diff options
Diffstat (limited to '1895')
143 files changed, 3512 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/1895/CH10/EX10.1/EXAMPLE10_1.SCE b/1895/CH10/EX10.1/EXAMPLE10_1.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cbba1a258 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH10/EX10.1/EXAMPLE10_1.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 10
+//DIGITAL MULTIPLEXERS
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 10.1(PAGENO 469)");
+
+//given
+X_1 = 4*10^3//first analog signal in Hz
+X_2 = 4.5*10^3//second analog signal in Hz
+
+//calculation
+//the highest frequency cmponent of the composite signal consisting among two signal is X_2
+f_sMIN = 2*X_2;
+
+printf("\n\nThe minimum value of permissible sampling rate = %2f Hz",f_sMIN);
diff --git a/1895/CH10/EX10.2/EXAMPLE10_2.SCE b/1895/CH10/EX10.2/EXAMPLE10_2.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..06f9d5795 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH10/EX10.2/EXAMPLE10_2.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 10
+//DIGITAL MULTIPLEXERS
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 10.2(PAGENO 469)");
+
+//given
+X_1 = 6*10^3//Nyquist rate in Hz obtained the table
+X_2 = 2*10^3//Nyquist rate in Hz obtained the table
+X_3 = 2*10^3//Nyquist rate in Hz obtained the table
+X_4 = 2*10^3//Nyquist rate in Hz obtained the table
+
+//calculations
+s = 2000//speed of rotation
+X1 = 3*s//number of samples produced per second for first signal
+X2 = 1*s//number of samples produced per second for second signal
+X3 = X2//number of samples produced per second for third signal
+X3 = X2//number of samples produced per second for fourth signal
+SR = X1 + 3*X2//signalling rate
+BW = .5*SR//minimum channel bandwidth
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nIf the sampling commutator rotates at the rate of 2000 rotations per second the the signals X_1,X_2,X_3,X_4 will be sampled at their Nyquist rate")
+printf("\n\nSignalling rate = %.2f samples per second",SR);
+printf("\n\nMinimum channel bandwidth =%.2f Hz",BW);
diff --git a/1895/CH10/EX10.3/EXAMPLE10_3.SCE b/1895/CH10/EX10.3/EXAMPLE10_3.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ebfb094e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH10/EX10.3/EXAMPLE10_3.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 10
+//DIGITAL MULTIPLEXERS
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 10.3(PAGENO 470)");
+
+//given
+SR = 8000//sampling rate in samples per second
+T = 1*10^-6//pulse duration
+f = 3.4*10^3//highest frequency component
+
+//calculations
+//second case
+NR = 2*f//Nyquist rate of sampling
+T2 = 1/NR//time taken for one rotation of commutator
+
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nsampling rate for first condition =%.2f",SR);
+printf("\n\nThere are 24 voice signals + 1 synchronizing pulse")
+printf("\n\nPulse width of each voice channel and synchronizing pulseis 1 microseconds ")
+printf("\n\nNow, time taken by the commutator for 1 rotation =1/8000 = 125*10^-6 seconds")
+printf("\n\nNumber of pulses produced in one rotation = 24 + 1 = 25");
+printf("\n\nTherefore, the leading edges of the pulses are at 125/25 = 5*10^-6 seconds distance")
+printf("\n\nNyquist rate for second condition = %.2f Hz",NR);
+printf("\n\nTime taken for one rotation of commutator = %.8f seconds",T2);
+printf("\n\nTherefore, 147*10^-6 seconds corresponds to 25 pulses");
+printf("\n\ntherefore, 1 pulse corresponds to 5.88*10^-6 seconds");
+printf("\n\nAs the pulse width of each pulse is 1*10^-6 seconds, the spacing between adjacent pulses will be 4.88*10^-6 seconds\n and if we assume tou = 0 then the spacing between the adjacent pulses will be 5.88*10^-6 seconds ")
diff --git a/1895/CH10/EX10.4/EXAMPLE10_4.SCE b/1895/CH10/EX10.4/EXAMPLE10_4.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a62a38840 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH10/EX10.4/EXAMPLE10_4.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 10
+//DIGITAL MULTIPLEXERS
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 10.4(PAGENO 471)");
+
+//given
+N = 6//number of channels
+f_m = 5*10^3//bandwidth of each channel
+
+//calculations
+SR1= 2*f_m//minimum sampling rate
