(1)") + printf("\n\n\t\tThis reaction is not spontaneous") + end + // Reaction : + // Cf(256) ----> Zr(98)+Ce(145)+9*n(1) + + // This reaction is spontaneous
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.5.7/Ch04Exa4_5_7.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.5.7/Ch04Exa4_5_7.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..246a62840 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.5.7/Ch04Exa4_5_7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.5.7: To calculate Q-value for given reaction : Page 185 (2011)
+// O(8,16) > N(7,15)+ H(1,1) is the given reaction
+M_N_15 = 15.000108; // Mass of N-15, amu
+M_O_16 = 16; // Mass of O-16, amu
+M_H_1 = 1.007825; // Mass of H-1, amu
+Q = [M_O_16-M_N_15-M_H_1]*931.49; // Q-value, MeV
+printf("\nThe Q-value for the reaction : %3.1f MeV ", Q)
+// Result
+//The Q-value for the reaction : -7.4 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.5.8/Ch04Exa4_5_8.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.5.8/Ch04Exa4_5_8.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..933e199f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.5.8/Ch04Exa4_5_8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.5.8: To determine the threshold energy for given reaction : P.no. 185 (2011)
+// Na(11,23)+ n > F(9,20)+ He(2,4) is the reaction
+M_Na_23 = 22.99097; // Mass of Na-23, amu
+M_n_1 =1.00866 ; // Mass of n-1, amu
+Q = -5.4; // Q-value, MeV
+E_th = -Q*(M_Na_23+M_n_1)/M_Na_23; // Threshold energy, MeV
+printf("\nThe threshold energy for the reaction : %4.2f MeV ", E_th)
+// Result
+// The threshold energy for the reaction : 5.64 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.5.9/Ch04Exa4_5_9.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.5.9/Ch04Exa4_5_9.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..54a61955f --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.5.9/Ch04Exa4_5_9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.5.9: To calculate Q-value for the reaction : Page 187 (2011)
+// He(2,4)+ N(7,14) = O(8,17)+ H(1,1)is the given reaction
+M_N_14 = 14.00755; // Mass of N-14, amu
+M_He_4 = 4.00388; // Mass of He-4, amu
+M_O_17 = 17.00452; // Mass of O-17, amu
+M_H_1 = 1.00815; // Mass of H-1, amu
+Q = [M_N_14+M_He_4-M_O_17-M_H_1]*931.49; // Q-value, MeV
+printf("\nThe Q-value for the reaction : %4.2f MeV ", Q)
+// Result
+//The Q-value for the reaction : -1.16 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.7.1/Ch04Exa4_7_1.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.7.1/Ch04Exa4_7_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..13dca071a --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.7.1/Ch04Exa4_7_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.7.1: To calculate the energy and power released during fission of U-235 : Page 189 (2011)
+m = 0.001; // Mass of U-235 lost during fission, Kg
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+E = m*c^2; // Energy released during fission, J
+E_t = E/(4e+09*1000); // Energy requires TNT, Kt
+printf("\n Energy released during fission = %1.0e J \n Destructive power of bomb = %4.1f Kt of TNT", E, E_t)
+// Result
+ // Energy released during fission = 9e+013 J
+// Destructive power of bomb = 22.5 Kt of TNT
diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.7.2/Ch04Exa4_7_2.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.7.2/Ch04Exa4_7_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f19d9bded --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.7.2/Ch04Exa4_7_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.7.2: To determine the fission rate induced in the foil by neutron : Page 190 (2011)
+t = 0.15; // Thickness of the foil, Kg
+N = 6.023e+026; // Number of nuclei in 1Kg of U-235, nuclei
+N_1 = N/235*t; // Number of nuclei in 0.15Kg of U-235, nuclei
+A = 2e-026; // Area present in each nucleus, m^2
+I = 10^6; // Intensity ,s^-1
+F_r = N_1*A; // Rate of fissions induced in the foil by the neutrons, s^-1
+printf("\n Rate of fissions induced in the foil by the neutrons: %5.3e per sec", F_r)
+// Result
+// Rate of fissions induced in the foil by the neutrons: 7.689e-003 per sec
diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.7.3/Ch04Exa4_7_3.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.7.3/Ch04Exa4_7_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0f14b80c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.7.3/Ch04Exa4_7_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.7.3: To determine the fission power produced by one microgram of Fm-256 : Page 190 (2011)
+N = 6.023e+023/256*10^-6; // Number of nuclei in 1ug of Fm-256
+t_h = 158*60; // Half life of Fm-256, s
+D_c = log(2)/t_h; // Decay constant, s^-1
+F_r = N*D_c; // Fission rate, fissions/s
+E = 220*1.6e-013; // Energy released during fission of one nucleus, J
+P = E*F_r; // Power released in fission of 1 microgram of Fm-256, W
+printf("\n Power released in fission of 1 microgram of Fm-256 = %d W", P)
+// Result
+// Power released in fission of 1 microgram of Fm-256 = 6 W
diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.7.4/Ch04Exa4_7_4.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.7.4/Ch04Exa4_7_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b4801fd6d --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.7.4/Ch04Exa4_7_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.7.4: To determine the power produced by 100 milligram of Cf-252 : Page 191 (2011)
+N = 6.023e+023/252*0.1; // Number of nuclei in 100mg of Cf-252
+t_h = 2.62*365*24*3600; // Half life of Cf-252, s
+D_c = log(2)/t_h; // Decay constant, s^-1
+F_r = N*D_c; // Fission rate, fissions/s
+E = 210*1.6e-013; // Energy released during fission of one nucleus, J
+P = E*F_r; // Power released in fission of 100 milligram of Cf-252, W
+printf("\n Power released in fission of 100 milligram of Cf-252: %4.1f W", P)
+// Result
+// Power released in fission of 100 milligram of Cf-252: 67.4 W
diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.7.5/Ch04Exa4_7_5.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.7.5/Ch04Exa4_7_5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..db2e4e4c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.7.5/Ch04Exa4_7_5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.7.5: To determine the number of nuclear fission and decrease in mass during explosion at hiroshima : Page 191 (2011)
+E = 200*1.6e-013; // Energy released during fission of one nucleus, J
+E_t = 20000*4.18e+09; // Energy released in detonation of 20000 tons of TNT, J
+N_f = E_t/E; // Number of fission occured during eplosion, fissions
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+m = E_t/(c)^2*10^6; // Decrease in mass during explosion, mg
+m_r = round(m)
+printf("\n Number of fissions occured during explosion = %4.2e fissions \n Decrease in mass during explosion = %d mg ", N_f, m_r)
+// Result
+// Number of fissions occured during explosion = 2.61e+024 fissions
+// Decrease in mass during explosion = 929 mg
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.8.1/Ch04Exa4_8_1.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.8.1/Ch04Exa4_8_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..13b77c54c --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.8.1/Ch04Exa4_8_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.8.1: To calculate the energy liberated during fusion reaction: Page 194 (2011)
