diff options
Diffstat (limited to '2780/CH8')
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce | 8 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce | 11 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce | 6 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce | 18 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce | 15 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce | 12 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce | 11 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce | 14 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce | 9 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce | 11 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce | 7 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce | 12 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce | 8 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce | 10 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce | 10 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | 2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce | 7 |
16 files changed, 169 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..46570338c --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate value of planck's constant
+e=1.6*10^-19 //in C
+V=100*10^3 //voltage in KV
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s
+lambdamin=12.35*10^-12 //wavelength in m
+h=e*V*lambdamin/c
+disp("the value of plancks constant is h="+string(h)+"J-s")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a37e73d07 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of second X-ray beam
+//from bragg's law
+//lambda=(d*sin(%pi/3))/n eq(1)
+//it is given that,theta=60,n=3,lambda=1.97 angstrom
+//from eq(1) we get,2*d*sin60degree=3*0.97 eq(2)
+//let lambda' be the second X-ray beam
+//we get 2*d'*sin theta'=n'*lambda' eq(3)
+//from eq(2) and eq(3),we get
+lambda1=sin(%pi/6)*3*0.97/sin(%pi/3) //where lambda1=lambda'
+disp("wavelength of X-ray is lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"angstrom")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..df7c34431 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength
+d=2.82*10^-10 //spacing in m
+n=1
+lambda=2*d*sin(10*%pi/180)/n
+disp("wavelength of X-ray is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..597341fd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+//deduce possible spacing of the set of planes
+//for first order , 2*d*sintheta1=1*lambda...eq(1)
+//for second order ,2*d*sintheta2=2*lambda..eq(2)
+//for third order, 2*d*sintheta3=3*lambda......eq(3)
+//for fourth order, 2*d*sintheta4=4*lambda..............eq(4)
+//divide eq(2) by eq(1),we get sintheta2=2*sintheta1
+//similarly,sintheta3=3*sintheta1,sintheta4=4*sintheta1
+lambda=1.32*10^-10
+sintheta1=0.1650
+d1=lambda/(2*sintheta1)//for first order n=1,d1=d/n
+d2=lambda/(2*2*sintheta1) //for second order n=2,d2=d/n
+d3=lambda/(2*3*sintheta1) //for third order n=3,d3=d/n
+d4=lambda/(2*4*sintheta1) //for fourth order n=4,d4=d/n
+disp("d1="+string(d1)+"m")
+disp("d2="+string(d2)+"m")
+disp("d3="+string(d3)+"m")
+disp("d4="+string(d4)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7835e6fe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+//to calculate compton shift and wavelength
+h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s
+m0=9.11*10^-31 //mass of electron
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s
+dellambda=h*(1-(1/sqrt(2)))/(m0*c)
+lambda0=2*10^-10
+lambda=dellambda+lambda0
+disp("compton shift is dellambda="+string(dellambda)+"m")
+disp("wavelength of the scattered X-rays is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
+//to calculate fraction of energy lost by the photon in the collision
+//energy lost =E0-E/E0=(hc/lambda0)-(hc/lambda)/(ha/lambda0)
+//we get,
+energylost=dellambda/lambda
+disp("energylost ="+string(energylost)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fe51fd767 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength and energy
+//formula is lambda'-lambda=h*(1-cos phi)/(m0*c),where phi=90 degree, lambda'=2lambda ---------------eq(1)
+//dellambda=2lambda-lambda=lambda ----------------------------eq(2)
+h=6.62*10^-34 //planck's constant
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m.s
+m0=9*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+//from eq(1) and eq(2) ,we get
+lambda=h/(m0*c)
+disp("wavelength is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
+E=h*c/lambda
+disp("energy of the incident photon is E="+string(E)+"J")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b57b7582d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of radiation and direction of emission
+h=6.6*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s
