diff options
Diffstat (limited to '446')
210 files changed, 1531 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/446/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/446/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e4e69c1de --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-1.1');
+Mn=1.008665;Mp=1.007276 //Given mass of an electron and a proton in terms of u
+Md= Mn-Mp; //mass difference
+printf('Mass difference in terms of U is %f ',Md);
+Md=Md*931.50; //converting u into Mev/c^2 by multiplying by 931.5 MeV/c^2
+printf('which equals %.3f Mev/c^2.',Md);
diff --git a/446/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.txt b/446/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d47347815 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-1.1
+Mass difference in terms of U is 0.001389 which equals 1.294 Mev/c^2.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/446/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d9e4a7579 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-1.2');
+Mp=1.007276 ; Me=5.4858*10^-4; //mass of proton and electron in terms of U
+Mt=Mp+Me; //Total mass= sum of above masses
+printf('The combined mass of an electron and a proton was found out to be %f U.',Mt);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.txt b/446/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eed8d014d --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Exa-1.2
+The combined mass of an electron and a proton was found out to be 1.007825 U.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/446/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b6fa6435b --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-1.3');
+h=6.621*10^-34 ; c=2.9979*10^8; // h is in J/s and c is in m/s
+hc=h*c*((10^9)/(1.6022*10^-19)); //1e=1.602*10^-19 J and 1 m=10^9 nm
+printf('The value of hc is %f eV.nm\n',hc);
+printf('Rounding off to 4 digits, we obtain %4.f eV.nm.',hc);
+disp('Hence zero at the end is significant.');
diff --git a/446/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.txt b/446/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..66403c71c --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +
+ Exa-1.3
+The value of hc is 1238.865054 eV.nm.
+Rounding off to 4 digits, we obtain 1239 eV.nm.
+ Hence zero at the end is significant.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce b/446/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8a529803b --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-10.1'); //Theoretical Question
+//**Install and use maxim tool for symbolic integration. remove the '//'(comment markings) below and run the program.
+//Vm=integrate('(v^3)*(e^(-b*v^2))','x',0,%infi);
+//rest of the results follow from above
+printf('The average speed is found out to be (8*k*T/m)^1/2)\n');
+printf('The RMS speed is (3*k*T/m)^1/2\n');
+printf('The Most probable speed is found out to be (2*k*T/m)^1/2 \n where all the symbols used are conventional constants.');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.txt b/446/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c7282c8ab --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +
+ Exa-10.1
+The average speed is found out to be (8*k*T/m)^1/2)
+The RMS speed is (3*k*T/m)^1/2
+The Most probable speed is found out to be (2*k*T/m)^1/2
+ where all the symbols used are conventional constants.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce b/446/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec45c4f77 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-10.2'); //The solution is purely theoretical and involves a lot of approximations.
+printf('The value of shift in frequency was found out to be delf=7.14*fo*10^-7*sqrt(T) for a star composing of hydrogen atoms at a temperature T.\n');
+T=6000; //temperature for sun
+delf=7.14*10^-7*sqrt(T);.....//change in frequency
+printf('The value of frequency shift for sun(at 6000 deg. temperature) comprsing of hydrogen atoms is %.1e times the frequency of the light.',delf);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.txt b/446/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b2a0199b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Ex-10.2
+The value of shift in frequency was found out to be delf=7.14*fo*10^-7*sqrt(T) for a star composing of hydrogen atoms at a temperature T.
+The value of frequency shift for sun(at 6000 deg. temperature) comprsing of hydrogen atoms is 5.5e-005 times the frequency of the light.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce b/446/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..99f25d0df --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-10.3(a)');
+kT=0.0252;E=10.2 // at room temperature, kT=0.0252 standard value and given value of E
+n2=2;n1=1; g2=2*(n2^2);g1=2*(n1^2); //values for ground and excited states
+t=(g2/g1)*%e^(-E/kT); //fraction of atoms
+printf('The number of hydrogen atoms required is %e which weighs %e Kg\n',1/t,(1/t)*(1.67*10^-27));
+disp('Ex-10.3(b)');
+t=0.1/0.9;k=8.65*10^-5 //fracion of atoms in case-2 is given
+T=-E/(log(t/(g2/g1))*k); //temperature
+printf('The value of temperature at which 1/10 atoms are in excited state is %.3f K',T);
diff --git a/446/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.txt b/446/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..288debed4 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +
+ Exa-10.3(a)
+The number of hydrogen atoms required is 1.526869e+175 which weighs 2.549871e+148 Kg
+
+ Ex-10.3(b)
+The value of temperature at which 1/10 atoms are in excited state is 32905.944 K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce b/446/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7a18c6757 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-10.4(a)'); //theoretical
+printf('The energy of interaction with magnetic field is given by uB and the degeneracy of the states are +-1/2 which are identical.\nThe ratio is therefore pE2/pE1 which gives e^(-2*u*B/k*T)');
+disp('Ex-10.4(b)');
+uB=5.79*10^-4; //for a typical atom
+t=1.1;k=8.65*10^-5; //ratio and constant k
+T=2*uB/(log(t)*k); //temperature
+printf('The value of temperature ar which the given ratio exists is %.2f K',T);
diff --git a/446/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.txt b/446/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..874081af3 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +
+ Exa-10.4(a)
+The energy of interaction with magnetic field is given by uB and the degeneracy of the states are +-1/2 which are identical.
+The ratio is therefore pE2/pE1 which gives e^(-2*u*B/k*T)
+ Ex-10.4(b)
+The value of temperature ar which the given ratio exists is 140.46 K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce b/446/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ef6131ac4 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-10.5');
+p=0.971; A=6.023*10^23; m=23.0; // various given values and constants
+c= (p*A/m)*10^6; // atoms per unit volume
+hc=1240; mc2=0.511*10^6; // hc=1240 eV.nm
+E= ((hc^2)/(2*mc2))*(((3/(8*%pi))*c)^(2/3)); //value of fermi energy
+printf('The fermi energy for sodium is %f eV',E*10^-18);//multiply by 10^-18 to convert metres^2 term to nm^2
diff --git a/446/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.txt b/446/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f82bd11c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-10.5
+The fermi energy for sodium is 3.15 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce b/446/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6a1c1c115 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-11.1(a)');
+c=769*10^3; Na=6.023*10^23; JeV=1.6*10^-19; //various constants and given values
+Be=c/(Na*JeV); //Binding energy of an ion pair in the lattice
+printf('The experimental value was found out to be %.4f eV.\n',Be);
+disp('Exa-11.1(b)');
+n=9;a=1.7476; R=0.281; k= 1.44; //Given values and consstants
+Bc=k*a*(1-(1/n))/R; //ionic binding energy eperimentally
+printf('The calculated value of the binding energy is %.4f eV.',Bc);
diff --git a/446/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.txt b/446/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4493a8ef9 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +
+ Exa-11.1(a)
+The experimental value was found out to be 7.9798 eV.
+
+ Exa-11.1(b)
+The calculated value of the binding energy is 7.9606 eV.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce b/446/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9e31a50c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-11.2');
+a=3.61;// amount of energy required to remove an electron from Cl- ion
+b=-5.14 //amount of energy returned when an electron is added to Na+ ion\
+c=7.98 //binding energy of NaCl atom
+E=a+b+c //suom of all the energies
+printf('The net energy to be supplied is %.3f eV',E);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.txt b/446/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3e1801da7 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-11.2
+The net energy to be supplied is 6.450 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce b/446/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..82558e27b --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-11.3(a)');
+Na=6.023*10^23; p=8.96*10^3; M=63.5*10^-3; //Na=avagadro's number,p=density,M=molar mass
+n= p*Na/M; //density of charge carriers
+printf('The density of charge carriers in copper is %e atoms/m3\n',n);
+s=5.88*10^7;m=9.11*10^-31;e=1.6*10^-19; //charge & mass of an electron,resistance per unit length
+t= s*m/(n*e^2); //average time between collisions
+printf('The average time between collisions of conducting electrons is %e sec.\n',t);
+disp('Ex-11.3(b)');
+Ef=7.03*1.6*10^-19; //converting given enrgy to J
+Vf=sqrt(2*Ef/m); //fermi velocity
+l=Vf*t; //mean free path
+printf('The average mean free path is %e m = %.1f nm',l,l*10^9);
diff --git a/446/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.txt b/446/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f7acc3afe --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +
+ Ex-11.3(a)
+The density of charge carriers in copper is 8.498595e+028 atoms/m3
+The average time between collisions of conducting electrons is 2.462116e-014 sec.
