diff options
Diffstat (limited to '761')
179 files changed, 2186 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/761/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/761/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..628e2bc1a --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;
+// page no 7
+// prob no 1.1
+//part a) freq= 1MHz(AM radio broadcast band)
+// We have the equation c=freq*wavelength
+c=3*10^8;
+f=1*10^6;
+wl=c/f;
+disp('m',wl,+'WAVELENGTH IN FREE SPACE IS ');
+//part B) freq= 27MHz(CB radio band)
+f=27*10^6;
+wl=c/f;
+disp('m',wl,+'WAVELENGTH IN FREE SPACE IS ');
+//part C) freq= 4GHz(used for satellite television)
+f=4*10^9;
+wl=c/f;
+disp('m',wl,+'WAVELENGTH IN FREE SPACE IS ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce b/761/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc7c0382b --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 25
+//prob no 1.10
+//giiven: SNRin=42 dB, NF=6dB
+// NF in dB is given as SNRin(dB)-SNRop(dB)
+SNRin=42 ; NF=6;
+SNRop=SNRin-NF;
+disp('dB',SNRop,'SNR at the output is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce b/761/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1473e54e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+//page no 27
+// prob no 1.11
+//Given NFdB=2dB,:.NF=antilog(NFdB)/10=1.585
+NF=1.585;
+Teq=290*(NF-1);
+disp('K',Teq,'The noise temperature is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce b/761/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..69fa2106d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+//page no 29
+//prob no 1.12
+//Given:
+A1=10;A2=25;A3=30;NF1=2;NF2=4;NF3=5;
+At=A1*A2*A3;
+disp(At,'The power gain is');
+// The noise figure is given as
+NFt=NF1+((NF2-1)/A1) + ((NF3-1)/(A1*A2));
+disp(NFt,'The noise figure is');
+// Noise temp can be found as
+Teq=290*(NFt-1);
+disp('K',Teq,'The noise temperature is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce b/761/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..56d966e8e --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc;
+// page no 34
+// prob no1.13 refer fig 1.20 of page no 34
+// part A) The signal frequency is f1=110MHz.
+f=110;// in MHz
+disp('MHz',f,'A)The freq is');
+//The signal peak is two divisions below the reference level of -10dBm, with 10dB/division ,so its -30dBm.
+PdBm=-30;
+disp('dBm',PdBm,'The power in dBm');
+// The equivalent power can be found from P(dBm)=10logP/1 mW
+//P(mW)=antilog dBm/10= antilog -30/10=1*10^-3mW=1uW
+//the voltage can be found from the graph but it is more accurately from P=V^2/R
+P=10^-6; R=50;
+disp('W',P,'The power is');
+V=sqrt(P*R);
+disp('volts',V,'The voltage is');
+
+// part B)The signal is 1 division to theleft of center, with 100kHz/div. The freq is 100kHz less than the ref freq of 7.5MHz
+f=7.5-0.1;// in MHz
+disp('MHz',f,'B)The freq is');
+// With regards to the amplitude, the scale is 1dB/div & the signal is 1 div below the reference level. Therefore the signal has a power level given as
+PdBm=10-1;// in dBm
+// This can be converted to watts & volts as same in part A
+//P(mW)=antilog dBm/10= antilog 9/10=7.94mW
+P=7.94*10^-3; R=50;
+disp('W',P,'The power is');
+disp('dBm',PdBm,'The power in dBm');
+V=sqrt(P*R);
+disp('volts',V,'The voltage is');
+
+//part C) The signal is 3 divisions to the right of the center ref freq of 543MHz, with 1MHz/div. Therefore the freq is
+f=543+3*1;// in MHz
+disp('MHz',f,'C)The freq is');
+// from the spectrum, signal level is
+V=22.4*6/8;
+disp('mV',V,'The voltage is');
+// power is given as
+P=V^2/R;
+disp('uW',P,'The power is');
+PdBm=10*log10(P*10^-6/10^-3);
+disp('dBm',PdBm,'The power in dBm');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/761/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b719038c --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;
+// page no 18
+// prob no. 1.4
+// In given problem noise power bandwidth is 10kHz; resistor temp T(0c)=27
+// First we have to convert temperature to kelvins:
+T0c=27;
+Tk=T0c+273;
+// noise power contributed by resistor , Pn= k*T*B
+k=1.38*10^(-23);
+B=10*10^3;
+Pn= k*Tk*B;
+disp('W',Pn,'noise power contributed by resistor');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce b/761/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..194822135 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+// page no 20
+// prob no 1.5
+// In the given problem B=6MHz, Tk=293, k=1.38*10^-23
+B=6*10^6; Tk=293; k=1.38*10^-23;R=300;
+Pn=k*Tk*B;
+disp('W',Pn,'The noise power is');
+// Th noise voltage is given by Vn=sqrt(4*k*Tk*B*R)
+Vn=sqrt(4*k*Tk*B*R);
+disp('volts',Vn,'Th noise voltage is');
+// only one-half of this voltage is appears across the antenna terminals, the other appears across the source resistance. Therefore the actual noise voltag at the input is 2.7 uV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce b/761/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cc5357774 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;
+// page no 21
+// prob no 1.6
+// given: FM broadcast receiver :- Vn=10uV, R=75V, B=200 kHz
+Vn=10;//in uV
+R=75; B=200*10^3;
+//By Ohm's law
+In=Vn/R;
+disp('uA',In,'Noise current is');
+// Noise votlage is also given as In=sqrt(2*q*Io*B)
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+// solving this for Io=In^2/2*q*B;
+Io=(In*10^-6)^2/(2*q*B);
+disp('A',Io,'current through the diode is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/761/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9509ea985 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;
+//page no 23
+//pro no 1.7
+//Given:refer fig.1.12 of page no.23;R1=100ohm,300K;R2=200ohm,400k;B=100kHz;Rl=300ohm
+R1=100;T1=300;R2=200;T2=400;B=100*10^3;Rl=300;k=1.38*10^-23;
+//open-ckt noise voltage is given by
+//Vn1 =sqrt(Vr1^2 + Vr2^2)
+// =sqrt[sqrt(4kTBR1)^2 + sqrt(4kTBR2)^2]
+//by solving this we get Vn1=sqrt[4kB(T1R1 + T2R2)]
+Vn1=sqrt(4*k*B*(T1*R1 + T2*R2));
+disp('volts',Vn1,'Open-ckt noise voltage is ');
+// since in this case the load is equal in value to the sum of the resistors,
+// one-half of this voltage is appear across the load.
+// Now the load power is P= Vn1^2/Rl
+P= (Vn1/2)^2/Rl;
+disp('W',P,'The load power is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/761/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fcf3f48b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 24
+// prob no 1.8
+// Given: N=0.2W; S+N=5W; :. S=4.8W
+N=0.2; S=4.8;
+p=(S+N)/N;
+pdB=10*log10(p);
+disp('dB',pdB,'The power ratio in dB');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce b/761/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9a2bdd295 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+//page no 25
+//prob no 1.9
+//Given: Si=100uW; Ni=1uW; So=1uW; No=0.03W
+Si=100; Ni=1; So=1; No= 0.03// all powers are in uW
+r1=Si/Ni;// input SNR
+r2=So/No;// output SNR
+NF=r1/r2;// Amplifier noise figure
+disp(NF,'Te noise figure is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce b/761/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..383deb6e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;
+// page no 407
+// prob no 12_1
+//A radio channel with BW=10KHz and SNR=15 dB
+B=10*10^3;
+snr=15;
+//converting dB in power ratio
+SNR=10^(snr/10);
+//a)Determination of theoretical max data rate
+C1=B*log2(1+SNR);
+disp('kb/s',C1/1000,'a)The theoretical max data rate is');
+//b)Determination of data rate with 4 states i.e M=4
+M=4;
+C2=2*B*log2(M);
+disp('kb/s',C2/1000,'b)The data rate for 4 states is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce b/761/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a74f11d2c --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+// page no 408
+// prob no 12_2
+//A modulator transmit symbol with symbol rate=10k/sec with 64 states
+M=64;
+S=10000;
+//Baud rate is simply symbol rate
+disp('kbaud',S/1000,'The baud rate is ');
+//Determination of bit rate
+C=S*log2(64);
+disp('kb/s',C/1000,'The bit rate is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce b/761/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..51d33dd30 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;
+// page no 411
+// prob no 12_3
+f=200*10^3;
+fb=270.833 *10^3;
+data_rate=270.833 *10^3
+fc=880*10^6;
+bandwidth=200*10^3;
+freq_shift=0.5*fb;
+disp('Hz',freq_shift,'a)The frequency shift is');
+// The shift each way from the carrier frequency is half the freq_shift
+f_max=fc+0.25*fb;
+disp('Hz',f_max,'b)The maximum frequency is');
+f_min=fc-0.25*fb;
+disp('Hz',f_min,'The minimum frequency is');
+bandwidth_efficiency=data_rate/bandwidth;
+disp('b/s/Hz',bandwidth_efficiency,'The bandwidth efficiency in b/s/Hz is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce b/761/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..22ca86cb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 412
+// prob no 12_4
+baud_rate=24.3;// in kilobaud
+// In this problem dibit system is used.
+//Therefore symbol_rate=baud_rate=0.5*bit_rate
+bit_rate=2*baud_rate;
+disp('kb/s',bit_rate,'The channel data rate is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce b/761/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dba14039d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 413
+// prob no 12_5
+no_of_phase_angles=16;
+no_of_amplitudes=4;
+no_of_states_per_symbol=no_of_phase_angles*no_of_amplitudes;
+bit_per_symbol=log2(no_of_states_per_symbol);
+disp(bit_per_symbol,'The no. of bits per symbol is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce b/761/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..00bf91d7e --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+// page no 415
+// prob no 12_6
+B=3*10^3;SNR_dB=30;
+SNR_power=10^(30/10);
+C=B*log2(1+SNR_power);
+disp('b/s',C,'Shannon limit');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce b/761/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4d40b63ef --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc;
+// page no 437
+// prob no 13_1
+freq_band=1*10^6;
+// A)For SSBSC AM, the bandwidth is the same as the maximunm modulating freq.
+fmax=4*10^3;
+B=fmax;
+no_of_signal=freq_band/B;
+disp(no_of_signal,'a)The number of signals are');
+// B)For DSB AM, the bandwidth is twice the maximunm modulating freq.
+B=2*fmax;
+no_of_signal=freq_band/B;
+disp(no_of_signal,'b)The number of signals are');
+// C)Using Carson's Rule to approximate the bandwidth
+f_max=15*10^3; deviation=75*10^3;
+B=2*(deviation + f_max);
+no_of_signal=freq_band/B;
+disp(no_of_signal,'c)The number of signals are');
+// D)Use Shannon-Hartley theorem to find the bandwidth
+C=56*10^3;M=4;//for QPSK
+B=C/(2*log2(M));
+no_of_signal=freq_band/B;
+disp(no_of_signal,'d)The number of signals are');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce b/761/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4e1171778 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc;
+// page no 444
+// prob no 13_2
+//Voice transmisssion occupies 30 kHz.Spread spectrum is used to increase BW to 10MHz
+B1=30*10^3;//BW is 30 kHz
+B2=10*10^6;//BW is 10 MHz
+T=300;//noise temp at i/p
+PN=-110;//signal has total signal power of -110 dBm at receiver
+k=1.38*10^-23;//Boltzmann's const in J/K
+//Determination of noise power at B1=30kHz
+PN1=10*(log10(k*B1*T/10^-3));
+disp('dBm',PN1,'The noise power at BW=30 kHz is');
+//Determination of noise power at B2=10MHz
+PN2=10*(log10(k*B2*T/10^-3));
+disp('dBm',PN2,'The noise power at BW=10 MHz is');
+//Determination of SNR for 30kHz BW
+SNR1=PN-PN1;
+disp('dB',SNR1,'The value of SNR for BW=30 kHz is');
+//Determination of SNR for 10MHz BW
+SNR2=PN-PN2;
+disp('dB',SNR2,'The value of SNR for BW=10 MHz is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce b/761/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..56bd47cd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc;
+// page no 445
+// prob no 13_3
+no_of_freq_hops =100; total_time_req=10;
+time_for_each_freq = total_time_req / no_of_freq_hops;
+disp('sec/hop',time_for_each_freq,'Time required for each freq');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce b/761/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..136b9f6ca --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+// page no 446
+// prob no 13_4
+bit_rate=16*10^3;//in bps
+chip_rate =10:1;
+no_of_chip=10;
+total_bit_rate=no_of_chip*bit_rate;
+m=4;n=log2(m);
+symbol_rate = total_bit_rate/n;
+disp('baud',symbol_rate,'The no of signal changes i.e. symbol rate is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce b/761/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..787ddd127 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;
+// page no 447
+// prob no 13_5
+//signal with bandwidth Bbb=200 kHz & SNR=20 dB spred at chip rate 50:1
+Bbb=200*10^3;//Bandwidth
+Gp=50;//chip rate
+SNR_in=20;//SNR is 20 dB without spreading
+//Determination of BW after spreading
+Brf=Gp*Bbb;
+disp('MHz',Brf,'The value of BW after spreading');
+//Converting into dB
+Gp_dB=10*log10(Gp);
+disp('dB',Gp_dB,'The value of processing gain');
+//Determination of SNR after spreadng
+SNR_out=SNR_in-Gp_dB;
+disp('dB',SNR_out,'The value of SNR after spreading in dB');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..29d06a2f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 461
+//prob no. 14.1
+//A coaxial cable with capacitance=90pF/m & characteristic impedance=50 ohm
+C=90*10^-12;Zo=50;
+//Determination of inductance of 1m length
+L=(Zo^2)*C;
+disp('nH/m',L*10^9,'The inductance of 1m length is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..189df00dd --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+//page no 481
+//prob no. 14.10
+//A series tuned ckt tuned at 1GHz
+vf=0.95;c=3*10^8;f=10^9;
+vp=vf*c;//determination of propagation velo.