+// 5*H(1,2)= He(2,3)+He(2,4)+H(1,2)+2*n(0,1)+25MeV is the given reaction
+N = 6.023e+026/2*10; // Number of atoms in 10Kg of H-2, atoms
+E = 25/5*1.6e-013; // Energy liberate during fusion of 1 atom of H-2, J
+E_l = E*N; // Energy liberate during fusion of 10 Kg of H-2, J
+printf("\n Energy liberated during fusion of 10 Kg of H-2 = %4.2e J", E_l)
+// Result
+// Energy liberated during fusion of 10 Kg of H-2 = 2.41e+015 J
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.8.2/Ch04Exa4_8_2.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.8.2/Ch04Exa4_8_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b15f3abe5 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.8.2/Ch04Exa4_8_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.8.2: To calculate the energy produced by the fusion reaction He(2,4)+C(6,12)= O(8,16) : Page 194 (2011)
+M_r = 16.002603; // Mass of the reactant, amu
+M_p = 15.994915; // Mass of reactant, amu
+M_d = 7.688e-03; // Difference in masses, amu
+E_p = M_d*931.49; // Energy produced, MeV
+printf("\n Energy produced by the fusion reaction :%4.2f MeV", E_p)
+// Result
+// Energy produced by the fusion reaction :7.16 MeV
diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.8.3/Ch04Exa4_8_3.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.8.3/Ch04Exa4_8_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6ed557a61 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.8.3/Ch04Exa4_8_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.8.3: To calculate the energy released and temperature required for fusion of given gases : Page 194 (2011)
+// Firstly calculate for B-10
+Z_B = 5; // Atomic number of B-10
+r_B = 5.17; // Seperation of two nuclei, fm
+K = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann's constant
+F = 1/137; // Fine structure constant
+E = 197.5*1.6e-013; // Energy, J
+V_c_B = F*Z_B^2*E/r_B; // Coulomb barrier for B-10, J
+T_B = 2/3*V_c_B/K; // Temperature required to overcome the barrier for B-10, K
+// Now calculate for Mg-24
+Z_Mg = 12; // Atomic number of Mg-24
+r_Mg = 6.92; // Seperation of two nuclei, fm
+K = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann's constant
+F = 1/137; // Fine structure constant
+E = 197.5*1.6e-013; // Energy, J
+V_c_Mg = F*Z_Mg^2*E/r_Mg; // Coulomb barrier for Mg-24, J
+T_Mg = 2/3*V_c_Mg/K; // Temperature required to overcome the barrier for Mg-24, K
+printf("\nFor B-10 \n Energy released = %4.2e J \n Temperature required = %4.1e K \nFor Mg-24 \n Energy released = %4.2e J \n Temperature required = %4.2e K", V_c_B,T_B, V_c_Mg, T_Mg)
+// Result
+ // For B-10
+ // Energy released = 1.12e-012 J
+ // Temperature required = 5.4e+010 K
+// For Mg-24
+// Energy released = 4.80e-012 J
+// Temperature required = 2.32e+011 K
diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.8.4/Ch04Exa4_8_4.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.8.4/Ch04Exa4_8_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0d0fde9e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.8.4/Ch04Exa4_8_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.8.4: To calculate the life time of sun for given reaction : Page 196 (2011)
+// 4*H(1,1)= He(2,4)+2*e(1,0)+2*v+G is the reaction
+E_r = 3.9e+026; // Energy releasd in 1s, J
+N = 1.2e+057; // Number of hydrogen atoms in the sun, atoms
+M_d = 0.027599;// Mass difference, amu
+E = M_d*931.47; // In terms of energy, MeV
+E_t = N/4*E*1.6e-013; // Total energy available in the sun, J
+t = E_t/(E_r*365*24*3600*10^9); // Life time of the sun, billion years
+printf("\n Life time of the sun : %5.1f billion years", t)
+// Result
+// Life time of the sun : 100.3 billion years
diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.8.5/Ch04Exa4_8_5.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.8.5/Ch04Exa4_8_5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..652fca7b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.8.5/Ch04Exa4_8_5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 4.8.5 : Identifying the nucleus and energy released in the given reaction : page no. 197 (2011) +// Declare three cells (for three reactions) +R = cell(4,3); +// Enter data for first cell (Reaction) +R(1,1).entries = 'H'; // Element +R(1,2).entries = 1; // Atomic number +R(1,3).entries = 2; // Mass number +R(2,1).entries = 'H'; +R(2,2).entries = 1; +R(2,3).entries = 3; +R(3,1).entries = 'n' +R(3,2).entries = 0; +R(3,3).entries = 1; +R(4,1).entries = 'He' +R(4,2).entries = 2; +R(4,3).entries = 3; +// Declare a function returning equality status of nucleon number + + p_sum = R(1,2).entries+R(2,2).entries; + if (p_sum == 2) then + + printf("\n The particle is : %s(%d,%d) ",R(4,1).entries,R(4,2).entries,R(4,3).entries ) + end +// Calculate the energy released +m_n = 1.008665; // Mass of neutron, amu +m_d = 2.014102; // Mass of deutron, amu +m_He = 3.0160293; // Mass of He-3, amu +E = [2*m_d-(m_n+m_He)]*931.47; // Energy released in this reaction, MeV +printf("\n The energy released in this reaction : %4.2f MeV", E ) +// Result +// The particle is : He(2,3) + // The energy released in this reaction : 3.27 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH4/EX4.8.6/Ch04Exa4_8_6.sci b/767/CH4/EX4.8.6/Ch04Exa4_8_6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..748cb531b --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH4/EX4.8.6/Ch04Exa4_8_6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Scilab code Exa4.8.6: To calculate the mass defect and Q-value for the fusion reactions : Page 197 (2011)
+// Reaction-1 = H(1,2)+H(1,2)= He(2,3)+n(0,1)
+m_p = 1.007825; // Mass of proton, amu
+m_n = 1.008665; // Mass of neutron, amu
+m_H = 2.014102; // Mass of H(1,2), amu
+m_He = 3.016029; // Mass of He(2,3), amu
+m_d_1 = 2*m_H-m_He-m_n; // Mass defect for reaction first, amu
+Q_1 = m_d_1*931.47; // Q-value for reaction first, MeV
+// Reaction-2 = H(1,2)+H(1,2)= H(1,3)+p(1,1)
+m_p = 1.007825; // Mass of proton, amu
+m_n = 1.008665; // Mass of neutron, amu
+m_H = 2.014102; // Mass of H(1,2), amu
+m_H_3 = 3.016049; // Mass of H(1,3), amu
+m_d_2 = 2*m_H-m_H_3-m_p; // Mass defect for reaction second, amu
+Q_2 = m_d_2*931.47; // Q-value for reaction second, MeV
+printf("\nFor first reaction \n Mass defect = %7.5f amu \n Q-value = %7.5f amu \nFor second reaction \n Mass defect = %7.5f MeV \n Q-value = %4.2f MeV ", m_d_1,Q_1, m_d_2, Q_2)
+// Result
+// For first reaction
+// Mass defect = 0.00351 amu
+// Q-value = 3.26946 amu
+// For second reaction
+// Mass defect = 0.00433 MeV
+// Q-value = 4.03 MeV
diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ch05Exa5_2_1.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ch05Exa5_2_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e3feaa07 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ch05Exa5_2_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Exa5.2.1: To calculate the energy and no. of collision required to stop collision : P.no. 223 (2011)
+m = 511; // Mass of electron, KeV
+M = 938*10^3; // Mass of incident charged particle, KeV
+E = 10*10^3; // Energy of proton, KeV
+E_l = 4*m*E/M; // Energy lost during collison, KeV
+n = E/E_l; // Number of collisions,
+N = round(n)