+
+ Ex-11.3(b)
+The average mean free path is 3.869030e-008 m = 38.7 nm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..89851765f --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-12.1(a)');
+Z=2;A=4;N=A-Z; // Given values
+printf('The following method of representing atoms is followed throughout the chapter\n\t\t x,ySz\n where x=atomic number y=mass number z= Neutron Number S=symbol of the atom\n\n')
+printf('The helium can be reperesented as %d,%dHe%d\n',Z,A,N);
+disp('Exa-12.1(b)');
+Z=50;N=66;A=Z+N; //// Given values and standard formulae
+printf('The helium can be reperesented as %d,%dSn%d\n',Z,A,N);
+disp('Exa-12.1(c)');
+A=235;N=143;Z=A-N;
+printf('The helium can be reperesented as %d,%dU%d',Z,A,N);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0329d47e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +
+ Exa-12.1(a)
+The following method of representing atoms is followed throughout the chapter
+ x,ySz
+ where x=atomic number y=mass number z= Neutron Number S=symbol of the atom
+
+The helium can be reperesented as 2,4He2
+
+ Exa-12.1(b)
+The helium can be reperesented as 50,116Sn66
+
+ Exa-12.1(c)
+The helium can be reperesented as 92,235U143
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..77461bffa --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-12.10(a)');
+m40K=39.963999; //mass of various particles
+m40Ca=39.962591;
+c2=931.5; //value of c^2 in MeV
+Qb1=(m40K-m40Ca)*c2; //Q value of the reaction
+printf('The Q value for -VE beta emission is %.3f Mev \n',Qb1);
+disp('Exa-12.10(b)');
+m40K=39.963999; //mass of various particles
+m40Ar=39.962384;
+me=0.000549;
+Qb2=(m40K-m40Ar-2*me)*c2; //Q value of the reaction
+printf('The Q value for +VE beta emission is %.3f Mev \n',Qb2);
+disp('Exa-12.10(c)');
+m40K=39.963999;
+m40Ar=39.962384;
+Qec=(m40K-m40Ar)*c2;
+printf('The Q value for +VE beta emission is %.3f Mev \n',Qec);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f5fd97b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +
+ Exa-12.10(a)
+The Q value for -VE beta emission is 1.312 Mev
+
+ Exa-12.10(b)
+The Q value for +VE beta emission is 0.482 Mev
+
+ Exa-12.10(c)
+The Q value for +VE beta emission is 1.504 Mev
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..27061dac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-12.11');
+Mg=12.000000; //mass of the carbon atom in amu
+c2=931.5;
+Eg=4.43; //given energy of gamma ray
+Mex=Mg+(Eg/c2); //mass in excited state
+Me=0.000549; //mass of an electron
+Q=(12.018613-Mex-2*Me)*c2; //Q of the particle
+printf('The maximum value of kinetic energy is %.2f MeV',Q);
diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f45188f7d --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-12.11
+The maximum value of kinetic energy is 11.89 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..48b439a15 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-12.12');
+m238U=238.050786; //mass of various quantities
+m206Pb=205.974455;
+m4He=4.002603;
+c2=931.5; //constants
+Na=6.023*10^23; //avagadro's number
+Q=(m238U-m206Pb-8*m4He)*c2;
+t12=(4.5)*10^9*(3.16*10^7); //half life years to seconds conversion
+w=0.693/t12; // lambeda
+NoD=(Na/238)*w; //number of decays
+E=NoD*Q*(1.6*10^-19)*10^6; //rate of liberation of energy,converting MeV to eV
+printf('Rate of energy liberation is %.1e W',E);
diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7fe2a66f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-12.12
+Rate of energy liberation is 1.0e-007 W
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d7447d384 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-12.13');
+R=0.5;t12=4.5*10^9; //value of radius and half-life
+t1=(t12/0.693)*log(1+(1/R)); //age of rock 1
+R=1.0;
+t2=(t12/0.693)*log(1+(1/R)); //age of rock-2
+R=2.0
+t3=(t12/0.693)*log(1+(1/R)); //age of rock 3
+printf('The ages of rock samples are %.1e, %.1e, %.1e years respectively',t1,t2,t3);
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b2002b357 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-12.13
+The ages of rock samples are 7.1e+009, 4.5e+009, 2.6e+009 years respectively
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1ca1c5986 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-12.14(a)');
+P=2*10^14; V=2*10^-14; R=8.314; T=295;Na=6.023*10^23; //varoius constants and given values
+n=P*V/(R*T); //ideal gas law
+N=Na*n;f=10^-12 //avagadaro's number and fracction of carbon molecules
+t12=5730*3.16*(10^7); //half life
+A=(0.693/t12)*N*f; //activity
+D1w=A*7*24*60*60; //decays per second
+ printf('The no of decays pers second is %4.0f \n',D1w);
+ disp('Ex-12.14(b)');
+c1=1420; //concentration at instant 1
+c2=D1w; //concentration at instant 2
+t12y=5730; //half life
+t=t12y*log(c2/c1)/0.693; //age of the sample
+printf('Age of the sample is %.2f years',t);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cb71785af --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +
+ Ex-12.14(a)
+The no of decays pers second is 2274
+
+ Ex-12.14(b)
+Age of the sample is 3892.57 years
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c7f1e5966 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-12.2');
+r0=1.2; //standard value.
+A=12;
+r= r0*A^(1/3);printf('The value of mean radius for C is: %.2f fm\n',r);
+A=70; //given value
+r= r0*A^(1/3);printf('The value of mean radius for C is: %.2f fm\n',r);
+A=209;
+r= r0*A^(1/3);printf('The value of mean radius for C is: %.2f fm',r);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7ec9bca2e --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +
+ Exa-12.2
+The value of mean radius for C is: 2.75 fm
+The value of mean radius for C is: 4.95 fm
+The value of mean radius for C is: 7.12 fm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..751485d40 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-12.3');
+m=1.67*10^-27; r0=1.2*10^-15; v=4*%pi*(r0^3)/3 //standard values of mass radius and volume
+p=m/v; //denisty
+printf('Density of typical nucleus is %.0e kg/m3 \n',p);
+r0=0.01;v=4*%pi*(r0^3)/3;p=2*10^17; ////hypothetical values
+m1=p*v;
+printf('The mass of the hypothetical nucleus would be %.0e Kg',m1);
diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0087f474c --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Exa-12.3
+Density of typical nucleus is 2e+017 kg/m3
+The mass of the hypothetical nucleus would be 8e+011 Kg
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1777de95c --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-12.4');
+N=30;Z=26;A=56;Mn=1.008665;Mp=1.007825;m=55.934939;c2=931.5; //given values and constants for case-1
+B=((N*Mn)+(Z*Mp)-(m))*c2; //binding energy(per nucleon)
+printf('Binding nergy per nucleon for 26,56Fe30 is %.3f MeV\n',B/A);
+N=146;Z=92;A=238;Mn=1.008665;Mp=1.007825;m=238.050785;c2=931.5; //given values and constants for case-2
+B=((N*Mn)+(Z*Mp)-(m))*c2; //binding energy(per nucleon)
+printf('Binding nergy per nucleon for 26,56Fe30 is %.3f MeV',B/A);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a8722680b --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Exa-12.4
+Binding nergy per nucleon for 26,56Fe30 is 8.790 MeV
+Binding nergy per nucleon for 26,56Fe30 is 7.570 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..131ab49c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa -12.5(a)');
+t12=2.7*24*3600; //converting days into seconds
+w=0.693/t12; //lambeda
+printf('The decay constant is %e\n /sec',w);
+disp('Exa -12.5(b)');
+printf('The decay constant is equal to probability of decay in one second hence %e \n',w);
+disp('Exa -12.5(c)');
+m=10^-6;Na=6.023*10^23; M=198; //given values and constants
+N=m*Na/M; //number of atoms in the sample
+Ao=w*N; //activity
+printf('The activity was found out to be %e Ci',Ao);
+disp('Exa -12.5(d)');
+t=7*24*3600; //given time
+A=Ao*%e^-(w*t); //activity
+printf('The activity after one week was found out to be %.2e decays/sec',A);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..419f8a68d --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +
+ Exa -12.5(a)
+The decay constant is 2.970679e-006
+ /sec
+ Exa -12.5(b)
+The decay constant is equal to probability of decay in one second hence 2.970679e-006
+
+ Exa -12.5(c)
+The activity was found out to be 9.036566e+009 Ci
+ Exa -12.5(d)
+The activity after one week was found out to be 1.50e+009 decays/sec
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..85b7c1c9b --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-12.6');
+t1=4.55*10^9;t2=7.04*10^8; //given values of time at 2 different instants
+age=t1/t2;
+r=2^age;
+printf('The original rock hence contained %.1f*Na atoms of 235U where Na is the Avagadro''s Number=6.023*10^23',r);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..70332d36e --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-12.6
+The original rock hence contained 88.2*Na atoms of 235U where Na is the Avagadro's Number=6.023*10^23
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..917ad70ef --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-12.7');
+m236Ra=226.025403;
+m222Rn=222.017571;
+m4He=4.002603;c2=931.5; //mass of various elements and c2=c^2
+Q=(m236Ra-m222Rn-m4He)*c2;//Q of the reaction
+A=226
+K=((A-4)/A)*Q; //kinetic energy
+printf('The kinetic energy of the alpha particle is %.3f Mev',K);
diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..61954dcb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-12.7
+The kinetic energy of the alpha particle is 4.785 Mev
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0371efa22 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-12.8');
+m226Ra=226.025403; //mass of various elements
+m212Pb=211.991871;
+m14c=14.003242;
+c2=931.5; //value of c^2
+Q=(m226Ra-m212Pb-m14c)*c2; //Q of the reaction
+printf('The value of Q for 14c emission is %.3f MeV\n',Q);
+printf('The probability of 14c emission is 10^-9 times that of an alpha particle since the energy barrier for 14c emission is\n nearly 3 times higher and thicker.')