+SR = N*SR1//sampling rate
+BW =N*f_m//minimum channel bandwidth
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nSignaling rate =%.2f bits per second",SR);
+printf("\n\nMinimum channel bandwidth = %.2f Hz",BW);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.1/EXAMPLE11_1.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.1/EXAMPLE11_1.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d60e79a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.1/EXAMPLE11_1.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.1(PAGENO 488)");
+//given
+
+Px_1=1/2;//probability 1
+Px_2=1/4;//probability 2
+Px_3=1/8;//probability 3
+Px_4=1/8;//probability 4
+
+//calculations
+Ix_1 = log2(1/(Px_1))//information content in first probability
+Ix_2 = log2(1/(Px_2))//information content in first probability
+Ix_3 = log2(1/(Px_3))//information content in first probability
+Ix_4 = log2(1/(Px_3))//information content in first probability
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni. Information content of first symbol = %.2f bit",Ix_1);
+printf("\n\nii. Information content of second symbol = %.2f bits",Ix_2);
+printf("\n\niii. Information content of third symbol = %.2f bits",Ix_3);
+printf("\n\niV. Information content of fourth symbol = %.2f bits",Ix_4);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.12/EXAMPLE11_12.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.12/EXAMPLE11_12.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..72dbff7ea --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.12/EXAMPLE11_12.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.12(PAGENO 495)");
+//given
+n = 2*10^6//elements od black and white TV picture
+m = 16//brightness levels of black and white TV picture
+o = 32//repeated rate of pictures per second
+
+//calculations
+Px_i = 1/m//probability of brightness levels of picture
+H_X = 0;
+for i= 1:16
+ H_Xi = (-1/(1/Px_i))*log2(1/(1/Px_i));
+ H_X = H_X +H_Xi;
+end
+ r = n*o//rate of symbols generated
+ R = r*H_X//average rate of information convyed
+
+ //results
+printf("\n\ni. Average rate of information convyed = %.2f bits/seconds",R)
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.13/EXAMPLE11_13.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.13/EXAMPLE11_13.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9bd1a5cfa --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.13/EXAMPLE11_13.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.13(PAGENO 495)");
+//given
+t_dot = .2//duration of dot symbol
+t_dash = .6//duration of dash symbol
+t_space = .2//time between the symbols
+//wkt sum of the probability is 1 i.e P_dot + P_dash = 1 hence
+//P_dot = 2*P_dash weget
+P_dot = 2/3//probality of dot symbol
+P_dash = 1/3//probality of dash symbol
+
+//calculations
+H_X = -P_dot*log2(P_dot)-P_dash*log2(P_dash);//entropy
+T_s = P_dot*t_dot + P_dash*t_dash +t_space;//average time per symbol
+r = 1/T_s;//average symbol rate
+R = r*H_X;//average information rate of the telegraph sourece
+
+//result
+printf("\n\ni.The average information rate of the telegraph source = %.4f bits/seconds",R);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.14/EXAMPLE11_14.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.14/EXAMPLE11_14.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..780dd1732 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.14/EXAMPLE11_14.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.14(PAGENO 496)");
+//given
+//given symbols are equally likely all the symbols the probabilities are same
+Px_1 = 1/8;//probability of first symbol
+Px_2 = 1/8;//probability of second symbol
+Px_3 = 3/8;//probability of third symbol
+Px_4 = 3/8;//probability of fourth symbol
+f_m = poly(0,"f_m");
+r = 2//average symbol rate from problem 11.14
+
+//calculaitons
+H_X = Px_1*log2(1/Px_1) + Px_2*log2(1/Px_2) + Px_3*log2(1/Px_3) + Px_4*log2(1/Px_4);//entropy
+R = H_X*r;//information rate
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Entropy = %.2f bits/symbol",H_X)
+printf("\n\nii.The information rate of all symbols = %.2f*f_m bits/seconds", R);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.15/EXAMPLE11_15.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.15/EXAMPLE11_15.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aeabadbe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.15/EXAMPLE11_15.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.15(PAGENO 497)");