+printf("\n The energy lost during collision = %5.2f KeV \n Number of collision required = %d collisions",E_l, N )
+// Result
+// The energy lost during collision = 21.79 KeV
+// Number of collision required = 459 collisions
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.5.1/Ch05Exa5_5_1.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.5.1/Ch05Exa5_5_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7c149a3a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.5.1/Ch05Exa5_5_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa5.5.1: To calculate the half value thickness of Al for given radiation : P.no. 225 (2011)
+x = 0.2; // Thickness of Al material , m
+I_r = 3/100; // Intensity ratios,
+x_h = log(2)*x/log(1/I_r); // Half value thickness of Al, m
+printf("\n Half value thickness of Al : %6.4f m",x_h )
+// Result
+// Half value thickness of Al : 0.0395 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.5.2/Ch05Exa5_5_2.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.5.2/Ch05Exa5_5_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f2849995c --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.5.2/Ch05Exa5_5_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa5.5.2: To calculate the thickness of Pb: P.no. 226 (2011)
+u = 0.75; // Absorption coefficient , cm^-1
+I_r = 1/100; // Intensity ratios,
+x = log(1/I_r)*u; // Thckness of Pb, cm
+printf("\n Thickness of Pb : %5.3f cm",x )
+// Result
+// Thickness of Pb : 6.140 m
diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.5.3/Ch05Exa5_5_3.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.5.3/Ch05Exa5_5_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8b472e03e --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.5.3/Ch05Exa5_5_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa5.5.3: To calculate the percentage loss of intensity of gamma rays : P.no. 226 (2011)
+x_h = 5; // Half thickness of an absorber, mm
+u = log(2)/x_h; // Absorption coefficient, mm^-1
+x = 20; // Thickness of an absorber, mm
+I_r = %e^(-u*x); // Intensity ratios,
+P_loss = I_r*100; // Percentage loss in intensity, percent
+printf("\n Percentage loss in intensity : %4.2f percent",P_loss )
+// Result
+// Percentage loss in intensity : 6.25 percent
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.6.1/Ch05Exa5_6_1.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.6.1/Ch05Exa5_6_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..001d0d63e --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.6.1/Ch05Exa5_6_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +// Scilab code Exa5.6.1: To calculate the velocity of ejected photoelectron : P.no. 230 (2011)
+ C = 3e+08; // Speed of light, m/s
+ h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+ lambda = 2500e-010; // wavelength of light, m
+e = 1.602e-019; // Charge of electron, C
+ w = 1.9; // Work function, J
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+E_c = h*C/(lambda*e); // Calculated energy, J
+E_e = E_c-w; // Energy of photoelectron, J
+v = sqrt((2*E_e*e)/m); // Velocity of photoelectron, m/s
+printf("\nThe velocity of photoelectron : %4.2e m/s ", v )
+// Result
+// The velocity of photoelectron : 1.04e+006 m/s
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diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.6.2/Ch05Exa5_6_2.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.6.2/Ch05Exa5_6_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4176bf6f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.6.2/Ch05Exa5_6_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +// Scilab code Exa5.6.2: To calculate the kinetic energy of photoelectron and rate at which photoelectron emitted : P.no. 231 (2011)
+ C = 3e+08; // Speed of light, m/s
+ h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+ lambda = 250e-09; // Wavelength of light, m
+ w = 2.30; // Work function, eV
+A = 2e-04; // Area of the surface, m^2
+I = 2; // Intensity of light, W/m^2
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of the electron, C
+E_p = h*C/(lambda*e); // Energy of photoelectron, eV
+E_max = E_p-w; // Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron, eV
+n_p = I*A/(E_p*e); // Number of photons reaching the surface per second, photons/s
+R_p = 0.2/100*n_p; // Rate at which photoelectrons are emitted, photoelectrons/s
+printf("\n The maximum kinetic energy = %4.2f eV \n The rate at which photoelectrons are emitted = %4.2e photoelectrons/s ", E_max, R_p)
+// Result
+// The maximum kinetic energy = 2.67 eV
+ // The rate at which photoelectrons are emitted = 1.01e+012 photoelectrons/s
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diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.6.3/Ch05Exa5_6_3.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.6.3/Ch05Exa5_6_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3dcaea38f --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.6.3/Ch05Exa5_6_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +// Scilab code Exa5.6.3: To calculate the wavelength of light whose kinetic energy is given : P. No. 232 (2011)
+ C = 3e+08; // Speed of light, m/s
+ h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+ T_lambda = 190e-09; // Threhold wavelength of light, m
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of the electron, C
+E_max = 1.1; // Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron, eV
+w = h*C/(T_lambda*e); // Work function, eV
+E_t = E_max+w; // threshold energy, eV
+lambda = h*C/(E_t*e); // Wavelength of light used, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used : %5.3e m", lambda)
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used : 1.626e-007 m
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diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.7.1/Ch05Exa5_7_1.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.7.1/Ch05Exa5_7_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6142be352 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.7.1/Ch05Exa5_7_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa5.7.1: To calculate the Compton shift : P.no. 233 (2011)
+h = 6.62e-034; // Value of Planck's constant, J
+m_e = 9.11e-031; // Mass of the electron,Kg
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+A = 65; // Angle between scattered radiation and incident radiation, degree
+C_s = h/(m_e*c)*(1-cosd(A)); // Compton shift, m
+printf("\nCompton shift : %4.2e m",C_s )
+// Result
+// Compton shift : 1.40e-012 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.7.2/Ch05Exa5_7_2.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.7.2/Ch05Exa5_7_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6bcb52164 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.7.2/Ch05Exa5_7_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa5.7.2: To calculate the wavelength of the scattered gamma rays: P.no. 233 (2011)
+h = 6.626e-034; // Value of Planck's constant, J
+m_e = 9.11e-031; // Mass of the electron,Kg
+c = 3e-04; // Velocity of light, m/s
+A = 135; // Angle between scattered radiation and incident radiation, degree
+W_i = 1.87; // Wavelength of incident radiation, pm
+W_s = W_i + [h*(1-cosd(A))]/(m_e*c); // Wavelength of scattered radiation, pm
+printf("\nWavelength of scattered radiation : %4.2f pm",W_s )
+// Result