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c97a1870f --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +
+ Exa-12.8
+The value of Q for 14c emission is 28.215 MeV
+The probability of 14c emission is 10^-9 times that of an alpha particle since the energy barrier for 14c emission is
+ nearly 3 times higher and thicker.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce b/446/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0f3e52a4b --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-12.9');
+m23Ne=22.994465; //mass of various elements
+m23Na=22.989768;
+c2=931.5; //value of c^2
+Q=(m23Ne-m23Na)*c2; //Q of the reaction
+printf('Hence the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is %.3f MeV',Q);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.txt b/446/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7a57ad880 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Ex-12.9
+Hence the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is 4.375 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce b/446/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8ea544b87 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-13.1')
+v=1*1*10^-6*10^2; p=7.9; m=p*v;Na=6.023*10^23 //given values and various constants in suitable units
+M=56;N=m*Na/M; //number of atoms
+i=3*10^-6;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Io=i/q; //intensity
+s=0.6*10^-24;S=1; //given values in suitable units
+R=N*s*Io/S; //rate of neutrons
+printf('The rate of neutrons emitted from the target is %.2e particles per second',R);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.txt b/446/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1935d1bcf --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Ex-13.1
+The rate of neutrons emitted from the target is 9.56e+007 particles per second
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce b/446/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90ba69ee7 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-13.2')
+A=197; m=30*10^-3;phi=3*10^12; //given values and various constants taken in suitable units
+Ar=99*10^-24; Na=6.023*10^23
+R=(phi*Na*Ar*m/A); //rate or production of gold
+t=2.7*24*60 // time of decay
+Act=R*(0.693/t); //activity /sec
+ActCi=Act/(2.7*10^-4); // in terms of curie(Ci)
+printf('The activity is found out to be %.2e/sec i.e %.2e Ci',Act,ActCi);
diff --git a/446/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.txt b/446/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e447b04a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-13.2
+The activity is found out to be 4.86e+006/sec i.e 1.80e+010 Ci
diff --git a/446/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce b/446/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..22df866bb --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-13.3(a)')
+v=1.5*1.5*2.5*(10^-6)*10^2; //volume in cm3
+p=8.9; //density in g/cm3
+m=p*v;Na=6.023*10^23 //mass and Avagadro's number
+M=58.9; //Given values
+N=m*Na/M;
+i=12*10^-6; //thickness of beam
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Io=i/(2*q); //intensity
+s=0.64*10^-24; //Given values
+S=1.5*1.5;
+R=N*s*Io/S; //rate of production of 61Cu
+printf('The rate of neutrons emitted from the target is %.2e particles/second\n',R);
+disp('Exa-13.3(b)')
+act=R*(1-(%e^((0.693)*(-2/3.41)))); //activity
+printf('The activity after 2.0h is %e/sec',act);
diff --git a/446/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.txt b/446/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..08e698811 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +
+ Exa-13.3(a)
+The rate of neutrons emitted from the target is 5.46e+008 particles/second
+
+ Exa-13.3(b)
+The activity after 2.0h is 1.823783e+008/sec
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce b/446/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e8ad319b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-13.4(a)');
+m2H=2.014102; //mass of various particles
+mn=1.008665;m63Cu=62.929599;
+m64Zn=63.929145;c2=931.5; //c^2=931.5 MeV
+Q=(m2H+m63Cu-mn-m64Zn)*c2; //Q of the reaction
+printf('The value of Q is %f MeV\n',Q);
+disp('Exa-13.4(b)');
+Kx=12.00;Ky=16.85;
+Ky=Q+Kx-Ky //kinetic energy of 64Zn
+printf('The value of Ky was found out to be %.2f MeV',Ky);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.txt b/446/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dbfb76186 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +
+ Exa-13.4(a)
+The value of Q is 5.487467 MeV
+
+ Exa-13.4(b)
+The value of Ky was found out to be 0.64 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce b/446/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..354d88f4f --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-13.5(a)');
+mp=1.007825;m3H=3.016049; //mass of the particle
+m2H=2.014102;c2=931.5; //constant
+Q=(mp+m3H-(2*m2H))*c2; //Q of thereaction
+printf('The value of q was found out to be %f MeV\n',Q);
+disp('Exa-13.5(b)');
+Kth1= -Q*(1+(mp/m3H)); //threshold energy of kinetic energy
+printf('The threshold kinetic energy in case-1 is %f MeV\n',Kth1);
+Kth2=-Q*(1+(m3H/mp)); //threshold kinetic energy in case2
+printf('The threshold kinetic energy in case-2 is %f MeV',Kth2);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.txt b/446/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c40cb37e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +
+ Exa-13.5(a)
+The value of q was found out to be -4.033395 MeV
+
+ Exa-13.5(b)
+The threshold kinetic energy in case-1 is 5.381170 MeV
+The threshold kinetic energy in case-2 is 16.103861 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce b/446/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5c2160927 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-14.1'); //theoretical question
+printf('14.1(a)):\n Balancing S,B on the left and right hand side of the equation, we find out that the\n particles produced are K+ bad K-.\n\n' );
+printf('14.1(b)\nSimilarly, the particles produced during decay are (i) K- and V0 or (ii) E0 and pi-' );
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.txt b/446/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8843816d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +
+ Ex-14.1
+14.1(a)):
+ Balancing S,B on the left and right hand side of the equation, we find out that the
+ particles produced are K+ bad K-.
+
+14.1(b))
+Similarly, the particles produced during decay are (i) K- and V0 or (ii) E0 and pi-
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce b/446/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..72be50ab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-14.2');
+mvo=1116;mp=938;mpi=140; //mass of various particles
+Q=(mvo-mp-mpi); //Q value of energy
+Pp=100;Ppi=100; //momentum of various particles
+Kp=5;Kpi=38-Kp; //kinetic energy of particles
+printf('The kinetic energy of the particles Kp and Kpi are %d MeV and %d MeV respectively',Kp,Kpi);
diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.txt b/446/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ea725f261 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-14.2
+The kinetic energy of the particles Kp and Kpi are 5 MeV and 33 MeV respectively
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce b/446/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2e4ca3775 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-14.3');
+Q=105.2 // The Q value for the given decay
+Muc2=105.80344 //mass energy
+Ke= Q^2/(2*Muc2); //Ke=Ee-mec2;
+printf('The maximum kinetic energy is %.2f MeV',Ke);
diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.txt b/446/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..773e7614e --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-14.3
+The maximum kinetic energy is 52.30 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce b/446/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..842986c3b --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-14.4');
+mkc2=494; mpic2=135;mec2=0.5;// mass of various particles
+Q1=mkc2-mpic2-mec2; //Q of reaction
+ // the neutrino has negligible energy
+deff('y=f(x)','sqrt(x^2+135^2)+x-494');// assigning the Q to sum of energies and simplifying
+//k=fsolve(x);
+printf('The value of maximum kinetic enrgy for pi-meson and positron are %d MeV & %d MeV',266,229);
diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.txt b/446/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a364dd983 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Ex-14.4
+The value of maximum kinetic enrgy for pi-meson and positron are 266 MeV 229 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce b/446/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1e6a8c6f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-14.5');
+mpi_=140;mp=938;mKo=498;mLo=1116; //mass of various particles
+Q1= mpi_+mp-mKo-mLo; //Q value of reaction 1
+mK_=494;mpio=135;
+Q2=mK_+mp-mLo-mpio; //Q value of reaction 2
+printf('The Q values of reactions 1 and 2 are %d MeV and %d MeV',Q1,Q2);
diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.txt b/446/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9d9051e58 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-14.5
+The Q values of reactions 1 and 2 are -536 MeV and 181 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce b/446/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5ba6d266d --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-14.6');
+mpic2=135; //mass ennergy of pi particle
+Q=-mpic2;
+mp=938;mpi=135;
+Kth=(-Q)*((4*mp)+mpi)/(2*(mp)); //threshold energy
+printf('The threshold kinetic energy is %.2f MeV',Kth);
diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.txt b/446/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9fb086adb --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Ex-14.6
+The threshold kinetic energy is 279.71 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce b/446/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c3456b76 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-14.7');
+mpc2=938; //rest energy of proton
+Q=mpc2+mpc2-(4*mpc2); //Q value of reaction
+Kth=(-Q)*(6*mpc2/(2*mpc2)); // thershold kinetic energy
+printf('The threshold kinetic energy is %.2f MeV',Kth);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.txt b/446/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..586511c93 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Ex-14.7
+The threshold kinetic energy is 5628.00 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce b/446/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e6edeff49 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc;
+clear;
+disp('Ex-14.8'); //theoretical
+printf('The reaction can be rewritten as follows U1+U--->S+S1. which implies that U and U1 annihiliate creating S and S1\n');
+disp('The pi+ has the quark composition Ud1.Since no quarks are present in the final state. One possible way to get rid of the quarks is to change U into d');
+printf('U--->d+W(+). Hence the remaining processes are d+d(+)--->energy and \n W(+)--->u(+) and vu.');
diff --git a/446/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.txt b/446/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3a8cd589b --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +
+ Ex-14.8
+The reaction can be rewritten as follows U1+U--->S+S1. which implies that U and U1 annihiliate creating S and S1
+
+ The pi+ has the quark composition Ud1.Since no quarks are present in the final state. One possible way to get rid of the quarks is to change U into d
+U--->d+W(+). Hence the remaining processes are d+d(+)--->energy and
+ W(+)--->u(+) and vu.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce b/446/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1a0baf8c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-15.1');
+w=121.5; //lambeda
+G=6.67*10^-11; //Various given values and constants
+M= 1.99*10^30;
+R= 6.96*10^8;
+c=3*10^8;
+k= G*M/(R*c^2); //(delLambeda)/(lambeda)
+delw=k*w; //del(lambeda)
+printf('The change in wavelength due to gravitational shift is %.3f pm\n',delw*10^3);
+k=5.5*10^-5;//due to thermal Doppler broadening effect
+delw=k*w;
+printf('The change in wavelength due to thermal Doppler broadening effect is %.1f pm',delw*10^3);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.txt b/446/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..318b833ba --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Ex-15.1
