diff options
Diffstat (limited to '2276')
139 files changed, 2895 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.1/chapter1_ex1.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.1/chapter1_ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f31d02b9b --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.1/chapter1_ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r1=4;//resistance between point A and B in ohms which is in series with 10 volts d.c. supply.
+r2=3;//resistance between points C and D in ohms which is in series with a d.c. supply of 8 volts.
+r3=5;//resistance betwwen points F and G in ohms
+//arms AB.CD,FG are in parallel with each other.
+v1=10;//d.c. supply voltage in the arm AB in volts
+v2=8;//d.c. supply voltage in the arm CD in volts
+
+//calculations
+//using SUPER POSITION THEOREM
+//voltage source of 8 volts is neglected and supply is 10 volts d.c
+R1=r1+((r2*r3)/(r2+r3));// total resistance in ohms
+bIa1=v1/R1;//current in arm AB in amperes
+cId1=v1*(r3/(R1*(r2+r3)));//current in arm CD in amperes
+dIc1= -cId1;
+fIg1=(v1/R1)-cId1;//current in arm FG in amperes
+//voltage source of 10 volts is neglected and supply is 8 volts d.c
+R2=r2+((r1*r3)/(r1+r3));//total resistance in ohms
+dIc2=v2/R2;//current in arm CD in amperes
+aIb2=v2*(r3/(R2*(r3+r1)));//current in arm AB in amperes
+bIa2= -aIb2;
+fIg2=(v2/R2)-aIb2;//current in arm FG in amperes
+I1=bIa1+bIa2;//current in 10 V source in amperes
+I2=dIc1+dIc2;//current in 8V source in amperes
+I3=fIg1+fIg2;//current in arm FG in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the currents in the circuit are %3.5f A %3.5f A %3.5f A',I1,I2,I3)
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.10/chapter1_ex10.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.10/chapter1_ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..58eb985d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.10/chapter1_ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//AN,BN,CN are connected in star fashion where N is the nuetral point
+r1=5;//resistance in arm AN in ohms
+r2=20;//resistance in arm BN in ohms
+r3=10;//resistance in arm CN in ohms
+
+//calculations
+//star to delta conversion
+Y1=1/r1;//conductance of arm AN in seimens
+Y2=1/r2;//conductance of arm BN in seimens
+Y3=1/r3;//conductance of arm CN in seimens
+R1=1/((Y1*Y2)/(Y1+Y2+Y3));//resistance of arm AB in ohms
+R2=1/((Y2*Y3)/(Y1+Y2+Y3));//resistance of arm BC in ohms
+R3=1/((Y1*Y3)/(Y1+Y2+Y3));//resistance of arm CA in ohms
+
+//ouput
+mprintf('the equivalent resistances values for delta circuit are %3.0f ohms, %3.0f ohms and %3.1f ohms',R1,R2,R3)
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.11/chapter1_ex11.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.11/chapter1_ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..56a3fee15 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.11/chapter1_ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//AB,BC,CD,DA forms an unbalanced wheatstone's bridge
+r1=2;//resistance in arm AB in ohms
+r2=5;//resistance in arm BC in ohms
+r3=6;//resistance in arm CD in ohms
+r4=2;//resistance in arm DA in ohms
+r5=10;//resistance of detector placed between the points B and D
+v=4;//batterry supplying d.c. voltage in volts which is placed between points A and C
+r0=0.2;// internal resistance of the battery in ohms
+
+//calculations
+//AB,BC and BD are cosidered to be in star connection with B as star point
+Y1=1/r1;//conductacne of r1 in seimens
+Y2=1/r2;//conductance of r2 in seimens
+Y3=1/r5;//conductance of r5 in seimens
+//after delta conversion
+R1=1/((Y1*Y2)/(Y1+Y2+Y3));//resistance between points A and B in ohms
+R2=1/((Y2*Y3)/(Y1+Y2+Y3));//resistance between points C and D in ohms
+R3=1/((Y1*Y3)/(Y1+Y2+Y3));//resistance between points D and A in ohms
+Rad=(r4*R3)/(r4+R3);//effective resistance of arm AD in ohms
+Rdc=(r3*R2)/(r3+R2);//effective resistance of arm DC in ohms
+Radc=(Rad+Rdc);//effective resistance if arms AD and DC in ohms
+R=r0+((R1*Radc)/(R1+Radc));// total resistance of hte circuit in ohms
+I=v/R;//total current in the circuit in amperes
+I1=I*(R1/(R1+Radc));//current in arm AD in amperes
+I2=I-I1;//current in arm AB in amperes
+V1=I1*r4;//voltage across arm AD in volts
+V2=I2*r1;//voltage across arm AB in volts
+V3=V1-V2;//voltage across arm BD in volts and B is positive to D
+I3=V3/r5;//current in arm BD in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the current in the detector is %3.3f A',I3)
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.12/chapter1_ex12.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.12/chapter1_ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..133f7fbc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.12/chapter1_ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+// a battery consists of 10cells connected in series
+v=1.5;//e.m.f. of each cell in volts
+r=0.2;// internal resistance of each cell in ohms
+n=10;//number of cells in the battery
+
+//calculations
+//for maximum power load resistance=internal resistance
+R=n*r;//total internal resistance of hte battery in ohms
+Rl=R;//load resistance in ohms
+e=n*v;//total e.m.f. of battery in volts
+I=e/(R+Rl);//current from battery in amperes
+P=(I^2)*R;//heating loss in the battery in watts
+V=e-(I*R);//terminal voltage in volts
+
+//output
+mprintf('The maximum value of power which the battery may transfer is %3.1f W and an equal quantity of power is dissipated in the battery. \n under these conditions the terminal p.d. is %3.1f V',P,V)
+
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.2/chapter1_ex2.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.2/chapter1_ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cdba365ad --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.2/chapter1_ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v1=10;// d.c. voltage source in volts present in arm 1 in series with a 2 ohm resistor
+v2=15;//d.c. voltage source in volts present in arm 2 in series with a 3 ohm resistor
+r1=2; //resistance in arm 1 in ohms
+r2=3;// resistance in arm 2 in ohms
+r3=1.8;//resistance between node formed by arm 1 and 2 and point A
+R=3;//load resistance in ohms placed in arm AB
+// point A and B are in open condition and arm 1 and 2 are in parallel
+
+//calculations
+//thevenin equivalent circuit method
+i1=(v2-v1)/(r1+r2);// current in the parallel circuit in amperes
+e=v2-(i1*r2);// open cicuit e.m.f in volts i.e. thevenin's voltage
+r=r3+((r1*r2)/(r1+r3));// resistance to be considered between AandB in ohms i.e. thevenin's resistance
+I=e/(r+R);//current through the load resistance in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf(' the thevenin equivalent generator will have a constant e.m.f. of %3.0f V and internal resistance of %3.0f ohm. \n the current in 3 ohm resistor is %3.0f A',e,r,I)
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.3/chapter1_ex3.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.3/chapter1_ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7ca8843bc --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.3/chapter1_ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r1=0.2;//resistance in arm 1 in ohms which is in series with 10 volts d.c. supply.
+r2=0.2;//resistance in arm 2 in ohms which is in series with a d.c. supply of 12 volts.
+r3=0.4;//resistance in arm 3 in ohms whichis in series with 15 volts d.c. supply .
+//arms 1,2 and 3 are in parallel with each other and are parallel with the arm AB.
+v1=10;//d.c. supply voltage in the arm 1 in volts
+v2=12;//d.c. supply voltage in the arm 2 in volts
+v3=15;//d.c. supply voltage in the arm 3 in volts
+R1=2.28;// resistance in arm AB in ohms in one case
+R2=5.82;// resistance in arm AB in ohms in another
+
+//calculations
+//thevenin equivalent circuit method
+e=((v3/r3)+(v2/r2)+(v1/r1))/((1/r1)+(1/r2)+(1/r3));// thevenin's voltage in volts
+r=1/((1/r1)+(1/r2)+(1/r3));//thevenin's resistance in ohms
+I1=e/(r+R1);// current when resistance in AB arm is 2.28 ohms
+I2=e/(r+R2);// current when resistance in AB arm is 5.82 ohms
+
+//output
+mprintf('the equivalent generator has a constant voltage of %3.1f V and an internal resistance of %3.2f ohms \n the load currents are %3.0f A and %3.0f A',e,r,I1,I2)
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.4/chapter1_ex4.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.4/chapter1_ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c9c5ada8a --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.4/chapter1_ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//AB,BC,CD,DA are arms of a wheatstone bridge
+r1=4;//resistance in arm AB in ohms
+r2=6;//resistance in arm BC in ohms
+r3=5;//resistance in arm CD in ohms
+r4=3;//resistance in arm DA in ohms
+v=4;//d.c. supply given between points A and C in volt
+R=10;//resistance of the detector placed between the points B and D in ohms
+
+//calculations
+aIb=v/(r1+r2);//current in arm AB in amperes
+aId=v/(r3+r4);//current in arm DA in amperes
+aVb=aIb*r1;//voltage drop along arm AB in volts
+aVd=aId*r4;//voltage drop across arm AD in volts
+dVb=aVb-aVd;//since D is positive with respect to B
+e=dVb;// open circuit voltage in volts
+r0=((r1*r2)/(r1+r2))+((r3*r4)/(r3+r4));//equivalent resistance in ohms when the supply neglected
+I=e/(r0+R);//current through the 10 ohms resistance in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the current through the detector will be %3.5f A in the direction from D to B',I)
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.5/chapter1_ex5.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.5/chapter1_ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6dfb9c1d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.5/chapter1_ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v1=21;//voltage of first battery in arm 1 in volts
+v2=16;//voltage of second battery in arm 2 in volts
+r1=3;//internal resistance of first battery in ohms
+r2=2;//internal resistance of second battery in ohms
+R=6;//resistance going to be introduced in arm AB in ohms
+//arms 1,2 and AB are in parallel
+//arm AB is a short circuit path
+
+//calculations
+//norton's equivalent circuit method
+Isc=(v1/r1)+(v2/r2);//current through short circuit path in amperes
+aRb=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2);//equivalent resistance in ohms
+//now 6ohm resistor is placed in arm AB
+aIb=Isc*((aRb)/(aRb+R));//current through 6 ohm resistor in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the constants for norton equivalent generator are %3.1f A and %3.1f ohm \n the current through the 6 ohm resistor is %3.1f A',Isc,aRb,aIb)
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.6/chapter1_ex6.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.6/chapter1_ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7956d1006 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.6/chapter1_ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v1=5;//voltage of battery in arm 1 in volts
+v2=10;//voltage of battery in arm 2 in volts
+v3=20;//voltage of battery in arm 3 in volts
+r1=3;//internal resistance of battery in arm 1 in ohms
+r2=8;//internal resistance of battery in arm 2 in ohms
+r3=24;//internal resistance of battery in arm 3 in ohms
+//arms 1,2,3 and AB are in parallel with each other and AB are in open condition
+r4=6;//resistance between node formed by arms 1,2 and 3 and point A in ohms
+R0=7;//load resistance to be connected in arm AB in ohms
+//calculations
+//norton's equivalent method
+//batteries are neglected. so, only internal resistances remain in the arms
+R=1/((1/r1)+(1/r2)+(1/r3));//equivalent resistance in ohms
+aRb=R+r4;// total resistance when looked into the circuit from arm AB in ohm
+//applying superposition principle to determine the short circuit current
+//battery in arm 1 alone is considered
+R1=r1+(1/((1/r2)+(1/r3)+(1/r4)));//effective resistance in ohms
+I1=v1/R1;//current in amperes
+pd=I1*r1;//potential drop across the parallel combination in volts
+aIb1=pd/r4;//current in amperes
+//battery in the arm 2 alone is considered
+R2=r2+(1/((1/r1)+(1/r3)+(1/r4)));// effective resistance in ohms
+I2=v2/R2;//current in amperes
+V1=I2/((1/r1)+(1/r3)+(1/r4));//voltage in volts
+aIb2=V1/r4;//current in amperes
+//battery in the arm 3 alone is considered
+R3=r3+(1/((1/r1)+(1/r2)+(1/r4)));//effective resistance in ohms
+I3=v3/R3;//current in amperes
+V2=I3/((1/r1)+(1/r2)+(1/r4));//voltage in volts
+aIb3=V2/r4;//current in amperes
+Isc=aIb1+aIb2+aIb3;//short circuit current in amperes
+I=Isc*(aRb/(aRb+R0));//current through load resistor in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('Nortons equivalent generator will produce a constant current of %3.3f A and has a shunt resistance of %3.0f ohms \n the current through the external resistor will be %3.1f A',Isc,r2,I)
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.7/chapter1_ex7.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.7/chapter1_ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0ddb5c68f --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.7/chapter1_ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//AB,BC,CD,DA are arms of a wheatstone bridge
+r1=4;//resistance in arm AB in ohms
+r2=6;//resistance in arm BC in ohms
+r3=5;//resistance in arm CD in ohms
+r4=3;//resistance in arm DA in ohms
+v=4;//d.c. supply given between points A and C in volt
+R0=10;//resistance of the detector placed between the points B and D in ohms
+//a detector is placed between the point B and D
+
+//calculations
+// noerton's equivalent circuit method
+R1=((r1*r2)/(r1+r2))+((r3*r4)/(r3+r4));// equivalent resistance assuming short circuit between poin A and C in ohms
+R2=((r1*r4)/(r1+r4))+((r2*r3)/(r2+r3));//equivalent resistance assuming short circuit between points B and D in ohms
+I1=v/R2;// total current in amperes
+aIb=v*(r4/(R2*(r4+r1)));//current in arm AB in amperes
+aVDb=v*aIb;//voltage drop in arm AB
+bVDc=v-aVDb;//voltage drop in arm DC
+bIc=bVDc/r2;//currrent in arm BC in amperes
+dIb=bIc-aIb;//current in arm DB in amperes
+Isc=dIb;//short circuit current in amperes
+I=Isc*(R1/(R1+R0));//current through the detector in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('nortons equivalent generator produces %3.5f A and has a shunt resistance of %3.3f ohms \n the current through the detector will be %3.3f A',Isc,R1,I)
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.8/chapter1_ex8.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.8/chapter1_ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6dcb1a324 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.8/chapter1_ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//arma AB,BC and CA forms delta connection
+r1=2;//resistance in arm AB in ohms
+r2=3;//resistance in arm BC in ohms
+r3=5;//resistance in arm CA in ohms
+
+//calculations
+//conversion of given delta into star connection
+//let N be the star point
+R1=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2+r3);//resistance in arm AN in ohms
+R2=(r2*r3)/(r1+r2+r3);//resistance in arm BN in ohms
+R3=(r1*r3)/(r1+r2+r3);//resistance in arm CN in ohms
+
+//output
+mprintf('the respective star connected resistances are %3.1f ohm,%3.1f ohm and %3.1f ohm',R1,R2,R3 )
diff --git a/2276/CH1/EX1.9/chapter1_ex9.sce b/2276/CH1/EX1.9/chapter1_ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..307ebc9ae --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH1/EX1.9/chapter1_ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//AB,BC,CD,DA are arms of a wheatstone bridge
+r1=5;//resistance in arm AB in ohms
+r2=20;//resistance in arm BC in ohms
+r3=15;//resistance in arm CD in ohms
+r4=4;//resistance in arm DA in ohms
+v=4;//d.c. supply given between points A and C in volt
+r0=0.5;// internal resistances pf the d.c. supply in ohms
+r5=15;//resistance in arm BD in ohms
+
+//calculations
+//BCD is replaced by equivalent star connection
+//assume N as star piont after conversion
+bRn=(r2*r3)/(r3+r2+r5);//resistance in arm BN in ohms
+cRn=(r2*r5)/(r3+r2+r5);//resistance in arm CN in ohms
+dRn=(r5*r3)/(r3+r2+r5);//resistance in arm DN in ohms
+R=r0+cRn+(((r1+bRn)*(r4+dRn))/(r1+bRn+r4+dRn));//total resistance in ohms after conversion
+I=v/R;//totalcurrent supply in amperes
+I1=(v/R)*((r4+dRn)/(r1+bRn+r4+dRn));//current between points A and B in amperes
+I2=I-I1;//current between points A and D in amperes
+V1=I1*r1;//voltage drop across r1 in volts
+V2=I2*r4;//voltage drop across r4 in volts
+V3=V2-V1;//voltage drop across r5 in volts and B is positive to D
+I3=V3/r5;//current between points B and D in amperes
+I4=I1-I3;//current between points B and C in amperes
+I5=I2+I3;//current between points D and C in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the currents in each part of the circuit are \n It= %3.3f A \n aIb= %3.3f A \n aId= %3.3f A \n bId= %3.3f A \n bIc= %3.3f A \n dIc= %3.3f A',I,I1,I2,I3,I4,I5)
diff --git a/2276/CH10/EX10.1/chapter10_ex1.sce b/2276/CH10/EX10.1/chapter10_ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6588f7427 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH10/EX10.1/chapter10_ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+p=4;//number of poles of an alternator
+w=50*%pi;//angular velocity in rad/sec
+b=0.015;//sinusoidal flux per pole in weber
+phi=10*(%pi/180);//pole pitch in radians
+kf=1.11;//form factor
+
+//calculations
+f=(w*(p/2))/(2*%pi);//frequency in hertz
+e=2*kf*b*f;//e.m.f. per conductor in volts
+E=2*e*cos(phi/2);//total e.m.f. in volts
+
+//ouput
+mprintf('the e.m.f. between the ends of the coil is %3.1f V',E)