+// Wavelength of scattered radiation : 6.01 pm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.7.3/Ch05Exa5_7_3.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.7.3/Ch05Exa5_7_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..99610af13 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.7.3/Ch05Exa5_7_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa5.7.3: To calculate the wavelength of the incident beam of X-rays : P.no. 234 (2011)
+h = 6.626e-034; // Value of Planck's constant, J
+m_e = 9.11e-031; // Mass of the electron,Kg
+c = 3e-04; // Velocity of light, pm/s
+A = 90; // Angle between scattered radiation and incident radiation, degree
+W_s = 3.8; // Wavelength of scattered radiation, pm
+W_i = [W_s - h/(m_e*c)*(1-cosd(A))]; // Wavelength of incident beam of Xrays, pm
+printf("\nWavelength of incident beam of X-rays : %4.2f pm", W_i )
+// Result
+// Wavelength of incident beam of X-rays : 1.38 pm
diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.7.4/Ch05Exa5_7_4.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.7.4/Ch05Exa5_7_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..35bdd7106 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.7.4/Ch05Exa5_7_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 5.7.4 : To calculate the frequency of the scattered photon Page.no. 234 (2011)
+h = 6.626e-034; // Value of Planck's constant, J
+m_e = 9.11e-031; // Mass of the electron,Kg
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, pm/s
+A = 60; // Angle between scattered radiation and incident radiation, degree
+v_0 = 3.2e+019; // Frequency of the incident photon, Hz
+V = 1/v_0 + h/(m_e*c^2)*(1-cosd(A));
+v =(1/V); // Frequency of the scattered photon, Hz
+printf("\n Frequency of the scattered photon: %4.2e Hz", v )
+// Result
+// Frequency of the scattered photon: 2.83e+019 Hz
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.7.5/Ch05Exa5_7_5.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.7.5/Ch05Exa5_7_5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e2602a553 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.7.5/Ch05Exa5_7_5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 5.7.5 : To calculate the energy of the scattered photon and the energy of recoil electron : P.no. 235 (2011)
+h = 6.626e-034; // Value of Planck's constant, J
+m_e = 9.11e-031; // Mass of the electron,Kg
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, pm/s
+A = 180; // Angle between scattered radiation and incident radiation, degree
+E_i = 1836; // Energy of the incident electron, KeV
+E = 1/E_i + 1/511*(1-cosd(A));
+E_s = round(1/E); // Energy of the sscattered photon, KeV
+E_r = E_i-E_s; // Energy of the recoil electron, KeV
+printf("\n Energy of the scattered photon = %d KeV \n Energy of the recoil electron = %d KeV ", E_s, E_r )
+// Result
+// Energy of the scattered photon = 224 KeV
+ // Energy of the recoil electron = 1612 KeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.7.6/Ch05Exa5_7_6.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.7.6/Ch05Exa5_7_6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7a66dd48b --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.7.6/Ch05Exa5_7_6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Exa 5.7.6 : To calculate the scattering angle of X-rays Page.no. 235 (2011)
+E_s = 180; // Energy of the scattered X-rays, KeV
+E_i = 200; // Energy of the incident X-rays, KeV
+a = acosd(1-[{1/E_s-1/E_i}*511]); //
+A = round(a); // Scattering angle of X-rays, degree
+printf("\n Scattering angle of X-rays: %d degree", A )
+// Result
+// Scattering angle of X-rays: 44 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH5/EX5.8.1/Ch05Exa5_8_1.sci b/767/CH5/EX5.8.1/Ch05Exa5_8_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..abb268cb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH5/EX5.8.1/Ch05Exa5_8_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +// Scilab code Exa5.8.1: To calculate the kinetic energy of electron and positron :P.no. 236 (2011)
+ M_e = 0.511; // Rest mass of electron, MeV
+ M_p = 0.511; // Rest mass of positron, MeV
+ E_c = M_e+M_p; // Energy consumed, Mev
+ E_g = 5.0; // Given energy, MeV
+ E_l = E_g-E_c; // Energy left, Mev
+ E_k = E_l/2; // Kinetic energy of electron and positron, MeV
+ printf("\n The kinetic energy of electron and positron : %5.3f Mev", E_k)
+// Result
+// The kinetic energy of electron and positron : 1.989 Mev
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diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.10.1/Ch06Exa6_10_1.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.10.1/Ch06Exa6_10_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..143a26da4 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.10.1/Ch06Exa6_10_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.10.1 : To calculate the value of magnetic field of the electron whose energy is given Page 274(2011)
+q = 1.602e-019; // Charge of an electron, C
+r = 0.28; // Radius of stable orbit,m
+E = 70*1.6e-013; // Energy of the electron, j
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+B = E/(e*r*c); // Magnetic field, T
+printf("\nThe magnetic field of the electron : %4.2f T", B)
+// Result
+// The magnetic field of the electron : 0.83 T
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.10.2/Ch06Exa6_10_2.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.10.2/Ch06Exa6_10_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..005e8f393 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.10.2/Ch06Exa6_10_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.10.2 : To calculate the radius of proton orbit in synchrotron of given energy Page 275(2011)
+c= 3e+08; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+q = 1.602e-019; // Charge on proton, coulomb
+amu = 931; // Energy equivalent of 1 amu, MeV
+m = 938; // Rest mass of a proton, MeV
+KE = 12e+03; // Kinetic energy of proton, MeV
+B = 1.9; // Magnetic field, T
+E = m + KE; // Total energy of proton, MeV
+// As E = m*amu, solving for m, the mass of proton
+m = E/amu*1.672e-027; // Proton mass in motion, kg
+v = 0.9973*c; // Velocity of the proton, m/s
+r = m*v/(B*q); // Radius of the proton, m
+printf("\nRadius of the proton orbit : %4.2f m", r)
+// Result
+// Radius of the proton orbit: 22.84 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ch06Exa6_2_1.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ch06Exa6_2_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8d9b959a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ch06Exa6_2_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.2.1 : To calculate the kinetic energy of protons : Page 264 (2011)
+q = 1; // Number of proton,
+V = 800; // Voltage applied to the dome, kV
+E = q*V; // The kinetic energy of proton,keV
+printf("\nThe kinetic energy of proton : %d keV", E);
+// Result
+// The kinetic energy of proton : 800 keV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ch06Exa6_3_1.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ch06Exa6_3_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7a10272ab --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ch06Exa6_3_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.3.1 : To calculate the kinetic energy of protons in Van de Graff accelerator: Page 265 (2011)