+c=3*10^8 //speed of light in m/s
+energy=510*10^3 //energy of photon in eV
+lambda=h*c/(energy*1.6*10^-19)
+mo=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in Kg
+lambda1=lambda+h*(1-cos(%pi/2))/(mo*c)
+disp("wavelength of radiation is lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"m")
+theta=atand(lambda*sin(%pi/2)/(lambda1-lambda*cos(%pi/2)))
+disp("direction of emission of electron is theta="+string(theta)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..49d98b45f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of two X-rays
+h=6.6*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s
+mo=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+lambda=10*10^-12 //wavelength in pm
+lambda1=lambda+((h/(mo*c))*(1-(1/sqrt(2))))
+disp("wavelength of two X-rays is lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"m")
+//to calculate maximum wavelength
+lambda2=lambda+((2*h)/(mo*c))
+disp("maximum wavelength present in the scattered X-rays is lambda2="+string(lambda2)+"m")
+//to calculate maximum kinetic energy
+Kmax=(h*c)*((1/lambda)-(1/lambda2))/(1.6*10^-19)
+disp("maximum kinetic energy of the recoil electrons is Kmax="+string(Kmax)+"eV")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63c28fedd --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate maximum frequency
+h=6.6*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s
+Ve=50000 //accelerating potential in V
+lambdamin=h*c/Ve //wavelength in m
+numax=c/lambdamin
+disp("maximum frequency present in the radiation from an X-ray tube is numax="+string(numax)+"Hz")
+//answer is given in thec book is incorrect =1.2*10^19 Hz
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a240277c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate number of electrons
+I=2*10^-3 //current in mA
+e=1.6*10^-19
+n=I/e
+disp("number of electrons striking the target per second is n="+string(n)+"unitless")
+//to calculate speed
+m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+V=12.4*10^3 //potential difference in V
+v=sqrt(2*V*e/m)
+disp("the speed with which electrons strike the target is v="+string(v)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6a71b78e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength
+n=2 //second order for longest wavelength
+d=2.82*10^-10 // spacing in angstrom
+sintheta=1
+lambdamax=2*d*sintheta/n
+disp("the longest wavelength that can be analysed by a rock salt crystal is lambdamax="+string(lambdamax)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc099e7e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate spacing of the crystal
+h=6.62*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s
+m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+V=344 //voltage in V
+e=1.6*10^-19
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*V) //wavelength in m
+//according to Bragg's law
+n=1
+//formula is 2*d*sintheta=n*lambda
+d=n*lambda/(2*sin(%pi/6))
+disp("the spacing of the crystal is d="+string(d)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..77e86958d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of Kalpha line for an atom
+R=1.1*10^5
+z=92
+//Ka line is emitted when electron jumps from l shell(n2=2) to k shell(n1=1)
+//formula is 1/alphaa=R*(z-b)*((1/n1^2)-(1/n2)^2)
+alphaa=4/(3*R*(z-1)^2)
+disp("wavelength of Kalpha line for an atom is alphaa="+string(alphaa)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6db4378e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate thickness
+//mass absorption coefficient mum of an absorber is related with linear absorption coefficient mu and density of the material rho is given by
+//mu=rho*mum=2.7*0.6=1.62 cm^-1
+mu=1.62
+//if initial intensity Io of the X-ray beam is reduced to I in traversing a distance x in absorber I=Io*e^-mu*x
+//where I/Io=20
+//put above values in the below equation , we get
+x=(2.3026*(log(20)/log(10)))/1.62
+disp("thickness is x="+string(x)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eb820de04 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate atomic number of the element
+//equation for balmer series in hydrogen spectrum is 1/lambda=R*((1/2^2)-(1/n^2))
+//for series limit n=infinity ,R=4/lambdainfinity i.e. R=4/364.6nm
+//X-ray wavelength of K series is 1/lambda=R*(z-1)^2*((1/1^2)-(1/n^2))
+lambda=0.1*10^-9
+R=4/(364.6*10^-9)
+//for n=infinity ,minimum wavelength of k series is given by
+z=sqrt(1/(lambda*R))+1
+disp("atomic number is z="+string(z)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..434d28df1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength
+d=1.87*10^-10 //spacing in angstrom
+n=2
+//formula is lambda=2*d*sintheta/n
+lambda=2*d*sin(%pi/6)/n
+disp("the waelength of X-rays is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
|