diff --git a/2276/CH10/EX10.2/chapter10_ex2.sce b/2276/CH10/EX10.2/chapter10_ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f7f06a6bb --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH10/EX10.2/chapter10_ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+p=4;//number of poles
+n=48;//number of slots
+b=0.02;//fulx per pole in weber
+w=50*(%pi);//angular velocity in rad/sec
+
+//calcultions
+f=(w*(p/2))/(2*%pi);//frequency in hertz
+phim=360/n;//mechanical angle in degrees
+phie=phim*(p/2);//electrical angle in degrees
+phiE=phie*(%pi/180);//electrical angle in radians
+kd=(sin(2*(phiE/2)))/(2*sin(phiE/2));//distribution factor and 2 is taken as we are calculating for 2 coils
+e=(p/2)*kd*4.44;//total e.m.f. for two coils in series in volts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total e.m.f. for two coils in series is %3.1f V',e)
diff --git a/2276/CH10/EX10.3/chapter10_ex3.sce b/2276/CH10/EX10.3/chapter10_ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..25a6b18db --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH10/EX10.3/chapter10_ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+p=6;//number of poles
+n=72;//number of slots
+n1=10;//conductors per slot
+b=0.01;//flux per pole in weber
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+phi=170;//pitch of coil in electrical degrees
+kf=1.11;//form factor for sinusoidal forms
+
+//calcultions
+n2=n/p;//number of slots per pole
+n3=n2/3;//number of slots per pole per phase for 3phase system
+phim=360/n;//mechanical angle between slots in degrees
+phie=phim*(p/2);//electrical angle in degrees
+phiE=phie*(%pi/180);//electrical angle in radians
+kd=(sin(n3*(phiE/2)))/(n3*sin(phiE/2));//distribution factor
+phis=(180-phi)*(%pi/180);//coil spam factor in radians
+kc=cos(phis);//pitch factor in radians
+e=2*kd*kc*kf*f*b*((n*n1)/3);//e.m.f. per phase in volts
+vl=(3^0.5)*e;//line voltage for star connection in volts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the phase and line voltages are %3.0f V and %3.0f V respectively',e,vl)
diff --git a/2276/CH10/EX10.4/chapter10_ex4.sce b/2276/CH10/EX10.4/chapter10_ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7a412f786 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH10/EX10.4/chapter10_ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+p=4;//number of poles
+n1=3;//number of phases
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+inp=60;//input to the motor in kW
+l=0.06;//losses in per units
+
+//calculations
+w=2*%pi*(f/(p/2));//angular velocity in rad/sec
+t=(inp*1000)/w;//total torque produced in newton meter
+tu=t-(t*l);//useful torque in newton meter
+
+//calculations
+mprintf('the total torque and the useful torque of the machine are %3.0f Nm and %3.0f Nm respectively',t,tu)
diff --git a/2276/CH10/EX10.5/chapter10_ex5.sce b/2276/CH10/EX10.5/chapter10_ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..35ecf53a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH10/EX10.5/chapter10_ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+p=2;//number of poles
+v=415;//3 phase supply voltage in volts
+n=3;//number of phases
+x=0.6;//reactance of phase in ohms
+f=50;//supply ferquency in hertz
+e=0.08;//resultant e.m.f. is 0.08of supply voltage
+
+//calculations
+e1=(e*v)/(3^0.5);//resultant e.m.f. per phase in volts
+i=e1/x;//current per phase in current
+il=i;//line current in amperes
+phi=(180/%pi)*atan(e);//load angle in degrees
+the=(180-phi)/p;
+PHI=cos(atan(e));//power factor
+inp=(3^0.5)*v*PHI*il;//power input in watts
+t=inp/(2*%pi*(f/(p/2)));//torque in newton meter
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total torque produced is %3.0f Nm',t)
diff --git a/2276/CH10/EX10.6/chapter10_ex6.sce b/2276/CH10/EX10.6/chapter10_ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..62961164b --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH10/EX10.6/chapter10_ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+n=3;//number of phases
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+w=96*(%pi);//angular velocity in rad/sec
+
+//calculations
+ws=(2*%pi*f)-w;//slip speed in rad/sec
+s=ws/(2*%pi*f);//slip in per units
+
+//output
+mprintf('the slip speed is %3.2f rad/s and the slip is %3.2f p.u.',ws,s)
diff --git a/2276/CH10/EX10.7/chapter10_ex7.sce b/2276/CH10/EX10.7/chapter10_ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..60a1bd4e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH10/EX10.7/chapter10_ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+p=6;//number of poles
+n=3;//number of phases
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+s=0.03;//slip in per units
+
+//calculations
+w=(2*%pi*f*60)/(n*2*%pi);//synchronous speed in rev/min
+ws=s*w;//slip speed in rev/min
+wr=w-ws;//rotor speed in rev/min
+fs=(ws*n)/60;//frequency of rotor currents in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the rotor speed will be %3.0f rev/min and the frequency of rotor currents will be%3.1f Hz',wr,fs)
diff --git a/2276/CH10/EX10.8/chapter10_ex8.sce b/2276/CH10/EX10.8/chapter10_ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf86ca2f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH10/EX10.8/chapter10_ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+p=4;//number of poles
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+n=3;//number of phases
+w=1440;//speed in rev/min
+sl=1.5;//stator losses in kW
+fl=1.2;//friction losses in kW
+inp=60;//input to motor in kW
+
+//calculations
+N=(inp*f)/(p/2);//synchronous speed in rev/min
+ns=N-w;//slip speed in rev/min
+s=ns/N;//slip in per units
+rinp=inp-sl;//rotor input in kW
+rc=s*rinp;//rotor copper losses in kW
+tr=(rinp*1000)/((N*2*%pi)/60);//rotor torque in newton meter
+rout=rinp-rc;//rotor output in kW
+mout=rout-fl;//motor output in kW
+eff=mout/inp;//efficiency of rotor in per unit
+
+//output
+mprintf('the slip is %3.2f p.u.:the rotor copper loss is %3.2f kW: the total torque is %3.0f Nm and the efficiency is %3.3f p.u.',s,rc,tr,eff)
diff --git a/2276/CH10/EX10.9/chapter10_ex9.sce b/2276/CH10/EX10.9/chapter10_ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..06128ade8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH10/EX10.9/chapter10_ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+p=6;//number of poles
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+n=3;//number of phases
+t=160;//total torque in newton meter
+fs=120;//slip frequency in cycles/min
+tf=12;//torque lost in friction
+sl=750;//stator losses in watts
+
+//calculations
+s=fs/(60*f);//slip in per unit
+w=(2*%pi*f)/n;//speed of motor in rad/sec
+wr=w*(1-s);//rotor speed in rad/sec
+rinp=t*w;//rotor input in watts
+rc=s*rinp;//rotor copper losses in watts
+sinp=rinp+sl;//stator input in watts
+Sinp=sinp/1000;//stator input in kilowatts
+tout=t-tf;//output torque in newton meter
+pout=tout*wr;//power output in watts
+eff=pout/sinp;//efficiency in per unit
+
+//output
+mprintf('the rotor loss is %3.0fW, the input to the motor is %3.2f kW and the motor efficiency is %3.2f p.u.',rc,Sinp,eff)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.1/chapter11_ex1.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.1/chapter11_ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4e81a64a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.1/chapter11_ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+va=120;//annode voltage in volts
+vg1=-1;//grid voltage in volts
+vg2=-2;//grid voltage for which another curve is drawn in volts
+//given scale is vertical scale: anode current 1mm=0.00025A and horizontal scale : anode voltage 1mm=2.5V
+//from VI characteristics
+i=0.00025;//current in amperes
+v=2.5;//voltage in volts
+CD=4;
+BD=9;
+EF=34;
+CE=14.5;
+//calculations
+ra=(CD*v)/(BD*i*1000);//anode slope resistance in kilo ohms
+gm=(EF*i*1000)/(vg1-vg2);//mutual conductance in millisiemens
+u=(CE*v)/(vg1-vg2);//amplification factor
+
+//ouput
+mprintf('at the operational point the parameters of the valve are %3.2f kohms,%3.1f mS and %3.2f.',ra,gm,u)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.10/chapter11_ex10.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.10/chapter11_ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..60a8639d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.10/chapter11_ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+rl=10;//load resistance in kiloohms
+//for Ie= 0 ,0.8,2.0,2.8,4.0 Ic =0,0.78,1.95,2.73,3.9 respectively in mA
+//taking any two set of values
+ic1=3.9;
+ic2=0;
+ie1=4;
+ie2=0;
+
+//calculations
+cg=(ic1-ic2)/(ie1-ie2);//current gain
+
+//output
+mprintf('the current gain is %3.3f',cg)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.11/chapter11_ex11.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.11/chapter11_ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d8cfd0789 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.11/chapter11_ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//from the characteristics when Vce=15V
+ic1=5;//collector current in milli amperes
+ic2=2.8;//collector current in milli amperes
+ib1=100;//base current in micro amperes
+ib2=50;//base current in micro amperes
+
+//calculations
+b=((ic1-ic2)*1000)/(ib1-ib2);//current gain
+
+//output
+mprintf('when the collector-emitter voltage is 15V the current gain is %3.0f',b)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.12/chapter11_ex12.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.12/chapter11_ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..66c82e087 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.12/chapter11_ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+rl=2.5;//resistance of load in kilo ohms
+//from VI charecteristic curves
+//for bias current of -10uA
+vce1=21;//in volts
+ic1=3.6;//in mA
+ib1=-10;//in uA
+//for bias current of -15uA
+vce2=14.75;//in volts
+ic2=6;//in mA
+ib2=-15;//in uA
+//from input characteristic curve
+vbe1=0.75;
+vbe2=0.45;
+Ib1=40;
+Ib2=0;
+
+//calculations
+b=((-ic2-(-ic1))*1000)/(ib2-ib1);//current gain
+s=(vbe1-vbe2)/(Ib1-Ib2);//slope of curve
+S=s*5;//for change in 5mV
+v=(vce1-vce2)/S;
+
+//output
+mprintf('the voltage and current gains are %3.0f and %3.0f',v,b)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.13/chapter11_ex13.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.13/chapter11_ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b9f24a342 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.13/chapter11_ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+b=50;//current gain
+rl=10;//load resistance in kilo ohms
+rint=6.5;//internal resistance of an alternating source in kilo ohms
+rinp=1;//input resistance in kiloohms
+
+//calculations
+v=(rl*b)/(rint+rinp);//voltage gain
+
+//output
+mprintf('the voltage gain under given conditions will be %3.0f',v)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.14/chapter11_ex14.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.14/chapter11_ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0fc03bc57 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.14/chapter11_ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//given h-parameters of a junction transistor
+hie=1000;//in ohms
+hoe=100*(10^-6);//Sec
+hre=0.0005;
+hfe=50;
+rl=10000;//load resistance in ohms
+
+//calculations
+Yt=hoe+(1/rl);
+v=(1/((hie*(-Yt/hfe))+hre));//voltage gain and - signifies the 180 degree phase shift
+vg=-v;
+//output
+mprintf('the voltage gain would be %3.0f',vg)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.15/chapter11_ex15.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.15/chapter11_ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a426ba7f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.15/chapter11_ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//given h-parameters of a junction transistor
+hie=1000;//in ohms
+hoe=100*(10^-6);//Sec
+hre=0.0005;
+hfe=50;
+cg=30;//current gain
+
+//calculations
+yl=(cg*hoe)/(hfe-cg);//load admittance in kilo mho
+rl=1/(yl*1000);//load resistance in kilo ohms
+
+//output
+mprintf('to give a current gain of 30 the load would have to have a resistance of %3.2f kilo ohms',rl)
+
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.2/chapter11_ex2.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.2/chapter11_ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..192b38f8f --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.2/chapter11_ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+va1=125;//anode voltage in volts
+va2=100;//anode voltage in volts for which another curve is obtained
+vg1=0;//grid voltage in volts
+vg2=-1;//grid voltage in volts
+//given scale is vertical scale: anode current 1mm=0.0002A and horizontal scale : anode voltage 1mm=0.1V
+v=0.1;//voltage in volts from scale
+//from given data
+//for vg1 and va2
+ia11=4.8;//current in milli amperes
+ia12=3.2;//current in milli amperes
+//for vg2 and va1
+ia21=6.625;//current in amperes
+ia22=5.0;//current in amperes
+
+//calculations
+ra=(va1-va2)/(ia21-ia11);//anode slope resistance in kilo ohms
+gm=(ia21-ia22)/(vg1-vg2);//mutual conductance in millisiemens
+u=(va1-va2)/(v-vg2);//amplification factor
+
+//ouput
+mprintf('at the operational point the parameters of the valve are %3.1f kohms,%3.3f mS and %3.1f.',ra,gm,u)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.3/chapter11_ex3.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.3/chapter11_ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7d1dc77fa --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.3/chapter11_ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+ia=0.002;//anode current in amperes
+rl=5000;//resistance in ohms
+vht=100;//anode voltage in volts
+
+//calculations
+va=vht-(ia*rl);//next anode voltage in volts to plot the characteistic curve
+
+//output
+mprintf('the next required anode voltage for plotting characteristic curve is %3.0fV',va)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.4/chapter11_ex4.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.4/chapter11_ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8617d9ac3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.4/chapter11_ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+vht=100;//higher threshold voltage in volts
+rl1=5;//resistance of load in kiloohms
+rl2=10;//load resistance in kiloohms
+
+//calculations
+//for rl1
+//when va=0
+ia1=vht/rl1;//anode current in milliamperes
+//when va=100
+ia2=0;//since va=vht
+//for rl2
+//when va=0
+ia3=vht/rl2;//anode current in milliamperes
+//when va=100
+ia4=0;//since va=vht
+//two load lines are drawn on VI graph which coincides the aanode characteristic curve at four points
+//using the data given
+//point 1
+vg1=0;//grid voltage in volts
+va1=71;//anode voltage in volts
+i1=5.9;//anode current in milliamperes
+//point 2
+vg2=-2;//grid voltage in volts
+va2=79;//anode voltage in volts
+i2=4.3;//anode current in milliamperes
+//point 3
+vg3=0;//grid voltage in volts
+va3=57;//anode voltage in volts
+i3=4.3;//anode current in amperes
+//point 4
+vg4=-2;//grid voltage in volts
+va4=68;//anode voltage in volts
+i4=3.2;//anode current in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('for a load of 5kiloohm,the operating points are \n vg=%3.0fV: va=%3.0fV ia=%3.1fmA \n vg=%3.0fV: va=%3.0fV ia=%3.1fmA \n for a load of 10 kiloohms,the operating points are \n vg=%3.0fV: va=%3.0fV ia=%3.1fmA \n vg=%3.0fV: va=%3.0fV ia=%3.1fmA',vg1,va1,i1,vg2,va2,i2,vg3,va3,i3,vg4,va4,i4)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.5/chapter11_ex5.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.5/chapter11_ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..618df613e --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.5/chapter11_ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+g=4;//mutual conductance of a triode in millisiemens
+u=25;//amplification factor
+l=20;//load in kilo ohms
+
+//calculations
+ra=u/g;//slope resistance in kilo ohms
+av=(u*l)/(ra+l);//voltage gain
+
+//output
+mprintf('with aload resistance of 20 kilo ohms this triode will give a voltage amplification of %3.2f',av)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.6/chapter11_ex6.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.6/chapter11_ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e16864ab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.6/chapter11_ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+rc=50;//resistance of the coil in ohms
+lc=0.0005;//inductance of the coil in henry
+//coil is connected in parallel with a capcitor
+fr=0.5*(10^6);//resonance frequency in hertz
+vl=1.5;//voltage across the load in volts
+rs=50000;//slope resistance in ohms of the triode
+u=25;//amplification factor of the triode
+
+//calculations
+c=(lc*(10^12))/((rc^2)+(2*%pi*fr*lc)^2);//capacitance in picofarad
+rl=(lc*(10^9))/(rc*c);//resistance of load in kiloohms
+a=(u*rl)/(rc+rl);//voltage amlification
+e0=a*vl;//a.c. voltage across load in volts
+
+//output
+mprintf('at a frequency of 0.5MHz the a.c. voltage across the load will be %3.1fV in antiphase to the 1.5V in the grid circuit',e0)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.7/chapter11_ex7.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.7/chapter11_ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84186dcbf --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.7/chapter11_ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+ib1=-50;//base current in micro amperes
+vce1=0;//emitter collector voltage in volts
+ib2=-25;//base current in microamperes
+vce2=6;//emitter collector voltage in volts
+//locate a point at vce=0V and Ib=-50uA and draw tangent to it.