+q = 1; // Number of proton,
+V = 7; // Voltage applied to the dome, MV
+E = q*V; // The kinetic energy of proton,MeV
+printf("\nThe kinetic energy of proton : %d MeV", E);
+// Result
+// The kinetic energy of proton : 7 MeV
diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.3.2/Ch06Exa6_3_2.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.3.2/Ch06Exa6_3_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..13419dcba --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.3.2/Ch06Exa6_3_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.3.2 : To calculate the kinetic energy of protons and no. of possibile reactions: Page 265 (2011) +V = 5; // Voltage of accelerator, MV +// Declare three cells (for three reactions): Page no. : 133(2011) + R1 = cell(3,2) + R2 = cell(10,2) +// Enter data for first cell (Reaction) +R1(1,1).entries = "p"; +R1(1,2).entries = 1; +R1(2,1).entries = 'd'; +R1(2,2).entries = 1; +R1(3,1).entries = 'He'; +R1(3,2).entries = 2; +E_p = (R1(1,2).entries)*V +E_d = (R1(2,2).entries)*V +E_He = (R1(3,2).entries)*V + // Enter data for second cell (Reaction) + R2(1,1).entries = "p" + R2(1,2).entries = 1 + R2(2,1).entries = "N" + R2(2,2).entries = 14 + R2(3,1).entries = "O" + R2(3,2).entries = 15 + R2(4,1).entries = "y" + R2(4,2).entries = 0 + R2(5,1).entries = "d" + R2(5,2).entries = 1 + R2(6,1).entries = "n" + R2(6,2).entries = 0 + R2(7,1).entries = "He" + R2(7,2).entries = 3 + R2(8,1).entries = "C" + R2(8,2).entries = 13 + R2(9,1).entries = "He" + R2(9,2).entries = 4 + R2(10,1).entries = "C" + R2(10,2).entries = 12 + printf("\nProtons energy = -%d MeV \n Deuterons energy = -%d MeV \n Double charged He-3 = -%d MeV", E_p, E_d, E_He) + printf("\n Possible reaction at these energies are") + printf("\n %s + %s(%d) ---> %s(%d)+ %s", R2(1,1).entries,R2(2,1).entries,R2(2,2).entries,R2(3,1).entries,R2(3,2).entries,R2(4,1).entries) +printf("\n %s + %s(%d) ---> %s(%d) + %s ", R2(5,1).entries,R2(2,1).entries,R2(2,2).entries,R2(3,1).entries,R2(3,2).entries,R2(6,1).entries) +printf("\n %s(%d) +%s(%d) ---> %s(%d)+ %s", R2(7,1).entries,R2(7,2).entries,R2(8,1).entries,R2(8,2).entries,R2(3,1).entries,R2(3,2).entries,R2(6,1).entries) + printf("\n %s(%d) + %s(%d) ---> %s(%d) +%s", R2(9,1).entries,R2(9,2).entries,R2(10,1).entries,R2(10,2).entries,R2(3,1).entries,R2(3,2).entries,R2(6,1).entries) + +// Result +// Protons energy = -5 MeV +// Deuterons energy = -5 MeV +// Double charged He-3 = -10 MeV +// Possible reaction at these energies are +// p + N(14) ---> O(15)+ y +// d + N(14) ---> O(15) + n +// He(3) +C(13) ---> O(15)+ n +// He(4) + C(12) ---> O(15) +n diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.4.1/Ch06Exa6_4_1.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.4.1/Ch06Exa6_4_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9faac51d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.4.1/Ch06Exa6_4_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.4.1 : To calculate the kinetic energy of protons passing through the carbon stripper foil : Page 266 (2011)
+q = 2; // Number of proton,
+V = 15; // Voltage applied to the dome, MV
+E = q*V; // The kinetic energy of proton,MeV
+printf("\nThe kinetic energy of proton : %d MeV", E);
+// Result
+// The kinetic energy of proton : 30 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.5.1/Ch06Exa6_5_1.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.5.1/Ch06Exa6_5_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d640fe3bc --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.5.1/Ch06Exa6_5_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.5.1 : To calculate the difference between the electron's speed and speed of light. Page 265 (2011)
+v = 2.999999997e+08; // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light,m/s
+D = c-v; // difference between electron's speed and speed of light,m/s
+printf("\nThe difference between electron speed and speed of light : %3.1f m/s", D);
+// Result
+// The difference between electron speed and speed of light : 0.3 m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.5.2/Ch06Exa6_5_2.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.5.2/Ch06Exa6_5_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f4f43cd71 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.5.2/Ch06Exa6_5_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.5.2 : To calculate the length of the first and last drift tubes which accelerate the protons whose frequency and energies are given. Page 268 (2011)
+f = 200e+06; // Frequency of applied the voltage, Hz
+V_0 = 750e+03; // Applied potential difference, V
+q = 1.6e-019; // Charge of proton, C
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of proton, Kg
+n_1 = 1; // For first tube
+L_1 = sqrt(2*n_1*q*V_0/m)/(2*f); // Length of the first tube, m
+n_n = 128; // For last tube
+L_n = 1/(2*f)*sqrt(2*n_n*q*V_0/m); // Length of the last tube,m
+printf("\n Length of the first tube = %4.2f m \n Length of the last tube = %4.2f m ", L_1,L_n);
+// Result
+// Length of the first tube = 0.03 m
+// Length of the last tube = 0.34 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.5.3/Ch06Exa6_5_3.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.5.3/Ch06Exa6_5_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..79ea91904 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.5.3/Ch06Exa6_5_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.5.3 : To calculate the velocity of the electrons using relativistic considerations . Page 269 (2011)
+K_E = 1.17; // Kinetic energy of the electron, MeV
+E_r = 0.511; // Rest mass energy of the electron, MeV
+v = [1-1/(K_E/E_r+1)^2]; // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+printf("\nVelocity of the electron : %4.2fc", v)
+// Result
+// Velocity of the electron : 0.91c
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.7.1/Ch06Exa6_7_1.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.7.1/Ch06Exa6_7_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0e3768859 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.7.1/Ch06Exa6_7_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.7.1 : To calculate the maximum energy, oscillator frequency and number of revolutions of proton accelerated in a cyclotron. Page 270(2011)
+V = 20e+03; // Potential difference across the dees, V
+r = 0.28; // Radius of the dees, m
+B = 1.1; // Magnetic field, tesla
+q = 1.6e-019; // Charge of the proton, C
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the proton, Kg
+E_max = B^2*q^2*r^2/(2*m*1.6e-013); // Maximnum energy acquired by protons,MeV
+f = B*q/(2*%pi*m*10^06); // Frequecy of the oscillator,MHz
+N = E_max*1.6e-013/(q*V); // Number of revolutions,
+disp(N)
+printf("\n Maximum energy acquired by proton = %4.2f MeV \n Frequency of the oscillator = %4.2f MHz \n Number of revolutions = %d revolutions ", E_max,f,N)
+// Result
+// Maximum energy acquired by proton = 4.54 MeV
+// Frequency of the oscillator = 16.77 MHz
+// Number of revolutions = 227 revolutions
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.7.2/Ch06Exa6_7_2.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.7.2/Ch06Exa6_7_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6390ea057 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.7.2/Ch06Exa6_7_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.7.2 : To calculate the frequency of deutron accelerated in a cyclotron. Page 271(2011)