+wav=vp/f;//Determination of wavelength
+//Determination of length
+L=wav/2;//Since half wavelength section wiil be series resonant
+disp('m',L,'The length should be');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7ef233533 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+//page no 481
+//prob no. 14.10
+//A Tx deliver 100W to antenna through 45m coaxial cable with loss=4dB/100m
+loss=4/100;L=45;Pout=100;
+loss_dB=L*loss;//Determination of loss in dB
+Pin_Pout=10^(loss_dB/10);
+//Determination of Tx power
+Pin=Pout*Pin_Pout;
+disp('W',Pin,'The transmitter power must be');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bcb329351 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;
+//page no 490
+//prob no. 14.13
+Zo=50;//line impedance in ohm
+f=100*10^6;//operating freq
+vf=0.7;//velocity factor
+L=6;//length in m
+c=3*10^8;//velo of light
+ZL=50+%i*50;//load impedance in ohm
+// we have to calculate length in degree,so for this first find wl
+wl=vf*c/f;//wavength in m
+ang=360*L/wl;
+// now from the graph input impedance is 19.36+%i5.44;
+Zi=19.36+%i*5.44;
+disp('ohm',Zi,'Input impedance is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.14/14_14.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.14/14_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c22b9681d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.14/14_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+//page no 492
+//prob no. 14.14
+Zo=50;//line impedance in ohm
+ZL=75+%i*25;
+// the requirment of this is simply to match the 50ohm line to the impedsnce at this point on the line,which is 88.38 ohm,resistive.
+Z2=88.38;//in ohm
+//The required turn ratio is
+N1_N2=sqrt(Zo/Z2);
+disp(N1_N2,'The required turn ratio is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.15/14_15.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.15/14_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b0f5da3ad --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.15/14_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 494
+//prob no. 14.15
+// refer prob no 14.14
+Zo=50;//line impedance in ohm
+Z2=88.38;//in ohm
+Zo_=sqrt(Zo*Z2);
+disp(Zo_');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.16/14_16.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.16/14_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..57466d2fb --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.16/14_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+//page no 494
+//prob no. 14.16
+Zo=50;//line impedance in ohm
+f=100*10^6;//operating freq in Hz
+ZL1=50+%i*75;// load impedance with Xc=75
+Xc=75;
+// Capacitance in farads is given as
+C=1/(2*%pi*f*Xc);
+disp('F',C,'Capacitance is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.17/14_17.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.17/14_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..74c38d9da --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.17/14_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 497
+//prob no. 14.17
+Zo=72;//line impedance in ohm
+ZL=120-%i*100;//load impedance
+//The stub must be inserted at a point on the line where the real part of the load admittance is correct. This alue is
+s=1/Zo;
+disp('S',s,'The value of stude is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.18/14_18.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.18/14_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2e3762ff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.18/14_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 501
+//prob no. 14.18
+//A TDR display shows dscontinuity at 1.4us & vf=0.8
+t=1.4*10^-6;vf=0.8;c=3*10^8;//Speed of light
+//Determination of distance of fault
+d=(vf*c*t)/2;//One-half time is used to calculate
+disp('m',d,'The distance is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.19/14_19.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.19/14_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..145574bf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.19/14_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 503
+//prob no. 14.19
+//2 adjacent minima on slotted are 23cm apart with velo factor=95%
+L=23*10^-2;vf=0.95;c=3*10^8;//Velo. of light in m/s
+//Determination of wavelength
+wav=2*L;//Minima are seperated by one-half wavelength
+disp('cm',wav*100,'The wavelength is');
+//Determination of freq.
+f=(vf*c)/wav;//vp=vf*c
+disp('MHz',f/10^6,'The freq is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4b05fe59a --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 462
+//prob no. 14.2
+//a)Determination of impedance of open wire with diameter 3mm & r=10mm
+D=3/2;r=10;//All values are in mm
+Zo1=276*log10(r/D);
+disp('ohm',Zo1,'a)The characteristic impedance of conductor is');
+//b)Determination of impedance of coaxial with er=2.3,inner diameter=2mm & outer diameter=8mm
+er=2.3;D=8;d=2;//All diameter values in mm
+Zo2=(138/sqrt(er))*log10(D/d);
+disp('ohm',Zo2,'b)The characteristic impedance of coaxial cable is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.20/14_20.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.20/14_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8719662a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.20/14_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 504
+//prob no. 14.20
+//Frwd power in Tx line is 150W,Reverse power=20W
+Pi=150;Pr=20;//All power in watt
+//Determination of SWR
+SWR=(1+sqrt(Pr/Pi))/(1-sqrt(Pr/Pi));
+disp(SWR,'The value of SWR is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ad76fec37 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 463
+//prob no. 14.3
+//Cable with teflon dielectric er=2.1
+er=2.1;c=3*10^8;//Velocity of light
+//Determination of velocity factor
+Vf=1/sqrt(er);
+disp(Vf,'The value of velocity factor is');
+//Determination of propagation velocity
+Vp=Vf*c;
+disp('m/s',Vp,'The value of propagation velo. is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c520f5b5a --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc;
+//page no 468
+//prob no. 14.4
+//Refer fig. 14.13(a)
+vs=1;//source voltage
+Rs=50;//source resistance
+Zo=50;//line impedance
+RL=25;//load resistance
+l=10;//length of line
+vf=0.7;//velocity factor
+Vi=0.5;
+c=3*10^8;//velo of light
+//Vs will divide between Rs and Zo of the line.Since two resistors are equal,the voltage will divide equally.
+//Therefore at t=0,the voltage at the source end of the line will rise from zero to 0.5V. The voltage at the load will remain zero untill the surge reaches it.The time for this is
+T=l/(vf*c);
+// After T sec, the voltage at the load will rise.The reflection coefficient is given as
+refl_coeff=(RL-Zo)/(RL+Zo)
+//Now reflection voltage is
+Vr=refl_coeff * Vi;
+//The total voltage at the load is
+Vt=Vr+Vi;
+disp('V',Vt,'The total voltage at the load is');
+// The reflected voltage will propogate back along the line,reaching the source at time 2T.After this the voltage will be 0.3335V all along the line
+//The voltage across the line, and the load will be
+VL=vs*(RL/(RL+Zo));
+disp('V',VL,'The voltage across the line,');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..36be8557a --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 472
+//prob no. 14.5
+//Standard coaxial cable RG-8/U with 45 degree phase shift at 200MHz
+p=45;f=200*10^6;c=3*10^8;//Speed of light in m/s
+vf=0.66;//velo. factor for this line
+vp=vf*c;//Determination of propagation velo.
+wav=vp/f;//Determination of wavelength of signal
+//Determination of reqd length for 45 degree phase shift
+L=wav*(p/360);
+disp('m',L,'The length reqd for phase shift is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..410c4dbc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 476
+//prob no. 14.6
+//A 50ohm line terminated in 25ohm resistance
+Zo=50;Zl=25;
+//Determination of SWR
+SWR=Zo/Zl;//In this case Zo>Zl
+disp(SWR,'The value of SWR is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d6686a192 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 477
+//prob no. 14.7
+//A generator sends 50mW at 50ohm line & reflection coeff I=0.5
+Pi=50;I=0.5;
+//Determination of amount of power reflected
+Pr=(I^2)*Pi;
+disp('mW',Pr,'The amount of power reflected is');
+//Determination of remainder power that reaches load
+Pl=Pi-Pr;
+disp('mW',Pl,'The power dissipated in load is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..368b6ca5e --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 478
+//prob no. 14.8
+//A transmitter supplies 50W with SWR 2:1
+Pi=50;SWR=2;
+//Determination of power absorbed by load
+Pl=(4*SWR*Pi)/(1+SWR)^2;
+disp('W',Pl,'The power absorbed by load is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce b/761/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ac24ed1d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;
+// page no 545
+// prob no 14.9
+Zo=50;// line impedence in ohm
+ZL=100;// load impedance in ohm
+vf=0.8;//velocity factor
+l=1;//length of line
+f=30*10^6;// freq of operation
+c=3*10^8;//velo of light
+// we have to find the length of line in degree
+wl=vf*c/f//wavelength
+// Then the length of line in degree is
+ang=l/wl*360
+// calculation of impedance
+Z=Zo*(ZL+(%i*Zo*tand(ang)))/(Zo+(%i*ZL*tand(ang)));
+disp('ohm',Z,'The impedance looking toward the load');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce b/761/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..daf42a32e --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 517
+//prob no. 15.1
+//Dielectric constt=2.3
+er=2.3;
+//Determination of characteristic impedance
+Z=377/sqrt(er);
+disp('ohm',Z,'The charasteristic impedance of polyethylene is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce b/761/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0b0f80544 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;
+// page no 545
+// prob no 15.11
+// An automobile travels at 60km/hr
+v=60*10^3/(60*60);//conversion of car's speedto m/s
+c=3*10^8;//speed of light
+//part a) calculation of time between fades if car uses a cell phone at 800*10^6Hz
+f=800*10^6;
+T=c/(2*f*v);
+disp('sec',T,'The fading period is');
+//part b) calculation of time between fades if car uses a PCS phone at 1900*10^6Hz
+f=1900*10^6;
+T=c/(2*f*v);
+disp('sec',T,'The fading period is');
+// Note that the rapidity of the fading increases with both the frequency of the transmissions and the speed of the vehicle
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH15/EX15.12/15_12.sce b/761/CH15/EX15.12/15_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9f4dc0a46 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH15/EX15.12/15_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 550
+// problem no 15.12
+A=1000;//metropolitian area expressed in sq. km
+r=2;//radius of cell in km
+// Number of cell sites given as
+N=A/(3.464*r^2);
+disp(N,'Number of cell sites are');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce b/761/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..47b862483 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 518
+//prob no. 15.2
+//Dielelectric strength of air=3MV/m
+e=3*10^6;//electric field strength
+Z=377;//impedance of air
+Pd=(e^2)/Z;//Determination of power density
+disp('GW/m2',Pd/10^9,'The max power density is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce b/761/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3458bb443 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 520
+//prob no. 15.3
+//An isotropic radiator with power 100W & dist given is 10km
+Pt=100;r=10*10^3;
+//Determination of power density at r=10km
+Pd=Pt/(4*%pi*(r^2));
+disp('nW/m2',Pd*10^9,'Power density at a point 10km');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce b/761/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c48b79ef7 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 521
+//prob no. 15.4
+//An isotropic radiator radiates power=100W at point 10km
+Pt=100;r=10*10^3;
+//Determination of electric field strength
+e=sqrt(30*Pt)/r;
+disp('mW/m',e*1000,'The electric field strength is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce b/761/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aecd86f0f --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+//page no 525
+//prob no. 15.5
+//A transmitter with power o/p=150W at fc=325MHz.antenna gain=12dBi receiver antenna gain=5dBi at 10km away
+//considering no loss in the system
+d=10;Gt_dBi=12;Gr_dBi=5;fc=325;Pt=150;
+//Determination of power delivered
+Lfs=32.44+(20*log10(d))+(20*log10(fc))-(Gt_dBi)-(Gr_dBi);
+Pr=Pt/(10^(Lfs/10));
+disp('nW',Pr*10^9,'The power delivered to receiver is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce b/761/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dc2a91f53 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;
