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+//chapter 8 example 3//
+clc
+clear
+//capacitance=Cd,band width=B,temperature=T,current=I,load resistance=Rl,signal to noise ratio=S/N=R,optimum value of multiplication factor=Mopt//
+Cd=6*(10^-12);//in farads//
+B=40*(10^6);//in Hz//
+Rl=1/(2*%pi*Cd*B);//load rsistance//
+printf("\n a) load resistance=%f ohms\n",Rl)
+Kb=1.38*(10^-23);
+T=300;//in kelvin//
+e=1.6*(10^-19);//charge of the electron//
+x=0.3;
+Rl=666;//in ohms//
+Ip=2*(10^-7);
+Mopt=((4*Kb*T)/(e*x*Rl*Ip))^(1/2.3);
+printf("\n b) optimum value of multiplication factor=%f \n",Mopt)
+R=((Mopt*Ip)^2)/((2*e*B*Ip*(Mopt^2.3))+(4*Kb*T*B/Rl))*(0.01089);
+printf("\n c) signal to noise ratio=%f \n",R)