+//from tangent co-ordinates
+a1=150;
+a2=87.5;
+a3=75;
+a4=25;
+//locate a point at vce=6V and Ib=-25uA and draw a tangent to it.
+//from the tangent co-ordinates
+vbe1=200;//base emitter voltage in millivolts
+vbe2=100;//base emitter voltage in millivolts
+vbe3=50;//base emitter voltage in millivolts
+vbe4=0;//base emitter voltage in millivolts
+
+//calculations
+ri=((a1-a2))/(a3-a4);//input resistance in kilo ohms
+Ri=(vbe1-vbe2)/(vbe3-vbe4);//input resistance in kilo ohms
+
+//output
+mprintf('the input resistances for the specified conditions are %3.2f kilo ohms and %3.0f kilo ohms.',ri,Ri)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.8/chapter11_ex8.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.8/chapter11_ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e23f4b4fe --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.8/chapter11_ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+ib1=-100;//base current in micro amperes
+vce1=10;//emitter collector voltage in volts
+ib2=-50;//base current in microamperes
+vce2=25;//emitter collector voltage in volts
+//locate a point at vce=10V and Ib=-100uA and draw tangent to it.
+//from tangent co-ordinates
+a1=20;
+a2=5;
+a3=5.22;
+a4=4.55;
+//locate a point at vce=25V and Ib=-50uA and draw a tangent to it.
+//from the tangent co-ordinates
+vbe1=30;//base emitter voltage in millivolts
+vbe2=20;//base emitter voltage in millivolts
+vbe3=3.65;//base emitter voltage in millivolts
+vbe4=2.9;//base emitter voltage in millivolts
+
+//calculations
+r0=((a1-a2))/(a3-a4);//input resistance in kilo ohms
+R0=(vbe1-vbe2)/(vbe3-vbe4);//input resistance in kilo ohms
+
+//output
+mprintf('the output resistances for the specified conditions are %3.1f kilo ohms and %3.1f kilo ohms.',r0,R0)
diff --git a/2276/CH11/EX11.9/chapter11_ex9.sce b/2276/CH11/EX11.9/chapter11_ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7cc4d17f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH11/EX11.9/chapter11_ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+ib=-10;//base current in microamperes
+rl=6;//load resistance in kilo ohms
+v=30;//supply voltage in volts
+
+//calculations
+//when vce=0V
+ic=v/rl;//collector current in milliamperes
+//whenic=0mA
+vce=v;//collector emitter voltage in volts
+//line AB where A(Vce=0V,Ic=5mA) and B(Vce=30V,Ic=0mA) cuts characteristic curve at point P
+//from co-ordinates of P
+Vce=16;//collector emitter voltage in volts
+Ic=2.4;//collector current in milliamperes
+ie=Ic+(-ib/1000);//emitter current in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the parameters of the operating point under the conditions specified are Vce=%3.0fV,Ic=%3.1fmA and Ie=%3.2fmA',Vce,Ic,ie)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.1/chapter2_ex1.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.1/chapter2_ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..243c38f28 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.1/chapter2_ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+clear
+//input
+r=5; //resistance of the coil in ohms
+v=100; // d.c supply voltage to the coil in volts
+l=100*(10^-3); // inductance of the coil in henry
+
+//calculations
+i=v/r; // value of the current in amperes
+e=(l*(i^2))/2; // energy stored in the circuit in joules
+
+//output
+mprintf('the value of current is %3.2f amperes \n the energy stored in the magnetic field is %3.2f joules',i,e)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.10/chapter2_ex10.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.10/chapter2_ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fb60805dc --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.10/chapter2_ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+c1=2*(10^-6);// capacitance of first capacitor in farad which is connected in series with second
+c2=6*(10^-6);// capacitance of second capacitor in farad which is connected in series with first
+v=240;//d.c. voltage supply in volts
+
+//calculations
+ct=(c1*c2)/(c1+c2);//effective capacitance in farad
+q=ct*v;//total charge in coloumbs
+e1=(q^2)/(2*c1);// energy stored in first capacitor in joules
+e2=(q^2)/(2*c2);// energy stored in second capacitor in joules
+
+//output
+mprintf('the energy stored in first capacitor is %3.10f J \n the energy stored in second capacitor is %3.10f J',e1,e2)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.11/chapter2_ex11.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.11/chapter2_ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f8557347c --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.11/chapter2_ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+c1=0.000005; //capacitance of first capacitor in farad
+c2=0.000003;//capacitance of second capacitor in farad
+v=200; //potential difference to which capacitor is charged in volts
+
+//calculations
+q1=c1*v;// charge given to first capacitor
+ct=c1+c2;// total capacitance in farad
+pd=q1/ct;// final potential difference across combination in volts
+Eo=(c1*v*v)/2;//original energy in system in joules
+Ef=(pd*pd*(c1+c2))/2;//final energy in system in joules
+
+//output
+mprintf('the initial energy stored in the capacitor is %3.10f J and final energy stored in the combination is %3.10f J',Eo,Ef)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.12/chapter2_ex12.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.12/chapter2_ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7f731088b --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.12/chapter2_ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+c=0.000002;// capacitance of a capacitor in farad
+theta=0.12; // loss angle in radians
+v=230; // a.c. voltage supply in volts
+f=50; //supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+ic=v*2*%pi*f*c;// capacitor current in amperes
+ir=ic*tan(theta);// current through shunt resistance in amperes
+r=v/ir;// shunt resistance in ohm
+
+//output
+mprintf('the value of the equivalent shunt resistance is %3.10f ohm',r)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.13/chapter2_ex13.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.13/chapter2_ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d2cf8b1f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.13/chapter2_ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+s=1;//side of square piece of wood which is clamped between two mettalic plates in meters
+t=0.005;//thickness of square piece of wood which is clamped between two mettalic plates in meters
+pd=20;//applied potential difference in volts
+f=25000000;//supply frequency in hertz
+er=4;//relative permittivity of the wood
+theta=0.2// loss angle in radians
+T=10;//time in minutes
+e0=8.85*(10^-12);//absolute permittivity
+
+//calculations
+P=(pd*pd*2*%pi*f*e0*er*s*s*theta)/t;// power loss in watts
+E=P*60*T;// energy dissipated in ten minutes in joules
+
+//output
+mprintf('the energy dissipated in the wood in 10 min is %3.10f J',E)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.2/chapter2_ex2.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.2/chapter2_ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ad7bc68df --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.2/chapter2_ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+l=0.5; //length of an air cored cylinder in meters
+d1=0.05; // diameter of an air cored cylinder in meters
+n=400; //number of turns of copper wire wound around the cylinder
+d2=0.001; //diameter of the copper wire wound in meters
+v=14; //dc supply voltage in volts
+r=1.71*(10^-8);// resistivity of copper in ohm meteres
+u0=1.257*(10^-6); // permeabilty of free space
+ur=1; //relative permeability
+
+//calculations
+L=(u0*ur*(n^2)*(%pi*(d1^2)))/(4*l); //inductance of the coil in henry
+R=(r*n*(d1+d2)*%pi*4)/(%pi*(d2^2)); // resistance of the field in ohm
+i=v/R; //current in the field in amperes
+e=(L*(i^2))/2; // energy stored in the field in joules
+
+//output
+mprintf('the inductanec of the coil is %3.10f H \n the resistance of the field is %3.10f ohm \n the energy stored in the field is %3.10f J',L,R,e)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.3/chapter2_ex3.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.3/chapter2_ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e29851351 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.3/chapter2_ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+mmf=1800; // magneto motive force in amperes
+l1=0.8; // length of iron in meters
+l2=0.002; //length of air gap in meters
+a=9*(10^-4); // area of the air gap in square meters
+ui=2000; // relative permeability of iron
+ua=1; // relative permeability of air
+u0=1.257*(10^-6); // absolute permeability of free space
+
+//calculations
+b=(mmf*u0)/((l1/ui)+(l2/ua)); // flux density in tesla
+e=(b^2)/(2*u0*ui); //energy stored in joules/cubic meter
+v=l1*a; // volume of the iron in cubic meters
+E=v*e; // total energy stored in the iron in joules
+
+// output
+mprintf('flux density is %3.10f T \n energy stored is %3.10f J/cubic m \n volume of the iron is %3.10f cubic m \n total energy stored in the iron is %3.10f J',b,e,v,E)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.4/chapter2_ex4.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.4/chapter2_ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d2da36a1b --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.4/chapter2_ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+l1=0.4; //inductance of the first coil in henry which is in series with the second
+l2=0.1; //inductance of the second coil in henry
+i=5; // current through both the coils in amperes
+e=2.25; // energy stored in magnetic field in joules
+
+//calculations
+L=(2*e)/(i^2); //total inductance in henry
+M=(l1+l2-L)/2; // mutual inductance between the coils in henry
+K=M/((l1*l2)^(0.5)); // coupling factor between the coils
+
+//output
+mprintf('total inductane is %3.10f H \n mutual inductane between the coils is %3.10f H \n the coupling factor is %3.10f',L,M,K)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.5/chapter2_ex5.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.5/chapter2_ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..14c3a2577 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.5/chapter2_ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+l1=0.5; //length of iron bar in meters which is bent into horse shoe lifting magnet
+a=1*(10^-3);// cross sectional area in cbuc meters
+n=500; // number of turns wound
+i=4; //cyrrent flowing in amperes
+ui=1100; // relative permeability of iron
+ua=1; //relative permeability of air gap
+l2=0.001; //length of the air gap
+k=1.1; //leakage co-efficient
+u0=1.257*(10^-6); //absolute permeability
+
+//calculations
+b=(n*i*u0)/(((k*l1)/ui)+((2*a)/ua)); //flux density in tesla
+P=((b^2)*2*l2)/(2*u0*ua); //increase in stored energy due to movement of the load by magnet in joules
+m=P/9.81; //mass lifted in kilo grams
+
+//output
+mprintf('fulx density is %3.10f T \n increase in stored energy is %3.2f J \n mass that can be lifted by the magnet is %3.2f Kg',b,P,m)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.6/chapter2_ex6.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.6/chapter2_ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7012b7804 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.6/chapter2_ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+h=500; //hysteresis losses of the rotor of a d.c. machine in joule/cubic meter/cycle
+n=50; //number of cycles of magnetisation
+d=0.0075; //density of the material in mg/cubic meter
+H=10; //magnetising force in ampere/mater per mm when hysteresis loop is plotted on a graph
+B=0.02; //flux density in tesla per mm when hysteresis loop is plotted on a graph
+
+//calculations
+e=B*H; //energy represented by 1square mm in joules
+a=h/e; //area of loop in square mm
+p=h*n; //power loss in watts per cubic meter
+P=(p*(10^-6))/d; //power loss in watts per Kg
+
+//output
+mprintf('the area of hysteresis loop is %3.10f sq.mm \n the power loss is %3.10f W/Kg',a,P)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.7/chapter2_ex7.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.7/chapter2_ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f4f71a35d --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.7/chapter2_ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+p=6; //number of poles of a d.c. machine
+v=0.01; // volume of iron in cubic meters
+d=0.0079; //density of the iron in mg/square meter
+hi=4; // hysterisis loss of iron in W/Kg
+hl=619; //loss given by hysteresis loop in joule/cubic meter/cycle
+
+//calculations
+h=hi*d*v*(10^6);// total hysteresis losses in watts
+f=h/(hl*v);// frequency in cycles/second
+n=(f*60)/3; //rotor undergoes 3 cycles of magnetisation in each revolution and speed in rev/minute
+a=(f*2*%pi)/3; // angular velocity if rotor in radian per second
+
+//output
+mprintf('the speed of the machine will be %3.10f rev/min or %3.10f rad/s',n,a)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.8/chapter2_ex8.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.8/chapter2_ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8998d7fb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.8/chapter2_ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+a=2500; //area of hysteresis loop in square millimeter
+H=16;//magnetising force in ampere/mater per mm when hysteresis loop is plotted on a graph
+B=0.02;//flux density in tesla per mm when hysteresis loop is plotted on a graph
+hloss=24;//desired hysteresis loss
+n=50;//cycles of magnetisation
+
+//calculations
+e=B*H;//energy represented by square millimeter
+l=a*e;//loss/cubic meter/cycle
+Vmax=hloss/(l*n);//maximum volume core in cubic meter
+
+//output
+mprintf('the permissible volume of the transformer core is %3.10f cubicmeter',Vmax)
diff --git a/2276/CH2/EX2.9/chapter2_ex9.sce b/2276/CH2/EX2.9/chapter2_ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0d93044b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH2/EX2.9/chapter2_ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+l=0.002;//length in meters
+a=0.01;//area in square meters
+pd=250000;//potential gradient in V/m
+h=250000;//magnetic force in A/m
+e0=8.85*(10^-12);//absolute permittivity
+er=1;//relative permittivity of air
+u0=1.257*(10^-6);//absolute permeability
+ur=1;//relative permeability of air
+
+//calculations
+D=e0*er*pd;//electric flux density in C/sq.m
+Ee=((D^2)*l*a)/(2*e0*er);//energy stored in electric field in joules
+B=h*u0*ur;//magnetic flux density
+Em=((B^2)*l*a)/(2*u0*ur);//energy stored in magnetic field
+k=Ee/Em;//ratio of energy in electric field to magnetic field
+
+//output
+mprintf('the ratio of energies in electric to magnetic field is %3.10f :1',k)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.1/chapter3_ex1.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.1/chapter3_ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..83f78d4e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.1/chapter3_ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+n1=420;//number of conductors in armature of a d.c. machine
+phi=0.024;//flux produced by each pole in weber
+e=250;//desired e.m.f in volts
+n2=4;//number of poles of the d.c. machine
+
+//calculations
+N=n1/2;//number of conductors per path and there are two parallel paths
+//e1= e.m.f induced per conductor=(4*0.024*w)/(2*%pi) where w is the required angular velocity in rad/s
+w=e/((n1*(48*10^-3))/(2*%pi));//required angular velocity in rad/s
+
+//output
+mprintf('the armature of hte machine must have an angular velocity of %3.0f rad/s',w)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.10/chapter3_ex10.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.10/chapter3_ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0bb6599f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.10/chapter3_ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=230;//voltage of a shunt generator in volts
+ra=0.2;//armature resistance of the shunt generator in ohms
+rf=115;//feild resistance of the shunt generator in ohms
+n=0.85;//overall effeciency in per units
+il=37;//load current in amperes
+
+//calculations
+inp=(v*il)/n;//input in watts
+inp1=inp/1000;//input power in kilo watts
+fi=v/rf;//feild current in amperes
+ai=il+fi;//armature current in amperes
+e=v+(ai*ra);//generated e.m.f. in volts
+ap=e*ai;//armature power in watts
+ml=inp-ap;//mechanical losses in watts
+nm=ap/inp;//mechanical effeciency in per units
+Nm=nm*100;
+ne=(v*il)/ap;//electrical effeciency in per units
+Ne=ne*100;
+
+//output
+mprintf('the input power will be %3.0f kW and the mechanical losses are %3.0f W \n the mechanical and electrical effeciecies are %3.1f per cent and %3.1f per cent',inp1,ml,Nm,Ne)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.11/chapter3_ex11.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.11/chapter3_ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e73f99d93 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.11/chapter3_ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+ra=0.08;//armature resistance of a d.c. series generator in ohms