+//page no 525
+//prob no. 15.6
+//A transmitter with o/p power=10W at fc=250MHz,connected to Tx 10m line with loss=3dB/100m t0 antenna with gain=6dBi.Rx antenna 20km away with gain=4dBi
+//Refer fig.15.6,assuming free space propagation
+d=20;fc=250;Gt_dBi=6;Gr_dBi=4;loss=3/100;Zl=75;Zo=50;L=10;Pt=10;
+Lfs=32.44+(20*log10(d))+(20*log10(fc))-Gt_dBi-Gr_dBi;//path loss
+disp(Lfs);
+L_tx=L*loss;//Determination of loss
+ref_coe=(Zl-Zo)/(Zl+Zo);//Reflection coefficient
+L_rx=1-(ref_coe^2);//Proportion of incident power that reaches load
+L_rx_dB=-10*log10(L_rx);//Converting that proportion in dB
+//Determination of total loss Lt
+Lt=(Lfs)+(L_tx)+(L_rx_dB);
+//Determination of power delivered to receiver
+Pt_Pr=10^(Lt/10);//Power ratio
+Pr=Pt/Pt_Pr;
+disp('W',Pr,'The power delivered to receiver is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce b/761/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7c99a65cc --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 530
+//prob no. 15.7
+//A radio wave moves from air(er=1) to glass(er=7.8).angle of incidence=30 deg
+theta_i=30;er1=1;er2=7.8;
+//determination of angle of refraction
+theta_r=asind((sind(theta_i))/(sqrt(er2/er1)));
+disp('degree',theta_r,'The angle of refraction is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce b/761/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..62b37b2ee --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 537
+//prob no. 15.8
+//A Tx statn with fc=11.6MHz & angle of incidence=70 degree
+theta_i=70;fc=11.6;//in MHz
+//determination of max usable freq(MUF)
+MUF=fc/(cosd(theta_i));
+disp('MHz',MUF,'The max usable freq MUF is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce b/761/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd06f587e --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 539
+//prob no. 15.9
+//A taxi compony using central dispatcher with antenna height=15m & taxi antenna height=1.5m
+ht=15;hr=1.5;
+//a)Determination of max commn dist betn dispatcher and taxi
+d1=sqrt(17*ht)+sqrt(17*hr);
+disp('km',d,'a)The max commn dist betn dispatcher & taxi');
+//b)Determination of max ommn dist betn 2 taxis
+d2=sqrt(17*hr)+sqrt(17*hr);//ht=hr=height of antenna of taxi cab
+disp('km',d2,'The max commn dist betn two taxi is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce b/761/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ef8f4e9f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+//page no 564
+//prob no. 16.1
+//Determination of length of half-wave dipole
+f=20;//Operating freq in MHz
+L=142.5/f;
+disp('m',L,'The length of half-wave dipole is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce b/761/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d04be6db3 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 566
+//prob no. 16.2
+//A dipole antenna with radiatn resistance=67ohm & loss resistance 5ohm
+Rr=67;Rl=5;
+//Determination of efficiency
+eta=Rr/(Rr+Rl);
+disp('%',eta,'The efficiency of dipole antenna is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce b/761/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..066ec6a04 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;
+//page no 569
+//prob no. 16.3
+//Two antennas with gain 5.3dBi & 4.5dBd
+//Converting unit dBd in dBi for comparison
+G1_dBi=5.3;G2_dBd=4.5;
+G2_dBi=2.14+G2_dBd;
+if G2_dBi > G1_dBi then
+ disp('Second antenna with gain=4.5dBd has higher gain');
+else
+ disp('First antenna with gain=5.3dBi has higher gain ');
+end;
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce b/761/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..27d50d336 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+//page no 571
+//prob no. 16.4
+//A dipole antenna with efficency=85% given
+n=0.85;D_dBi=2.14;//Directivity in dBi
+//Determination of gain in dB
+D=10^(D_dBi/10);
+G=D*n;//Determination of gain
+G_dBi=10*log10(G);//Converting to dBi
+disp('dBi',G_dBi,'The gain is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce b/761/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fb5581a53 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+//page no 573
+//prob no. 16.6
+//ERP of Tx statn=17W
+ERP=17;
+//Determnation of EIRP
+ERP_dBm=10*log10(ERP/10^-3);//Converting ERP in dBm
+EIRP_dBm=ERP_dBm+2.14;//Converting ERP in EIRP
+disp('dBm',EIRP_dBm,'EIRP in dBm is expressed as');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce b/761/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6b9e1a046 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;
+//page no 582
+//prob no. 16.7
+//a helial antenna with 8 turns with freq=1.2GHz given
+N=8;f=1.2*10^9;c=3*10^8;//Speed of light in m/s
+//a)Determination of optimum diameter of antenna
+wav=c/f;
+D=wav/%pi;
+disp('m',D,'a)1.The optimum diameter for antenna is');
+S=wav/4;//Determination of spacing for the antenna
+disp('m',S,'a)2.The spacing for the antenna');
+L=N*S;//Determination of total length of an antenna\
+disp('m',L,'a)3.The total length of an antenna is');
+//b)Determination of antenna gain in dBi
+G=(15*N*S*(%pi*D)^2)/(wav^3);
+G_dBi=10*log10(G);//Converting in dBi
+disp('dBi',G_dBi,'b)The antenna gain is');
+//c)determination of beamwidth
+theta=((52*wav)/(%pi*D))*sqrt(wav/(N*S));
+disp('degree',theta,'The beamwidth is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH16/EX16.8/16_8.sce b/761/CH16/EX16.8/16_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..96ee97f28 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH16/EX16.8/16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;
+//page no 590
+//prob no. 16.8
+//Design of log periodic antenna to cover freq 100-300MHz & t=0.7,a=30 degree
+t=0.7;a=30;
+//For good performance converting range to 90MHz to 320MHz
+f2=90;f1=320;
+//Determination of lengths of elements
+L1=142.5/f1;//For freq of 320MHz
+L2=L1/t;L3=L2/t;L4=L3/t;L5=L4/t;
+disp('The length of elements are');
+disp('m',L5,'L5=','m',L4,'L4=','m',L3,'L3=','m',L2,'L2=','m',L1,'L1=',);
+//Determination of spacing betn elements
+D1=L1/(2*tand(a/2));
+D2=D1/t;D3=D2/t;D4=D3/t;D5=D4/t;
+disp('The spacing betn elements are');
+disp('m',D5,'D5=','m',D4,'D4=','m',D3,'D3=','m',D2,'D2=','m',D1,'D1=',);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH16/EX16.9/16_9.sce b/761/CH16/EX16.9/16_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f4b8ce434 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH16/EX16.9/16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+//page no 598
+//prob no. 16.9
+//A parabolic antenna with diameter=3m & efficiency=60% operate at 4GHz
+D=3;n=0.6;f=4*10^9;c=3*10^8;//Spped of light
+//Determination of gain & beamwidth
+wav=c/f;//Determination of free space wavelength
+theta=(70*wav)/D;//Calculaing beamwidth
+disp('degree',theta,'The beamwidth is');
+G=(n*(%pi^2)*(D^2))/wav^2;//Calculating gain
+//Converting gain in dBi
+G_dBi=10*log10(G);
+disp('dBi',G_dBi,'The gain is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..83bbc25ba --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 621
+//prob no. 17.1
+//TE10 mode in air dielectric mode with inside cross sectn=2cm*4cm
+//Determination of cut-off freq
+a=4*10^-2;//largest dimn is used for calculation
+c=3*10^8;//Speed of light in m/s
+fc=c/(2*a);
+//Determination of dominant mode of propagation over 2:1
+MUF=2*fc;
+disp('Hz',MUF,'The max usable freq is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.10/17_10.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.10/17_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..65d6e85b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.10/17_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;
+//page no 652
+//prob no. 17.10
+//A pyramidal horn has aperture=58mm in E-plane & 78mm in H-plane & operates at 10GHz
+f=10*10^9;c=3*10^8;dH=78*10^-3;dE=58*10^-3;
+//a)Determination of gain in dB
+wl=c/f;//calculation of wavelength
+G=(7.5*dE*dH)/(wl^2);
+G_dBi=10*log10(G);//Converting to dBi
+disp('dBi',G_dBi,'a)The gain is');
+//b)Determination of beamwidth in H-palne
+theta_H=(70*wl)/dH;
+disp('degree',theta_H,'b)The beamwidth in H-plane is');
+//c)Determination of beamwidth in E-plane
+theta_E=(56*wl)/dE;
+disp('degree',theta_E,'c)The beamwidth in H-plane is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.11/17_11.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.11/17_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cecc7004a --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.11/17_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+//page no 654
+// problem no 17.11
+//for a square patch antenna
+f=2*10^6;// freq of operation in Hz
+Er=2;// relative permittivity
+c=3*10^8;// velo of light
+//wavelength is given as
+wl=c/(f*sqrt(Er));
+//The antenna width and length are each approximately half of this.
+w=wl/2;
+l=wl/2;
+disp('m',w,'The antenna width','and','m',l,'The antenna length');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.12/17_12.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.12/17_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0812aa93d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.12/17_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+//page no 657
+//prob no. 17.12
+//A radar Tx has power=10kW at freq=9.5GHz & target at 15km with cross sectn=10.2 m2 with gain of antenna is 20dBi
+f=9.5*10^9;Pt=10*10^3;c=3*10^8;G_dBi=20;a=10.2;r=15*10^3;
+//Determination of received power
+wl=c/f;//calculating wavelength
+G=10^(G_dBi/10);//Converting to power ratio
+Pr=((wl^2)*Pt*(G^2)*a)/(((4*%pi)^3)*(r^4));
+disp('W',Pr,'The received power is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.13.a/17_13_a.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.13.a/17_13_a.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7786c82bf --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.13.a/17_13_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 659
+//prob no. 17.13a
+//a pulse sent,returns after 15us
+t=15*10^-6;c=3*10^8;
+//Determination of distance of target
+R=(c*t)/2;
+disp('m',R,'The distance of target is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.13.b/17_13_b.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.13.b/17_13_b.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..33e4d021e --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.13.b/17_13_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 660
+//prob no. 17.13.b
+tp=10^-6;//pulse duration of pulse radar
+f=10^3;//operating freq in Hz
+//The maximum unambiguous range is
+Rmax=c/(2*f);
+disp('m',Rmax,'The maximum range is ');
+//The minimum unambiguous range is
+Rmin=c*tp/2;
+disp('m',Rmin,'The minimum range is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.14/17_14.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.14/17_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f4ae6dd1c --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.14/17_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+//page no 662
+//prob no. 17.14
+v=60;//speed of vehicle moving towards radar in mph
+c=3*10^8;//velo of light in m/s
+f=10^10;// operating frequency in Hz
+// conversion of speed from mph to km/hr
+v1=60*1.6;
+// conversion of speed from km/hr to m/s
+v2=v1*10^3/3600;
+// Now the Doppler shift is found as
+fd=2*v2*f/c;
+disp('Hz',fd,'The Doppler shift is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b55ae09ca --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+//page no 624
+//prob no. 17.2
+//Determination of group velo for waveguide in example 7.1
+f=5*10^9;//freq.in Hz
+fc=3.75*10^9;//cut-off freq from eg.7.1
+c=3*10^8;//speed of light in m/s
+vg=c*sqrt(1-(fc/f)^2);
+disp('m/s',vg,'The group velo.is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8aff437b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;
+//page no 624
+//prob no. 17.3
+//A waveguide with fc=10GHz.2 signal withfreq 12 & 17GHz propogate down=50m
+fc=10*10^9;c=3*10^8;f1=12*10^9;f2=17*10^9;d=50;
+//Determination of group velo for 12GHz
+vg1=c*sqrt(1-(fc/f1)^2);
+disp('m/s',vg1,'The group velo. for 12GHz signal is');
+//Determination of group velo for 17GHz
+vg2=c*sqrt(1-(fc/f2)^2);
+disp('m/s',vg2,'The group velo. for 17GHz signal is');
+//Determination of time taken for 50m dist by f1
+t1=d/vg1;
+//Determination of time taken for 50m dist by f2
+t2=d/vg2;
+//Determination of diffn in the travel times for 2 signals
+del=t1-t2;
+disp('sec',del,'The diffn in the travel times for 2 signals is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f8077109f --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+//page no 627
+//prob no. 17.4
+//Determination of phase velo.with given 5GHz freq
+f=5*10^9;c=3*10^8;fc=3.75*10^9;//Cut-off freq refering eg.17.1
+vp=c/sqrt(1-(fc/f)^2);//Calculation of phase velo.