+//given
+//given symbols are equally likely all the symbols the probabilities are same
+Px_1 = 1/4;//probability of first symbol
+Px_2 = 1/4;//probability of second symbol
+Px_3 = 1/4;//probability of third symbol
+Px_4 = 1/4;//probability of fourth symbol
+f_m = poly(0,"f_m");
+r = 2//average symbol rate from problem 11.14
+
+//calculaitons
+H_X = Px_1*log2(1/Px_1) + Px_2*log2(1/Px_2) + Px_3*log2(1/Px_3) + Px_4*log2(1/Px_4);//entropy
+R = H_X*r;//information rate
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.The information rate of all symbols = %.2f*f_m bits/seconds", R);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.16/EXAMPLE11_16.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.16/EXAMPLE11_16.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c7b1b273b --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.16/EXAMPLE11_16.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.16(PAGENO 498)");
+//given
+Px_1 = 1/2;//probability of first symbol
+Px_2 = 1/4;//probability of second symbol
+Px_3 = 1/8;//probability of third symbol
+Px_4 = 1/16;//probability of fourth symbol
+Px_4 = 1/16;//probability of fifth symbol
+T_b = 1*10^-3//time required for emittion of each symbol
+r = 1/(T_b)//symbol rate
+
+//calculations
+H_X = Px_1*log2(1/Px_1) + Px_2*log2(1/Px_2) + Px_3*log2(1/Px_3) + Px_4*log2(1/Px_4) + Px_4*log2(1/Px_4);
+R = r*H_X;//information rate
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Entropy of five symbols = %.2f bits/symbol",H_X);
+
+printf("\n\nii.Rate of information = %.2f bits/sec",R);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.17/EXAMPLE11_17.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.17/EXAMPLE11_17.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..64d2074f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.17/EXAMPLE11_17.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.17(PAGENO 498)");
+//given
+Px_1 = 1/2;//probability of first symbol
+Px_2 = 1/4;//probability of second symbol
+Px_3 = 1/8;//probability of third symbol
+Px_4 = 1/16;//probability of fourth symbol
+Px_5 = 1/16;//probability of fifth symbol
+r = 16//outcomes per second
+
+//calculations
+H_X = Px_1*log2(1/Px_1) + Px_2*log2(1/Px_2) + Px_3*log2(1/Px_3) + Px_4*log2(1/Px_4) + Px_5*log2(1/Px_5);
+R = r*H_X;//information rate
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nRate of information = %.2f bits/sec",R);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.18/EXAMPLE11_18.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.18/EXAMPLE11_18.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..87f3a47b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.18/EXAMPLE11_18.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.18(PAGENO 499)");
+//given
+Px_1 = 1/4;//probability of first symbol
+Px_2 = 1/5;//probability of second symbol
+Px_3 = 1/5;//probability of third symbol
+Px_4 = 1/10;//probability of fourth symbol
+Px_5 = 1/10;//probability of fifth symbol
+Px_6 = 1/20;//probability of sixth symbol
+Px_7 = 1/20;//probability of seventh symbol
+Px_8 = 1/20;//probability of eigith symbol
+f_m = 10*10^3//freuency of tranamitting symbol
+
+//calculations
+H_X = Px_1*log2(1/Px_1) + Px_2*log2(1/Px_2) + Px_3*log2(1/Px_3) + Px_4*log2(1/Px_4) + Px_5*log2(1/Px_5) + Px_6*log2(1/Px_6)+ Px_7*log2(1/Px_7)+ Px_8*log2(1/Px_8);//entropy
+f_s = 2*f_m//sampling frequency
+r = f_s//sampling frequency equal to rate of transmission
+R = r*H_X;//information rate
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nRate of information = %.2f bits/sec",R);
+printf("\n\nNote:Their mistake in calculation of H_X in textbook")
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.19/EXAMPLE11_19.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.19/EXAMPLE11_19.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b0d7d0ff --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.19/EXAMPLE11_19.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.19(PAGENO 502)");
+//given
+//from fig
+P_X = [.5 .5]//x matrix
+P_Xd = [.5 0; 0 .5]//diagonal x matrix
+//calculations
