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+// Exa 5.1
+
+clc;
+clear;
+
+// Given data
+
+// A comparator as shown in FIg. 5.7(a)
+Aol=50000; // open loop gain of op-amp
+Vz=9; // Volts
+Vd=0.7; // cutoff voltage
+
+// Solution
+
+// case 1
+printf(' Since AOL = ∞ , even a small positive or negative voltage at the input drives the output to +- Vsat. \n  This causes Vz1 or Vz2 to break down, giving output voltage vo = +-(Vz+Vd)= ');
+Vsat = Vz+Vd;
+printf(' %.1f V. \n  The same is shown in Graphic Window No. 0 \n', Vsat);
+Vi= [-1:0.1:1];
+for i=1:21
+    if(Vi(i)<0)
+         Vo(i)=-Vsat;
+       elseif(Vi(i)==0)
+            Vo(i)=Vsat;
+        else
+            Vo(i)=Vsat;
+            
+    end
+    end
+set(gca(),"grid",[1,1]);
+a=gca(); // Handle on axes entity
+a.x_location = "origin"; 
+a.y_location = "origin"; 
+plot2d2(Vi,Vo);
+title('Transfer curve for ideal op-amp condition',"color","blue","fontsize",3);
+
+
+// case 2
+
+DellVi = Vsat/Aol; // Zener breaks down after +-Dell_Vi
+scf(1);
+Vi= [-1:0.1:1];
+for i=1:21
+    if(Vi(i)<0)
+         Vo(i)=-Vsat;
+       elseif(Vi(i)==0)
+            Vo(i)=DellVi;
+        else
+            Vo(i)=Vsat;
+            
+    end
+end
+set(gca(),"grid",[1,1]);
+a=gca(); // Handle on axes entity
+a.x_location = "origin"; 
+a.y_location = "origin";
+plot(Vi,Vo,'ro-');
+title('Transfer curve for practical op-amp condition',"color","blue","fontsize",3);
+
+printf(' \n\n  Now since, ∇Vi = %.3f mV. The zeners break down after +- %.3f mV \n  as shown in the transfer curve depicted in Graphic Windows No. 1',DellVi*1000,DellVi*1000);