+B= 2.475; // Magnetic field, tesla
+q = 1.6e-019; // Charge of the deutron, C
+m = 2*1.67e-027; // Mass of the deutron, Kg
+f = B*q/(2*%pi*m*10^06); // Frequency of the deutron,MHz
+printf("\nFrequency of the deutron: %4.2f MHz ", f)
+// Result
+// Frequency of the deutron: 18.87 MHz
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.7.3/Ch06Exa6_7_3.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.7.3/Ch06Exa6_7_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d35c9a484 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.7.3/Ch06Exa6_7_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.7.3 : To calculate the magnetic field applied to cyclotron whose frequency is given. Page 271(2011)
+q = 1.6e-019; // Charge of the proton, C
+r = 0.60; // radius of the dees, m
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the proton, Kg
+f = 10^6; // Frequecy of the proton,Hz
+B = 2*%pi*m*f/q; // Magnetic field applied to cyclotron, tesla
+printf("\nMagnetic field applied to cyclotron : %6.4f tesla ", B)
+// Result
+// Magnetic field applied to cyclotron : 0.0656 tesla
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.7.4/Ch06Exa6_7_4.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.7.4/Ch06Exa6_7_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bc35deb9a --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.7.4/Ch06Exa6_7_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.7.4 : To calculate the frequency of alternating field applied to dees. Page 272(2011)
+q = 1.6e-019; // Charge of the proton, C
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the proton, Kg
+B = 1.4; // Magnetic field , tesla
+f = B*q/(2*%pi*m*10^06); // Frequency of the applied field, tesla
+printf("\n Frequency of the applied field : %4.2f MHz", f)
+// Result
+// Frequency of the applied field : 21.35 MHz
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.8.1/Ch06Exa6_8_1.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.8.1/Ch06Exa6_8_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b5a359f01 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.8.1/Ch06Exa6_8_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.8.1. : To calculate the energy gained per turn of an electron present in given magnetic field. Page 273(2011)
+e = 1.6e-019 ; // Charge of an electron, C
+f = 60; // Frequency of variation magnetic field, Hz
+B_0 = 1; // Magnetic field , tesla
+r_0 = 1; // Radius of doughnut, m
+E = 4*e*2*%pi*f*r_0^2/(1.6e-019); // Energy gained by electron per turn, eV
+E_g = round(E)
+printf("\n Energy gained by electron per turn: %d eV", E_g)
+// Result
+// Energy gained by electron per turn: 1508 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.9.1/Ch06Exa6_9_1.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.9.1/Ch06Exa6_9_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e100effe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.9.1/Ch06Exa6_9_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.9.1 : To determine the ratio of highest to the lowest frequency of cyclotron accelerating protons whose energy is given. Page 273(2011)
+K = 500; // Kinetic energy of the proton, MeV
+E_r = 938; // Rest mass energy of the proton, MeV
+R_f = E_r/(K+E_r); // The ratio of highest to the lowest frequency,
+printf("\nThe ratio of highest to the lowest frequency : %4.2f ", R_f)
+// Result
+// The ratio of highest to the lowest frequency : 0.65
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH6/EX6.9.2/Ch06Exa6_9_2.sci b/767/CH6/EX6.9.2/Ch06Exa6_9_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4f9b54331 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH6/EX6.9.2/Ch06Exa6_9_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Exa6.9.2 : To calculate the w/B ratio for a completely stripped nitrogen to move in a stable orbit : Page 274(2011)
+E_k = 1200; // Kinetic energy of the proton, MeV
+q = 7; // Number of proton in nitrogen
+E_r = 13040 // Rest mass energy of the electron, MeV
+E = (E_k+E_r)*1.6e-013; // Total energy,j
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+R_w_B = q*1.6e-019*c^2/E; // Ratio of w/B, m^2/W
+printf("\nThe ratio of w/B : %4.2e m^2/W ", R_w_B)
+// Result
+// The ratio of w/B : 4.42e+007 m^2/W
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.2.1/Ch07Exa7_2_1.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.2.1/Ch07Exa7_2_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..24b4b84a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.2.1/Ch07Exa7_2_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.2.1: To calculate the energy of alpha particle :P.no. 308 (2011)
+ E_p = 30; // Energy required for one pair, eV
+ n = 150000; // Number of pairs
+ E_a = n*E_p/10^6; // Energy of alpha particle, Mev
+ printf("\n The energy of alpha particle : %3.1f Mev", E_a)
+// Result
+// The energy of alpha particle : 4.5 Mev
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.3.1/Ch07Exa7_3_1.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.3.1/Ch07Exa7_3_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..597e59cf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.3.1/Ch07Exa7_3_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.3.1: To calculate the pulse height of ionising particle :P.no. 308 (2011)
+ E = 5.48e+06; // Energy of alpha particle, eV
+ C = 50e-012; // Capacitance of the chamber, F
+ R = 10^6; // Resistance, ohm
+ E_p = 35; // Energy required to produced an ion pair, eV
+ n = E/E_p; // Number of ion pair produced
+ e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of an electron, C
+ V =( n*e)/C; // Pulse height, V
+ I = V/R; // current produced, A
+ printf("\n The pulse height = %4.3e V \n Current produced = %5.3e A", V,I)
+// Result
+// The pulse height = 5.010e-004 V
+ //Current produced = 5.010e-010 A
diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.3.2/Ch07Exa7_3_2.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.3.2/Ch07Exa7_3_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4760ce954 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.3.2/Ch07Exa7_3_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.3.2: To calculate the kinetic energy and amount of charge collected on plate :P.no. 309 (2011)
+ E_p = 35; // Energy required to produced an ion pair, eV
+ n = 10^5; // Number of ion pair produced
+ e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of an electron, C
+ E_k = E_p*n/10^6; // Kinetic energy of the proton, MeV
+ A = n*e; // The amount of charge collected on each plate, C
+ printf("\n The kinetic energy of the proton = %3.1f MeV \n The amount of charge collected on each plate = %3.1e C ", E_k, A)
+// Result
+ // The kinetic energy of the proton = 3.5 MeV
+// The amount of charge collected on each plate = 1.6e-014 C
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.4.1/Ch07Exa7_4_1.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.4.1/Ch07Exa7_4_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5048568c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.4.1/Ch07Exa7_4_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.4.1: To calculate the charge flow in a counter and height of voltage pulses :P.no. 310 (2011)