+rf=0.1;//feild resistance of a d.c. series generator in ohms
+il=50;//load current in amperes
+e=250;//e.m.f. generated in volts
+
+//calculations
+R=ra+rf;//total resistance of machine in ohms
+pd=e-(il*R);//terminal p.d. in volts
+p=pd*il;//power output in watts
+P=p/1000;//power output in kilo watts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the power output of the generator is %3.2f kW',P)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.12/chapter3_ex12.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.12/chapter3_ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..01d618182 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.12/chapter3_ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=240;//voltage of d.c. series generator in volts
+ra=0.1;//armature resistancce of d.c. series generator in ohms
+rf=0.15;//feild resistance of d.c. series generator in ohms
+n=0.87;//overall effeciency in per units
+lp=7200;//load power in watts
+
+//calculations
+il=lp/v;//load current in amperes
+R=ra+rf;//total resistance in ohms
+e=v+(il*R);//generated e.m.f. in volts
+ap=e*il;//armature power in watts
+ne=(lp/ap);//electrical effeciency in per units
+ne1=ne*100;
+nm=(n/ne)*100;//mechanical effeciecy
+
+//output
+mprintf('the electrical and mechanical effeciencies are %3.0f per cent and %3.1f per cent',ne1,nm)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.13/chapter3_ex13.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.13/chapter3_ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9cd9a0074 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.13/chapter3_ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=250;//voltage of shunt motor in volts
+ra=0.2;//armature resistance of shunt motor in ohms
+rf=250;//feild resistance of shunt motor in ohms
+w=75;//velocity of shunt motor in rad/sec
+i1=21;//current taken by the motor in amperes
+i2=60;//changed current in amperes
+
+//calculations
+fi=v/rf;//feild current in amperes
+ai=i1-fi;//armature current in amperes
+e1=v-(ai*ra);//induced e.m.f. in volts
+e2=v-(i2*ra);//induced e.m.f. for changed current in volts
+W=w*(e2/e1);//new speed in rad/sec
+
+//ouput
+mprintf('with an armature current of 60A the motor speed will be %3.1f rad/s ',W)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.14/chapter3_ex14.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.14/chapter3_ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..70e3d9258 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.14/chapter3_ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=240;//voltage of a d.c. shunt motor in volts
+ra=0.4;//armature resistance of d.c. shunt motor in ohms
+rf=120;//armature resistance of d.c. shunt motor in ohms
+is=22;//supply current in amperes
+w=600;//angular velocity of motor in rev/min
+il=30;//load current in amperes
+
+//calculations
+//armature reaction is neglected
+W=(w*(2*%pi))/60;//angular velocity in rad/s
+fi=v/rf;//feild current in amperes
+ai=is-fi;//armature current in amperes
+e=v-(ai*ra);//e.m.f. in volts
+t1=(e*ai)/W;//torque when current is 20A in newton meter
+aI=il-fi;//changed armature current in amperes
+t2=t1*(aI/is);//torque when current is 30A in newton meter
+
+//output
+mprintf('with a supply current of 30A the motor produces a total torque of %3.1f Nm',t2)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.15/chapter3_ex15.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.15/chapter3_ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0eaf52f4f --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.15/chapter3_ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=250;//voltage of a d.c. shunt motor in volts
+ra=0.4;//armature resistance of a d.c. shunt motor in ohms
+rf=250;//field resistance of a d.c. shunt motor in ohms
+t=80;//total torque in newton meter
+w=75;//velocity in rad/s
+ml=0.1;//mechanical losses in per units
+
+//calculations
+ap=t*w;//armature power in watts
+//(ia^2)-625ia+15000=0 will be the equation obtained from the e.m.f. equation
+//(-ia+25)(ia-600)=0 is simplified equation
+ai=25;//armature current in amperes as 600A armature current is inadmissable
+fi=v/rf;//field current in amperes
+inpI=ai+fi;//input current in amperes
+inpP=v*inpI;//power input in watts
+outP=0.9*t*w;//output power in watts and 0.9 is used after considering the 10% mechanical losses
+n=outP/inpP;//overall effeciency in p.u.
+
+//output
+mprintf('for the loading condition the overall efficiency is %3.3f p.u.',n )
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.16/chapter3_ex16.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.16/chapter3_ex16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..447e168d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.16/chapter3_ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=240;//voltage of a d.c. series motor in volts
+rm=0.2;//resistance of the motor in ohms
+w=80;// velocity of motor in rad/s
+i1=20;//current in amperes
+i2=30;//changed current in the armature in amperes
+
+//calculations
+//it is assumed that flux/pole is proportional to the field current
+e1=v-(i1*rm);//e.m.f. induced in volts when the current is 20 A
+e2=v-(i2*rm);//e.m.f. induced in volts when the current is 30 A
+W=(e2/e1)*(i1/i2)*w;//final velocity in rad/s
+
+//output
+mprintf('with the increased current the motor will run with a velocity of %3.2f rad/s',W)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.17/chapter3_ex17.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.17/chapter3_ex17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ce046d1ac --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.17/chapter3_ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//for a series motor
+i1=40;//current in amperes
+t1=110;//torque in newton meter
+t2=75;//torque in newton meter
+
+//calculations
+//it assumed that up to a current of 50A the magnetizing curve for the motor is linear
+i2=((t2/t1)*(i1^2))^0.5;//required torque in newton meter
+
+//ouput
+mprintf('the current to produce a total torque of 75Nm is %3.0f A',i2)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.18/chapter3_ex18.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.18/chapter3_ex18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d38721116 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.18/chapter3_ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+n1=4;//number of poles in a aeries motor
+v=240;//voltage of the series motor in volts
+n2=348;//number of conductors in the armature which is wave connected
+r=0.8;//resistance in ohms
+i=45;//current taken by the motor in amperes
+phi=0.028;//flux/pole in weber
+outP=8200;//output power in watts
+
+//calculations
+t=(phi*n2*2*i)/(2*%pi);//since wave winding 2 is taken and the torque in newton meter
+e=v-(i*r);//e.m.f. induced in volts
+ap=e*i;//armature power in watts
+w=(ap/t);//angular velocity in rad/s
+st=outP/w;//shaft torque in newton meter
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total torque and the shaft torque produced by the motor are %3.0f Nm and %3.0f Nm',t,st)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.19/chapter3_ex19.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.19/chapter3_ex19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f166dbf56 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.19/chapter3_ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v1=240;//voltage of a d.c. shunt motor in volts
+ra=1;//armature current in ohms of a d.c. shunt motor
+rf=240;//field current in ohms of a d.c. shunt motor
+ifl=20;//full load current in amperes
+w=200;//speed in rad/s
+v2=200;//reduced voltage in volts
+
+//calculations
+//flux/pole is assumed to be proportional to the field current
+//for a 240V supply
+E1=v1-(ifl*ra);//induced e.m.f. in volts
+i=ifl*(v1/v2);//new current in amperes
+E2=v2-(i*ra);//induced e.m.f. for new current in volts
+W=w*(E2/E1)*(i/ifl);//new speed in rad/s
+
+//output
+mprintf('with the reduced voltage the motor will run at %3.0f rad/s',W)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.2/chapter3_ex2.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.2/chapter3_ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b41e63805 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.2/chapter3_ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+n1=200;//number of armature conductors
+i=5;//current capability of each conductor in amperes
+n2=4;//number of poles in the machine
+e=1;//e.m.f. induced in each pole in volts
+
+//calculations
+//for a wave winding
+n3=2;//number of parallel paths
+n4=n1/n3;//number of conductors per path
+e1=e*n4;//e.m.f of the machine in volts
+i1=n3*i;//current capacity in amperes
+op1=i1*e1;//output of the machine in watts
+//for a lap winding
+n5=n2;//number of parallel paths=number of poles
+n6=n1/n5;//number of conductors per path
+e2=n6*e;//e.m.f. of the machine in volts
+i2=n5*i;//current capacity in amperes
+op2=i2*e2;//output of the machine in volts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the output of the machine if armature is wave wound is %3.3f W and lap wound is %3.3f W',op1,op2)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.20/chapter3_ex20.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.20/chapter3_ex20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b463225bd --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.20/chapter3_ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+rm=0.5;//resistance of a series motor in ohms
+w=100;//velocity in rad/sec
+i=25;//current taken by the motor in amperes
+v=250;//supply voltage in volts
+r=2.5;//resistance connected in series with armature in ohms
+
+//calculations
+//armature current remains constant
+E1=v-(i*rm);//e.m.f. induced under normal conditions
+R=r+rm;//total resistance of circuit in ohms
+E2=v-(i*R);//new induced e.m.f. in volts
+W=(E2/E1)*w;//new speed for the same current in rad/s
+
+//output
+mprintf('with resistor in series with the armature the motor will run at %3.1f rad/s',W)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.21/chapter3_ex21.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.21/chapter3_ex21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e6883cf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.21/chapter3_ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=240;//voltage of a shunt motor in volts
+ra=0.4;//armature resistance in ohms of the shunt motor
+rf=160;//field resistance in ohms of the shunt motor
+ia=30;//armature current in amperes
+w=1250;//speed in rev/min
+
+//calculations
+//it is assumed that flux is proportoinal to the field current
+E1=v-(ia*ra);//induced e.m.f. in volts
+fi=v/rf;//field current in amperes
+k=E1/(fi*w);
+//if=k*(v/r2) where r2 is the resistance to be added
+//ia1=(3*r2)/16 and E2=v-(ra*ia1)
+//(E2/E1)=((24-0.4ia1)/228) and (E2/E1)=(192/r2)
+//we get an equation for r2 as (r2^2)-(3200*r2)+583680=0
+r21=((3200+(((3200*3200)-(4*1*583680))^0.5))/2);//one of two solution for r2 in ohms
+r22=((3200-(((3200*3200)-(4*1*583680))^0.5))/2);//one of two solution for r2 in ohms
+R=r22-rf;//final resistance to be added in ohms and r22 is considered as the other value is too large and impractical
+
+//ouput
+mprintf('resistance to be added is %3.0f ohms',R)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.22/chapter3_ex22.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.22/chapter3_ex22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..85cd9695e --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.22/chapter3_ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=250;//voltage of the series motor in volts
+ra=0.25;//armature resistance of the series motor in ohms
+rf=0.2;//field resistance of the series motor in ohms
+i=60;//current taken by the motor in amperes
+w=90;//speed of the motor in rad/s
+r0=0.4;//resistance added in parallel with the field in ohms
+
+//calculations
+//it is assumed that flux is proportoinal to the field current and load is constant
+E1=v-(i*(rf+ra));//motor e.m.f. in volts
+I=i/((r0/(r0+rf))^0.5);//current in amperes
+E2=v-(I*ra)-((I*rf)*(r0/(r0+rf)));//new motor e.m.f. in volts
+W=(E2/E1)*(i/I)*((r0+rf)/r0)*w;//increased speed of the motor in rad/s
+
+//output
+mprintf('with resistor connected the speed of the motor will increase to %3.0f rad/s',W)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.3/chapter3_ex3.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.3/chapter3_ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..82436dd16 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.3/chapter3_ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+n1=480;//number of conductors in the armature
+n2=6;//number of poles in the machine
+w=100;//angular velocity in rad/s
+phi=0.03;// flux per pole in weber
+
+//calculations
+phi1=n2*phi;//flux cut by each conductor in weber
+e1=(phi1*w)/(2*%pi);//e.m.f. induced/conductor in volts
+n3=n2;//number of parallel paths
+n4=n1/n3;//number of conductors per path
+e2=e1*n4;//e.m.f. per path in volts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the e.m.f. induced in the armature is %3.0f V',e2)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.4/chapter3_ex4.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.4/chapter3_ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6372f89dc --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.4/chapter3_ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+n1=16;//number of coils under the influence of the poles at any instant
+phi=0.03;//flux produced by each coil in weber
+a1=(200*300*(10^-6));//area of a pole in square meter
+n2=8;//number of turns in each coil
+d=0.25;//diameter of the armature in meters
+i=12;// current in the armature conductors in amperes
+l=0.3;//length of the pole in meters
+
+//calculations
+b=phi/a1;//flux density under poles in tesla
+f1=b*i*l;//force acting on 1 conductor in newton
+f2=n2*f1;//force per coil side in newton
+t1=f2*(d/2);//toque per coil side in newton meter
+t2=t1*2;//total torque per coil in newton meter
+T=n1*t2;//total torque on armature in newton meter
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total exerted on the armature is %3.1f Nm',T)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.5/chapter3_ex5.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.5/chapter3_ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4174f0e7a --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.5/chapter3_ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+d=0.25;//diameter of a pulley placed on the end of hte shaft of a d.c. motor in meter
+m=60;//mass attached by a rope to the pulley in kg
+w=50;//angular velocity of the pulley in rad/sec
+
+//calculations
+f=m*9.81;//force acting on the pulley in newton meter
+W=f*%pi*d;//work done in one revolution
+v=(d/2)*w;
+p=(f*v)/1000;//power in kilo watts
+
+//output
+mprintf('yhe output of the motor is %3.2f kW',p)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.6/chapter3_ex6.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.6/chapter3_ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fddf9575c --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.6/chapter3_ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+e=235;//e.m.f generated by an armature of a d.c. machine in volts
+v=100;//velocity of armature of a d.c. machine in rad/s
+i=16;//current in amperes
+
+//calculations
+p=e*i;//power of armature in watts
+t=p/v;//required torque in newton meter
+
+//output
+mprintf('required torque is %3.1f Nm',t)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.7/chapter3_ex7.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.7/chapter3_ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d2b27f666 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.7/chapter3_ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+n1=4;//number of poles in a d.c. machine
+n2=290;//number of conductors in the armature which are connected in lap winding
+i=20;//armature current in amperes
+t=50;//torque produced in newton meter
+
+//calculations
+phi=((t*(2*%pi))/(n2*i))*1000;//required flux per pole in milliweber
+
+//output
+mprintf('the required flux per pole is %3.1f mWb',phi)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.8/chapter3_ex8.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.8/chapter3_ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c8a1e5e1c --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.8/chapter3_ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+ra=0.05;//armature resistance of a d.c. shunt generator in ohms
+rf=120;//feild resistance of a d.c. shunt generator in ohms
+li=98;//load current in amperes
+lv=240;//load voltage in volts
+ia2=60;//reduced current in armature in amperes
+
+//calculations
+//generated e.m.f. remains constant
+if=lv/rf;//feild current in amperes
+ia1=li+if;//armature current in amperes
+e=lv+(ia1*ra);//generated e.m.f. in volts