+P_YX = [.9 .1; .2 .8];//yx matrix representation of given fig
+P_Y = P_X*P_YX//y matrix
+P_XY = P_Xd * P_YX//xy matrix
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Channel matrix of the channelP_YX ");
+disp(P_YX);
+printf("\n\nii.a.P(y1) = %.2f",P_Y(1,1));
+printf("\n\n b.P(y2) = %.2f",P_Y(1,2));
+printf("\n\niii.a.P(x1,y2) = %.2f",P_XY(1,2));
+printf("\n\n b.P(x2,y1) = %.2f",P_XY(2,1));
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.2/EXAMPLE11_2.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.2/EXAMPLE11_2.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5947283ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.2/EXAMPLE11_2.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.2(PAGENO 488)");
+//given
+Px_i = 1/4//probability of a symbol
+
+//calculation
+Ix_i = (log(1/Px_i))/log(2)//formula for amount of information of a symbol
+
+//result
+printf("\n\ni. Amount of information = %.2f bits",Ix_i)
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.20/EXAMPLE11_20.sce b/1895/CH11/EX11.20/EXAMPLE11_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..625e25bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.20/EXAMPLE11_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.20(PAGENO 503)");
+//given
+P_X = [.5 .5]//x matrix
+
+//calculations
+P_YX = [.9 .1; .2 .8];//yx matrix representation of given fig
+P_ZY = [.9 .1; .2 .8]//zy matrix representation of given fig
+P_Y = P_X *P_YX//y matrix
+P_ZX = P_YX * P_ZY//zx matrix
+P_Z = P_X *P_ZX//z matrix
+
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Channel matrix of the channelP_ZX ");
+disp(P_ZX);
+printf("Matrix P(Z)")
+disp(P_Z);
+printf("\n\na.P(Z1) = %.2f",P_Z(1,1));
+printf("\n\nb.P(Z2) = %.2f",P_Z(1,2));
+
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.21/EXAMPLE11_21.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.21/EXAMPLE11_21.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9543f5a0a --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.21/EXAMPLE11_21.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.21(PAGENO 504)");
+//given
+P_X = [.5 .5]//x matrix
+P_YX = [.8 .2 0 ; 0 .2 .8];//yx matrix representation of given fig
+
+//calculations
+P_Y = P_X*P_YX;
+
+//results
+printf("\n\norobability associated with the channel outputs for p=.2 is")
+disp(P_Y)
+printf("\n\na.P(Y1) = %.2f",P_Y(1,1));
+printf("\n\nb.P(Y2) = %.2f",P_Y(1,2));
+printf("\n\nC.P(Y3) = %.2f",P_Y(1,3));
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.28/EXAMPLE11_28.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.28/EXAMPLE11_28.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..852f62002 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.28/EXAMPLE11_28.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.21(PAGENO 504)");
+
+//given
+//wkt P_Y = P_X*P_YX from previous problems
+alfa = .5
+P_1 = .1//probability for first case
+P_2 = .5//probability for second case
+
+//calculations
+P_X = [alfa alfa];
+//first case
+P_YX = [1-P_1 P_1;P_1 1-P_1];
+P_Y1 = P_X*P_YX;
+H_Y1 = -P_Y1(1,1)*log2(P_Y1(1,1))-P_Y1(1,2)*log2(P_Y1(1,2));
+Q_1 = P_1*log2(P_1) + (1-P_1)*log2(1-P_1)//from proof
+ I_XY1 = 1 + Q_1;
+//second case
+P_YX = [1-P_2 P_2;P_2 1-P_2];
+P_Y2 = P_X*P_YX;
+H_Y2 = -P_Y2(1,1)*log2(P_Y2(1,1))-P_Y2(1,2)*log2(P_Y2(1,2));
+Q_2 = P_2*log2(P_2) + (1-P_2)*log2(1-P_2)//from proof
+I_XY2 = 1 + Q_2;
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nI_XY for the first case = %.2f",I_XY1);
+printf("\n\nI_XY for the second case = %.2f",I_XY2);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.3/EXAMPLE11_3.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.3/EXAMPLE11_3.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fa692e3e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.3/EXAMPLE11_3.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.3(PAGENO 489)");
+//given
+//since there are only two binary levels i.e. 1 or 0. Since, these two binary levels occur with equal likelihood of occurrence will be
+Px_1 = 1/2//probability of zero level
+Px_2 = 1/2//probability of first level
+
+//calculations
+Ix_1 = log2(1/Px_1)//amount of information of zero level with base 2
+Ix_2 = log2(1/Px_2)//amount of information of first level with base 2