+disp('m/s',vp,'The phase velo is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.5/17_5.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.5/17_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9268f84c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.5/17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+//page no 628
+//prob no. 17.5
+//determination of characteristic impedance of waveguide with given 5GHz freq
+f=5*10^9;fc=3.75*10^9;//Refering in eg. 17.4
+Zo=377/sqrt(1-(fc/f)^2);
+disp('ohm',Zo,'The characteristic impedance of waveguide is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.7/17_7.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.7/17_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..82e7e02c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.7/17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;
+//page no 631
+//prob no. 17.7
+//A signal with level of 20dBm & insertion loss=1dB & coupling =20dB,directivity=40dB
+sig_in=20;loss=1;couple=20;direct=40;
+//Determination of signal level in main guide
+sig_level_main=signal_in-loss;
+disp('dBm',sig_level_main,'The signal level in main guide is');
+//Determination of signal level in secondary guide
+sig_level_sec=sig_in-couple;
+disp('dBm',sig_level_sec,'The signal level in secondary guide is');
+//If signal dirn in main guide were reveresed,the signal level in sec gide would reduced by 40dB to
+sig_sec_rev=(sig_level_sec)-(direct);
+disp('dBm',sig_sec_rev,'The signal level from sec guide when reversed guide is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.8/17_8.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.8/17_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63dbd1c5f --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.8/17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+//page no 642
+//prob no. 17.8
+//A Gunn device with thickness=7um
+d=7*10^-6;v=10^5;//Basic velocity of e
+t=d/v;//Basic velocity relation
+//Determination of freq of oscillation
+f=1/t;//Inverse of period is freq
+disp('Hz',f,'The freq of oscillation is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH17/EX17.9/17_9.sce b/761/CH17/EX17.9/17_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d12534e9d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH17/EX17.9/17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 648
+//prob no. 17.9
+//A pulse magnetron with avg power=1.2kW & peak power=18.5kW & 1 pulse is generated every 10ms
+Pavg=1.2*10^3;Pp=18.5*10^3;Tt=10*10^-3;
+//Determination of duty cycle
+D=Pavg/Pp;
+disp(D,'The duty cycle is');
+//Determination of length of pulse
+Ton=D*Tt;
+disp('sec',Ton,'The length of pulse is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce b/761/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1234ad73d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+// page no 676
+// prob no 18_1
+//Transmitter and receiver have same height at dist 40km
+d=40;//dist is 40 km
+h=(d^2)/68;// As d=sqrt(17h)+sqrt(17h)
+disp('m',h,'The height of each tower must be at least')l;
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH18/EX18.10/18_10.sce b/761/CH18/EX18.10/18_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..66e61d466 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH18/EX18.10/18_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;
+// page no 688
+// prob no 18.10
+// refer fig 18.9a)
+fc_r=6870;// carrier freq of received signal in MHz
+fc_t=6710;//carrier freq of transmitted signal in MHz
+IF=70;//in MHz
+// the freq of shift oscillator is
+fso=fc_r - fc_t;
+disp('MHz',fso,'The freq of shift oscillator is ');
+//the local oscillator freq is given as
+flo=fc_t-IF;
+disp('MHz',flo,'The local oscillator freq is ');
+//from fig, mixer 3 will produce an o/p as
+op_mix3=flo+fso;
+disp('MHz',op_mix3,'O/P of Mixer 3 is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH18/EX18.11/18_11.sce b/761/CH18/EX18.11/18_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a408fbe27 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH18/EX18.11/18_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+// page no 690
+// prob no 18.11
+// A typical microwave digital radio system uses 16-QAM.
+fb=90.524;//bit rate expressesd in Mbps
+n=16;// for 16-QAM system
+//part a) calculation of no of bits per symbol
+m=log2(n);
+disp('bits',m,'The number of bits per symbol are');
+// part b) calclation of baud rate
+// baud rate is 1/4th of the bit rate
+baud=fb/4;
+disp('Mbaud',baud,'The baud rate is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce b/761/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..971c8555c --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 678
+// prob no 18_2
+//A line of sight radio link at freq 6GHz with seperation 40 km betn antennas
+f=6;d1=10;d2=30;//obstacle located at 10 km
+//Determination of dist R to clear obstacle
+R=10.4*sqrt((d1*d2)/(f*(d1+d2)));
+disp('m',R,'The dist by which beam must clear the obstacle is')
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce b/761/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cdafcbbf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;
+// page no 679
+// prob no 18_3
+//A transmitter and receiver at 6GHz seperated by 40km with o/p power 2 W
+f=6*10^9;d=40;Pt=2;// power in watt
+//transmitting antenna gain Gt=20dBi,receiving antenna Gr=25dBi
+Gt=20;Gr=25;
+f_mhz=6000;//f=6000 MHz
+Pr_Pt_dB=(Gt+Gr)-(32.44+(20*log10(d))+(20*log10(f_mhz)));
+Pt_dBm=10*log10(Pt/10^-3);
+Pr_dBm=Pt_dBm + Pr_Pt_dB;
+disp('dBm',Pr_dBm,'The power delivered to the Rx is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce b/761/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..187d6662f --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+// page no 680
+// prob no 18_4
+T_sky=120;// Sky temp expressed in K
+L_dB=2;// antenna feedline loss
+L=10^(L_dB/10);
+// the noise temp is given as
+Ta=((L-1)*290 + T_sky)/L;
+disp('K',Ta,'Noise temperature is' );
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce b/761/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8c0aa45a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+// page no 681
+// prob no 18.5
+NF_dB=2;
+NF_power = 10^(NF_dB/10);
+T_eq=290*(NF_power -1);
+disp('K',T_eq,'The equivalent noise temperature');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH18/EX18.6/18_6.sce b/761/CH18/EX18.6/18_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c77d406a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH18/EX18.6/18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;
+// page no 681
+// prob no 18.6
+// refer example no 18.4 and 18.5
+// The antenna and feedline combination from ex 18.4 is used with the Rx from ex 18.5
+Ta=182;// noise temp of the antenna and feedline combination expressed in K
+Teq=169;// noise temperature of the Rx
+B=20*10^6;// BW of the receiver
+Tn_sys=Ta+Teq;//Noise temp for the system
+k=1.38*10^-23;//Boltzmann constant
+// Noise power of the system is given as
+Pn=k*Tn_sys*B;// where k is Boltzmann constant
+disp('W',Pn,'The noise power is');
+Pn_dBm=10*log10(Pn/10^-3);
+disp('dBm',Pn_dBm,'The thermal noise power is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce b/761/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4915420fc --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+// page no 682
+// prob no 18.7
+// refer ex no 18.3 and 18.6
+Pr_dBm=-62;//power at the receiver in dBm
+Pn_dBm=-100;//thermal noise power in dBm
+// carrier to noise ratio in dB is given as
+C_N=Pr_dBm -Pn_dBm;
+disp('dB',C_N,'Carrier to noise ratio is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH18/EX18.8/18_8.sce b/761/CH18/EX18.8/18_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..12499f162 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH18/EX18.8/18_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;
+// page no 683
+// prob no 18.8
+// refer ex 18.7
+fb=40*10^6;// bit rate in bps
+Pr_dBm=-62;//power at the receiver in dBm
+Pr=10^(Pr_dBm/10)*10^-3;// power at the receiver in W
+Eb=Pr/fb;// the energy per bit in J
+k=1.38*10^-23;//Boltzmann constant
+T=350;
+// the noise power density is
+No=k*T;
+// Energy per bit to noise density ratio in dB is
+Eb_No=10*log10(Eb/No);
+disp('dB',Eb_No,'Energy per bit to noise density ratio is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce b/761/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..79d96fc6f --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+// page no 686
+// prob no 18.9
+// refer fig 18.7(b)
+//This is the standard superheterodyne receiver
+fc=6870;// the received carrier freq in MHz
+IF=70;// IF in MHz
+// The local oscillator freq is given as
+f_lo=fc-IF;
+disp('MHz',f_lo,'The local oscillator freq is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH19/EX19.1/19_1.sce b/761/CH19/EX19.1/19_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0a2dacba0 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH19/EX19.1/19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 703
+// prob no 19.1
+// In the given problem,a video signal has 50% of the maximum luminance level
+//A black setup level of 7.5 IRE represents zero luminance,and 100 IRE is max brightness.Therefore the range from min to max luminnance has 100-7.5=92.5 units.
+//Therefore the level is
+IRE=7.5 + (0.5*92.5);
+disp('IRE units',IRE,'Level of video signals in IRE units');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce b/761/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e74c80ca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;
+// page no 704
+// prob no 19.2
+// part a) horizontal blanking
+// Horizontal blanking occupies approximately 10 us of the 63.5 us duration of each line,
+Hztl_blnk=10/63.5 *100;
+disp('of the signal','%',Hztl_blnk,'Horizontal blanking occupies');
+// part b) vertical blanking
+// Vertical blanking occupies approximately 21 lines per field or 42 lines per frame. A frame has 525 lines altogether,so
+Vert_blnk=42/525 *100;
+disp('of the signal','%',Vert_blnk,'vertical blanking occupies');
+// part c) active signal
+// since 8% of the time is lost in vertical blanking, 92% of the time is involved in the tansmission of the active lines.
+act_vid = (100-Hztl_blnk)*(100-Vert_blnk)/100;
+disp('%',act_vid,'The acive video is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce b/761/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3394de223 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 707
+// prob no 19.3
+// A typical low-cost monochrome receiver has a video bandwidth of 3MHz
+B=3;// bandwidth in MHz
+// The horizontal resolution in lines is given as
+L_h=B*80;
+disp('lines',L_h,'The horizontal resolution in lines is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce b/761/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..91bd4713c --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;
+// page no 709
+// prob no 19.4
+// A RGB video signal has normalized values as
+R=0.2;G=0.4;B=0.8;
+//The luminance signal is given as
+Y=0.30*R+0.59*G+0.11*B;
+disp(Y,'The luminance signal is');
+//The in-phase component of the color signal is given as
+I=0.60*R-0.28*G-0.32*B;
+disp(I,'The in-phase component of the color signal is');
+//The quadrature component of the color signal is given as
+Q=0.21*R-0.52*G+0.31*B;
+disp(Q,'The quadrature component of the color signal is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH19/EX19.5/19_5.sce b/761/CH19/EX19.5/19_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2654427c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH19/EX19.5/19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+// page no 712
+// prob no 19.5
+......///// refer table 19.1///////.......
+// The proportion in the table are voltage levels and have to be squared to get power.
+// for black setup the voltage level is given as
+v=0.675;
+//Therefore the power level as a fraction of the maximum transmitter power is
+P_black_setup=v^2 *100;
+disp('of the maximum transmitter power is used to transmit a black setup','%',P_black_setup,)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce b/761/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..907fc5316 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc;
+// page no 728
+// prob no 19.6
+// refer fig 19.27 of the page no 729
+// from fig, we can write down the values directly as given
+In1=100*10^-3;//expressed in mV
+In1_dBmV=20*log10(In1/1);
+disp('dBmV',In1_dBmV,'The input of Amp 1 is');
+// this above calculated signal is applied to the input of the first amplifier,i.e. head-end signal processing
+G1=40;// gain of Amp 1 expressed in dB
+// o/p level of Amp 1 is
+Out1=In1_dBmV + G1;
+disp('dBmV',Out1,'The output of Amp 1 is');
+L=15;//expressed in dB
+// The input level of Amp 2 is
+In2_dBmV=Out1-L;
+disp('dBmV',In2_dBmV,'The input of Amp 2 is');
+G2=25;//gain of Amp2 expressed in dB
+// o/p level of Amp 2 is
+Out2=In2_dBmV+G2;
+disp('dBmV',Out2,'The output of Amp 2 is');
+L1=10;// loss in cable
+L2=12;//loss in directional coupler
+// The input level of Amp 3 is
+In3_dBmV=Out2-L1-L2;
+disp('dBmV',In3_dBmV,'The input of Amp 3 is');
+G3=20;//gain of Amp3 expressed in dB
+Out3=In3_dBmV+G3;
+disp('dBmV',Out3,'The output of Amp 3 is');
+// There is further 3dB cable loss and 20dB loss in the tap
+L3=3;//loss in cable
+L4=20;// loss in tap
+//signal strength at the tap is
+Vdrop_dBmV=Out3-L3-L4;
+V_drop=10^(Vdrop_dBmV/20);// expressed in mV
+disp('mV',V_drop,'Signal strength at subscriber tap is');
+// Calculation of power into 75 ohm
+R=75;//expressed in ohm
+Pdrop = (V_drop*10^-3)^2/R;
+Pdrop_dBm=10*log10(Pdrop/10^-3);
+disp('dBm',Pdrop_dBm,'The power at the end is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH19/EX19.7.a/19_7_a.sce b/761/CH19/EX19.7.a/19_7_a.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..83f616f09 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH19/EX19.7.a/19_7_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;
+// page no 731
+// prob no 19.7
+// In given problem a TV receiver is tuned to channel 6.