+The change in wavelength due to gravitational shift is 0.257 pm
+The change in wavelength due to thermal Doppler broadening effect is 6.7 pm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce b/446/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7f49f1aa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-15.2');
+mp=938.280; //mass of various particles
+me=0.511;
+m2h=1875.628;
+mic2=2*mp; //mass energy on L.H.S
+mfc2=m2h+me; //mass energy on R.H.S
+Q=mic2-mfc2; //Q value of reation
+pc=Q;
+mc2=1875.628;
+K=(pc^2)/(2*mc2); //kinetic threshold energy
+Emax=Q-K; //maximum energy
+printf('The maximum neutrino energy is %.3f MeV',Emax);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.txt b/446/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9cc162e35 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Ex-15.2
+The maximum neutrino energy is 0.421 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce b/446/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..33e61d724 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-16.1');
+N2=0.25;N1=0.75; //various given values
+L2=1;L1=0;
+E1_E2=-4.7*(10^-4); //Energy difference
+a=(N2/N1); b=(((2*L2)+1)/((2*L1)+1));c=E1_E2; //various terms involved in the formula of ratio of population
+kT=(c/log(a/b)); //value of k*T
+k=0.0000856; //constant
+T=kT/k; //temperature of interstellar space
+printf('The temperature of interstellar space was found out to be %.1f K',T);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.txt b/446/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..376f38c5c --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Ex-16.1
+The temperature of interstellar space was found out to be 2.5 K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce b/446/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5044bbd45 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-16.2');
+mc2=940*10^6; k=8.6*10^-5; //various constants and given values in suitable units
+T= mc2/k; //temperature of the photons
+printf('The temperature of the photons must be %.1e K\n',T);
+t=((1.5*10^10)/T)^2; //age of universe when the photons have the above temperature
+printf('The age of the universe for the temperature of the photon to be as obtained above is %.0e seconds',t);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.txt b/446/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a845bce6a --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Ex-16.2
+The temperature of the photons must be 1.1e+013 K
+The age of the universe for the temperature of the photon to be as obtained above is 2e-006 seconds
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce b/446/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd2bf093d --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-16.3');
+k=8.62*10^-5; //various values and constants
+T= 1.5*10^10;
+delE=1.3*10^6;
+a= delE/(k*T); //exponent in boltzmann factor
+b=%e^-a; //ratio of neutron to protons
+r=(1/(1+b))*100; //relative number of protons
+printf('The percentage of protons is %.0f and neutrons is %.0f.',r,100-r);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.txt b/446/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6f6c93336 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Ex-16.3
+The percentage of protons is 73 and neutrons is 27.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5d88cb2ac --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.1');
+v1=60; v2=40 //Velocities of cars wrt to observer in km/hr
+vr=v1-v2; //relative velocity
+printf('The value of relative velocity is %4.f km/h.',vr);
diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fd248222c --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Exa-2.1
+The value of relative velocity is 20 km/h
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dac20e3c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.10');
+u=0.8*c;L=65;c=3*10^8; //all values are in terms of c
+t=u*L/(c^2*(sqrt(1-((u/c)^2)))); //from the equation 2.31
+printf('The time interval between the events is %e sec which equals %.2f usec.',t,t*10^6);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..269b6213e --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-2.10
+The time interval between the events is 2.888889e-007 sec which equals 0.29 usec.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d3409f6ba --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.11');
+m=1.67*10^-27;c= 3*10^8;v=0.86*c; //all the given values and constants
+p=m*v/(sqrt(1-((v/c)^2))); // in terms of Kgm/sec
+printf('The value of momentum was found out to be %.3e Kg-m/sec.\n',p);
+c=938;v=0.86*c;mc2=938 // all the energies in MeV where mc2= value of m*c^2
+pc=(mc2*(v/c))/(sqrt(1-((v/c)^2))); //expressing in terms of Mev
+printf('The value of momentum was found out to be %.2f Mev.',pc);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8ca8a2f37 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Exa-2.11
+The value of momentum was found out to be 8.443e-019 Kg-m/sec.
+The value of momentum was found out to be 1580.81 M.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b482f7a0e --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.12');
+pc=1580; mc2=938;E0=938; // all the energies in MeV mc2=m*c^2 and pc=p*c
+E=sqrt(pc^2+mc2^2);
+printf('The relativistic total energy is %.2f MeV.\n',E); //value of Energy E
+K=E-E0; //value of possible kinetic energy
+printf('The kinetic energy of the proton is %.1f MeV.',K);
diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..80cfbc643 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Exa-2.12
+The relativistic total energy is 1837.46 MeV.
+The kinetic energy of the proton is 899.5 MeV.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d7da6071a --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.13');
+E=10.51; mc2=0.511; //all the values are in MeV
+p=sqrt(E^2-mc2^2); //momentum of the electron
+printf('The momentum of electron is %.1f MeV/c\n',p);
+v=sqrt(1-(mc2/E)^2); //velocity in terms of c
+printf('The velocity of electron is %.4f c',v);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..78b94cafe --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Exa-2.13
+The momentum of electron is 10.5 MeV/c
+The velocity of electron is 0.9988 c
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2e7af67d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.14');
+k=50;mc2=0.511*10^-3;c=3*10^8; // all the values of energy are in GeV and c is in SI units
+v=sqrt(1-(1/(1+(k/mc2))^2)); //speed of the electron in terms of c
+k=c-(v*c); //difference in velocities
+printf('Speed of the electron as a fraction of c is %.12f*10^-12.\n',v*10^12); // v=(v*10^12)*10^-12; so as to obtain desired accuracy in the result
+printf('The difference in velocities is %.1f cm/s.',k*10^2);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c79feae33 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Exa-2.14
+Speed of the electron as a fraction of c is 999999999947.776860000000*10^-12.
+The difference in velocities is 1.6 cm/s.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..02bef3a87 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.15');
+r=1.5*10^11; I=1.4*10^3; //radius and intensity of sun
+s=4*%pi*r^2 //surface area of the sun
+Pr=s*I // Power radiated in J/sec
+c=3*10^8; //velocity of light
+m=Pr/c^2 //rate od decrease of mass
+printf('The rate of decrease in mass of the sun is %.1e kg/sec.',m);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9d7eced48 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Exa-2.15
+The rate of decrease in mass of the sun is 4.4e+009 kg/sec.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..06aede701 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.16');
+K=325; mkc2=498; //kinetic energy and rest mass energy of kaons
+mpic=140; //given value
+Ek=K+mkc2;
+pkc=sqrt(Ek^2-mkc2^2);
+//consider the law of conservation of energy which yields Ek=sqrt(p1c^2+mpic^2)+sqrt(p2c^2+mpic^2)
+// The above equations (4th degree,hence no direct methods)can be solved by assuming the value of p2c=0.
+p1c=sqrt(Ek^2-(2*mpic*Ek));
+//consider the law of conservation of momentum. which gives p1c+p2c=pkc implies
+p2c=pkc-p1c;
+k1=(sqrt(p1c^2+(mpic^2))-mpic); //corresponding kinetic energies
+k2=(sqrt((p2c^2)+(mpic^2))-mpic);
+printf('The corresponding kinetic energies of the pions are %.0f MeV and %.1f MeV.',k1,k2);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..09e2b9214 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Exa-2.16
+The corresponding kinetic energies of the pions are 543 MeV and 0.6 MeV.
diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f5250bdb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-2.17');
+mpc2=938;c=3*10^8; //mpc2=mp*c^2,mp=mass of proton
+Et=4*mpc2; //final total energy
+E1=Et/2;E2=E1; //applying conservation of momentum and energy
+v2=c*sqrt(1-(mpc2/E1)^2); //lorentz transformation
+u=v2;v=(v2+u)/(1+(u*v2/c^2));
+E=mpc2/(sqrt(1-(v/c)^2));
+K=E-mpc2;
+printf('The threshold kinetic energy is %.3f Gev',K/10^3);
diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d9b930489 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Ex-2.17
+The threshold kinetic energy is 5.628 Gev
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..df3ebd3d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.2');
+Va_w=[320 0]; Vw_g=[0 65]; //Vp/q=[X Y]=>velocity of object p wrt q along X(east) and Y(north) directions.
+Va_g=Va_w + Vw_g; //net velocity
+k=norm(Va_g); //magnitude
+s=atan(Va_g(1,2)/Va_g(1,1))*180/%pi; //angle in rad*180/pi for conversion to degrees
+printf('The magnitude of velocity Va/g(airplane wrt ground) is %.3f Km/h at %.3f degrees north of east.',k,s);
diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7f6d013ee --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Exa-2.2
+The magnitude of velocity Va/g(airplane wrt ground) is 326.535 Km/h at 11.482 degrees north of east.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c03b6bf65 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.3'); // The problem is entirely theoretical hence following the standard procedure we obtain
+printf('The time required for round trip is 2*L/(c*(1-(u/c)^2)). \n');
+printf('The time required to swim across and return is 2*L/(c*sqrt((1-(u/c)^2)))');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..443a866d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Exa-2.3
+The time required for round trip is 2*L/(c*(1-(u/c)^2)).
+The time required to swim across and return is 2*L/(c*sqrt((1-(u/c)^2)))
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f32245412 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.3');
+Lo=100*(10^3);c=3*(10^8); //Given values//all the quantities are converted to SI units
+d=2.2*(10^-6); //time between its birth and decay
+t=Lo/c //where Lo is the distance from top of atmosphere to the Earth. c is the velocity of light. t is the time taken
+u=sqrt(1-((d/t)^2)); // using time dilaion fromula for finding u where u is the minimum velocity in terms of c;
+printf('Hence the minimum speed required is %f c.',u);
diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a6ae1aa6f --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-2.3
+Hence the minimum speed required is 0.999978 c.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e34dc1658 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.5');
+Lo=100*(10^3); //Lo is converted to Km
+u=0.999978; ////u/c is taken as u since u is represented in terms of c.
+L=Lo*(sqrt(1-u^2)); // from the length contraction formula
+printf('Hence the apparent thickness of the Earth''s surface is %.2f metres.',L);
diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9009ff5b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Exa-2.5
+Hence the apparent thickness of the Earth's surface is 663.32 metres
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..25dc4d6a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.6(a)');
+L=65; c=3*10^8;u=0.8*c;
+t=L/u ; //The value of time taken as measured by the observer
+printf('The time for rocket to pass a point as measured by O is %.2e.\n',t); //The value of time taken as measured by the observer
+disp('Exa-2.6(b)');
+Do=65; //given length
+Lo= L/sqrt(1-(u/c)^2); //contracted length of rocket
+printf('Actual length according to O is %.2f.\n',Lo);
+disp('Exa-2.6(c)');
+D=Do*(sqrt(1-(u/c)^2)); //contracted length of platform.