+V=e-(ia2*ra);//final terminal voltage in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('for an armature of 60A the terminal p.d. will be %3.0f',V)
diff --git a/2276/CH3/EX3.9/chapter3_ex9.sce b/2276/CH3/EX3.9/chapter3_ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e879e9f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH3/EX3.9/chapter3_ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+ra=0.1;//armature resistance of a shunt generator in ohms
+rf=250;//feild resistance of a shunt generator in ohms
+p=7250;//load supplied by the shunt generator in watts
+v=250;//voltage of shunt generator in volts
+
+//calculations
+il=p/v;//load current in amperes
+if=v/rf;//feild current in amperes
+ia=il+if;//armature current in amperes
+e=v+(ia*ra);//generated e.m.f. in volts
+P=(e*ia)/1000;//armature power in kW
+
+//output
+mprintf('the power developed in the armature will be %3.2f kW',P)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.1/chapter4_ex1.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.1/chapter4_ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..68631773b --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.1/chapter4_ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=10;//resistance of a coil in ohms
+l=0.08;//inductance of the coil in henry
+v=250;//a.c. supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+Xl=2*%pi*f*l;//reactance of the coil in ohms
+z=((r^2)+(Xl^2))^0.5;//impedance of the circuit
+I=v/z;//current in amperes
+phi=acos(r/z);// phase angle in radians
+PHI=(phi*180)/%pi;//phase angle in degrees
+
+//output
+mprintf('the coil will take a current of %3.2f A lagging by %3.0f degree on the voltage',I,PHI)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.10/chapter4_ex10.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.10/chapter4_ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5cd5f61b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.10/chapter4_ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=1;//resistance of the coil in ohms
+l1=10*(10^-6);//inductance of coil in henry
+c1=1*(10^-6);//capacitor which is connected in series with the coil in farad
+l2=20*(10^-6);//changed inductance in henry
+c2=0.5*(10^-6);//changed capacitance in farad
+v=10;//supply volts in volts
+
+//calculations
+f0=1/(2*%pi*((l1*c1)^0.5));//resonant frequency in hertz
+F0=0.9*f0;//required resonant frequency in hertz
+xl1=2*%pi*F0*l1;//inductive reactance in ohms
+xc1=1/(2*%pi*F0*c1);//capacitive reactance in ohms
+X=xc1-xl1;//effective reactance in ohms
+z=((r^2)+(X^2))^0.5;//impedance in ohms
+i=v/z;//current in ohms
+xl2=2*%pi*f0*l2;//new inductive reactance in ohms
+xc2=xl2;// at resonance
+xl3=0.9*xl2;//inductive reactacne at lower frequency in ohms
+xc3=xc2/0.9;//inductive capacitance at lower frequency in ohms
+X1=xc3-xl3;//effective reatance in ohms
+I=v/X1;//current in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the value of the current at 0.9*resonant frequency is %3.2f A and at lower frequency with change in values of inductance and capacitance is %3.0f A',i,I)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.11/chapter4_ex11.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.11/chapter4_ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..595957726 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.11/chapter4_ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+c=200*(10^-12);//capacitance of a capacitor which is connected in series with a coil in farad
+q=80;//Q factor
+v=0.250;//supply voltage in volts
+f=500000;//supply frequecy in hertz
+
+//calculations
+pd=q*v;//p.d. across the capacitor in volts
+ic=pd*2*%pi*f*c;//capacitor current in amperes
+r=v/ic;//resistance of the coil in ohms
+xl=q*r;//reactance of coil in ohms
+l=(xl/(2*%pi*f))*(10^6);//inductance of the coil in ohms
+
+//output
+mprintf('the resistance and the inductance of the coil are %3.1f ohms and %3.0f microH respectively',r,l)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.12/chapter4_ex12.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.12/chapter4_ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6c57e361a --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.12/chapter4_ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+q=100;//Q factor of a coil
+r=25;//resistance of the coil in ohms
+//a capacitor is connected in sries with the coil
+f=400000;//resonant frequency in hertz
+i=0.125;//current at resonance in amperes
+
+//calculations
+p=i*i*r;//power dissipated in coil in watts
+e=p/f;//energy dissipated per cycle in joules
+im=(2*i)^0.5;//assumin sinusoidal current in maperes
+l=(((q*p)/(2*%pi*f))*(2/(im^2)))*1000;//inductance in millihenry
+phi=acos(1/q);//phase angle in radians
+c=(10^12)/(2*%pi*f*r*q);//capacitance in picofarad
+
+//output
+mprintf('the inductance and the phase angle of the coil are %3.1f mH and %3.2f radians and the required capacitance for resonance is %3.0f pF',l,phi,c)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.2/chapter4_ex2.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.2/chapter4_ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2cc188f94 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.2/chapter4_ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=12;//resistance connected in series with a coil in ohms
+rc=4;//resistance of the coil in ohms
+l=0.02;//inductance of the coil in henry
+v=230;//a.c. supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//frequency of the supply in hertz
+
+//calculations
+R=r+rc;//total resistance of circuit in ohms
+xl=2*%pi*f*l;//reactance of the coil in ohms
+z=((R^2)+(xl^2))^0.5;//impedance of the circuit in ohms
+i=v/z;//current in amperes
+phi=(acos(r/z))*(180/(2*%pi));//angle of phase difference in degrees
+vr=i*r;//voltage drop across resistor in volts
+vc=i*(((rc^2)+(xl^2))^0.5);//voltage drop across coil in volts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the current taken from the supply is %3.1f A lagging by %3.1f degree.\n the voltage drops across the resistor and the coil are %3.0f V and %3.0f V',i,phi,vr,vc)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.3/chapter4_ex3.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.3/chapter4_ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf61b12f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.3/chapter4_ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r1=10;//resistance of first coil in ohms
+l1=0.05;//inductance of first coil in henry
+v1=150;//limit of voltage drop across of first coil in volts
+v=240;//supply a.c. voltage in volts
+f=50;//frequency of supply in hertz
+a=40;//angle by which current lags the combined circuit after adding another coil to the first coil in series in degrees
+
+//calculations
+R=2*%pi*f*l1;//reactance of first coil in ohms
+z=((r1^2)+(R^2))^0.5;//impedance of the first coil in ohms
+i=v1/z;//maximum safe current in amperes
+Z=v/i;//total impedance in ohms
+Rt=Z*cos(a*(%pi/180));//total resistance in ohms
+r2=Rt-r1;//resistance of the second coil in ohms
+xt=Z*sin(a*(%pi/180));//total reactance in ohms
+x2=xt-R;//reactance of the second coil in ohms
+l2=x2/(2*%pi*f);//inductance of the second coil in henry
+L=l2*1000;//inductance of the second coil in millihenry
+
+//output
+mprintf('the second coil must have a resistance of %3.1f ohm and an inductance of %3.1f mH',r2,L)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.4/chapter4_ex4.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.4/chapter4_ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7480b3564 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.4/chapter4_ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//given voltage and current equations are v=354*(sin(314*t)) volts,i=14.1*(sin((314*t)-0.5)) amperes
+vmax=354;//maximum voltage in volts
+imax=14.1;//maximum current in amperes
+phi=0.5;//phase angle in radians
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+V=0.707*vmax;//voltmeter reading placed in the circuit
+I=0.707*imax;//ammeter reading placed in circuit
+z=V/I;//impedance of the coil in ohms
+R=z*cos(phi);//resistance in ohms
+xl=z*sin(phi);//reactance of coil in ohms
+l=(xl/(2*%pi*f))*1000;//inductance of the coil in millihenry
+
+//output
+mprintf('the coil has a resistance of %3.0f ohm and an inductance of %3.0f mH \n the instrument readings will be %3.0f V and %3.0f A',R,l,V,I)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.5/chapter4_ex5.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.5/chapter4_ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b35c5219c --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.5/chapter4_ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+i=0.5;//current taken by filament of an electric lamp in amperes
+v1=110;//supply voltage in volts
+v2=240;//changed supply in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+z=v2/i;//impedance in ohms
+r=v1/i;//resistance of the lamp
+xc=((z^2)-(r^2))^0.5;//reactance of the capacitor added to the lamp in series in ohms
+c=(10^6)/(2*%pi*f*xc);//capacitance in microfarad
+//this can also be solved using phasor diagram
+
+//output
+mprintf('the required value of the capacitance is %3.1f microfarad',c)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.6/chapter4_ex6.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.6/chapter4_ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7bce6f1c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.6/chapter4_ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=10;//resistance of an inductor in ohms
+l=0.08;//inductance in henry
+c=200*(10^-6);//capacitence of the capacitor connected in series to the inductor in farad
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+xl=2*%pi*f*l;//reactance of the inductor in ohms
+xc=1/(2*%pi*f*c);//reactance of the capacitor in ohms
+R=xl-xc;//total reactacne of the circuit in ohms
+z=((r^2)+(R^2))^0.5;//impedance of the circuit in ohms
+I=v/z;//current in ohms
+phi=(180/%pi)*acos(r/z);//phase angle in degrees
+pd=I*(((r^2)+(xl^2))^0.5);//p.d. across inductor in volts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the current taken from the supply is %3.1f A lagging on the voltage by %3.1f degrees and the voltage drop across the inductor is %3.0f V',I,phi,pd)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.7/chapter4_ex7.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.7/chapter4_ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63a6cd8a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.7/chapter4_ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r0=15;//resisance added in series wiht an inductor and capacitor in ohms
+rl=5;//resistance of the inductor in ohms
+l=0.03;//inductance of the inductor in henry
+c=250*(10^-6);//capacitance in farad
+//i=14.5sin(314t) is the given current expression
+w=314;//from the current expression
+im=14.5;//from the current expression
+
+//calculations
+xl=w*l;//reactance of coil in ohms
+xc=1/(w*c);//reactance of capacitor in ohms
+r=r0+rl;//total resistance in ohms
+R=xc-xl;//total reactance in ohms
+z=((r^2)+(R^2))^0.5;//impedance in ohms
+vm=im*z;//maximum voltage in volts
+phi=acos(r/z);//phase angle in radians
+
+//output
+mprintf('the supply voltage will be V= %3.0f sin((%3.0f t)- %3.3f)',vm,w,phi)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.8/chapter4_ex8.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.8/chapter4_ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..137117c19 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.8/chapter4_ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=12;//resistance of the coil in ohms
+l=0.08;//inductance of the coil in henry
+c=150*(10^-6);//capacitance of capacitor connected in series in farad
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+i=20;//desired current in amperes
+
+//calculations
+z=v/i;//impedance in ohms
+w=((1/(l*c))^0.5);//angular frequency in rad/sec
+f=w/(2*%pi);//frequency required in hertz
+xl=w*l;//inductive reactance in ohms
+pdc=xl*i;//p.d. across the capacitor in volts
+pd=i*(((r^2)+(xl^2))^0.5);//p.d. across the coil
+
+//ouput
+mprintf('the frequency at which the current will be 20A is %3.0f Hz and at this frequency the p.d.s across the coil and across the capacitor will be %3.0f V and %3.0f V respectively',f,pd,pdc)
diff --git a/2276/CH4/EX4.9/chapter4_ex9.sce b/2276/CH4/EX4.9/chapter4_ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..09cc3fa31 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH4/EX4.9/chapter4_ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+f=100000;//frequency in hertz
+r=5;//resistance of the coil in ohms
+l=0.0016;//inductance of the coil in henry
+
+//calculations
+xl=2*%pi*f*l;//inductive reactance of the coil in ohms
+c=(10^12)/(2*%pi*f*xl);//capacitance required for resonance in pico farad
+
+//output
+mprintf('the series capacitor must be turned to %3.0f pF to produce resonance at 100kHz',c)
diff --git a/2276/CH5/EX5.1/chapter5_ex1.sce b/2276/CH5/EX5.1/chapter5_ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3260a212f --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH5/EX5.1/chapter5_ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=20;//pure resistance connected in parallel with a pure inductance in ohms
+l=0.08;//pure inductance in henry
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+i1=v/r;//current in resistive branch in amperes
+i2=v/(2*%pi*f*l);//current inductive branch in amperes
+it=((i1*i1)+(i2*i2))^0.5;//total current in amperes
+phi=(180/%pi)*acos(i1/it);//phase angle in degrees
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total current is %3.1f A lagging by %3.1f degree',it,phi)
diff --git a/2276/CH5/EX5.10/chapter5_ex10.sce b/2276/CH5/EX5.10/chapter5_ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..066fbb743 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH5/EX5.10/chapter5_ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=2;//resistance of an inductor in ohms
+l=0.07;//inductance of an inductor in henry which is in resonance with a capacitor
+f=60;//resonant frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+tanphi=(2*%pi*f*l)/r;//ratio between capacitor current and supply current
+
+//output
+mprintf('the ratio of capacitor current to supply current is %3.1f : 1',tanphi)
diff --git a/2276/CH5/EX5.11/chapter5_ex11.sce b/2276/CH5/EX5.11/chapter5_ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..30d9f7767 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH5/EX5.11/chapter5_ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+c=4*(10^-6);//capacitance of a capacitor by which a resistive-inductive load is shunted in farad
+v=2;//supply voltage in volts
+f=5000;//supply frequency in hertz
+q=10;//Q factor of the circuit
+
+//calculations
+vwc=2*2*%pi*f*c;//capacitor current in amperes
+it=vwc/q;//total current in amperes
+i1=((vwc^2)+(it^2))^0.5;//load current in amperes
+z1=v/i1;//load impedance in ohms
+r1=z1*(it/i1);//resistance of load in ohms
+x1=q*r1;//reactance of load in ohms
+l=(x1*(10^6))/(2*%pi*f);//load inductance in microhenry
+
+//output
+mprintf('the load has a resistance of %3.3f ohms and an inductance of %3.0f microhenry',r1,l)
diff --git a/2276/CH5/EX5.2/chapter5_ex2.sce b/2276/CH5/EX5.2/chapter5_ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..198555ecd --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH5/EX5.2/chapter5_ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=25;//resistance of a non inductive resistor in ohms
+rl=10;//resistance of the inductor
+l=0.06;//inductance of the inductor in henry
+//non inductive resistor and resistive inductor are connected in parallel
+v=230;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+i1=v/r;//current in resistive branch in amperes
+i2=v/(((rl*rl)+((2*%pi*f*l)^2))^0.5);//current is reactive-resistive branch in amperes
+phi=acos(rl/(2*%pi*f*l));//phase angle in radians
+it=i1+(i2*cos(phi));//total in-phase component in amperes
+iq=i2*sin(phi);//total quadrature component in amperes
+I=((it*it)+(iq*iq))^0.5;//resultant current in amperes
+phit=(180/%pi)*acos(it/I);//phase angle in degrees
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total current is %3.1f A lagging by %3.0f degrees',I,phit)
diff --git a/2276/CH5/EX5.3/chapter5_ex3.sce b/2276/CH5/EX5.3/chapter5_ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..efc2cafb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH5/EX5.3/chapter5_ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//coils a and b in connected in parallel
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+ra=10;//resistance of coil a in ohms
+xla=25;//inductive reactance of coil a in ohms
+rb=20;//resistance of coil b in ohms
+xlb=12;//inductive reactance of coil b in ohms
+
+//calculations
+z1=((ra^2)+(xla^2))^0.5;//impedance of coil a in ohms
+i1=v/z1;//current in coil a in amperes
+cos1=ra/z1;//cosine of phase angle1
+sin1=xla/z1;//sine of phase angle1
+z2=((rb^2)+(xlb^2))^0.5;//impedance of coil b in ohms
+i2=v/z2;//current in coil b in amperes
+cos2=rb/z2;//cosine of phase angle2