+ E_p = 30; // Energy required to produced an ion pair, eV
+ M = 1000; // Multiplication factor
+ e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of an electron, C
+ t = 10^-3; // Time, s
+ R = 10^5; // Resistance, ohm
+ E_k = 20*10^6; // Kinetic energy of the proton, eV
+ n = E_k/E_p; // Number of ion pairs produced
+ n_a = n*M; // Number of ion-pair after multiplication
+ Q = n_a*e; // Charge carried by these ion, C
+ I = Q/t; // The current through 100-ohm resistance, A
+ A = I*R; // ,The amplitude of voltage pulse, V
+ printf("\n The current through 100-ohm resistance = %6.4e A \n The amplitude of voltage pulse = %6.4e V ", I, A)
+// Result
+// The current through 100-ohm resistance = 1.0667e-007 A
+// The amplitude of voltage pulse = 1.0667e-002 V
+
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.4.2/Ch07Exa7_4_2.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.4.2/Ch07Exa7_4_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d9f94945e --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.4.2/Ch07Exa7_4_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.4.2: To calculate the electric field at the surface of wire :P.no. 310 (2011)
+ V = 1500; // Potential difference, V
+ a = 0.0001; // Radius of the wire, m
+ b = 0.02; // Radius of the cylinderical tube, m
+ r = 0.0001; // Distance of electric field from the surface, m
+ E_r = V/(r*log(b/a)); // the electric field at the surface, V/m
+ printf("\n The electric field at the surface : %4.2e V/m", E_r)
+// Result
+// The electric field at the surface : 2.83e+006 V/m
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.5.1/Ch07Exa7_5_1.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.5.1/Ch07Exa7_5_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7dc2c7392 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.5.1/Ch07Exa7_5_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.5.1: To calculate the electric field at the surface of wire of G.M. counter :P.no. 311 (2011)
+ V = 2000; // Potential difference, V
+ a = 0.01; // Radius of the wire, cm
+ b = 2; // Radius of the cylinderical tube, cm
+ r = 0.01; // Radius of the wire, m
+ E_r = V/(r*log(b/a)); // the electric field at the surface, V/m
+ printf("\n The electric field at the surface : %d V/cm", E_r)
+// Result
+// The electric field at the surface : 37747 V/cm
+
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.5.2/Ch07Exa7_5_2.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.5.2/Ch07Exa7_5_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bb8a02c91 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.5.2/Ch07Exa7_5_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.5.2: To calculate the life of G.M. counter :P.no. 312 (2011)
+ n_t = 10^9; // Total number of counts
+ n_d = 2000*3*60; // Count recorded per day
+ n_y = n_d*365; // Counts recorded in 365-days
+ t = n_t/n_y; // The life of G.M. counter, year
+printf("\nThe life of G.M. counter : %4.2f year", t)
+// Result
+// The life of G.M. counter : 7.61 year
+ //
+
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.5.3/Ch07Exa7_5_3.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.5.3/Ch07Exa7_5_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a1323e5bf --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.5.3/Ch07Exa7_5_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.5.3: To calculate the voltage pulse of G.M. counter :P.no. 312 (2011)
+ E_p = 30; // Energy required for one electron pair, eV
+ E = 10e+06 ; // Energy lost by alpha particle, eV
+ n = E/E_p; // Number of ion-pairs produced
+ M = 5000; // Multiplication factor
+ C = 50e-012; // Capacitance, F
+ n_M = n*M; // Number of ion-pairs after multiplication
+ e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of an electron, C
+ Q = n_M*e; // Charge present in each ion
+ A = Q/C; // Amplitude of voltage pulse, V
+ printf("\n Amplitude of voltage pulse : %3.1f V", A)
+// Result
+ // Amplitude of voltage pulse : 5.3 V
+
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.5.4/Ch07Exa7_5_4.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.5.4/Ch07Exa7_5_4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fac8b727f --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.5.4/Ch07Exa7_5_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.5.4: To estimate the true count rate of G.M. counter :P.no. 312 (2011)
+ n = 30000; // Count per minute
+ n_o = n/60; // Observed count rate, count/s
+ t = 2e-04; // Dead time, s
+ n_t = round(n_o/(1-n_o*t)); // The true count rate, count/s
+ printf("\n The true count rate : %d counts/s", n_t)
+// Result
+ // The true count rate : 556 counts/s
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.6.1/Ch07Exa7_6_1.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.6.1/Ch07Exa7_6_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..15c3e1731 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.6.1/Ch07Exa7_6_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.6.1: To calculate the energy resolution of gamma rays emitted by Na-22 for channel first and second :P.no. 313 (2011)
+// For 511 KeV gamma rays (for channel first)
+F_W_H_M_1 = 97; // Frequency width at half maximum for channel first
+P_pos_1 = 1202; // Peak position for channel first
+Res_KeV_1 = F_W_H_M_1/P_pos_1*511; // Resolution in KeV for channel first
+// For 1275 KeV gamma rays (for channel second)
+F_W_H_M_2 = 82; // Frequency width at half maximum for channel second
+P_pos_2 = 1202; // Peak position for channel second
+Res_KeV_2 = round(F_W_H_M_2/P_pos_2*1275); // Resolution in KeV for channel second
+ printf("\n Resolution for channel first = %d KeV \n Resolution for channel second = %d KeV ",Res_KeV_1, Res_KeV_2)
+ // Result
+// Resolution for channel first = 41 KeV
+// Resolution for channel second = 87 KeV
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.6.2/Ch07Exa7_6_2.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.6.2/Ch07Exa7_6_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..44c5b8bda --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.6.2/Ch07Exa7_6_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.6.2 : To calculate the amplitude of output voltage pulse for NaI(Tl) :P.no. 314 (2011)
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of an electron, C
+n = 4.2e+08; // Number of photoelectrons
+C = 200e-012; // Capacitance, F
+A = n*e/C; // Amplitude of output voltage pulse, V
+printf("\n Amplitude of output voltage pulse : %4.2f V ",A)
+// Result
+// Amplitude of output voltage pulse : 0.34 V
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.6.3/Ch07Exa7_6_3.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.6.3/Ch07Exa7_6_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b156ee63a --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.6.3/Ch07Exa7_6_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.6.3 : To calculate the %-resolution and resolution in KeV for scintillation detector for Cs-137 :P.no. 315 (2011)
+F_W_H_M = 0.72; // Full width at half maximum, V
+P_p = 6.0; // Peak position, V
+E = 662; // Energy of photopeak, KeV
+%_resolution = F_W_H_M/P_p*100; // Percentage resolution in percent
+Res_KeV = %_resolution/100*E; // Resolution in KeV for Cs-137
+printf("\n The percentage resolution = %d percent \n Resolution in KeV = %4.1f KeV ", %_resolution, Res_KeV)