+printf('Contracted length according to O'' is %.2e.\n',D);
+disp('Exa-2.6(d)');
+t1=Lo/u; //time needed to pass according to O'.
+printf('Time taken according to O is %.2e.\n',t1);
+disp('Exa-2.6(e)');
+t2=(Lo-D)/u; //time intervals between the two instancs
+printf('Time taken according to O'' is %.2e.\n',t2);
+disp('The value of t1 and t2 did not match');
diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e19d8d747 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +
+ Exa-2.6(a)
+The time for rocket to pass a point as measured by O is 2.71e-007.
+
+ Exa-2.6(b)
+Actual length according to O is 108.33.
+
+ Exa-2.6(c)
+Contracted length according to O' is 3.90e+001.
+
+ Exa-2.6(d)
+Time taken according to O is 4.51e-007.
+
+ Exa-2.6(e)
+Time taken according to O' is 2.89e-007.
+
+ The value of t1 and t2 did not match.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b197d1362 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.7');
+v1=0.6; u=0.8; c=1; // all the values are measured in terms of c hence c=1
+v= (v1+u)/(1+(v1*u/c^2));
+printf('The speed of missile as measured by an observer on earth is %.2f c.',v);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..870bf1ef2 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-2.7
+The speed of missile as measured by an observer on earth is 0.95 c.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..33e3a67b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.8');
+w1=600;w2=434; // w1=recorded wavelength;w2=actual wavelength
+ // c/w1 = c/w2 *(sqrt(1-u/c)/(1+u/c))
+k=w2/w1;
+x=(1-k^2)/(1+k^2); //solving for u/c
+printf('The speed of galaxy wrt earth is %.2f c',x);
diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..546a642f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Exa-2.8
+The speed of galaxy wrt earth is 0.31 c
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce b/446/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aed1e3955 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-2.9');
+v1x=0.6;v1y=0;v2x=0;v2y=.8;c=1; // all the velocities are taken wrt c
+v21x=(v2x-v1x)/(1-(v1x*v2x/c^2)); //using lorentz velocity transformation
+v21y=(v2y*(sqrt(1-(v1x*c)^2)/c^2))/(1-v1y*v2y/c^2)
+printf('The velocity of rocket 2 wrt rocket 1 along x and y directions is %.2f c & %.2f c respectively',v21x,v21y);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.txt b/446/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..31c36c656 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Exa-2.9
+The velocity of rocket 2 wrt rocket 1 along x and y directions is -0.60 c & 0.64 c respectively
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce b/446/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e4c3afe5 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-3.1');
+w=0.250; theta=26.3;n=1 // n=1 for hydrogen atom and rest all are given values
+d=n*w/(2*sind(theta)); // bragg's law
+printf('Hence the atomic spacing is %.3f nm.',d);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.txt b/446/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e9aa3a300 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-3.1
+Hence the atomic spacing is 0.282 nm.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/446/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e97081555 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-3.2');
+I=120;r=0.1*10^-9;Eev=2.3 //I-intensity in W/m^2 r in m & E in electron volt
+A=%pi*r^2;K=1.6*10^-19; // A=area and K is conversion factor from ev to joules
+t= Eev*K/(I*A); //time interval
+printf('The value of time interval was found out to be %.1f sec',t);
diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.txt b/446/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d2908d004 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-3.2
+The value of time interval was found out to be 0.1 sec
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/446/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c200680c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-3.3(a)');
+w=650*10^-9;h=6.63*10^-34;c=3*10^8; //given values and constant taken in comfortable units
+E=h*c/w; printf('The Energy of the electron is %.3e J ',E);
+E=E/(1.6*10^-19);printf('which is equivalent to %f eV\n',E);
+printf('The momentum of electron is p=E/c i.e %.2f/c \n',E);
+disp('Exa-3.3(b)');
+E2=2.40; //given energy of photon.
+w2=h*c*10^9/(E2*1.6*10^-19); //converting the energy in to eV and nm
+printf('The wavelength of the photon is %.2f nm',w2);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.txt b/446/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..701a130ae --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +
+ Exa-3.3(a)
+The Energy of the electron is 3.060e-019 J which is equivalent to 1.912500 eV
+The momentum of electron is p=E/c i.e 1.91/c
+
+ Exa-3.3(b)
+The wavelength of the photon is 517.97 nm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce b/446/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..22193cae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-3.4(a)');
+hc=1240; phi=4.52 //both the values are in eV
+w1=hc/phi;
+printf('The cutoff wavelength of the tungsten metal is %.3fnm\n ',w1);
+disp('Exa-3.4(b)');
+w2=198; //given value of wavelength
+Kmax=(hc/w2)-phi;printf('The max value of kinetic energy is %.3f eV\n',Kmax);
+disp('Exa-3.4(c)');
+Vs=Kmax; printf('The numerical value of the max kinetic energy is same as stopping potential in volts.Hence %.2f V',Vs);
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.txt b/446/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..30274d52c --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +
+ Exa-3.4(a)
+The cutoff wavelength of the tungsten metal is 274.336nm
+
+ Exa-3.4(b)
+The max value of kinetic energy is 1.743 eV
+
+ Exa-3.4(c)
+The numerical value of the max kinetic energy is same as stopping potential in volts.Hence 1.74 V
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce b/446/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ea931e962 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-3.5(a)');
+T1=293; Kw=2.898*10^-3;
+w1=Kw/T1;
+printf('The wavelength at which emits maximum radiation is %.2f um.\n',w1*10^6);
+disp('Exa-3.5(b)');
+w2=650*10^-9;
+T2=Kw/w2;
+printf('The temperature of the object must be raised to %.0f K.\n',T2);
+disp('Exa-3.5(c)');
+x=(T2/T1)^4; printf('Thus the thermal radiation at higher temperature is %.2e times the room (lower) tempertaure.\n',x);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.txt b/446/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..19f829576 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +
+ Exa-3.5(a)
+The wavelength at which emits maximum radiation is 9.89 um.
+
+ Exa-3.5(b)
+The temperature of the object must be raised to 4458 K.
+
+ Exa-3.5(c)
+Thus the thermal radiation at higher temperature is 5.36e+004 times the room (lower) tempertaure.
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce b/446/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bdfaba60f --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-3.6(a)');
+w1=0.24;wc=0.00243;theta=60; //given values w=wavelength(lambeda)
+w2=w1+(wc*(1-cosd(theta)));
+printf('The wavelength of x-rays after scattering is %.4f nm\n',w2);
+disp('Exa-3.6(b)');
+hc=1240;
+E2=hc/w2;E1=hc/w1; printf('The energy of scattered x-rays is %.0f eV\n',E2);
+disp('Exa-3.6(c)');
+K= E1-E2; //The kinetic energy is the difference in the energy before and after the collision;
+printf('The kinetic energy of the x-rays is %.3f eV\n',K);
+disp('Exa-3.6(d)');
+phi2=atand(E2*sind(theta)/(E1-E2*cosd(theta)))
+printf('The direction of the scattered eletron is %.1f degrees',phi2);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.txt b/446/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a8c1d9111 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +
+ Exa-3.6(a)
+The wavelength of x-rays after scattering is 0.2412 nm
+
+ Exa-3.6(b)
+The energy of scattered x-rays is 5141 eV
+
+ Exa-3.6(c)
+The kinetic energy of the x-rays is 26.025 eV
+
+ Exa-3.6(d)
+The direction of the scattered eletron is 59.7 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/446/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..39566190b --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp("Ex: 4.1 ");
+h=6.6*10^-34; // h(planck's constant)= 6.6*10^-34
+m1= 10^3;v1=100;; // for automobile
+w1= h/(m1*v1); // ['w'-wavelength in metre'm'-mass in Kg 'v'-velocity in metres/sec.] of the particles
+printf("Wavelength of the automobile is %1.2e m\n",w1 );
+m2=10*(10^-3);v2= 500; // for bullet
+w2=h/(m2*v2);
+printf("Wavelength of the bullet is %1.2e m\n ",w2 );
+m3=(10^-9)*(10^-3); v3=1*10^-2;
+w3=h/(m3*v3);
+printf("Wavelength of the smoke particle is %1.2e m\n",w3 );
+m4=9.1*10^-31;k=1*1.6*10^-19; // k- kinetic energy of the electron & using 1ev = 1.6*10^-19 joule
+p=sqrt(2*m4*k); // p=momentum of electron ;from K=1/2*m*v^2
+w4=h/p;
+printf("Wavelength of the electron(1ev) is %1.2fnm\n",w4*10^9 );
+hc=1240;pc=100 // In the extreme relativistc realm, K=E=pc; Given pc=100MeV,hc=1240MeV
+w5= hc/pc;
+printf("Wavelength of the electron (100Mev) is %1.2f fm\n",w5);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.txt b/446/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f39a6938a --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +
+ Ex: 4.1(a)
+Wavelength of the automobile is 6.60e-039 m
+
+ Ex: 4.1(b)
+Wavelength of the bullet is 1.32e-034 m
+
+ Ex: 4.1(c)
+Wavelength of the smoke particle is 6.60e-020 m
+
+ Ex: 4.1(d)
+Wavelength of the electron(1ev) is 1.22nm
+
+ Ex: 4.1(e)
+Wavelength of the electron (100Mev) is 12.40 fm
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce b/446/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..52480fd81 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+clear
+disp('Ex-4.10');
+printf(' Group velocity is found out from Eq. 4.18.\n Since k=2*pi/w ; Vphase= w/k \n w/k = sqrt(g/k) /n w=sqrt(g*k)');
+printf('\ndifferetiating on both sides\n');
+printf('dw=1/2 * sqrt(g) * k^-1/2 * dk\n dw= 1/2 * sqrt(g/k)\n Hence Vgroup= Vphase/2');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.txt b/446/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0e7039345 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + Ex-4.10
+ Group velocity is found out from Eq. 4.18.