+//All modern Rx uses a picture IF of 45.75 MHz with high-side injection of the signal into the cable.
+// The picture carrier of channel 6 is at a frequency of 83.25MHz,so
+ch=6;
+Fc=83.25;// expressed in MHz
+IF=45.75;//expressed in MHz
+f_lo=Fc+IF;
+a=f_lo+ch/2; b=f_lo-ch/2;
+disp('band','MHz',a,'to','MHz',b,'The interference would in');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH19/EX19.7.b/19_7_b.sce b/761/CH19/EX19.7.b/19_7_b.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..25a9b6dce --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH19/EX19.7.b/19_7_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+// page no 740
+// prob no 19.8
+Nh=640; Nv=480;// resolution of digital video signal as 640*480 pixels
+Rf=30;//frame rate expressed in Hz
+m=8;// bits per sample
+// By using the product of Horizontal & vertical resolution, no of luminance pixels per frame are
+Npl=Nh*Nv;
+// since each of the color signals has one-fourth the total no of luma pixels
+Npt=1.5*Npl;
+//therefore bit rate is given as
+fb=Npt*m*Rf;
+disp('bps',fb,'The bit rate for the signal is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/761/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8c6db04e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 50
+//prob no 2.1
+//Refer the fig 2.6 of page 50. L1=25uH;C1=50pF
+L1=25*10^-6;C1=50*10^-12;Q=15;
+//A) The resonent freqency is given as
+fo=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L1*C1)));
+disp('Hz',fo,'a)The resonent frequency is ');
+//B) The bandwidth is given as
+B=fo/Q;
+disp('Hz',B,'The bandwidth is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce b/761/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bed94e149 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;
+//page no 89
+// prob no 2.10
+// refer fig 2.40
+P=10;f_ref=10*10^3;M=10;
+//consider
+N=1;
+// With a fixed-modulus prescalar, the min freq step is
+step_size=M*f_ref;
+// With the two-modulus system, let the main divider modulus N remain constant & increase the modulus m to (m+1) to find how much the freq changes.
+// for 1st case, o/p freq
+fo=(M+N*P)*f_ref;
+// for 2nd case where leave N alone but changes M to M+1, new o/p freq
+fo_=(M+1+N*P)*f_ref;
+// The difference is
+f= fo_-fo;
+disp('Hz',f,'The step size that would have been obtained without prescaling');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce b/761/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..af0c9967c --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;
+//page no 91
+//prob no 2.11
+//refer fig 2.42
+f_ref= 20*10^3;
+f_osc= 10*10^6;
+N1=10;N2=100;
+f0=(N1*f_ref) + f_osc;
+f1=(N2*f_ref) + f_osc;
+disp('Hz',f1,'Hz',f0,'The output frequencies are');
+step_size=(f1-f0)/(N2-N1);
+disp('Hz',step_size,'The step size is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce b/761/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9ee8460d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc;
+//page no 62
+// prob no. 2.2
+// Given : Hartley oscillators L=10uH; C=100pF
+L=10*10^-6; C=100*10^-12;N1=10;N2=100
+// A)The operating frequency is
+fo=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));
+disp('Hz',fo,'1)The operating frequency is');
+// The feedback fraction is given by
+B=-N1/N2;
+//Operating gain is given as
+A=1/B;
+disp(A,'2)Operating gain');
+disp('The -ve sign denotes a phase inversion');
+//B) The operating frequency is same as in part A)
+N1=20;N2=80;
+// The feedback fraction is given by
+B=(N1+N2)/N1;
+//Operating gain is given as
+A=1/B;
+disp(A,'3)Operating gain');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce b/761/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ada452ae2 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;
+// page no 66
+//prob no 2.3
+C1=10*10^-12; C2=100*10^-12; L=1*10^-6;
+// The effective capacitance is
+CT=(C1*C2)/(C1+C2);
+disp(CT);
+// The operating frequency is
+f0=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*CT));
+disp('Hz',f0,'1)The operating frequency is');
+// The feedback fraction is given approximately by
+B=-C1/C2;
+disp(B,'The feedback fraction is');
+// For the common-base ckt, the op-freq is same but the feedback fraction willbe different.
+C1=100*10^-12; C2=10*10^-12;
+// It is given by
+B=C2/(C1+C2);
+disp(B,'The feedback fraction is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/761/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6a8207b9b --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;
+// page no 68
+//prob no 2.4
+//Refer fig 2.22
+c1=1000;c2=100;c3=10;//all values are in pf
+//The effective total capacitance
+Ct=1/((1/c1)+(1/c2)+(1/c3));
+disp('pF',Ct,'The effective total capacitance is');
+CT=Ct*10^-12;L=10^-6;
+//The operating freq is
+f0=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*CT));
+disp('Hz',f0,'The operating freq is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce b/761/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..77bb720c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;
+// page no 70
+//prob no 2.5
+C=80*10^-12; L= 100*10^-6;
+//Part a) The resonent frequency is
+f0=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));
+disp('Hz',f0,'The resonent freq is');
+// Part b) In this part the circuit is resonate on doubling the frequency,therefore
+f1=2*f0;
+// from the equation of resonent frequency
+C1=1/(4*(%pi*f1)^2*L);
+// Now for tuning voltage we have to use equation C1=Co/sqrt(1+2V)
+Co=C;
+// after solving the expression
+v=((Co/C1)^2 -1)/2;
+disp('V',v,'The tuning voltage is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce b/761/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..57b3e9a46 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+//page no 76
+//problem 2.7
+// all frequencies are in MHz
+f1=11;f2=10;
+// output frequencies at the output of square-law mixer
+a=f1+f2;
+b=f1-f2;
+disp('MHz',b,'MHz',a,'The output frequencies at the output of square-law mixer are :');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce b/761/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0f87eb16c --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;
+//page no 85
+//problem no. 2.8
+// all the frequencies are in MHz
+freq_free_run =12;
+freq_lock1 =10;
+freq_lock2 =16;
+// capture range is approximately twice the difference between the free-running freq and the freq at which lock is first achieved
+capture_range =2*(freq_free_run - freq_lock1 );
+disp('MHz',capture_range,'The capture range is ');
+// lock range is approximately twice the the difference between the freq where lock is lost and free-running freq
+lock_range = 2*(freq_lock2 - freq_free_run);
+disp('MHz',lock_range,'The lock range is ');
+// The PLL freq response id approximate symmetrical.This means the free-running freq is in the center of the lock range and capture range. Therefore
+freq_lock_acquired = freq_free_run + (capture_range/2);
+freq_lock_lost = freq_free_run - capture_range
+disp('MHz',freq_lock_acquired,'The freq at which the lock is acquired, moving downward in freq is ');
+disp('MHz',freq_lock_lost,'Lock will be lost on the way down at');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce b/761/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5120125dd --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 86
+// prob no 2.9
+// refer fig 2.38
+//Here we are using a 10MHz crystal, it will be necessar to devide it by a factor to get 10kHz
+f_osc = 10*10^6; f_ref=10*10^3;f0_1=540*10^3;f0_2=1700*10^3;
+Q=f_osc/f_ref;
+// we have to specify the range of values of N. Find N at each and of the tuning range
+N1=f0_1/f_ref;
+N2=f0_2/f_ref;
+disp(N2,'The values of N at high end is',N1,'The values of N at low end is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH20/EX20.1/20_1.sce b/761/CH20/EX20.1/20_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6dd73e32d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH20/EX20.1/20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc;
+// page no 754
+// prob no 20.1
+// part A)
+d=500;
+//By using the equation for velocity of a satellite
+v=sqrt(4*10^11/(d+6400));
+disp('m/s',v,'A) The velocity of a satellite is');
+// The radius of orbit is
+r=(6400+d)*10^3//in m
+//The orbital period of satellite is
+T=(2*%pi*r)/v;
+disp('sec',T,'The orbital period of satellite is');
+//part B)
+d=36000;
+//By using the equation for velocity of a satellite
+v=sqrt(4*10^11/(d+6400));
+disp('m/s',v,'B) The velocity of a satellite is');
+//The radius of orbit is
+r=(6400+d)*10^3//in m
+//The orbital period of satellite is
+T=(2*%pi*r)/v;
+disp('sec',T,'The orbital period of satellite is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH20/EX20.2/20_2.sce b/761/CH20/EX20.2/20_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8566a825b --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH20/EX20.2/20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 757
+// prob no 20.2
+R=6400;//Radius of earth
+L=45;//earth station lattitude
+H=36000//Height of satellite above the earth;
+ang=atand((6400*sind(45))/(36000+(6400*(1-cosd(45)))));
+disp(ang);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH20/EX20.3/20_3.sce b/761/CH20/EX20.3/20_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0e875787a --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH20/EX20.3/20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+// page no 758
+// prob no 20.3
+//Determination of lenght of geostationary satellite with angle of elavation=30 degree
+r=64*10^5;//Radius of earth
+h=36*10^6;//height of satellite
+theta=30;//angle of elevation
+d=sqrt(((r+h)^2)-((r*cosd(theta))^2))-(r*sind(theta));
+disp('km',d/1000,'The length of the path is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce b/761/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bec0d7887 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;
+// page no 759
+// prob no 20.4
+//A satellite transmitter operates at 4GHz with 7W & antenna gain 40dBi
+//Receiver antenna gain 30dBi & path length is 4*10^7
+Gt_dBi=40;Gr_dBi=30;Pt=7;d=40000;//in km
+f=4000;//in MHz
+Pr_Pt_dB=Gt_dBi+Gr_dBi-(32.44+(20*log10(d))+(20*log10(f)));
+//Signal strength at transmitter
+Pt_dBm=10*log10(Pt/10^-3);
+Pr_dBm=(Pt_dBm)+(Pr_Pt_dB);
+disp('dBm',Pr_dBm,'The value of signal strength at receiver');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce b/761/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d3a5deb9f --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;
+// page no 760
+// prob no 20.5
+// In the given problem
+G=40;// receiving antenna gain
+T_sky=15;// noise temp
+L=0.4;//loss between antenna and LNA input
+T_eq =40;// noise temperature f LNA
+// Fir-st we have to find G in dB
+G_dB = G-L;
+// For the calculation of T, we have to convert the feedhorn loss into a ratio as follows
+L=10^(0.4/10);
+Ta = ((L-1)*290 + T_sky )/ L;
+// The receiver noise temperature is given wrt the chosen reference point,theefore
+Ratio= G -10*log10(Ta+T_eq);
+disp('dB',Ratio,'The receiver noise temperature is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce b/761/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6ae6e41c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 761
+// prob no 20.6
+NF_dB=1.5;// noise fig of a receiver
+NF=10^(NF_dB/10);
+// Equivalent noise temperature is giveb as
+T_eq=290*(NF-1);
+disp('K',T_eq,'Equivalent noise temperature is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH20/EX20.7/20_7.sce b/761/CH20/EX20.7/20_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..242d3ba2a --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH20/EX20.7/20_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc;
+// page no 761
+// prob no 20.7
+// refer prob no 20.5
+d=38000;//distance of satellite from the Earth surface
+P=50;//transmitter power
+G=30;//antenna gain
+f=12000;//frequency in MHz
+B=10^6;// Bandwidth in MHz
+//from problem no 2.5
+G_T=21;
+L_misc=0;
+k_dBW=-228.6;//Boltzmann's constant in dBW
+// There are no miscellaneous loss
+//The stellite transmitting power in dBW is
+Pt_dBW = 10*log10(P);
+// The EIPR in dBW
+EIRP_dBW=Pt_dBW + G;
+//FSL in dB
+FSL_dB= 32.44 + (20*log10(d)) + (20*log10(f));
+// The carrier to noise ratio is
+ratio=EIRP_dBW - FSL_dB - L_misc + G_T - k_dBW - 10*log10(B);
+disp('dB',ratio,'The carrier to noise ratio at the receiver is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH20/EX20.8/20_8.sce b/761/CH20/EX20.8/20_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9083bf0d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH20/EX20.8/20_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+// page no 762
+// prob no 20.8
+D=40000;// distance of satellite from the earth station
+v=3*10^8;// velo of light
+d=80000;// distance between two earth stations
+// time delay is given as
+t=d/v;
+// total time delay will be twice that of calculated above
+T=2*t;
+disp('sec',T,'The total time delay is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH20/EX20.9/20_9.sce b/761/CH20/EX20.9/20_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..70c21a12e --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH20/EX20.9/20_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;
+// page no 769
+// prob no 20.9
+f_down = 4*10^9;// downlink freq
+D=3;//diameter
+n=0.55;//efficiency
+c=3*10^8;//velo of light
+// The gain of a parabolic antenna is given as G=(n*%pi^2*D^2)/wl^2. Therefore wavelength is given as
+wl=c/f_down
+G=(n*%pi^2*D^2)/wl^2;
+G_dB = 10*log10(G);
+disp('dB',G_dB,'The gain of TVRO is ');
+// The beamwidth is given as
+bw= (70*wl)/D;
+disp('degree',bw,'The beamwidth is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH21/EX21.1/21_1.sce b/761/CH21/EX21.1/21_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fcd058ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH21/EX21.1/21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;
+// page no 795
+// prob no 21.1
+v=100;//in km/hr
+// first convert speed into m/sec
+v1=(100*10^3)/3600;//in km/sec
+//part a)
+r=10^4;//in m
+t=(2*r)/v1;
+disp('sec',t,'Handoff time is');
+//part b)
+r=500;//in m
+t=(2*r)/v1;
+disp('sec',t,'Handoff time is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH21/EX21.2/21_2.sce b/761/CH21/EX21.2/21_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4a86f1764 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH21/EX21.2/21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc;
+// page no 807
+// prob no 21.2
+N=12; m=120;