+// Result
+// The percentage resolution = 12 percent
+// Resolution in KeV = 79.4 KeV
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.7.1/Ch07Exa7_7_1.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.7.1/Ch07Exa7_7_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..559082e5d --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.7.1/Ch07Exa7_7_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.7.1 : To calculate the thickness of depletion layer of silicon detector and amplitude of voltage pulse :P.no. 316 (2011)
+E_r = 12; // Relative permittivity
+E_o = 8.85e-012; // Permittivity of free space
+E = E_r*E_o; // Absolute dielectric constant
+C = 100e-012; // Capacitance of the dielectric, F
+A = 1.6e-04; // Area of the detector, m^2
+e = 1.602e-019; // Charge of an electrin, C
+E_p = 3.2; // Energy required to create an ion pair, eV
+E_s = 12e+06; // Energy required to stopped ion pair, eV
+n = E_s/E_p; // Number of ion-pair produced
+Q = n*e; // Charge of these ion pair, C
+d = A*E/(C*10^-6); // The thickness of the depletion layer, micron
+A = Q/C*1000; // The amplitude of voltage pulse, mV
+printf("\n The thickness of the depletion layer = %d micron \n The amplitude of voltage pulse: = %6.4f mV ", d, A)
+// Result
+// The thickness of the depletion layer = 169 micron
+// The amplitude of voltage pulse: = 6.0075 mV
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diff --git a/767/CH7/EX7.7.2/Ch07Exa7_7_2.sci b/767/CH7/EX7.7.2/Ch07Exa7_7_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f4e0e2203 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH7/EX7.7.2/Ch07Exa7_7_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +// Scilab code Exa7.7.2 : To calculate the capacitance and the amplitude of voltage pulse across the detector :Page 316 (2011)
+E_r = 12; // Relative permittivity
+E_o = 8.85e-012; // Permittivity of free space
+E = E_r*E_o; // Absolute dielectric constant
+A = 2e-04; // Area of the detector, m^2
+e = 1.602e-019; // Charge of an electron, C
+d = 100e-06; // The thickness of the depletion layer, m
+C = E*A/d; // The capacitance of the dielectric, F
+E_p = 3.0; // Energy required to create an ion pair, eV
+E_s = 5.48e+06; // Energy required to stopped ion pair, eV
+n = E_s/E_p; // Number of ion-pair produced
+Q = n*e; // Charge of these ion pair, C
+A = Q/C*1000; // The amplitude of voltage pulse, mV
+printf("\n The capacitance of dielectric = %5.3e F \n The amplitude of voltage pulse = %5.3f mV ", C, A)
+// Result
+// The capacitance of dielectric = 2.124e-010 F
+// The amplitude of voltage pulse = 1.378 mV
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diff --git a/767/CH8/EX8.5.1/Ch08Exa8_5_1.sci b/767/CH8/EX8.5.1/Ch08Exa8_5_1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd1eaa62e --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH8/EX8.5.1/Ch08Exa8_5_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +// Scilab code Exa8.5.1: To calculate the average kinetic energy of each pion:P.No.360 (2011)
+// Proton and antiproton annihilate to produced three pions
+E_p = 938; // Energy of proton, MeV
+E_pi = 139.5; // Energy of pions, MeV
+E_pi_0 = 134.9; // Energy of pi_0_ion, MeV
+E_KE = [2*E_p-(2*E_pi+E_pi_0)]/3; // The average kinetic energy of each pions, MeV
+printf("\n The average kinetic energy of each pions : %5.1f MeV", E_KE)
+// Result
+// The average kinetic energy of each pions : 487.4 MeV
+
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diff --git a/767/CH8/EX8.5.2/Ch08Exa8_5_2.sci b/767/CH8/EX8.5.2/Ch08Exa8_5_2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8430ded79 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH8/EX8.5.2/Ch08Exa8_5_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +// Scilab code Exa8.5.2: To calculate the inherent uncertainity in mass of the given particle : P.no. 360 (2011)
+ // Here r_1 and r_2 are two decay rates are given
+ // Declare the cell
+ R1 = cell(1,2)
+ R1(1,1).entries = 'r_1'
+ R1(1,2).entries = 'r_2'
+ printf("\n The inherent uncertainity in mass of particle = h(%s + %s) ", R1(1,1).entries, R1(1,2).entries)
+// Result
+// The inherent uncertainity in mass of particle = h(r_1 + r_2)
+
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diff --git a/767/CH8/EX8.7.3/Ch08Exa8_7_3.sci b/767/CH8/EX8.7.3/Ch08Exa8_7_3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..661b05592 --- /dev/null +++ b/767/CH8/EX8.7.3/Ch08Exa8_7_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +// Scilab code Exa8.7.3: Determine the possibility of the given reaction:P.no. 362 (2011)
+// Declare cell for the given reaction
+R1 = cell(7,5)
+// Enter data for the cell
+R1(1,1).entries = 'p'
+R1(1,2).entries = 1
+R1(1,3).entries = 1
+R1(1,4).entries = 0
+R1(1,5).entries = 1/2
+R1(2,1).entries = 'K_+'
+R1(2,2).entries = 1
+R1(2,3).entries = 0
+R1(2,4).entries = 1
+R1(2,5).entries = 1/2
+R1(3,1).entries = 'S_+'
+R1(3,2).entries = 1
+R1(3,3).entries = 1
+R1(3,4).entries = -1
+R1(3,5).entries = 1
+R1(4,1).entries = 'pi_-'
+R1(4,2).entries = -1
+R1(4,3).entries = 0
+R1(4,4).entries = 0
+R1(4,5).entries = 1
+R1(5,1).entries = 'S_0'
+R1(5,2).entries = 0
+R1(5,3).entries = 1
+R1(5,4).entries = -1
+R1(5,5).entries = 0
+R1(6,1).entries = 'p_-'
+R1(6,2).entries = -1
+R1(6,3).entries = -1
+R1(6,4).entries = 0
+R1(6,5).entries = 1/2
+R1(7,1).entries = 'n_0'
+R1(7,2).entries = 0
+R1(7,3).entries = 0
+R1(7,4).entries = 0
+R1(7,5).entries = 0
+
+function f = check_Isotopic_no(Ir_sum,Ip_sum)
+ if Ir_sum == Ip_sum then
+ f = 1;
+ else
+ f = 0;
+ end
+endfunction
+1
+// Declare a function returning equality status of proton number
+function f = check_strangeness(sr_sum,sp_sum)
+ if sr_sum == sp_sum then
+ f = 1;
+ else
+ f = 0;
+ end
+endfunction
+function f = check_charge(cr_sum,cp_sum)
+ if cr_sum == cp_sum then
+ f = 1;
+ else
+ f = 0;
+ end
+endfunction
+// Declare a function returning equality status of lepton number
+
+// Reaction-I
+printf("\n\n\nReaction-I:\n\n");
+ Ir_sum = R1(1,5).entries+R1(1,5).entries;
+ Ip_sum = R1(2,5).entries+R1(3,5).entries;
+ if (check_Isotopic_no(Ir_sum,Ip_sum) == 0) then
+ printf("The Reaction\n")
+ printf("\t%s + %s --> %s + %s \nis not possible", R1(1,1).entries, R1(1,1).entries, R1(2,1).entries, R1(3,1).entries)
+// Reaction-II
+ printf("\n\n\nReaction-II")
+ sr_sum = R1(1,4).entries+R1(4,4).entries;
+ sp_sum = R1(5,4).entries+R1(7,4).entries;
+ if (check_strangeness(sr_sum,sp_sum)== 0) then
+ printf("\n\nThe Reaction\n")
+ printf("\t%s + %s --> %s + %s \nis not possible", R1(1,1).entries, R1(4,1).entries, R1(5,1).entries, R1(7,1).entries)
+// Reaction-III
+ printf("\n\n\nReaction-III:\n\n");
+ cr_sum = R1(1,2).entries+R1(1,2).entries;
+ cp_sum = R1(1,2).entries+R1(1,2).entries+R1(1,2).entries+R1(6,2).entries;
+ if (check_charge(cr_sum,cp_sum) == 1) then
+ printf("The Reaction\n")
+ printf("\t%s + %s --> %s + %s + %s \nis possible", R1(1,1).entries, R1(1,1).entries, R1(1,1).entries, R1(1,1).entries, R1(6,1).entries)
+ end
+ // Reaction-I:
+
+// The Reaction
+// p + p --> K_+ + S_+
+// is not possible
+
+
+// Reaction-II
+
+// The Reaction
+// p + pi_- --> S_0 + n_0
+// is not possible
+
+
+// Reaction-III:
+
+// The Reaction
+// p + p --> p + p + p_-
+// is possible
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file |