+sin2=xlb/z2;//sine of phase angle2
+ii=(i1*cos1)+(i2*cos2);//total in phase component in amperes
+iq=(i1*sin1)+(i2*sin2);//total quadrature component in amperes
+I=((ii^2)+(iq^2))^0.5;//total current in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total current is %3.1f A',I)
diff --git a/2276/CH5/EX5.4/chapter5_ex4.sce b/2276/CH5/EX5.4/chapter5_ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b9c1368dc --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH5/EX5.4/chapter5_ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+i=10;//total current taken by two-branch parallel circuit in amperes
+a=37*(%pi/180);//phase angle by which current lags by on the voltage in degrees
+v=100;//voltage supply in volts
+f=50;//frequency of supply in hertz
+g1=0.03;//conductance of first branch in siemens
+b1=0.04;//inductive susceptance of first branch in siemens
+
+//calculations
+gt=(i*cos(a))/v;//total conductance in siemens
+bt=(i*sin(a))/v;//total susceptance in siemens
+g2=gt-g1;//conductance of second branch in siemens
+b2=bt-b1;//susceptance of second branch in siemens
+y2=((g2^2)+(b2^2))^0.5;//admittance of second branch
+r2=g2/(y2^2);//resistance of second branch in ohms
+x2=b2/(y2^2);//reactacne of second coil in ohms
+l2=(1000*x2)/(2*%pi*f);//inductance of second coil in millihenry
+
+//output
+mprintf('the resistance and inductance of second branch are %3.2f ohm and %3.2f mH',r2,l2)
diff --git a/2276/CH5/EX5.5/chapter5_ex5.sce b/2276/CH5/EX5.5/chapter5_ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e03a23491 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH5/EX5.5/chapter5_ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=30;//resistance of a resistance in ohms which is connected in parallel with a bank of capacitors
+c=80*(10^-6);//capacitance of bank of capacitors in farad
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+i1=v/r;//current in phase with the voltage in amperes
+i2=v*2*%pi*f*c;;//current leading on voltage by 90 degrees in amperes
+i=((i1^2)+(i2^2))^0.5;//total current in amperes
+phi=(180/%pi)*acos(i1/i);//phase angle in degrees
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total current is %3.0f A leading on the voltage by %3.0f degrees',i,phi)
diff --git a/2276/CH5/EX5.6/chapter5_ex6.sce b/2276/CH5/EX5.6/chapter5_ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..818ad43a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH5/EX5.6/chapter5_ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=415;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+r1=50;//resistance in branch 1 in ohms
+r2=30;//resistance in branch 2 in ohms
+c=50*(10^-6);//capacitance in branch 2 in farad
+//branch 1 and 2 are in parallel
+
+//calculations
+g1=1/r1;//conductance of branch 1 in siemens
+xc=1/(2*%pi*f*c);//reactance of branch 2 in siemens
+z=((r2^2)+(xc^2))^0.5;//impedance in ohms
+g2=r2/(z^2);//conductance of branch 2 in siemens
+b2=xc/(z^2);//susceptance of branch 2 in siemens
+gt=g1+g2;//total conductance in siemens
+bt=0+b2;//total susceptance in siemens
+yt=((gt^2)+(bt^2))^0.5;//total admittance in mho
+it=v*yt;//total current in amperes
+R=gt/(yt^2);//resistance of the series equivalent circuit in ohms
+Xc=bt/(yt^2);//capacitive reactance of the series circuit in ohms
+
+//output
+mprintf('the current taken from the supply will be %3.1f A and the resistance and capacitive reactance of the equivalent series circuit are %3.0fohm and %3.0fohms respectively',it,R,Xc)
diff --git a/2276/CH5/EX5.7/chapter5_ex7.sce b/2276/CH5/EX5.7/chapter5_ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..977ca8a1e --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH5/EX5.7/chapter5_ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=32;//resistance in branch 1 in ohms
+l=0.08;//inductance in branch 2 in henry
+c=200*(10^-6);//capacitance in branch 3 in farad
+//braches 1,2 and 3 are in parallel
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+g1=1/r;//conductance of branch 1 in siemens
+b2=-1/(2*%pi*f*l);//susceptance of branch 2 in siemens
+b3=2*%pi*f*c;//susceptance of branch 3 in siemens
+bt=b2+b3;//total susceptance in siemens
+yt=((g1^2)+(bt^2))^0.5;//total admittance in mho
+it=v*yt;//total current in amperes
+phi=(180/%pi)*acos(g1/yt);//phase angle in degrees
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total current will be %3.2f A leading on the voltage by %3.1f degrees',it,phi)
diff --git a/2276/CH5/EX5.8/chapter5_ex8.sce b/2276/CH5/EX5.8/chapter5_ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..87c216b0b --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH5/EX5.8/chapter5_ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r1=100;//resistance in branch 1 in ohms
+r2=10;//resistance in branch 2 in ohms
+l2=0.07;//inductance in branch 2 in henry
+r3=10;//resistance in branch 3 in ohms
+c3=100*(10^-6);//capacitance in branch 3 in farad
+//branches 1,2 and 3 are in parallel with each other
+v=250;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+it=v/r1;//total current in branch 1 in amperes
+ii1=it;//since resistive branch
+iq1=0;//since resistive branch
+z2=((r2^2)+((2*%pi*f*l2)^2))^0.5;//impedance of branch 2 in ohms
+i2=v/z2;//current in branch 2 in amperes
+cos2=r2/z2;//cosine of phase angle
+phi2=(180/%pi)*acos(cos2);//phase angle in degree
+ii2=i2*cos2;//in phase component of branch2 in amperes
+iq2=-i2*sin(acos(cos2));//quadrature component of branch 2 in amperes
+z3=((r3^2)+((1/(2*%pi*f*c3))^2))^0.5;//impedance of branch 3 in ohms
+i3=v/z3;//current in branch 3 in amperes
+cos3=r3/z3;//cosine of the phase angle
+phi3=(180/%pi)*acos(cos3);//phase angle in degrees
+ii3=i3*cos3;//in phase component of branch 3 in amperes
+iq3=i3*sin(acos(cos2));//quadrature component of branch 3 in amperes
+ii=ii1+ii2+ii3;//total in phase component in amperes
+iq=iq1+iq2+iq3;//total quadrature component in amperes
+it=((ii^2)+(iq^2))^0.5;//total current in amperes
+cost=ii/it;//cosine of total phase angle
+phit=(180/%pi)*acos(cost);//phase angle in degrees
+zs=v/it;//equivalent series impedance in ohms
+rs=zs*cost;//equivalent series resistance in ohms
+xs=zs*sin(acos(cost));//equivalent series reactance in ohms
+l=(xs*1000)/(2*%pi*f);//inductance in millihenry
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total current is %3.2f A lagging by %3.0f degrees and the equivalent series circuit would be a resistive inductive circuit of %3.1f ohms and %3.0f mH',it,phit,rs,l )
diff --git a/2276/CH5/EX5.9/chapter5_ex9.sce b/2276/CH5/EX5.9/chapter5_ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8e441b344 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH5/EX5.9/chapter5_ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=10;//resistance of an inductor in ohms
+l=0.08;//inductance of an inductor in henry
+c=150*(10^-6);//capacitance by which the inductor is shunted in farad
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+
+//calculation
+z1=l/c;//impedance in henry
+f0=(1/(2*%pi))*(((z1-(r^2))/(l^2))^0.5);//resonant frequency in hertz
+z=((r^2)+((2*%pi*f0*l)^2))^0.5;//impedance in ohms
+it=(v*r)/(z^2);//total current in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the circuit will be in current resonance at a frequency of %3.1f Hz and at this frequency the supply current will be %3.1f A',f0,it)
diff --git a/2276/CH6/EX6.1/chapter6_ex1.sce b/2276/CH6/EX6.1/chapter6_ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..95e482e8d --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH6/EX6.1/chapter6_ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+z=7.5+(%i*10);//impedance connected to a supply in ohms
+r=7.5;//resistance from impedance in ohms
+x=10;//reactance from impedance in ohms
+v=200;//supply voltage in volts
+
+//calculations
+i=v/z;//current taken from supply in amperes
+I=(((real(i))^2)+((imag(i))^2))^0.5;//current magnitude in amperes
+phi=(180/%pi)*atan(-x/r);//phase angle in degrees
+PHI=-phi;//lag
+
+//output
+mprintf('the supply current is %3.0f A lagging on the voltage by %3.0f',I,PHI)
diff --git a/2276/CH6/EX6.2/chapter6_ex2.sce b/2276/CH6/EX6.2/chapter6_ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c4b7ba421 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH6/EX6.2/chapter6_ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+z1=5+(%i*5);//impedance 1 in ohms
+z2=10-(%i*15);//impedance 2 in ohms
+//impedances 1 and 2 are in series
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+
+//calculations
+zt=z1+z2;//total impedance in ohms
+i=v/zt;//current taken in amperes
+v1=z1*i;//voltage 1 in volts
+V1=(((real(v1))^2)+((imag(v1))^2))^0.5;//voltage magnitude in volts
+phi1=(180/%pi)*atan((imag(v1))/(real(v1)));//phase angle 1 in degrees
+v2=i*z2;//voltage 2 in volts
+V2=(((real(v2))^2)+((imag(v2))^2))^0.5;//voltage magnitude in volts
+phi2=(180/%pi)*atan(-(imag(v2))/(real(v2)));//phase angle 2 in degrees
+I=(((real(i))^2)+((imag(i))^2))^0.5;//current magnitude in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the supply current is%3.1f A and the two voltages are %3.0f V and %3.0f V leading by %3.1f degrees and lagging by %3.1f degrees respectively',I,V1,V2,phi1,phi2)
diff --git a/2276/CH6/EX6.3/chapter6_ex3.sce b/2276/CH6/EX6.3/chapter6_ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de76e16a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH6/EX6.3/chapter6_ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+z1=12+(%pi*16);//impedance 1 in ohms
+z2=10-(%i*10);//impedance 2 in ohms
+//impedances 1 and 2 are in parallel
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+
+//calculations
+zt=(z1*z2)/(z1+z2);//total impedance in ohms
+Z=(((real(zt))^2)+((imag(zt))^2))^0.5;//current magnitude in amperes
+i=v/zt;//supply current in amperes
+I=(((real(i))^2)+((imag(i))^2))^0.5;//current magnitude in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the magnitude of total impedance is %3.1f ohms and of the supply current is %3.1f A',Z,I)
diff --git a/2276/CH6/EX6.4/chapter6_ex4.sce b/2276/CH6/EX6.4/chapter6_ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..103d011c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH6/EX6.4/chapter6_ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r1=10;//resistance of branch 1 in ohms
+l1=0.08;//inductance of branch 1 in henry
+r2=20;//resistance of branch 2 in ohms
+c2=150*(10^-6);//capacitance of branch 2 in farad
+//branch 1 and 2 are in parallel
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+xl=2*%pi*f*l1;//reactance of branch 1 in ohms
+z1=r1+(%i*xl);//impedance of branch 1 in ohms
+y1=1/z1;//admittance of branch 1 in mho
+x2=1/(2*%pi*f*c2);//reactane of branch 2 in ohms
+z2=r2-(%i*x2);//impedance of branch 2
+y2=1/z2;//admittance of branch 2 in mho
+yt=y1+y2;//total admittance in mho
+it=v*yt;//supply current in amperes
+I=(((real(it))^2)+((imag(it))^2))^0.5;//current magnitude in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the current taken from the supply is %3.2f A',I)
diff --git a/2276/CH6/EX6.5/chapter6_ex5.sce b/2276/CH6/EX6.5/chapter6_ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..31eb44ccd --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH6/EX6.5/chapter6_ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=20;//resistance of an inductor in ohms
+x=15;//reactance of an inductor in ohms
+v=250;//supply voltage in volts
+
+//calculations
+z=((r^2)+(x^2))^0.5;//magnitude of impedance in ohms
+phi=(180/%pi)*atan(x/r);//phase angle in degrees
+i=v/z;//current magnitude in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the current will be %3.0f A lagging by %3.0f degrees',i,phi)
diff --git a/2276/CH6/EX6.6/chapter6_ex6.sce b/2276/CH6/EX6.6/chapter6_ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b9e2ea414 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH6/EX6.6/chapter6_ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+i=8-(%i*6);//current flowing in amperes
+z=10+(%i*10);//impedance in ohms
+
+//calculations
+I=(((real(i))^2)+((imag(i))^2))^0.5;//current magnitude in amperes
+Z=(((real(z))^2)+((imag(z))^2))^0.5;//magnitude of impedance in ohms
+phi1=(180/%pi)*atan(-(imag(i))/(real(i)));//phase angle of current in degrees
+phi2=(180/%pi)*atan(-(imag(z))/(real(z)));//phase angle of impedance in degrees
+phi=-(phi2+phi1);
+v=I*Z;//voltage across coil in volts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the voltage across the coil is %3.0f V leading by %3.0f degrees',v,phi)
diff --git a/2276/CH6/EX6.7/chapter6_ex7.sce b/2276/CH6/EX6.7/chapter6_ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..be8619b8c --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH6/EX6.7/chapter6_ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+z1=10+(%i*15);//first impedance in ohms
+z2=15-(%i*25);//second impeddance in ohms
+//impedances 1 and 2 are connected in parallel
+
+//calculations
+Z1=(((real(z1)^2)+(imag(z1)^2)))^0.5;//magnitude of impedance 1 in ohms
+Z2=(((real(z2)^2)+(imag(z2)^2)))^0.5;//magnitude of impedance 2 in ohms
+phi1=(180/%pi)*atan((imag(z1))/real(z1));//phase angle 1 in degrees
+phi2=(180/%pi)*atan((imag(z2))/real(z2));//phase angle 1 in degrees
+Z=z1+z2;//total impedance in ohms
+Zt=(((real(Z)^2)+(imag(Z)^2)))^0.5;//magnitude of total impedance in ohms
+PHIt=(180/%pi)*atan((imag(Z))/real(Z));//total phase angle in degrees
+ZT=(Z1*Z2)/Zt;//magnitude of equivalent impedance in ohms
+PHIT=phi1+phi2-PHIt;//phase angle of equivalent impedance in degrees
+p=(PHIT*%pi)/180;// phase angle in radians
+Zs=(ZT*cos(p))+(%i*(ZT*sin(p)));//series impedance in ohms
+R=real(Zs);//resistance of equivalent series circuit in ohms
+X=imag(Zs);//reactance of equivalent series circuit in ohms
+
+//output
+mprintf('the resistance and inductive reactance of equivalent series circuit are %3.1f ohm and %3.2f ohm',R,X)
diff --git a/2276/CH6/EX6.8/chapter6_ex8.sce b/2276/CH6/EX6.8/chapter6_ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..10d17f9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH6/EX6.8/chapter6_ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+y1=0.01-(%i*0.03);//first admittance in mho
+y2=0.05+(%i*0);//second admittance in mho
+y3=%i*0.05;//third admittance in mho
+//three admittances are connected in parallel
+v=250;//supply voltage in volts
+
+//calculations
+y=y1+y2+y3;//total admittance in mho
+Y=(((real(y)^2)+(imag(y)^2)))^0.5;//magnitude of total admittance in mho
+phi=(180/%pi)*atan((imag(y))/(real(y)));//phase angle in degrees
+i=v*Y;//current in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total current is %3.1f A leading on the voltage by %3.1f degrees',i,phi)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.1/chapter7_ex1.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.1/chapter7_ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..80a4561ef --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.1/chapter7_ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=20;//resistance of coil in ohms
+l=0.04;//inductance of coil in henry
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//frequency of supply in hertz
+
+//calculations
+xl=2*%pi*f*l;//reactance of coil in ohms
+z=((r^2)+(xl^2))^0.5;//impedance of coil in ohms
+i=v/z;//current in amperes
+cosp=r/z;//cosine of phase angle
+Pavg=v*i*cosp;//average power in watts
+pmax=v*i*(cosp+1);//maximum instantaneous power in watts
+
+//ouput
+mprintf('the average power and the maximum instantaneous power in the coil are %3.0f W and %3.0f W respectively',Pavg,pmax)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.10/chapter7_ex10.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.10/chapter7_ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4ada206e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.10/chapter7_ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=3.3;//voltage rating of an alternator in kV
+ri=3;//internal resistance of alternator in ohms
+xl=32;//series inductive reactance in ohms
+rc=1;//resistance of a cable in ohms
+xc=2;//effective reactance of the cable in ohms
+
+//calculations
+R=ri+rc;//resistance of line and alternator in ohms
+X=xl+xc;//reactance of line and alternator in ohms
+Z=((R^2)+(X^2))^0.5;//impedance of line and alternator in ohms
+Rl=Z;//required load resistance in ohms
+zt=(((Z+R)^2)+(X^2))^0.5;//total impedance of the circuit in ohms
+I=(v*1000)/zt;//current in amperes
+pmax=(I*I*Rl)/1000;//maximum power in load in kilowatts
+
+//output
+mprintf('togive a maximum load power of %3.0f kW the load must have a resistance of %3.2f ohms',pmax,Rl)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.11/chapter7_ex11.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.11/chapter7_ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eeab2dfff --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.11/chapter7_ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=10;//resistance in source impedance in kiloohms
+l=0.005;//inductance in source impedance in henry
+v=100;//supply voltage in volts
+f=10000;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+xl=2*%pi*f*l;//inductive reactance in ohms
+c=((10^6)*(10^3))/(2*%pi*f*xl);//capacitance in picofarad