+a=20000;
+th=30;//in min/day this means
+H=0.5;
+tp=10;
+//part a)Calculation of the average and peak traffic in erlangs for the whole system
+// The average traffic is
+T=a*H/24;
+disp('E',T,'a) The average traffic is');
+// The peak traffic is
+T1=(a*tp)/60;
+disp('E',T1,'The peak traffic is');
+//part b)Calculation of the average and peak traffic in erlangs for one cell
+// The average traffic per cell is
+t=T/m;
+disp('E',T,'b) The average traffic per cell is');
+// The peak traffic per cell is
+t=T1/m;
+disp('E',T1,'The peak traffic per cell is');
+// part c)
+// For average traffic at 3.47E, the blocking probability is much less than 1%, since the average no of call is much less than the no of channels. However, the blocking probability increases to just over 5%
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH21/EX21.3/21_3.sce b/761/CH21/EX21.3/21_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf7562370 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH21/EX21.3/21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 816
+// prob no 21.3
+tg=123*10^-6;
+c=3*10^8;
+//The maximum distance between base and mobile is
+d=c*tg;
+disp('m',d,'The maximum distance between base and mobile is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH22/EX22.1/22_1.sce b/761/CH22/EX22.1/22_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..621c936a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH22/EX22.1/22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+// page no 842
+// prob no 22.1
+PR = -100;//In dBm
+// The mobile transmitted power is
+PT_dBm =-76-PR;//this is in dBm
+disp('or','dBm',PT_dBm,'The mobile transmitted power in dBm is');
+PT_mW =10^(PT_dBm/10);
+disp('mW',PT_mW,'The mobile transmitted power is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH23/EX23.1/23_1.sce b/761/CH23/EX23.1/23_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0eda98ba8 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH23/EX23.1/23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;
+// page no 863
+// prob no 23.1
+bit_rate = 512;//ib bps
+t=60;//in sec
+// preamble uses 576 bits
+preamble=576;
+bits_total = bit_rate * t;;
+usable_bits = bits_total - preamble;
+// each batch has one 32-bits synchronizing codeword and sixteen 32-bit address codewords for a total of 17*32=544bits. Therefore
+bits_per_batch= 17*32;
+batches_per_min = usable_bits / bits_per_batch;
+addr=16;
+addr_per_min = batches_per_min*addr;
+disp(addr_per_min,'The no of pages transmitted in one min are');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH23/EX23.2/23_2.sce b/761/CH23/EX23.2/23_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ab74a8e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH23/EX23.2/23_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 864
+// prob no 23.2
+// For the given FLEX system
+Wc=25*10^3;
+bit_rate = 6400;//in bps
+efficiency = bit_rate/Wc;
+disp('b/s/Hz',efficiency,'The efficiency is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH23/EX23.3/23_3.sce b/761/CH23/EX23.3/23_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bfd2d013c --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH23/EX23.3/23_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+// page no 871
+// prob no 23.3
+// for the Bluetooth system
+fh_max=1/(625*10^-6);
+fh_min=1/(5*625*10^-6);
+disp('Hz',fh_min,'The minimum hopping rate is','Hz',fh_max,'The maximum hopping rate is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH24/EX24.3/24_3.sce b/761/CH24/EX24.3/24_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..41204b365 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH24/EX24.3/24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+// page no 888
+// prob no 24.3
+NA=0.15;
+wl=820*10^-9;//in m
+d_core=2*(0.383*wl/NA);
+disp('m',d_core,'The core diameter is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH24/EX24.4/24_4.sce b/761/CH24/EX24.4/24_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1e534eada --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH24/EX24.4/24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 890
+// prob no 24.4
+Bl=500;//in MHz-km
+B=85;//in MHz
+// By using Bandwidth-distance product formula
+l=Bl/B;
+disp('km',l,'The maximun distance that can be use between repeaters is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH24/EX24.5/24_5.sce b/761/CH24/EX24.5/24_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7b3fb648a --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH24/EX24.5/24_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;
+// page no 891
+// prob no 24.5
+wl0=1310;//in ns
+So=0.05;//in ps/(nm^2*km)
+l=50;//in km
+wl=1550;//in ns
+d=2;//in nm
+// Chromatic dispersion is given as
+Dc=(So/4)*[wl-(wl0^4/wl^3)];
+// Dispersion is
+D=Dc*d;
+// Therefore total dispersion is
+dt=D*l;
+disp('ps',dt,'The total dispersion is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH24/EX24.6/24_6.sce b/761/CH24/EX24.6/24_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fe44635d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH24/EX24.6/24_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+// page no 893
+// prob no 24.6
+//Refer problem 24.5
+dt=949*10^-12;//in sed
+l=50;//in km
+B=1/(2*dt);
+//By using Bandwidth-distance product formula
+Bl= B*l;
+disp('Hz-km',Bl,'The bandwidth distance product is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH24/EX24.7/24_7.sce b/761/CH24/EX24.7/24_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5063d820d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH24/EX24.7/24_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;
+// page no 899
+// prob no 24.7
+// refer table from the problem page no 899
+P_coupling1 =-3; P_coupling2 = -6; P_coupling3 =-40;// in dB
+//Part a) The proportion of input power emerging at port 2
+P2_Pin=10^(P_coupling1/10);
+disp('%',P2_Pin*100,'a) The proportion of input power emerging at port 2');
+P3_Pin=10^(P_coupling2/10);
+disp('%',P3_Pin*100,' The proportion of input power emerging at port 3');
+// Part b) In the reverse direction,the signal is 40dB down for all combinations, so
+directivity = 40;
+disp('dB',directivity,'Directivity is');
+Pin_total = P2_Pin + P3_Pin;
+// excess loss in dB
+loss=-10*log10(Pin_total);
+disp('dB',loss,'the excess loss is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH24/EX24.8/24_8.sce b/761/CH24/EX24.8/24_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..407fc0281 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH24/EX24.8/24_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;
+// page no 901
+// prob no 24.8
+wl=1*10^-6;
+c= 3*10^8;
+h=6.626*10^-34
+f=c/wl;
+E=h*f;// in Joule
+//this energy can be converted into electron-volt. we know 1eV=1.6*10^-19 J
+eV=1.6*10^-19 ;
+E_ev=E/eV;
+disp('eV',E_ev,'The energy of photon in eV is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH24/EX24.9/24_9.sce b/761/CH24/EX24.9/24_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cdfa3991c --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH24/EX24.9/24_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+// page no 909
+// prob no 24_9
+// refer fig 24.25
+P_in=500;Responsivity=0.33;
+I_d = P_in * Responsivity;
+disp('nA',I_d,'The diode current is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH25/EX25.1/25_1.sce b/761/CH25/EX25.1/25_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ef4ee6a07 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH25/EX25.1/25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;
+// page no 919
+// prob no 25_1
+span_length=40;//in km
+Pin_mW = 1.5;
+signal_strength_dBm = -25; fiber_length = 2.5;//in km
+loss_per_slice_dB=0.25;f_loss_dB_per_km =0.3;
+loss_connector_dB=4;
+Pin_dBm =10*log10(Pin_mW);
+splices=span_length / fiber_length -1;
+fiber_loss = span_length * f_loss_dB_per_km;
+splice_loss = splices * loss_per_slice_dB;
+T_loss = fiber_loss + splice_loss + loss_connector_dB;
+P_out = Pin_dBm - T_loss;
+sys_margin= P_out - signal_strength_dBm;
+disp('dB',sys_margin,'The system margin is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH25/EX25.2/25_2.sce b/761/CH25/EX25.2/25_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cc9aec3fb --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH25/EX25.2/25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 921
+// prob no 25_2
+L=45;//in km
+dt=100;//in ns
+//The maximum permissible value for the pulse-spreading constant is
+D=dt/L;
+disp('ns/km',D,'The maximum permissible value for the pulse-spreading constant is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH25/EX25.3/25_3.sce b/761/CH25/EX25.3/25_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bb32fce3a --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH25/EX25.3/25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;
+// page no 922
+// prob no 25_3
+L=45;
+T_Rtx=50; T_Rrx=75; T_Rf=100;
+T_RT=sqrt(T_Rtx^2 + T_Rrx^2 + T_Rf^2);
+// a) for NRZ
+fb=1/T_RT;
+disp('GHz',fb,'a) The maximum bit rate for NRZ');
+// b) for RZ
+fb=1/(2*T_RT);
+disp('GHz',fb,'b) The maximum bit rate for NRZ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH25/EX25.4/25_4.sce b/761/CH25/EX25.4/25_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ff3894d7a --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH25/EX25.4/25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+// page no 924
+// prob no 25_4
+Bl=500;//in MHz-km
+L=5;//in km
+// using the bandwidth-distance product formula dispersion is given as
+D=500/Bl;
+disp('ns/km',D,'Dispersion is');
+// Total rise time is given as
+T_rt= D*L;
+disp('ns',T_rt,'Total rise time is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH25/EX25.5/25_5.sce b/761/CH25/EX25.5/25_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b70a090ee --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH25/EX25.5/25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;
+// page no 924
+// prob no 25_5
+T_Rrx=3*10^-9;
+T_Rtx=2*10^-9;
+fb=100*10^6;//in bps
+L=25;//in km
+T_RT = 1/(2*fb)
+// we have to compute rise time therefore
+T_rf= sqrt(T_RT^2 - T_Rtx^2 - T_Rrx^2)
+// dispersion per km is
+D= T_rf/L;
+disp('ns/km',D/10^-9,'The maximum acceptable dispersion is');
+// using the bandwidth-distance product
+Bl=500/D;
+disp('MHz-km',Bl*10^-9,'The bandwidth-distance product is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce b/761/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..283a98bae --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+// page no 105
+// prob no 3.1
+Erms_car=2; f_car=1.5*10^6;f_mod=500;Erms_mod=1;// given
+// Equation requires peak voltages & radian frequencies
+Ec=sqrt(2)*Erms_car; Em=sqrt(2)*Erms_mod;
+wc=2*%pi*f_car; wm=2*%pi*f_mod;t=1;
+// Therefore the equation is
+disp('v(t) = (2.83+1.41*sin(3.14*10^3*t))*sin(9.42*10^6*t) V');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce b/761/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c73066223 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+// page no 126
+// prob no 3.10
+f_car=8*10^6;f_mod1=2*10^3;f_mod2=3.5*10^3;
+//Signal is LSB hence o/p freq is obtained by subtracting f_mod from f_car
+f_out1=f_car-f_mod1;
+disp('MHz',f_out1/(10^6),'The o/p freq f_out1 is ');
+f_out2=f_car-f_mod2;
+disp('MHz',f_out2/(10^6),'The o/p freq f_out1 is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce b/761/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..53e65d933 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+// page no 127
+// prob no 3.11
+//Refering the fig. 3.17
+//From fig it is clear that thee waveform is made from two sine waves
+Vp=12.5;//Since Vp-p is 25V from fig hence individual Vp is half of Vp-p
+Rl=50;//Load resistance is 50 ohm
+//Determination of average power
+Vrms=Vp/sqrt(2);
+P=((Vrms)^2)/Rl;
+disp('W',P,'The value of average power of signal is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/761/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e2c60cf5d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 106
+//prob no 3.2
+// To avoid the round-off errors we should use the original voltage values
+Em=1;Ec=2;
+m=Em/Ec;
+disp(m,'m=');
+disp('v(t) = 2.83(1+0.5*sin(3.14*10^3*t))*sin(9.42*10^6*t) V','The equation can be obtained as');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/761/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5b6f19d70 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+//page no 109
+//prob no 3.3
+E_car=10;E_m1=1;E_m2=2;E_m3=3;
+m1=E_m1/E_car;
+m2=E_m2/E_car;
+m3=E_m3/E_car;
+mT=sqrt(m1^2+m2^2+m3^2);
+disp(mT,'The modulation index is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce b/761/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4b1ae7bf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+//page no 110
+//prob no 3.4
+//refer fig 3.2
+E_max=150; E_min=70;// voltages are in mV
+m=(E_max-E_min)/(E_max+E_min);
+disp(m,'The modulation index is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce b/761/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b6e64dee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+//page no 114
+//prob no 3.6
+B=10*10^3;
+// maximum modulation freq is given as
+fm=B/2;
+disp('Hz',fm,'The maximum modulation freq is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce b/761/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..568b5682c --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+//page no 116
+//prob no 3.7
+// AM broadcast transmitter
+Pc=50;m=0.8;//power is in kW
+Pt=Pc*(1+m^2 /2);
+disp('kW',Pt,'The total power is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce b/761/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ba3f09d6d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+// page no 328
+// prob no 8.6
+//2 kHz tone is present on channel 5 of group 3 of supergroup
+//signal is lower sided so
+fc_channel_5=92*10^3;
+fg=fc_channel_5 - (2*10^3);// 2MHz baseband signal
+// we know group 3 in the supergroup is moved to the range 408-456 kHz with a suppressed carrier frequency of 516kHz
+f_s_carr=516*10^3;
+fsg=f_s_carr - fg;
+disp(fsg);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce b/761/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..58e91a723 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;
+//page no 122
+//prob no. 3.9
+// refer fig 3.14
+// from spectrum we can see that each of the two sidebands is 20dB below the ref level of 10dBm. Therefore each sideband has a power of -10dBm i.e. 100uW.
