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+clc;clear;
+//Example 19.1
+//calculation of potential barrier
+
+//given values
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+n=4.4*10^28;//no of atoms per m^3
+kT=.026*e;//temp eqvlnt at room temp
+ni=2.4*10^19;//no of intrinsic carriers per m^3
+NA=n/10^6;//no of acceptors
+ND=n/10^6;//no of donors
+
+//calculation
+V=(kT/e)*log(NA*ND/ni^2);
+disp(V,'potential barrier in volts is');