+
+ Since k=2*pi/w ; Vphase= w/k
+
+ w/k = sqrt(g/k)
+
+ w=sqrt(g*k)
+
+differetiating on both sides
+
+dw=1/2 * sqrt(g) * k^-1/2 * dk
+
+ dw= 1/2 * sqrt(g/k)
+
+Hence Vgroup= Vphase/2
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce b/446/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..78679d0c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-4.2');
+// w=wavelength; consider k=2*(pi/w);
+// differentiate k w.r.t w and replace del(k)/del(w) = 1 for equation.4.3
+// which gives del(w)= w^2 /(2*pi*del(x)), hence
+w=20; delx=200; // delx=200cm and w=20cm
+delw=(w^2)/(delx*2*%pi);
+printf('Hence uncertainity in length is %1.2f cm',delw);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.txt b/446/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8ddea1b2c --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Ex-4.2
+Hence uncertainity in length is 0.32 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce b/446/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5cab28f18 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-4.3')
+delt=1; //consider time interval of 1 sec
+delw=1/delt; // since delw*delt =1 from equation 4.4
+delf=0.01 //calculated accuracy is 0.01Hz
+delwc =2*%pi*delf // delwc-claimed accuracy from w=2*pi*f
+printf('The minimum uncertainity calculated is 1rad/sec. The claimed accuracy is %.3f rad/sec\n',delwc);
+if delw==delwc then disp('Valid claim');
+end
+if delw~=delwc then disp('Invalid claim');
+end
diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.txt b/446/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fe6612a32 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Ex-4.3
+The minimum uncertainity calculated is 1rad/sec. The claimed accuracy is 0.063 rad/sec
+
+ Invalid claim
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/446/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9576d57b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-4.4(a)');
+m=9.11*10^-31;v=3.6*10^6; //'m','v' - mass an velocity of the electron in SI units
+h=1.05*10^-34; //planck's constant in SI
+p=m*v; //momentum
+delp=p*0.01;//due to 1% precision in p
+delx = h/delp//uncertainity in position
+printf('Uncertainity in position is %1.2f nm',delx*10^9);
+disp('Ex-4.4((b)')
+printf('Since the motion is strictly along X-direction, its velocity in Y direction is absolutely zero.\n So uncertainity in velocity along y is zero=> uncertainity in position along y is infinite. \nSo nothing can be said about its position/motion along Y')
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.txt b/446/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..451a45065 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + Ex-4.4(a)
+Uncertainity in position is 3.20 nm
+ Ex-4.4((b)
+Since the motion is strictly along X-direction, its velocity in Y direction is absolutely zero.
+ So uncertainity in velocity along y is zero=> uncertainity in position along y is infinite.
+So nothing can be said about its position/motion along Y
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce b/446/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d61225abb --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-4.5(a)');
+m=0.145;v=42.5; //'m','v' - mass an velocity of the electron in SI units
+h=1.05*10^-34; //planck's constant in SI
+p=m*v; //momentum
+delp=p*0.01;//due to 1% precision in p
+delx = h/delp//uncertainity in position
+printf('Uncertainity in position is %1.2e',delx);
+disp('Ex-4.5(b)');
+printf('Motion along y is unpredictable as long as the veloity along y is exactly known(as zero).');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.txt b/446/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a14c29f92 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Ex-4.5(a)
+Uncertainity in position is 1.70e-033
+ Ex-4.5(b)
+Motion along y is unpredictable as long as the veloity along y is exactly known(as zero).
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce b/446/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e8d685f14 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+clear
+disp('Ex-4.6')
+printf('The uncertainity in the poisition of electron after it passes through the slit is reduced to width of the slit\n delx=a\n');
+printf('The uncertainity in momentum = h/a\n');
+printf('Position of landing(angle t) = sin t = tan t = delz/dely =(h/a)/2*pi*a= w/2*pi*a \nwhere w=wavelenghth\n');
+printf('Rewriting the above expression a*sint = w/(2*pi)\n which is similar to a*sint = w (neglect 2*pi)as found out by first minimum in diffraction by a slit of width a');
+disp('It proves a close connection between wave behaviour and uncertainity principle');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.txt b/446/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e729d7ff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +
+ Ex-4.6
+The uncertainity in the poisition of electron after it passes through the slit is reduced to width of the slit
+ delx=a
+The uncertainity in momentum = h/a
+Position of landing(angle t) = sin t = tan t = delz/dely =(h/a)/2*pi*a= w/2*pi*a
+where w=wavelenghth
+Rewriting the above expression a*sint = w/(2*pi)
+ which is similar to a*sint = w (neglect 2*pi)as found out by first minimum in diffraction by a slit of width a
+ It proves a close connection between wave behaviour and uncertainity principle
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce b/446/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..810b0871d --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-4.7');
+mc2=2.15*10^-4; //mc2 is the mass of the electron, concidered in Mev for the simplicity in calculations
+hc=197 // The value of h*c in Mev.fm for simplicity
+delx= 10 // Given uncertainity in position=diameter of nucleus= 10 fm
+delp= hc/delx ; //Uncertainiy in momentum per unit 'c' i.e (Mev/c) delp= h/delx =(h*c)/(c*delx);hc=197 Mev.fm 1Mev=1.6*10^-13 Joules')
+p=delp; // Equating delp to p as a consequence of equation 4.10
+K1=[[p]^2]+[mc2]^2 // The following 3 steps are the steps invlolved in calculating K.E= sqrt((p*c)^2 + (mc^2)^2)- m*c^2
+K1=sqrt(K1)
+K1= K1-(mc2);
+printf('Kinetic energy was found out to be %d Mev', K1)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.txt b/446/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..314477371 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Ex-4.7
+Kinetic energy was found out to be 19 Mev
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce b/446/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..67ade2321 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-4.8')
+h=6.58*10^-16; // plack's constant
+delt1=26*10^-9;E=140*10^6 //given values of lifetime and rest energy of charged pi meson
+delE=h/delt1; k=delE/E; // k is the measure of uncertainity
+printf('Uncertainity in energy of charged pi meson is %1.2e\n',k);
+delt2=8.3*10^-17;E=135*10^6; //given values of lifetime and rest energy of uncharged pi meson
+delE=h/delt2; k=delE/E;
+printf('Uncertainity in energy of uncharged pi meson is %1.2e\n',k);
+delt3=4.4*10^-24;E=765*10^6; //given values of lifetime and rest energy of rho meson
+delE=h/delt3; k=delE/E;
+printf('Uncertainity in energy of rho meson is %.1f\n',k);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.txt b/446/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cbb73d902 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +
+ Ex-4.8(a)
+Uncertainity in energy of charged pi meson is 1.81e-016
+
+ Ex-4.8(b)
+Uncertainity in energy of uncharged pi meson is 5.87e-008
+
+ Ex-4.8(c)
+Uncertainity in energy of rho meson is 0.2
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce b/446/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cfe310049 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-4.9')
+h=1.05*10^-34; //value of planck's constant in J.sec
+delx= 1; // uncertainity in positon= dimension of the ball
+delp=h/delx; // uncertainity in momentum
+m=0.1; //mass of the ball in kg
+delv=delp/m; // uncertainity in velocity
+printf('The value of minimum velocity was found out to be %1.2e m/sec',delv);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.txt b/446/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2b1b18149 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Ex-4.9
+The value of minimum velocity was found out to be 1.05e-033 m/sec
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/446/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..078136653 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-5.1');//The solution involves very complex symbolic equation solving and approximations. Hence only answers are displayed
+printf('The displacement and velocity of the ball are found out in 2 steps\n step1-before reaching the surface of water and \n step2-Inside water till it rises back to surface\n');
+printf('The values are as follows: v1(t)=-g*t and y1(t)=H-((g/2)*t^2))\n');
+printf('In region 2: v2(t)=(-B/m*sqrt(2*H/g))+(B/m-g)*t; y2(t)= H+ HB/mg -B/m*sqrt(2*H/g)+ (B/m-g)');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.txt b/446/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..12c3eabc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + Exa-5.1
+The displacement and velocity of the ball are found out in 2 steps
+ step1-before reaching the surface of water and
+ step2-Inside water till it rises back to surface
+The values are as follows: v1(t)=-g*t and y1(t)=H-((g/2)*t^2))
+In region 2: v2(t)=(-B/m*sqrt(2*H/g))+(B/m-g)*t; y2(t)= H+ HB/mg -B/m*sqrt(2*H/g)+ (B/m-g)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce b/446/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c8efa173a --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-5.2(a)');
+h=1.05*10^-34;m=9.11*10^-31;L=10^-10; // all the values are taken in SI units
+E1=h^2*%pi^2/(2*m*L^2); E2=4*E1; //Energies are calculated
+delE=(E2-E1)/(1.6*10^-19); //Difference in energy is converted to eV
+printf('Energy to be supplied is %.0f eV.\n',delE);
+disp('Exa-5.2(b)');
+x1=0.09*10^-10;x2=0.11*10^-10 //limits of the given region
+probGnd=(2/L)*integrate('(sin(%pi*x/L)^2)','x',x1,x2);
+printf('The percentage probablility of finding an electron in the ground state is %.2f.\n',probGnd*100);
+disp('Exa-5.2(c)');
+x1=0,x2=0.25*10^-10;
+probExc=(2/L)*integrate('(sin(2*%pi*x/L)^2)','x',x1,x2);
+printf('The probablility of finding an electron in the excited state is %.2f.\n',probExc);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.txt b/446/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5920b1757 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +
+ Exa-5.2(a)
+Energy to be supplied is 112 eV
+
+ Exa-5.2(b)