+power_of_each_sideband = 100;
+Total_power = 2* power_of_each_sideband;
+disp('uW',Total_power,'The total power is');
+div=4; freq_per_div=1;
+sideband_separation = div * freq_per_div;
+f_mod= sideband_separation/2;
+disp('kHz',f_mod,'The modulating freq is ');
+// Even if this siganl has no carrier, it still has a carrier freq which is midway between the two sidebands. Therefore
+carrier_freq = 10;
+disp('MHz',carrier_freq,'The carrier freq');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/761/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cfda790c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+//page no 139
+//prob no. 4.1
+//An FM modulator is given with kf=30kHz/V operate at carrier freq 175MHz
+fc=175*10^6;kf=30*10^3;
+//a)Determination of o/p freq for modulating signal value em1=150mV
+em1=150*10^-3;
+fsig1=fc+(kf*em1);
+disp('MHz',fsig1/(10^6),'a)The value of o/p freq is ');
+//b)Determination of o/p freq for modulating signal value em2=-2V
+em2=-2;
+fsig2=fc+(kf*em2);
+disp('MHz',fsig2/(10^6),'b)The value of o/p freq is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce b/761/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..539b0870d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;
+//page no 163
+//prob no. 4.10
+//Refer the fig. 4.19
+// We know this transmitter is designed for voice frequencies,so we have to use trial and error method to produce a carrier null for a deviation of 5kHz
+mf=2.4;// starting with the first null for mf=2.4
+dev=5;//in kHz
+fm=dev/mf;
+if (0.3<=fm & 3>=fm) then
+ disp('kHz',fm,'The freq is widin the acceptable range');
+else
+ mf=5.5;
+ fm=dev/mf;
+ disp('kHz',fm,'The freq is widin the acceptable range');
+end
+// for this calculated fm, set the function generator to the value of fm so that the deviation is 5kHz
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce b/761/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..658a75646 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 140
+//prob no. 4.2
+//An FM modulator is given which is modulated by sine wave 3V
+v=3;
+kf=30*10^3;
+//Determination of peak value
+Em=v*sqrt(2);
+//Determination of deviation delta
+delta=kf*Em;
+disp('kHz',delta/1000,'The value of deviation is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce b/761/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1a7a3c6f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+//page no 140
+//prob no. 4.3
+//An FM broadcaster transmitter operate at max deviatn of 75kHz
+delta=75*10^3;
+//a)Determination of modulation index with modulating freq of signal =15kHz
+fm1=15*10^3;
+mf1=delta/fm1;
+disp(mf1,'a)The value of modulation index for fm=15kHz is ');
+//b)Determination of modulation index with modulating freq of signal =50Hz
+fm2=50;
+mf2=delta/fm2;
+disp(mf2,'b)The value of modulation index for fm=50Hz is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/761/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e9b732ea6 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+//page no 141
+//prob no. 4.4
+//A phase modulator is given with kp=2rad/V
+kp=2;
+//Peak phase deviation of 60 degree
+//Converting degree in radian
+phi=(2*%pi*60)/360;
+//Determination of peak voltage that cause that deviation
+Vp=phi/kp;
+//Determination of rms voltage
+Vrms=Vp/(sqrt(2));
+disp('V',Vrms,'The rms voltage that cause deviation is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce b/761/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..037465717 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+//page no 145
+//prob no. 4.6
+//Phase modulator with sensitivity kp=3rad/V & sine wave i/p 2 V peak at 1kHz
+kp=3;Vp=2;f=1*10^3;
+//As max value of sine functn is 1, hence max value of phi is kp*Vp
+phi_max=kp*Vp;
+//phi_max is nothing but mp
+mp=phi_max;
+//value of mf is same as mp if signal is considered as freq modulation
+//Determination of freq deviation
+dev=mp*f;
+disp('kHz',dev/1000,'The freq deviation produce is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce b/761/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ce9090d17 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +clc;
+//page no 149
+//prob no. 4.7
+//An FM signal has deviation 3kHz & modulating freq 1kHz with total power Pt=5W developed across 50 ohm with fc=160 MHz
+dev=3*10^3;fm=10^3;Pt=5;Rl=50;fc=160*10^6;
+//a)Determination of RMS signal voltage
+Vt=sqrt(Pt*Rl);
+disp('V',Vt,'a)The rms signal voltage is');
+/////////////b)Determination of rms voltage at carrier freq
+//for that modulation index needs to be found out
+mf=dev/fm;
+//From bessel function table, the coeff for the carrier first 3 side bands
+J=[0.26,0.34,0.49,0.31];
+disp('b)The rms voltage of side bands are')
+for i=1:4,
+ V(i)=J(i)*Vt;
+end;
+disp('V',V(4),'V3=','V',V(3),'V2=','V',V(2),'V1=','V',V(1),'Vc=');
+///////////c)Determination of freq of each side bands////////////////
+disp('c)The 3 side bands at different freq. are ')
+for j=1:3,
+ f_usb(j)=fc/10^6+(fm*j/10^6);
+end
+disp('MHz',f_usb(3),'f_usb3=','MHz',f_usb(2),'f_usb2=','MHz',f_usb(1),'f_usb1=');
+
+for j=1:3,
+ f_lsb(j)=fc/10^6-(fm*j/10^6);
+end
+disp('MHz',f_lsb(3),'f_lsb3=','MHz',f_lsb(2),'f_lsb2=','MHz',f_lsb(1),'f_lsb1=');
+////////////d)Determination of power of each side band/////////////////
+for i=1:4,
+ P(i)=((V(i))^2)/Rl;
+ a(i)=(P(i))/(10^-3);
+end;
+disp('d)The power of each side band is');
+disp('W',P(4),'P3=','W',P(3),'P2=','W',P(2),'P1=','W',P(1),'Pc=',);
+//////////e)Determination of power that is uncounted
+P=P(1)+2*(P(2)+P(3)+P(4));
+//As total power is 5 W
+P_x=Pt-P;
+//Percentage of total power uncounted
+Px=(P_x/P)*100;
+disp('%',Px,'e)Percentage total power which is uncounted is');
+//////////f)Ploting the signal in freq domain/////////////////////
+//Converting power in dBm
+for i=1:4,
+ //a(k)=(P(k))/(10^-3);
+ P_dBm(i)=10*log10(a(i));
+end;
+disp('f)Power of each side bands in dBm is')
+disp('dBm',P_dBm(4),'P3(dBm)=','dBm',P_dBm(3),'P2(dBm)=','dBm',P_dBm(2),'P1(dBm)=','dBm',P_dBm(1),'Pc(dBm)',);
+x=[159.997:0.001:160.003];
+y=[26.8,30.8,27.6,25.3,27.6,30.8,26.8];
+plot(x,y);
diff --git a/761/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce b/761/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b90e6ffe3 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;
+//page no 157
+//prob no. 4.9
+//An FM signal has freq deviation of 5kHz modulating freq fm=1kHz with SNR at i/p is 20 dB
+//Converting dB in voltage ratio
+fm=1*10^3;dev_s=5*10^3;snr=20;
+Es_En=10^(snr/20);
+//Since Es>>En then
+phi=1/(Es_En);
+m_fn=phi;//modulation index equal to phi_n
+dev_n=(m_fn)*fm;//Equivalent freq deviation due to noise
+//SNR as a voltage ratio is given as
+SNR=(dev_s)/(dev_n);
+//Converting this voltage ration in dB
+SNR_dB=20*(log10(SNR));
+disp('dB',SNR_dB,'The SNR at detecttor o/p is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce b/761/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6b5014a65 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+//page no 206
+//prob no. 5.10
+//Refer fig.5.24
+//Till the antenna there are 2 doubler and 4 tripler
+f_mul=18*18;
+dev_o=75*10^3;//o/p freq deviation is 75kHz
+//Determiantion of reqd freq deviation of oscillator
+dev_osc=dev_o/f_mul;
+disp('Hz',dev_osc,'Freq deviation of oscillator is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce b/761/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..42e39f9c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;
+//page no 207
+//prob no. 5.11
+//A PLL FM generator refering fig.5.25 with
+f_ref=100*10^3;N=200;kf=50*10^3;//in Hz/V
+//a)Determination of carrier freq of o/p signal
+fc=N*f_ref;
+disp('MHz',fc/10^6,'The carrier freq of o/p signal');
+//b)Determination of RMS modulating voltage for 10kHz deviation
+dev=10*10^3;
+Vp=dev/kf;
+//Converting peak voltage to RMS voltage
+V_RMS=Vp/sqrt(2);
+disp('mV',V_RMS*1000,'The RMS voltage for needed deviation is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce b/761/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ad5d04695 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 179
+//prob no. 5.2
+//A transmitter with carrier power o/p 10W at efficiency 70% at 100% modulatn
+Po=10;eta=0.7;
+//Determination of dc power o/p
+Ps=Po/eta;
+disp('W',Ps,'The value of dc power input is');
+//Determination of audio power
+Pa=0.5*Ps;
+disp('W',Pa,'The value of audio power is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce b/761/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1ac35da63 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 181
+//prob no. 5.3
+//A transmitter operates at 12V, with collector current 2A.Modulatn transformer has turn ratio 4:1
+//Determination of impedance at transformer secondary
+Vcc=12;Ic=2;N1=4;N2=1;
+Za=Vcc/Ic;
+disp('ohm',Za,'The impedance of transformer secondary is');
+//Determination of impedance of transformer primary
+Zp=Za*(N1/N2)^2;
+disp('ohm',Zp,'The impedance of transformer primary is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce b/761/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eceaa2618 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;
+//page no 182
+//prob no. 5.4
+//Class C amplifier with carrier o/p power of 100W with efficiency of 70% & with 100% modulation
+Pc=100;eta=0.7;
+//Determination of o/p power
+Po=1.5*Pc;
+disp('W',Po,'The o/p power with 100% modulation is');
+//Determination of supply power
+Ps=Po/eta;
+disp('W',Ps,'The value of supply power is');
+//Determination of power dissipated Pd
+Pd=Ps-Po;
+disp('W',Pd,'Power dissipated is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce b/761/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9d3e059e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 184
+//prob no. 5.5
+//An FM transmitter produce 10W of carrier power operating at 15V
+Vcc=15;Pc=10;
+//Determination of load impedance seen from collector
+Rl=((Vcc)^2)/(2*Pc);
+disp('ohm',Rl,'The load impedance is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce b/761/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ba109ac32 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+//page no 193
+//prob no. 5.6
+//Refer fig. 5.13
+//Filter method SSB generator
+fc=5*10^6;//filter centre freq.