+Ix_1= log(1/Px_1)/log(2)//amount of information content with base 10
+Ix_2 = Ix_1
+
+//result
+printf("\n\ni.Amount of information content wrt binary PCM 0 = %.2f bit",Ix_1)
+printf("\n\nii.Amount of information content wrt binary PCM 1 = %.2f bit",Ix_2)
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.32/EXAMPLE11_32.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.32/EXAMPLE11_32.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ca4d84394 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.32/EXAMPLE11_32.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.32(PAGENO 518)");
+//given
+a1 = 1
+a2 = 2
+a3 = .5
+
+//calculations
+H_X1 = log2(a1);//Entropy for first case
+H_X2 = log2(a2);//Entropy for second case
+H_X3 = log2(a3);//Entropy for third case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Entropy for first case = %.2f ",H_X1);
+printf("\n\nii.Entropy for second case = %.2f",H_X2);
+printf("\n\niii.Entropy for third case = %.2f ",H_X3);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.35/EXAMPLE11_35.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.35/EXAMPLE11_35.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f8d6be39b --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.35/EXAMPLE11_35.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.35(PAGENO 520)");
+//given
+B = 4000//bandwidth of AWGN channel
+S = .1*10^-3//power of signal
+neta = 2*10^-12//spectral dencity
+N = neta*B;//power
+
+//calculations
+C = B * log2(1 + (S/N));//capacity of channel
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nCapacity of channel = %.2f b/s",C);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.37/EXAMPLE11_37.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.37/EXAMPLE11_37.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4d0b4c81e --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.37/EXAMPLE11_37.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.37(PAGENO 524)");
+//given
+Px_1 = 0.9//probability of first symbol
+Px_2 = 0.1//probability of second symbol
+n1 = 1//length of the code for x_1
+n2 =1//length of code for x_2
+
+//calculations
+//we know that the average code length L per symbol
+L = Px_1*n1 + Px_2*n2//code length
+H_X = -Px_1*log2(Px_1) - Px_2*log2(Px_2) //entropy
+neta = H_X/L//efficiency
+neta1 = neta*100//neta in percentage
+gama = 1 - neta//redundancy
+gama1 = gama*100//gama in percentage
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Efficiency of code = %.2f percent",neta1);
+printf("\n\nii.Code redundancy = %.2f percent ",gama1)
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.38/EXAMPLE11_38.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.38/EXAMPLE11_38.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d8b12d22a --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.38/EXAMPLE11_38.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.38(PAGENO 524)");
+
+//given
+Px_1 = 0.81//probability of first symbol
+Px_2 = .09//probability of second symbol
+Px_3 = .09//probability of third symbol
+Px_4 = 0.01//probability of forth symbol
+n1 = 1//length of code for a_1
+n2 =2//length of code for a_2
+n3 = 3//length of code for a_3
+n4 = 3//length of code for a_4
+
+//calculations
+//we know that the average code length L per symbol
+L = Px_1*n1 + Px_2*n2 + Px_3*n3 + Px_4*n4 //code length
+H_X = -Px_1*log2(Px_1) - Px_2*log2(Px_2) - Px_3*log2(Px_3) - Px_4*log2(Px_4)//entropy
+neta = H_X/L//efficiency
+neta1 = neta*100//neta in percentage
+gama = 1 - neta//redundancy
+gama1 = gama*100//gama in percentage
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Efficiency of code = %.2f percent",neta1);
+printf("\n\nii.Code redundancy = %.2f percent ",gama1)
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.4/EXAMPLE11_4.sce b/1895/CH11/EX11.4/EXAMPLE11_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3c1b451ae --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.4/EXAMPLE11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.4(PAGENO 489)");
+//given
+Px_1 = 1/4//probability wrt to binary PCM '0'
+Px_2 = 3/4//probability wrt to binary PCM '1'
+
+//calculations
+Ix_1 = log2(1/Px_1)//amount of information of zero level with base 2
+Ix_2 = log2(1/Px_2)//amount of information of first level with base 2