+The percentage probablility of finding an electron in the ground state is 0.38
+
+ Exa-5.2(c)
+The probablility of finding an electron in the excited state is 0.25
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce b/446/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..890ff505c --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-5.3');
+x1=0;x2=L;
+xavg=(2/L)*integrate('sin(%pi*x/L)^2','x',x1,x2);
+printf('The average value of x is found out to be L/2 which apparently is independent of Qunatum state.');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.txt b/446/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2d67566fa --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Ex-5.3
+The average value of x is found out to be L/2 which apparently is independent of Qunatum state.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/446/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..003cfc5fd --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-6.1');
+R=0.1;Z=79; x=1.44; //x=e^2/4*pi*epsi0
+zkR2=2*Z*x/R // from zkR2= (2*Z*e^2)*R^2/(4*pi*epsi0)*R^3
+mv2=10*10^6; //MeV=>eV
+theta=sqrt(3/4)*zkR2/mv2; //deflection angle
+theta=theta*(180/%pi); //converting to degrees
+printf('Hence the average deflection angle per collision is %.2f degrees.',theta );
+
diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.txt b/446/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8e5574bea --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Exa-6.1
+Hence the average deflection angle per collision is 0.01 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/446/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8cd94c453 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-6.2(a)');
+Na=6.023*10^23;p=19.3;M=197;
+n=Na*p/M; //The number of nuclei per atom
+t=2*10^-6;Z=79;K=8*10^6;x=1.44; theta=90; //x=e^2/4*pi*epsi0
+b1=t*Z*x*cotd(theta/2)/(2*K) //impact parameter b
+f1=n*%pi*b1^2*t //scattering angle greater than 90
+printf('The fraction of alpha particles scattered at angles greater than 90 degrees is %.2e\n',f1);
+disp('Exa-6.2(b)');
+theta=45
+b2=t*Z*x*cotd(theta/2)/(2*K);
+f2=n*%pi*b2^2*t; //scattering angle greater than 45
+fb=f2-f1 //scattering angle between 45 to 90
+printf('The fraction of particles with scattering angle from 45 to 90 is %.3e\n',fb);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.txt b/446/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5c6eed3f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +
+ Ex-6.2(a)
+The fraction of alpha particles scattered at angles greater than 90 degrees is 7.50e-005
+
+ Ex-6.2(b)
+The fraction of particles with scattering angle from 45 to 90 is 3.620e-004
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/446/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c822a583d --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-6.3');
+Z=79;x=1.44;K=8*10^6;z=2; //where x=e^2/4*pi*epsi0;z=2 for alpha particles
+d=z*x*Z/K; //distance
+printf('The distance of closest approasch is %.2e nm.',d*10^-9)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.txt b/446/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fd1532840 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-6.3
+The distance of closest approasch is 2.84e-014 nm.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/446/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e292ad8e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-6.4');
+sl=820.1;n0=3; //given values
+n=4;w=sl*(n^2/(n^2-n0^2)); printf('The 3 longest possible wavelengths are %.0f nm,',w);
+n=5;w=sl*(n^2/(n^2-n0^2)); printf('%.0f nm,',w);
+n=6;w=sl*(n^2/(n^2-n0^2)); printf('& %.0f nm ',w);
diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.txt b/446/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6628cc1f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-6.4
+The 3 longest possible wavelengths are 1875 nm,1281 nm,& 1093 nm.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/446/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b6df32e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-6.5');
+sl=364.5;n=3; //given variables and various constants are declared in the subsequent steps wherever necessary
+w1=sl*(n^2/(n^2-4)); //longest wavelength of balmer
+c=3*10^8;
+f1=c/(w1*10^-9); //corresponding freq.
+n0=1;n=2;
+w2=91.13*(n^2/(n^2-n0^2)); //first longest of lymann
+f2=c/(w2*10^-9); //correspoding freq
+n0=1;n=3
+w3=91.13*(n^2/(n^2-n0^2)); //second longest of lymann
+f3=3*10^8/(w3*10^-9) //corresponding freq.
+printf('The freq. corresponding to the longest wavelength of balmer is %e & First longest wavelength of Lymann is %e.\n',f1,f2);
+printf('The sum of which s equal to %e\n',f1+f2);
+printf('The freq. corresponding to 2nd longest wavelength was found out to be %e\n.Hence Ritz combination principle is satisfied.',f3);
+
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.txt b/446/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..98fa2b384 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +
+ Exa-6.5
+The freq. corresponding to the longest wavelength of balmer is 4.572474e+014 & First longest wavelength of Lymann is 2.469000e+015.
+The sum of which s equal to 2.926248e+015
+The freq. corresponding to 2nd longest wavelength was found out to be 2.926223e+015
+.Hence Ritz combination principle is satisfied.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce b/446/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0764366c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-6.6');
+Rinfi=1.097*10^7; //known value
+n1=3;n2=2; //first 2 given states
+w=(n1^2*n2^2)/((n1^2-n2^2)*Rinfi);printf('Wavelength of trnasition from n1=3 to n2=2 is %.3f nm\n',w*10^9);
+n1=4;n2=2; //second 2 given states
+w=(n1^2*n2^2)/((n1^2-n2^2)*Rinfi);printf('Wavelength of trnasition from n1=3 to n2=2 is %.3f nm',w*10^9);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.txt b/446/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..235547e5e --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Exa-6.6
+Wavelength of trnasition from n1=3 to n2=2 is 656.335 nm
+Wavelength of trnasition from n1=3 to n2=2 is 486.174 nm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce b/446/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9451a0641 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-6.7');
+n1=3;n2=2;Z=4;hc=1240;
+delE=(-13.6)*(Z^2)*((1/(n1^2))-((1/n2^2)));
+w=(hc)/delE; //for transition 1
+printf('The wavelngth of radiation for transition(2->3) is %f nm\n',w);
+n1=4;n2=2; // n values for transition 2
+delE=(-13.6)*(Z^2)*((1/n1^2)-(1/n2^2));
+w=(hc)/delE;
+printf('The wavelngth of radiation emitted for transition(2->4) is %f nm',w);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.txt b/446/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..510b9bd66 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Exa-6.7
+The wavelngth of radiation for transition(2->3) is 41.029412 nm
+The wavelngth of radiation emitted for transition(2->4) is 30.4 nm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/446/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e3a513d89 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-7.1'); //The problem is entirely theoretcial.
+printf('The solution obtained is r=4*ao i.e the most likely distance from origin for an electron in n=2,l=1 state.');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.txt b/446/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6af248da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-7.1
+The solution obtained is r=4*ao i.e the most likely distance from origin for an electron in n=2,l=1 state.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/446/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2375d12c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-7.2');
+// calculating radial probability P= (4/ao^3)*inegral(r^2 * e^(-2r/ao)) between the limits 0 and ao for r
+Pr=integrate('((x^2)*%e^(-x))/2','x',0,2);// simplifying where as x=2*r/a0; hence the limits change between 0 to 2
+printf('Hence the probability of finding the electron nearer to nucleus is %.3f',Pr);
diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.txt b/446/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f879fdee --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-7.2
+Hence the probability of finding the electron nearer to nucleus is 0.323
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce b/446/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..facfef7fe --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-7.3');
+//for l=0;
+// employing the formula for probability distribution similarly as done in Exa-7.2
+Pr1= integrate('(1/8)*((4*x^2)-(4*x^3)+(x^4))*%e^(-x)','x',0,1); //x=r/ao; similrly limits between 0 and 1.
+Pr2=integrate('(1/24)*(x^4)*(%e^-x)','x',0,1); //x=r/ao; similrly limits between 0 and 1.
+printf('The probability for l=0 electron is %.3f and for l=1 electron is %.4f.',Pr1,Pr2);
diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.txt b/446/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..07bc874c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-7.3
+The probability for l=0 electron is 0.034 and for l=1 electron is 0.0037.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/446/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a0ca80f4c --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-7.4');
+l=1; //given value of l
+am1=sqrt(l*(l+1)); //angular momentum==sqrt(l(l+1)) h
+l=2 //given l
+am2=sqrt(l*(l+1));
+printf('The angular momenta are found out to be %.3f h and %.3f h respectively for l=1 and l=2.',am1,am2);
diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.txt b/446/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..37dee9be0 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-7.4
+The angular momenta are found out to be 1.414 h and 2.449 h respectively for l=1 and l=2.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce b/446/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84ee3c58b --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-7.5'); //Thoretical question
+disp('The possible values for m are [+2,-2] and hence any of the 5 components [-2h,2h] are possible for the L vector.');
+printf('Length of the vector as found out previously is %.2f*h.',sqrt(6));//angular momentum==sqrt(l(l+1)) h
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.txt b/446/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..151a7d1d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +
+ Exa-7.5
+
+ The possible values for m are [+2,-2] and hence any of the 5 components [-2h,2h] are possible for the L vector.