+BW=3*10^3;//Filter bandwidth
+foc=4.9985*10^6;//carrier oscillator freq.
+disp('a)The USB will be passed');//Since carrier freq is at low end of passband
+disp('b)The carrier freq should be moved to the high end of filter at 5.0015MHz');//To generate the LSB
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce b/761/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf425c66b --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+//page no 196
+//prob no. 5.7
+//SSB transmitter refering fig.5.17 to transmit USB signal at carrier freq 21.5MHz
+fo=21.5;//carrier freq in MHz
+foc=8.9985;//carrier oscillator freq. in MHz
+//Determination of freq of local oscillator
+flo=fo-foc;
+disp('MHz',flo,'The freq of local oscillator');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce b/761/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..adb55676d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+//page no 199
+//prob no. 5.8
+//LSB transmitter refering fig.5.14 with new carrier freq 9.0015 MHz & local oscillator freq 12.5015MHz
+fco=9.0015;//carrier oscillator freq
+flo=12.5015;//local oscillator freq
+//Determination of new o/p freq
+fo=fco+flo;
+disp('MHz',fo,'The o/p carrier freq');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce b/761/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f86ba87a --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc;
+//page no 204
+//prob no. 5.9
+//A direct FM transmitter with kf=2kHz/V & max deviatn of 300Hz.
+kf=2*10^3;tx_dev=300;
+disp('a)See fig.5.23 for this block diagram');
+f_mul=3*2*3;//3 stage freq multiplier with tripler doubler and tripler
+//b)Determination of max dev at oscillator
+dev_o=5*10^3;//Deviation at o/p
+dev_osc=dev_o/f_mul;
+if dev_osc < tx_dev then
+ disp('b)Transmitter is capable of 5kHz deviation');
+else
+ disp('b)Transmitter is not capable of 5kHz deviation')
+end;
+//c)Determination of oscillator freq
+fo=150;//carrier freq in MHz
+fosc=fo/f_mul;
+disp('MHz',fosc,'c)The oscillator freq is');
+//d)Determination of audio voltage for full deviation
+Vi_peak=dev_osc/kf;//dev at oscillator of 278Hz causes full 5kHz deviation
+//converting peak voltage to rms voltage
+Vi_RMS=Vi_peak/sqrt(2);
+disp('mV',Vi_RMS*10^3,'The audio RMS voltage is')
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/761/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9927441c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 227
+//prob no. 6.1
+//A tuned ckt with broadast band (540 to 1700 kHz).Bw=10kHz at 540 kHz
+BW1=10*10^3;f1=540*10^3;f2=1700*10^3;//all in Hz
+//Determination of BW at 1700kHz
+BW2=BW1*sqrt(f2/f1);
+disp('kHz',BW2/1000,'The Bandwidth at 1700kHz');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce b/761/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a7709f5e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+//page no 261
+//prob no. 6.10
+//Receiver refering in fig.6.28
+f_sig=25*10^6;//signal i/p freq
+f_lo1=29.5*10^6;//Ist local oscillator freq
+//determination of Ist IF which uses high side injection
+f_IF1=f_lo1-f_sig;//high side injection
+disp('MHz',f_IF1/10^6,'The first IF is');
+//Determination of IInd IF which uses low side injection
+f_lo2=4*10^6;//IInd local oscillator freq
+f_IF2=f_IF1-f_lo2;
+disp('kHz',f_IF2/10^3,'The second IF is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce b/761/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e73abcd29 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 265
+//prob no. 6.11
+//An S-meter is given
+V1=50*10^-6;//signal strength at transmitter in V
+P=18;//18 dB power
+V2=V1/(10^(P/20));
+disp('uV',V2*10^6,'Signal strength at receiver i/p is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/761/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3ece56be5 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 236
+//prob no. 6.4
+//A receiver with sensitivity 0.5uV & blocking dynamic range 70dB.
+//Determination of vpltage signal V1
+P1_P2=70;V2=0.5*10^-6;//let
+V1=V2*10^(P1_P2/20);
+ disp('mV',V1*1000,'The voltage value of signal is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/761/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5db528508 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;
+//page no 238
+//prob no. 6.5
+//Refer the fig 6.5
+//A receiver tuned to station at 590kHz
+f_if=455*10^3;//Intermediate freq
+f_sig=590*10^3;
+//a)Determintion of image freq
+f_image=f_sig+2*f_if;
+disp('kHz',f_image/1000,'a)The image freq is');
+Q=40;//Q_factor
+//b)Determination of image rejection
+x=(f_image/f_sig)-(f_sig/f_image);
+Asig_Aimage=sqrt(1+(Q*x)^2);//image rejection
+//converting in dB
+IR_dB=20*log10(Asig_Aimage);
+disp('dB',IR_dB,'b)The image rejection is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce b/761/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c733fd382 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;
+//page no 239
+//prob no. 6.6
+//An AM high-freq receiver with IF=1.8MHz tuned at freq 10MHz
+f_sig=10;f_if=1.8;//All freq in MHz
+//Determination of local oscillator freq f_lo
+f_lo=f_sig+f_if;
+//determination of freq. that cause IF response
+m=[1 1 2 2];//values of m that are integer
+n=[1 2 1 2];//values of n that are integer
+for i=1:4
+ fs1(i)=((m(i)/n(i))*(f_lo))+((f_if)/n(i));
+end;
+for i=1:4
+ fs2(i)=((m(i)/n(i))*(f_lo))-((f_if)/n(i));
+end;
+disp('All freqs are in MHz',fs2,fs1,'The different freqs are');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce b/761/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d95b2bed4 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;
+//page no 245
+//prob no. 6.7
+//An FM detector produce Vpp=1.2V with dev=10kHz
+Vpp=1.2;dev=10*10^3;
+//Determination of detector sensitivity
+Vp=Vpp/2;//Peak voltage
+kd=Vp/dev;
+disp('uV/Hz',kd*10^6,'the sensitivity of detector is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce b/761/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2df1201f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;
+//page no 249
+//prob no. 6.8
+//A PLL FM detector with kf=100kHz/V & dev=75kHz
+kf=100*10^3;dev=75*10^3;
+//Determination of RMS voltage
+Vp_op=dev/kf;
+//Converting peak voltage in RMS voltage
+V_RMS=Vp_op/sqrt(2);
+disp('V',V_RMS,'The RMS voltage is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce b/761/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c0677e209 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;
+//page no 258
+//prob no. 6.9
+//An IF transformer at 455kHz & primary ckt has Qp=40 & secondary Q=30
+fo=455*10^3;Qp=40;Qs=30;
+//a)Determination of critical coupling factor
+kc=1/sqrt(Qp*Qs);
+disp(kc,'a)The critical coupling factor is');
+//b)Determination of optimum coupling factor
+Kopt=1.5*kc;
+disp(Kopt,'b)The optimum coupling factor is');
+//c)Determination of optimum coupling factor
+B=Kopt*fo;
+disp('kHz',B/1000,'c)The BW using optimum coupling factor is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/761/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84fe3d369 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;
+//page no 285
+//prob no 7.1
+// In the given problem a signal is transmitted using a four level code
+M=4;
+B=3.2;// in KKz
+SNR=35;//in dB
+//By using Shannon-Hartley theorem, ignoring noise we have
+c=2*B*log2 (M);
+disp('kb/s',c,'maximum data rate for four-level code in the available bandwidth');
+//Now we have to use Shannon limit to find the maximum data rate for any code
+//SNR in power ratio is
+SNR1=10^(35/10);
+C=B*log2(1+SNR1);
+disp('kb/s',C,'maximum data rate for four-level code in the available bandwidth');
+// Both results are maxima, we have to choose lesser of the two.
+// Therefore we choose c=12.8kp/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/761/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dff401e21 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no. 289
+// prob no. 7.2
+// In the given problem
+fm=30;// in KHz
+fs=44.1;//sampling rate in KHz
+fa=fs-fm;// audible frequency
+disp('KHz',fa,'The audible frequency is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce b/761/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b392218cb --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+//page no 291
+//prob no 7.3
+//part a: no of samples,
+m=8;
+N=2^m;// the number of levels
+disp('levels',N,'a) The number of levels with m=8 are');
+// part b:
+m=16;
+N=2^m;// the number of levels
+disp('levels',N,'b) The number of levels with m=16 are');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/761/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..33b9b75f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+// page no 292
+// prob no 7.4
+//In the given problem
+m=16;
+DR=1.76 +6.02*m ; //Dynamic range for a linear PCM in dB
+disp('dB',DR,'Dynamic range for a linear PCM');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce b/761/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..470261884 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+//page no 295
+// prob no 7.5
+// in the given problem
+fs=40; m=14;
+// the minimum data rate needed to transmit audio is given by
+D=fs*m;
+disp('Kb/s',D,'The minimum data rate needed to transmit audio is ');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce b/761/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ac85aa2d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;
+// page no 294
+// prob no 7.6
+// In the given problem, input to a mu-law compresser is +ve,
+// with its voltage one-half the max value
+u=255;
+Vi=1;//maximum input value is considered as unity volts
+vi=0.5;
+V0=1;//consider maximum output voltage as unity volts
+vo=V0* log(1+u*vi/Vi)/log(1+u);
+disp('volts',vo,'The maximum output voltage produced is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/761/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..16ff8f4db --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;
+// page no 323
+// prob no 8.3
+//A telephone signal takes 3 ms to rreaach its destination
+t=2;
+//Determination of net loss VNL reqd for acceptable amount of echo.
+VNL=(0.2*t)+0.4;
+disp('dB',VNL,'The net loss is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce b/761/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aae8e8971 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;
+// page no 326
+// prob no 8.5
+//Refering the fig.8.15 channel 12 has lowest carrierr freq 64 kHz
+F=64;
+c_total=12;
+//Carrier freq goes up 4kHz per channel
+f_up=4;
+//Determination of carrier freq for channel 5
+c=5;
+fc=F+(f_up*(c_total-c));
+disp('kHz',fc,'The value of carrier freq for channel 5 is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce b/761/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9f66059c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+//page no 328
+//prob no 8.6
+// 2kHz tone is present on channel 5 of group 3 of a supergroup
+// refer to example 8.5, calculated fc=92kHz
+fc=92;//in kHz
+// Here signal is lower sideband,the 2kHz baseband signal therefore will be
+fg=fc-2;
+//from fig 10.15,group 3 in the supergroup is moved to the range 408-456 kHz, with a suppressed carrier frequency of 516kHz.
+fsc=516;// in kHz
+//the modulation is lower sideband,so the supergroup o/p freq will be 90kHz lower than carrier freq
+fsg=fsc-fg;
+disp('kHz',fsg,'The tone appear in the supergroup output at frequency of');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce b/761/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cd4e4a1c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;
+// page no 349
+// prob no 9.2
+Nd=7; N_start=1; N_stop=1; N_parity=1;
+Nt= Nd + N_start+ N_stop + N_parity;
+efficiency=Nd/Nt *100;
+disp('%',efficiency,'The efficiency is');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/761/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce b/761/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90ee7ed7d --- /dev/null +++ b/761/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;
+// page no 358
+// prob no 9.6
+m=21;
+// The correct number of check bits is the smallest number that satisfy the equation 2^n >= m+n+1;
+for n=1:1:10 // we choose range of 1 to 10
+ a=m+n+1;
+ b=2^n;
+ if(b>=a)
+ disp(n,'hammming bits are required')
+ break;
+ end
+end
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