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+// exa 8.1 Pg 227
+clc;clear;close;
+
+// Given Data
+Fmin=250;// N
+Fmax=300;// N
+del=8;// mm
+C=8;// spring index
+tau_d=420;// MPa
+G=84;// GPa
+
+// 1. Wahl's correction factor
+Kw=(4*C-1)/(4*C-4)+0.615/C;// Wahl's correction factor
+printf("\n Wahl''s correction factor = %.3f ",Kw)
+// 2. Wire diameter
+// tau_d=Kw*8*Fmax*C/%pi/d**2
+d=sqrt(Kw*8*Fmax*C/%pi/tau_d);// mm
+printf('\n Wire diameter = %.2f mm. Use 4.25 mm.',d)
+d=4.25;// mm
+// 3. Mean coil diameter
+Dm=8*d;// mm
+printf('\n Mean coil diameter = %.f mm.',Dm)
+// 4. Stiffness of spring
+k=(Fmax-Fmin)/del;// N/mm
+// 5. no. of active turns
+n = G*10**3*d/8/C**3/k ;// no. of active turns
+printf('\n no. of active turns = %.f',n)
+// 6. total no. of turns for squared and ground ends
+nt=n+2;// total no. of turns for squared and ground ends
+printf('\n total no. of turns for squared and ground ends = %.f',nt)
+// 7. Free length of spring
+//lf=l_s+del_max+clashallowance(=0.15*del_max)
+del_max=del*Fmax/(Fmax-Fmin);//mm
+l_s=nt*d;// mm
+lf=l_s+del_max+0.15*del_max;// mm
+printf('\n Free length of spring = %.1f mm Use 124 mm',lf)
+lf=124;//mm
+// 8. Pitch of coils
+p=lf/(nt-1);//mm
+printf('\n Pitch of coils = %.2f mm',p)
+// 9. Check for buckling
+printf('\n Check for buckling - ')
+m=lf/Dm;// > 2.6 provided guide
+printf('\n ratio lf/Dm = %.3f > 2.6. So, Providing guide is necessary.',m)
+kl_1=0.22;// for hinged ends
+kl_2=0.62;// for fixed ends
+Fcr_1=k*kl_1*lf;//N (for hinged ends)
+Fcr_2=k*kl_2*lf;//N (for fixed ends)
+printf('\n Critical load for buckling - ')
+printf('\n Fcr = %.1f N for hinged ends < Fmax',Fcr_1)
+printf('\n Fcr = %.1f N for fixed ends > Fmax',Fcr_2)
+printf('\n From above two calculatio, it can be seen that spring is safe in buckling for fixed ends.')
+// 10. Lowest natural frequency for both ends fixed
+rau=7800;// N/mm.cube. (Density of spring material)
+fn=d/(%pi*n*Dm**2)*sqrt(G*10**3/8/(rau*10**-9));//
+printf('\n\n Lowest natural frequency for both ends fixed, fn = %.3f Hz',fn)
+
+