+
+//output
+mprintf('for maximum power transfer the load must consist of %3.0f kilo ohms resistance in series with a capacitance of %3.0f pF',r,c)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.12/chapter7_ex12.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.12/chapter7_ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84e880598 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.12/chapter7_ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=20;//resistance of resistor connected in series with inductor in ohms
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+pdr=130;//potential drop across resistor in volts
+pdl=170;//potential drop across inductor in volts
+
+//calculations
+cosp=((v*v)-(pdr^2)-(pdl^2))/(2*pdr*pdl);//power factor
+i=pdr/r;//current in amperes
+p=pdl*i*cosp;//power in watts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the power dissipated by the inductor is %3.0f W',p)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.13/chapter7_ex13.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.13/chapter7_ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d58adc3f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.13/chapter7_ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=32;//resistance connected in parallel with an inductor in ohms
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+il=8;//current in inductor in amperes
+it=14;//total current in amperes
+
+//calculations
+ir=v/r;//current in resistor in amperes
+cosp=((it^2)-(ir^2)-(il^2))/(2*ir*il);//power factor
+R=(v*cosp)/il;//resistance of inductor in ohms
+xl=(v*sin(acos(cosp)))/il;//reactance in ohms
+l=(xl*1000)/(2*%pi*f);//inductance in millihenry
+p=il*il*R;//power loss in inductor in watts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the resistance and the inductance of the inductor are %3.2f ohms and %3.0f mH respectively and the power loss is %3.0f W',R,l,p)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.14/chapter7_ex14.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.14/chapter7_ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..766d556d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.14/chapter7_ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+i1=9;//current taken by a resistive inductive load form supply in amperes
+v=250;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+i2=12;//current taken when a resistor is placed in parallel with the load in amperes
+r=50;//resistance of the resistor placed in parallel
+
+//calculations
+ir=v/r;//current through the resistor in amperes
+cosp=((i2^2)-(ir^2)-(i1^2))/(2*i1*ir);//power factor
+cosP=(ir+(i1*cosp))/i2;//power factor for whole circuit
+pc=(v*i2*cosP)/1000;//power taken by whole circuit in kilowatts
+pl=(v*i1*cosp);//power taken by load in watts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the values of power and power factor for the whole circuit and the load are %3.1f kW:%3.2f (lag) and %3.0f W:%3.2f (lag) respectively',pc,cosP,pl,cosp)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.2/chapter7_ex2.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.2/chapter7_ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b2ad67e70 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.2/chapter7_ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//given e.m.f. equation is e=340sin(314t)V and current equation is i=12sin(314t-0.7)A
+t=0.0015;//time in seconds after which the e.m.f. is zero and increasing positively
+vm=340;//maximum voltage in volts from voltage equation
+im=12;//maximum current in amperes from current equation
+phi=0.7//phase angle from current equation
+w=314;//from voltage and current equations
+
+//calculations
+//when t=0.0015 seconds
+p=vm*sin(w*t)*im*sin((w*t)-phi);//power in watts
+pmax=(vm*im*((cos(phi))+1))/2;//maximum power in watts
+T=(((acos(((2*pmax)/(vm*im))-(cos(phi))))+phi)*(1000))/(2*w);//time interval in milliseconds
+
+//output
+mprintf('at a time of 1.5mS after the specified instant the power was %3.0f W and the maximum power occured %3.1f mS after the same specified instant',p,T)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.3/chapter7_ex3.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.3/chapter7_ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0833933f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.3/chapter7_ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+zl=20;//impedance of the inductor in ohms
+pf=0.45;//lagging power factor
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+i=v/zl;//current taken by the inductor in amperes
+p=v*i*pf;//true power in the circuit in watts
+pa=v*i;//apparent power in VA
+pr=v*i*sin(acos(pf));//reactive power in var
+r=p/(i*i);//resistance in ohms
+xl=((zl^2)-(r^2))^0.5;//reactance in ohms
+l=(xl*1000)/(2*%pi*f);//inductance in millihenry
+
+//output
+mprintf('the wattmeter will read %3.0f W \n the apparent and the reactive powers are %3.0f VA and %3.0f var respectively \n the inductance of the inductor is %3.0f mH',p,pa,pr,l)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.4/chapter7_ex4.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.4/chapter7_ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6a2d8bcc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.4/chapter7_ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+d1=400;//load in kW at unity power factor
+d2=1000;//load in kVA at a lagging power factor
+d3=500;//load in kVA at a leading power factor
+pf1=1;//unity power factor
+pf2=0.71;//lagging power factor
+pf3=0.8;//leading power factor
+
+//calculations
+pa=d1+(d2*pf2)+(d3*pf3);//total active power loading in watts
+pr=(d2*pf2)-(d3*sin(acos(pf3)));//total reactive power in var
+pk=(((pa^2)+(pr^2))^0.5)/1000;//total MVA loading
+pf=pa/(pk*1000);//total power factor
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total load on the sub-station is %3.2f MVA at a lagging power factor of %3.3f ',pk,pf)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.5/chapter7_ex5.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.5/chapter7_ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..96416b434 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.5/chapter7_ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+rl=10;//resistance of an inductor in ohms
+l=0.05;//inductaance of an inductor in henry
+rc=20;//resistance in series with a capacitor in ohms
+c=150*(10^-6);//capacitance of a capacitor in farad
+///inductor is in parallel with the series circuit containing a resistor and a capacitor
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+xl=2*%pi*f*l;//inductive reactance in ohms
+z1=((rl^2)+(xl^2))^0.5;//impedance of the inductor in ohms
+i1=v/z1;//current in inductor in amperes
+phi1=rl/z1;//power factor of inductor
+xc=1/(2*%pi*f*c);//capacitive reactance in ohms
+z2=((rc^2)+(xc^2))^0.5;//impedance of series circuit in ohms
+i2=v/z2;//current in series circuit in amperes
+phi2=rc/z2;//power factor of series circuit
+i=(i1*phi1)+(i2*phi2);//total in phase component in amperes
+P=(v*i);//total power in watts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the active power taken from the supply is %3.0f W',P)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.6/chapter7_ex6.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.6/chapter7_ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..db0b89309 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.6/chapter7_ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+ra=5;//resistance of inductor in branch a in ohms
+la=0.08;//inductance of the inductor in branch a in henry
+rb=15;//resistance in branch 2 in ohms
+cb=100*(10^-6);//capacitance in branch b in farad
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+//branches a and b are in parallel with supply
+xa=2*%pi*f*la;//inductive reactance in ohms
+za=((ra^2)+(xa^2))^0.5;//impedance in branch a in ohms
+xc=1/(2*%pi*f*cb);//capacitive reactance in ohms
+zb=((rb^2)+(xc^2))^0.5;//impedance in branch b in ohms
+g=(ra/(za^2))+(rb/(zb^2));//total conductance in siemens
+b=(-xa/(za^2))+(xc/(zb^2));//total susceptance in siemens
+y=((g^2)+(b^2))^0.5;//total admittance in siemens
+i=v*y;//total current in amperes
+p=v*v*g;//total power taken from the supply in watts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the total current and power taken from the supply are %3.2f A and %3.0f W',i,p)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.7/chapter7_ex7.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.7/chapter7_ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..720d052c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.7/chapter7_ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=10;//resistacne of an acceptor circuit in ohms
+l=0.08;//inductance of an acceptor circuit in henry
+c=1250*(10^-12);//capacitance of an acceptor circuit in faraf
+v=1.5;//supply voltage in volts
+//average power dissipated in not less tha half of power at resonance
+
+//calcultions
+i=v/r;//current in amperes
+p=i*i*r;//power in watts
+pmin=p*0.5;//minimum average power in watts
+i1=pmin/r;//current in amperes
+z1=v/i1;//impedance in ohms
+x=((z1^2)-(r^2))^0.5;//effective reactance in ohms
+//on equating xc and xl we get equation for frequency as -(502*(10^-6))(f^2)-10f+127.2(10^6)=0
+a= -502*(10^-6);//from the above equation
+b= -10;//from the above equation
+c=127.2*(10^6);//from the above equation
+f2=(((b-(((b^2)-(4*a*c))^0.5))/(2*a)))/1000;//upper frequency in hertz
+f1=((((-b)-(((b^2)-(4*a*c))^0.5))/(2*a)))/1000;//lower frequency in hertz
+
+//output
+mprintf('the frequency range over which the average power doesnot fall below 0.5*the average power at resonance is %3.0f kHz and %3.0f kHz',f1,f2)
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.8/chapter7_ex8.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.8/chapter7_ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c00c5862c --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.8/chapter7_ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+d=125;//power taken by an industrial load in kilowatts
+pf=0.6;//power factor
+v=415;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+phii=acos(pf);//initial phase angle in radians
+kVAo=d/pf;//original kVA
+kvaro=d*tan(phii);//original kvar
+//for 0.9power factor
+phif=acos(0.9);//phase angle in radians
+kvarf=d*tan(phif);//final kvar
+kvarc=kvaro-kvarf;//capacitor kvar
+c1=(kvarc*(10^3)*(10^6))/(v*v*2*%pi*f);//capacitance in microfarad
+kVAf=d/0.9;//final kVA
+kVAr=kVAo-kVAf;//reduction in kVA
+//for unity power factor
+kvarC=kvaro;//capacitor kvar
+c2=(kvarC*(10^3)*(10^6))/(v*v*2*%pi*f);//capacitance in microfarad
+kVAF=d;//final kVA
+kVAR=kVAo-kVAF;//reduction in kVA
+
+//output
+mprintf('the required values of capacitance are %3.0f uF and %3.0f uF and the respective savings in kVA are %3.1f kVA and %3.1f kVA',c1,c2,kVAr,kVAR )
diff --git a/2276/CH7/EX7.9/chapter7_ex9.sce b/2276/CH7/EX7.9/chapter7_ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e64bf108a --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH7/EX7.9/chapter7_ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+d=75;//load at lagging powerfactor in kW
+pf=0.75;//lagging power factor
+v=1100;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+d0=10;//desired increment in load in kW
+
+//calculations
+kVAi=d/pf;//initial kVA
+cos2=(d+d0)/kVAi;//final power factor
+phi1=acos(pf);
+phi2=acos(cos2);
+kvarc=kVAi*(d0)*(sin(phi1)-sin(phi2));//capacitor kvar
+c=(kvarc*(10^3)*(10^6))/(v*v*2*%pi*f);//capacitance required in microfarad
+
+//output
+mprintf('the power factor has to be increased to %3.2f lag and the value of capacitance required is %3.0f uF',cos2,c)
diff --git a/2276/CH8/EX8.1/chapter8_ex1.sce b/2276/CH8/EX8.1/chapter8_ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2b0add86e --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH8/EX8.1/chapter8_ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=24;//resistance of each of three resistors connected in star in ohms
+v=415;//3 phase supply in volts
+
+//calculations
+vp=v/(3^0.5);//phase voltage in volts
+ip=vp/r;//phase current in amperes
+il=ip;//for star connection
+
+//output
+mprintf('the phase voltage is %3.0f V and the current in each line is %3.0f A',vp,il)
diff --git a/2276/CH8/EX8.10/chapter8_ex10.sce b/2276/CH8/EX8.10/chapter8_ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..80ba87dd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH8/EX8.10/chapter8_ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=415;// three phase supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+//the power taken from this supply is taken by a delta connected load with each branch consisting a resistor and an inductance is measured by two wattmeters
+r=20;//resistance in ohms
+l=0.06;//inductance in henry
+
+//calculations
+xp=2*%pi*f*l;//reactance per phase in ohms
+zp=((r^2)+(xp^2))^0.5;//impedance per phase in ohms
+ip=v/zp;//current per phase in amperes
+il=ip*(3^0.5);//line current in amperes
+phi=acos(r/zp);//phase angle in radians
+phi1=(30*%pi)/180;//30degrees converted into radians
+w1=(v*il*cos(phi+phi1))/1000;//reading of wattmeter 1 and 30 degrees is added with correspondence to phasor diagram in kilowatts
+w2=(v*il*cos(phi-phi1))/1000;//reading of wattmeter 2 and 30 degrees is added with correspondence to phasor diagram in kilowatts
+
+mprintf('the readings on the two wattmeters will be %3.3f kW and %3.2f kW',w1,w2)
diff --git a/2276/CH8/EX8.2/chapter8_ex2.sce b/2276/CH8/EX8.2/chapter8_ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1a36273d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH8/EX8.2/chapter8_ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+r=15;//resistance of each of three coils connected in star in ohms
+l=0.08;//inductance of each of three coils connected in star in in henry
+v=415;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+zp=((r^2)+((2*%pi*f*l)^2))^0.5;//impedance per phase in ohms
+il=v/(zp*(3^0.5));//line current in amperes
+ip=il;//for star connection
+phi=(180/%pi)*acos(r/zp);//phase angle in degrees
+
+//output
+mprintf('the line current will be %3.1f A lagging on its corresponding phase voltage by %3.0f degrees',il,phi)
diff --git a/2276/CH8/EX8.3/chapter8_ex3.sce b/2276/CH8/EX8.3/chapter8_ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..70ec8eaa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH8/EX8.3/chapter8_ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=415;//3 phase supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+//system is loaded with three star connected coils and three star connected resistors
+ic=10;//current taken by each of the coils in amperes lagging by 60 degrees
+ir=8;//current taken by each of the resistors in amperes
+phi=(60*%pi)/180;//lagging phase angle in radians
+
+//calculations
+ii=ir+(ic*cos(phi));//sum of in phase components in amperes
+iq=(ic*sin(phi));//sum of quadrature components in amperes
+i=((ii^2)+(iq^2))^0.5;//total current in amperes
+PHI=(180/%pi)*acos(ii/i);//phase angle in degrees
+
+//ouput
+mprintf('the total line current is %3.1f A lagging on the relative phase voltage by %3.1f degrees',i,PHI)
diff --git a/2276/CH8/EX8.4/chapter8_ex4.sce b/2276/CH8/EX8.4/chapter8_ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..77e96a530 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH8/EX8.4/chapter8_ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//three impedances of resistance and inductive reactance are connected in star
+r=20;//resistance in ohms
+x=15;//reactance in ohms
+v=440;//three phase supply voltage in volts
+
+//calculations
+z=((r^2)+(x^2))^0.5;//each impedance in ohms
+il=v/((3^0.5)*z);//line current in amperes
+ip=il;//for star connections
+cosp1=(180/%pi)*acos(r/z);//power factor1 in degrees
+cosp2=120+cosp1;//each current is displaced by 120 degrees
+cosp3=240+cosp1;//each current is displaced by 120 degrees
+ii=il*((cos(acos(r/z)))+cos((120+cosp1)*(%pi/180))+cos((240+cosp1)*(%pi/180)));//total in phase component in amperes
+iq=il*-((sin(acos(r/z)))+sin((120+cosp1)*(%pi/180))+sin((240+cosp1)*(%pi/180)));//total quadrature component in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the the resultant in phase and quadrature components are %3.5fA and %3.5fA respectively\nhence the sum of three balanced currents is zero',ii,iq)
diff --git a/2276/CH8/EX8.5/chapter8_ex5.sce b/2276/CH8/EX8.5/chapter8_ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5bd4f94fa --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH8/EX8.5/chapter8_ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//three resistors are connected in delta
+r=30;//resistance of each resistor in ohms
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+ip=v/r;//phase current in amperes
+il=ip*(3^0.5);//line current in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the phase and line currents are %3.0f A and %3.1f A respectively',ip,il)