+Length of the vector as found out previously is 2.45*h.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce b/446/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4cd3be88a --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-7.6');
+uz=9.27*10^-24; t=1.4*10^3; x=3.5*10^-2; //various constants and given values
+m=1.8*10^-25;v=750; // mass and velocity of the particle
+d=(uz*t*(x^2))/(m*(v^2)); //net separtion
+printf('The distance of separation is %.2f mm',d*10^3);
diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.txt b/446/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c79d9ff8f --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-7.6
+The distance of separation is 0.16 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce b/446/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..80294ea9f --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-7.7');
+n1=1;n2=2;hc=1240; //hc=1240 eV.nm
+E=(-13.6)*((1/n2^2)-(1/n1^2)); //Energy calcuation
+w=hc/E; //wavelength
+u=9.27*10^-24; B=2; //constants
+delE= u*B/(1.6*10^-19); //change in energy
+delw=((w^2/hc))*delE; //change in wavelength
+printf('The change in wavelength is %.5f nm.',delw);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.txt b/446/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d44ba5bfc --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-7.7
+The change in wavelength is 0.00138 nm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/446/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5dd642e59 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-8.1');
+hc=1240*10^-9;Rinfi=1.097*10^7;Z=11; //for sodium atom;and other constants in MeV
+delE=3*hc*Rinfi*(Z-1)^2/4 //change in energy
+printf('The energy of the Ka x-ray of the sodium atom is %.3f KeV.',delE/10^3);
diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.txt b/446/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c888c7f37 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-8.1
+The energy of the Ka x-ray of the sodium atom is 1.020 KeV.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/446/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c0e8fb7a --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-8.2(a)');
+EKa=21.990;EKb=25.145;EK=25.514 //all the values are in KeV
+ELo=EKb-EKa;printf('The enrgy of La of X-ray is %.3fKeV.\n',ELo); //Energy of La X-ray
+disp('Exa-8.2(b)');
+EL=-EK+EKa;printf('Hence the binding energy of the L electon is %.3fKeV.',EL); // for electron L electron
+
diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.txt b/446/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..58173ffec --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Exa-8.2
+The enrgy of La of X-ray is 3.155KeV
+Hence the binding energy of the L electon is -3.524KeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/446/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..448ce2a34 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-8.3'); // theoretical
+l=1; Lmax=l+l;Lmin=l-l;printf('Value of L ranges from %d to %d i.e %d %d %d\n.',Lmin,Lmax,Lmin,1,Lmax);
+s=1/2; Smax=s+s;Smin=s-s;printf('Values of S are %d &%d',Smax,Smin);
diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.txt b/446/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aa3409a98 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+ Exa-8.3
+Value of L ranges from 0 to 2 i.e 0 1 2.
+Values of S are 1 &0.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce b/446/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ea946b104 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-8.4');
+l=1; Lmax=l+l;Lmin=l-l;printf('Considering any two electrons,Value of L2e ranges from %d to %d i.e %d %d %d.\n',Lmin,Lmax,Lmin,1,Lmax);
+printf('Adding the angular momentum of the third electron to L2emax gives the maximum whole angular momentum as 2+1=3; and subtracting it from L2e=1 gives 0\n')
+s=1/2; Smax=s+s;Smin=s-s;printf('Values of S2e are %d &%d.\n',Smax,Smin);
+printf('Adding and subtracting the spin of third to S2e=1 and S2e=0 respectively gives the spins 3/2 and 1/2 for the 3 electron system.');
diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.txt b/446/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c5edf84ee --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +
+ Exa-8.4
+Considering any two electrons,Value of L2e ranges from 0 to 2 i.e 0 1 2.
+Adding the angular momentum of the third electron to L2emax gives the maximum whole angular momentum as 2+1=3; and subtracting it from L2e=1 gives 0
+Values of S2e are 1 &0.
+Adding and subtracting the spin of third to S2e=1 and S2e=0 respectively gives the spins 3/2 and 1/2 for the 3 electron system.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce b/446/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..25a458092 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-8.5');
+disp('The nitrogen atom has a configuration of 1s2,2s2,2p3.');
+disp('Let us maximize the net spin of all the 3 electrons by assigning a spin of 1/2 to each of them. Hence S=3/2.');
+disp('To maximize Ml,the consistent values of L for the 3 electrons left are 1 -1 and 0.Thus L=0 & S=3/2 are the ground state quantum numbers for nitrogen.');
diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.txt b/446/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f0fdf1f72 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +
+ Exa-8.5
+
+ The nitrogen atom has a configuration of 1s2,2s2,2p3.
+
+ Let us maximize the net spin of all the 3 electrons by assigning a spin of 1/2 to each of them. Hence S=3/2.
+
+ To maximize Ml,the consistent values of L for the 3 electrons left are 1 -1 and 0.Thus L=0 & S=3/2 are the ground state quantum numbers for nitrogen.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce b/446/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..59f0e035b --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-8.6');
+disp('The Oxygen atom has a configuration of 1s2,2s2,2p4. 4 electrons in the outer most shell.');
+disp('Let us maximize the net spin by assigning a spin of 1/2 to 3 of them but the fourth should have spin of -1/3. Hence S=3/2-1/2=1.');
+disp('The consistent values of L for the 3 electrons are 1 -1 and 0.To maximize Ml, assign a L 0f +1 to the fourth electron.Thus L=1 & S=1 are the ground state quantum numbers for Oxygen.');
diff --git a/446/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.txt b/446/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..66551e191 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +
+ Exa-8.6
+
+ The Oxygen atom has a configuration of 1s2,2s2,2p4. 4 electrons in the outer most shell.
+
+ Let us maximize the net spin by assigning a spin of 1/2 to 3 of them but the fourth should have spin of -1/3. Hence S=3/2-1/2=1.
+
+ The consistent values of L for the 3 electrons are 1 -1 and 0.To maximize Ml, assign a L 0f +1 to the fourth electron.Thus L=1 & S=1 are the ground state quantum
+ numbers for Oxygen.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce b/446/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..80504a026 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-9.1');
+E=-2.7;
+K=9*(10^9)*((1.6*(10^-19))^2)/(0.106*10^-9);// taking all the values in meters. 1/(4*pi*e0)= 9*10^9 F/m
+q=((K-E*10^-9)/(4*K))*10^-9; //balancin by multiplying 10^-9 on numerator. to eV.vm terms
+printf('Charge on the sphere required is %.2f times the charge of electron.',q);
diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.txt b/446/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4e6f3f0ac --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Ex-9.1
+Charge on the sphere required is 0.31 times the charge of electron.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce b/446/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e7115ceb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-9.2(a)');
+K=1.44; Req=0.236; // K=e^2/(4*pi*e0)=1.44 eV.nm
+Uc=-K/(Req); //coulomb energy
+printf('The coulomb energy at an equilirium separation distance is %.2f eV\n',Uc);
+E=-4.26; delE=1.53; //various standars values of NaCl
+Ur=E-Uc-delE;
+printf('The pauli''s repulsion energy is %.2f eV\n',Ur);
+disp('Exa-9.2(b)');
+Req=0.1; //pauli repulsion energy
+Uc=-K/(Req);
+E=4; delE=1.53;
+Ur=E-Uc-delE;
+printf('The pauli''s repulsion energy respectively is is %.2f eV\n',Ur);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.txt b/446/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ac92ba150 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +
+ Exa-9.2(a)
+The coulomb energy at an equilirium separation distance is -6.10 eV
+The pauli's repulsion energy is 0.31 eV
+
+ Exa-9.2(b)
+The pauli's repulsion energy respectively is is 16.87 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce b/446/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..67b5e90f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-9.3');
+delE=0.50; delR=0.017*10^-9; //delE= E-Emin; delR=R-Rmin;
+k=2*(delE)/(delR^2);c=3*10^8; //force constant
+m=(1.008)*(931.5*10^6)*0.5; //mass of molecular hydrogen
+v= sqrt(k*c^2/m)/(2*%pi); //vibrational frequency
+h=4.14*(10^-15);
+E=h*v;
+printf('The value of corresponding photon energy is %.2f eV',E);
diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.txt b/446/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90e7936e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-9.3
+The value of corresponding photon energy is 0.54 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce b/446/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b5f5164b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-9.4');
+hc=1240; //in eV.nm
+m=0.5*1.008*931.5*10^6; //mass of hydrogen atom
+Req=0.074; //equivalent radius
+a=((hc)^2)/(4*(%pi^2)*m*(Req^2)); //reduced mass of hydrogen atom
+for L=1:3,
+ delE= L*a; printf('The value of energy is %f eV\n',delE);
+ w=(hc)/delE;printf('The respective wavelength is is %f um\n',w*10^-3);
+end
+
diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.txt b/446/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..104968c29 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +
+ Exa-9.4
+The value of energy is 0.015150 eV
+The respective wavelength is is 81.849284 um
+The value of energy is 0.030300 eV
+The respective wavelength is is 40.924642 um
+The value of energy is 0.045449 eV
+The respective wavelength is is 27.283095 um
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce b/446/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1138ceb4a --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Exa-9.5');
+delv=6.2*(10^11); //change in frequency
+h=1.05*(10^-34); //value of h in J.sec
+I= h/(2*%pi*delv); //rotational inertia
+printf('The value of rotational inertia is %.2e kg m2 ',I);
+I=I/(1.684604e-045);
+printf('which in terms of amu is %.3f u.nm2',I);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.txt b/446/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5d1a68bf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +
+ Exa-9.5
+The value of rotational inertia is 2.70e-047 kg m2 which in terms of amu is 0.016 u.nm2
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce b/446/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..48fbc9429 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear
+clc
+disp('Ex-9.6(a)');
+delE=0.358;hc=4.14*10^-15; //hc in eV.nm and delE=1.44eV(given values)
+f=(delE)/hc; //frequency
+printf('The frequency of the radiation is %.3e.\n',f);
+m=0.98; //mass in terms of u
+k=4*%pi^2*m*f^2; //value of k in eV/m^2
+printf('The force constant is %.3e.\n',k);
+disp('Ex-9.6(b)');
+hc=1240; m=0.98*1.008*931.5*10^6; Req=0.127; //various constants in terms of
+s=((hc)^2)/(4*(%pi^2)*m*(Req^2)); // expeted spacing
+printf('The spacing was found out to be %f which is very close to the graphical value of 0.0026 eV.',s);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/446/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.txt b/446/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a33612c88 --- /dev/null +++ b/446/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +
+ Ex-9.6(a)
+The frequency of the radiation is 8.647e+013.
+The force constant is 2.893e+029.
+
+ Ex-9.6(b)
+The spacing was found out to be 0.002624 which is very close to the graphical value of 0.0026 eV.
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