diff --git a/2276/CH8/EX8.6/chapter8_ex6.sce b/2276/CH8/EX8.6/chapter8_ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bec3aef83 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH8/EX8.6/chapter8_ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//three impedances are connected in delta each containing a resistor and a capacitor
+r=15;//resistance in ohms
+c=100*(10^-6);//capacitance in farad
+v=415;//3phase supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+xc=1/(2*%pi*f*c);//capacitive reactance in ohms
+zp=((r^2)+(xc^2))^0.5;//impedance per phase in ohms
+ip=v/zp;//phase current in amperes
+il=ip*(3^0.5);//line current in amperes
+phi=(180/%pi)*acos(r/zp);//leading phase angle in degrees
+
+//output
+mprintf('the line current is %3.1f A and the phase angle is %3.1f lead',il,phi)
diff --git a/2276/CH8/EX8.7/chapter8_ex7.sce b/2276/CH8/EX8.7/chapter8_ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..30be5895f --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH8/EX8.7/chapter8_ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//three impedances are connected in delta each containing a resistor and an inductor
+r=25;//resistance in ohms
+l=0.06;//inductance in henry
+v=415;//3 phase supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+//three capacitors are connected across the same supply in star
+c=200*(10^-6);//the capacitance in farad
+
+//calculations
+//for delta connection
+xl=2*%pi*f*l;//inductive reactance in ohms
+zp=((r^2)+(xl^2))^0.5;//impedance per phase in ohms
+ip=v/zp;//phase current in amperes
+il=ip*(3^0.5);//line current in amperes
+//il lags on ip by 30degrees.so the angle between the line current and ilne voltage is 30+phase angle in degrees
+phi=30+((180/%pi)*acos(r/zp));//phase angle in degrees
+cosp=(r/zp);//phase angle in radians
+//for star connection
+vp=v/(3^0.5);//phase voltage in volts
+xc=1/(2*%pi*f*c);//capacitive reactance in ohms
+ic=vp/xc;//current in amperes
+//ic leads the line voltage by 60degrees
+cosP=cos((60*%pi)/180);//phase angle in radians
+ii=(il*cos((phi*%pi)/180))+(ic*(cosP));//in-phase components in amperes
+iq=((-il*sin((phi*%pi)/180))+(ic*sin(acos(cosP))));//quadrature component in amperes
+it=((ii^2)+(iq^2))^0.5;//total current in amperes
+PHI=(180/%pi)*acos(ii/it);//phase angle in degrees
+
+//output
+mprintf('the original line current was %3.0f A lagging on the line voltage by %3.0f degrees and the final current is %3.1f A lagging on the line voltage by %3.1f degrees',il,phi,it,PHI)
diff --git a/2276/CH8/EX8.8/chapter8_ex8.sce b/2276/CH8/EX8.8/chapter8_ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e3351fe97 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH8/EX8.8/chapter8_ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+p=50;//power rating of a delta connected 3 phase a.c. motor in kW
+v=415;//voltage rating of a delta connected 3 phase a.c. motor in volts
+n=0.85;//full load effeciency in per units
+pf=0.87;//full load power factor
+
+//calculations
+inp=p/n;//full load input in kW
+il=inp*(1000/((3^0.5)*v*pf));//line current in amperes
+ip=il/(3^0.5);//phase current in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the line and motor phase currents are %3.0fA and %3.1fA respectively',il,ip)
diff --git a/2276/CH8/EX8.9/chapter8_ex9.sce b/2276/CH8/EX8.9/chapter8_ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..02d37c0f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH8/EX8.9/chapter8_ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+p=27;//power rating of a delta connected 3 phase a.c. motor in kW
+v=500;//voltage rating of a delta connected 3 phase a.c. motor in volts
+n=0.9;//full load effeciency in per units
+pf=0.7;//full load power factor
+f=50;//general supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+il=(1000*p)/((3^0.5)*v*pf*n);//line current taken by motor in amperes
+phi=acos(pf);//phase angle
+//the line current will lag by phi radians on the line voltage
+//to bring total current in phase with line voltage ic*sin60 must equal ilsin75.(information from phasor diagram)
+ic=(il*sin(phi+0.524))/sin((60*%pi)/180);//capacitor current in amperes and 0.524 is 30degrees converted into radians and added in respect to above mentioned condition
+c=(ic*1000000)/((3^0.5)*v*f*2*%pi);//capacitance per phase in micro farad
+
+//output
+mprintf('the required capacitance per phase is %3.0fuF',c)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.1/chapter9_ex1.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.1/chapter9_ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3ff57d622 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.1/chapter9_ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+t1=96;//number turns on the primary side of an ideal transformer
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+v2=660;//secondary pd in volts
+
+//calculations
+vp=v/t1;//primary volts per turn
+vs=vp;//secondary volts per turn
+t2=v2/vs;//secondary turns
+
+//output
+mprintf('to produce a p.d. of 660V the secondary coil should have %3.0f turns',t2)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.10/chapter9_ex10.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.10/chapter9_ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c01ff232d --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.10/chapter9_ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+kva=10;//kVA rating of the transformer
+vp=400;//voltage on primary side in volts
+vs=230;//voltage on secondary side in volts
+//short circuit test
+ppd1=18;//primary p.d. in volts
+ip1=25;//primary current in amperes
+inp1=120;//power input in watts
+//short circuit test
+ppd2=400;//primary p.d. in volts
+ip2=0.5;//primary current in amperes
+inp2=70;//power input in watts
+
+//calculations
+zp=ppd1/ip1;//equivalent primary impedance in ohms
+rp=inp1/(ip1^2);//equivalent resistance in ohms
+xp=((zp^2)-(rp^2))^0.5;//equivalent leakage reactance in ohms
+r0=(vp^2)/(1000*inp2);//resistance of parallel circuit
+phi=sin(acos(inp2/(vp*ip2)));//sine of power factor
+im=ip2*phi;//magnetizing current in amperes
+x0=vp/im;//reactance in ohms
+
+//output
+mprintf('the equivalent circuit parameters are \n Rp=%3.3f ohms \n Xp=%3.3f ohms \n r0=%3.3f kilo ohms \n x0=%3.1f ohms',rp,xp,r0,x0)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.11/chapter9_ex11.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.11/chapter9_ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c01ff232d --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.11/chapter9_ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+kva=10;//kVA rating of the transformer
+vp=400;//voltage on primary side in volts
+vs=230;//voltage on secondary side in volts
+//short circuit test
+ppd1=18;//primary p.d. in volts
+ip1=25;//primary current in amperes
+inp1=120;//power input in watts
+//short circuit test
+ppd2=400;//primary p.d. in volts
+ip2=0.5;//primary current in amperes
+inp2=70;//power input in watts
+
+//calculations
+zp=ppd1/ip1;//equivalent primary impedance in ohms
+rp=inp1/(ip1^2);//equivalent resistance in ohms
+xp=((zp^2)-(rp^2))^0.5;//equivalent leakage reactance in ohms
+r0=(vp^2)/(1000*inp2);//resistance of parallel circuit
+phi=sin(acos(inp2/(vp*ip2)));//sine of power factor
+im=ip2*phi;//magnetizing current in amperes
+x0=vp/im;//reactance in ohms
+
+//output
+mprintf('the equivalent circuit parameters are \n Rp=%3.3f ohms \n Xp=%3.3f ohms \n r0=%3.3f kilo ohms \n x0=%3.1f ohms',rp,xp,r0,x0)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.12/chapter9_ex12.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.12/chapter9_ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7b67fc2d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.12/chapter9_ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+kva=5;//kVA rating of the transformer
+pf=0.8;//power factor
+vp=250;//voltage on primary side in volts
+vs=500;//voltage on secondary side in volts
+//from equivalent circuit
+r0=750;//resistance in ohms
+x0=325;//reactance in ohms
+Rp=0.4;//equivalent resistance refered to primary side in ohms
+Xp=0.75;//equivalent reactance refered to primary side in ohms
+
+//calculations
+is=(kva*1000)/vs;//full load secondary current in amperes
+ip1=is*(vs/vp);//current in amperes
+ep=vp-((ip1*pf)+(Xp*sin(acos(pf))));//in volts
+Vs=ep*(vs/vp);// in volts
+i1=vp/(vs+vp);//component of Io in phase with Vs in amperes
+i2=i1*pf;//component of Ie in phase with Ip
+i3=i1*sin(acos(pf));//component of Ie in quadrature with Ip
+im=vp/x0;//magnetizing current in amperes
+i4=im*sin(acos(pf));//component of Im in phase with Ip
+i5=im*pf;//component of Im in quadrature with Ip
+Ip=(((ip1+i2+i4)^2)+((i5-i3)^2))^0.5;//total primary current in amperes
+P=vp*Ip*pf;//power input in watts
+pc=ip1*ip1*i4;//copper loss in watts
+pi=vp*i1;//iron loss in watts
+n=1-((pc+pi)/P);//efficiency in per units
+
+//output
+mprintf('the primary input current is %3.2f A : the secondary terminal voltage is %3.0f V and the efficiency of the transformer is %3.2f p.u.',Ip,Vs,n)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.13/chapter9_ex13.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.13/chapter9_ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..92ae15c7f --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.13/chapter9_ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+//all values refered to primary and from given equivalent circuit
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+r0=0.25;//resistance in ohms
+x0=0.4;//reactance in ohms
+rl=7.75;//load resistance in ohms
+xl=5.6;//load reactance in ohms
+n=5;//turns ratio of the transformer
+
+//calculations
+rt=r0+rl;//total resistance of the circuit in ohms
+xt=x0+xl;//total reactance of the circuit in ohms
+zt=((rt^2)+(xt^2))^0.5;//total impedance of transformer and the load in ohms
+Ip=v/zt;//current in amperes
+zl=((rl^2)+(xl^2))^0.5;//impedance of load in ohms
+d=Ip*zl;//voltage drop across referred load impedance in volts
+vs=n*d;//secondary terminal voltage in volts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the secondary terminal voltage is %3.0f V',vs)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.2/chapter9_ex2.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.2/chapter9_ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..659cdd0e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.2/chapter9_ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+vp=660;//primary voltage in volts
+vs=1100;//secondary voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+kva=10;//kVA rating of the transformer
+t1=550;//number of primary turns
+
+//calculations
+pv=vp/t1;//primary volts per turn
+t2=vs/pv;//number of secondary turns
+inpi=(kva*1000)/vp;//input current in amperes
+is=(kva*1000)/vs;//secondary current in amperes
+
+//output
+mprintf('the number of secondary turns is %3.0f and the respective primary and secondary currents are %3.1fA and %3.1fA',t2,inpi,is)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.3/chapter9_ex3.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.3/chapter9_ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..250cf1ba5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.3/chapter9_ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+t1=120;//primary turns of an ideal transformer
+ls1=0.24;//self inductance of primary in henry
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+t2=300;//secondary turns of the ideal transformer
+
+//calculations
+d=v/ls1;//rate of change of current in A/s
+v2=v*(t2/t1);//secondary voltage in volts
+M=v2/d;//mutual impedance in henry
+ls2=ls1*((t2*t2)/(t1*t1));//self inuctance of the secondary in henry
+
+//output
+mprintf('the mutual impedance between the coils is %3.1fH and the self inductance of the secondary winding is %3.1fH',M,ls2)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.4/chapter9_ex4.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.4/chapter9_ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e7df06010 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.4/chapter9_ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+i=0.4;//no load current in amperes
+pf=0.25;//lagging power factor
+v=250;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+
+//calculations
+ie=i*pf;//loss component of no load current in amperes
+im=((i^2)-(ie^2))^0.5;//magnetizing component in amperes
+p=v*ie;//no load power loss in watts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the magnetising current is %3.3fA and the no load loss is %3.0f W',im,p)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.5/chapter9_ex5.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.5/chapter9_ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc62142a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.5/chapter9_ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+v=240;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+t1=500;//number of primary turns
+i0=0.35;//no load current in amperes
+p=44;//power loss in watts
+l=0.4;//magnetic length of the core in meters
+ur=2000;//relative permeability of core
+u0=1.257*(10^-6);//absolute permeability
+
+//calculations
+cosp=p/(v*i0);//no load power factor
+im=i0*sin(acos(cosp));//magnetizing current in amperes
+b=(u0*ur*im*t1)/l;//flux density in tesla
+
+//output
+mprintf('the flux density produced in the core will be %3.3f T',b)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.6/chapter9_ex6.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.6/chapter9_ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a62fe5be9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.6/chapter9_ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+vp=440;//primary voltage in volts
+vs=240;//secondary voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply voltage in hertz
+i0=0.5;//no load current in amperes
+pf=0.3;//lagging power factor
+
+//calculations
+ii=i0*pf;//in phase component in amperes
+r0=vp/(ii*1000);//resistance in ohms
+iq=((i0^2)-(ii^2))^0.5;//quadrature component in amperes
+x0=vp/iq;//reactance in ohms
+l0=x0/(2*%pi*f);//inductance in henry
+
+//output
+mprintf('the transformer on load may be represented by %3.2fkOhms resistance in parallel with a pure inductance of %3.2fH',r0,l0)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.7/chapter9_ex7.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.7/chapter9_ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..35db513a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.7/chapter9_ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+vp=1100;//voltage on the primary in volts
+vs=240;//secondary voltage in volts
+f=50;//supply frequency in hertz
+b=1.4;//flux density in tesla
+s=0.2;//side of the square core in meter
+
+//calculations
+ag=s*s;//gross area of core in square meters
+am=0.9*ag;//magnetic area of core in square meters
+np=vp/(4.44*b*am*f);//number of turns in primary
+ns=np*(vs/vp);//number of turns in secondary
+
+//output
+mprintf('the number of turns in the primary and secondary winding would be %3.0f and %3.0f respectively',np,ns)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.8/chapter9_ex8.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.8/chapter9_ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..016092a26 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.8/chapter9_ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+np=350;//number of turn in the primary
+lm=0.8;//mean length of core in meters
+am=0.006;//magnetic area in square meter
+i0=0.8;//no load current in amperes
+v=500;//supply voltage in volts
+f=50;//frequency of supply in hertz
+ur=2000;//relative permeability of the core
+u0=1.257*(10^-6);//absolute permeability
+
+//calculations
+bm=v/(4.44*am*np*f);//maximum flux density in tesla
+im=(bm*i0)/(u0*ur*np*(2^0.5));//magnetizing current in amperes
+sinp=im/i0;//sine of no load phase angle
+p=v*lm*cos(asin(im/i0));//power loss of core in watts
+
+//output
+mprintf('the maximum flux density in the core will be %3.3fT with a magnetizing current of %3.3fA and a core loss of %3.0fW',bm,im,p)
diff --git a/2276/CH9/EX9.9/chapter9_ex9.sce b/2276/CH9/EX9.9/chapter9_ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6aa510cf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2276/CH9/EX9.9/chapter9_ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+
+//input
+kva=20000;//kVA rating of the transformer in VA
+vp=1100;//primary voltage in volts
+vs=240;//secondary voltage in volts
+pi=500;//iron losses in watts
+pc=600;//full load copper losses in watts
+pf=0.8;//lagging power factor
+
+//calculations
+out=kva*pf;//full load output in watts
+fll=pi+pc;//full load losses in watts
+n=out/(out+fll);//efficiency in perunits
+hfl=kva/2;//unity power factor
+cp=pc*(1/(2*2));//copper loss in watts
+n1=(hfl/1000)/((hfl/1000)+0.5+(cp/1000));//efficiency in per units
+kvat=(kva*((pi/pc)^0.5))/1000;// total kVA
+
+//output
+mprintf('the efficiencies on full load,at 0.8 lag and 0.5*full load,at unity power factor are %3.3f p.u. and %3.2f p.u. respectively.\n the loading for maximum efficiency is %3.2f kVA',n,n1,kvat)
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