+Ix_1= log(1/Px_1)/log(2)//amount of information content with base 10
+Ix_2= log(1/Px_2)/log(2)//amount of information content with base 10
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Amount of information carried wrt to binary PCM 0 = %.2f bits",Ix_1);
+printf("\n\nii.Amount of information carried wrt to binary PCM 1 = %.2f bits",Ix_2);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.44/EXAMPLE11_44.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.44/EXAMPLE11_44.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bff6bc15e --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.44/EXAMPLE11_44.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.44(PAGENO 529)");
+
+//given
+P_x1 = 1/2//probability of first symbol
+P_x2 = 1/4//probability of second symbol
+P_x3 = 1/8//probability of third symbol
+P_x4 = 1/8//probability of fouth symbol
+n1 = 1
+n2 = 2
+n3 = 3
+n4 = 3
+
+//calculations
+I_x1 = -log2(P_x1);
+I_x2 = -log2(P_x2);
+I_x3 = -log2(P_x3);
+I_x4 = -log2(P_x4);
+H_x = P_x1*I_x1 + P_x2*I_x2 + P_x3*I_x3 + P_x4*I_x4;
+L = P_x1*n1 + P_x2*n2 + P_x3*n3 + P_x4*n4;
+neta = H_x/L;
+P_neta = neta*100//efficiency in percentage
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nEfficiency = %.2f",neta);
+printf("\n\nEfficiency in percentage = %.2f percent",P_neta);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.46/EXAMPLE11_46.sce b/1895/CH11/EX11.46/EXAMPLE11_46.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2d9394e8f --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.46/EXAMPLE11_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.46(PAGENO 532)");
+
+//given
+P_x1 = .4//probability of first signal
+P_x2 = .19//probability of second signal
+P_x3 = .16//probability of third signal
+P_x4 = .15//probability of fourth signal
+P_x5 = .1//probability of fifth signal
+n1 = 1//number of bits in code obtained from table givenn textbook
+n2 = 2//number of bits in code obtained from table givenn textbook
+n3 = 2//number of bits in code obtained from table givenn textbook
+n4 = 3//number of bits in code obtained from table givenn textbook
+n5 = 3//number of bits in code obtained from table givenn textbook
+
+//calculations
+I_x1 = -log2(P_x1);
+I_x2 = -log2(P_x2);
+I_x3 = -log2(P_x3);
+I_x4 = -log2(P_x4);
+I_x5 = -log2(P_x5);
+H_x = P_x1*I_x1 + P_x2*I_x2 + P_x3*I_x3 + P_x4*I_x4 + P_x5*I_x5;//entropy
+L1 = P_x1*n1 + P_x2*n2 + P_x3*n3 + P_x4*n4 + P_x5*n5;
+neta1 = H_x/L1;
+P_neta1 = neta1*100//efficiency in percentage using Shannon Fano code
+L2 = P_x1*1 + (P_x2 + P_x3 +P_x4 +P_x5 )*3
+neta2 = H_x/L2;
+P_neta2 = neta2*100//efficiency in percentage using huffman code
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nEfficiency in percentage using Shannon Fano code = %2f percent",P_neta1)
+printf("\n\nEfficiency in percentage using huffman code = %2f percent",P_neta2)
+printf("\n\nNote: There is mistake in the textbook in calculation of L using SHannon Fano code")
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.47/EXAMPLE11_47.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.47/EXAMPLE11_47.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd756a9d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.47/EXAMPLE11_47.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.44(PAGENO 532)");
+
+//given
+P_x1 = .05//probability of first signal
+P_x2 = .15//probability of second signal
+P_x3 = .2//probability of third signal
+P_x4 = .05//probability of fourth signal
+P_x5 = .15//probability of fifth signal
+P_x6 = .3//probability of sixth signal
+P_x7 = .1//probability of seventh signal
+n1 = 4//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n2 = 3//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n3 = 2//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n4 = 4//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n5 = 3//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n6 = 2//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n7 = 3//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+
+//calculations
+I_x1 = -log2(P_x1);
+I_x2 = -log2(P_x2);
+I_x3 = -log2(P_x3);
+I_x4 = -log2(P_x4);
+I_x5 = -log2(P_x5);
+I_x6 = -log2(P_x6);
+I_x7 = -log2(P_x7);
+H_x = P_x1*I_x1 + P_x2*I_x2 + P_x3*I_x3 + P_x4*I_x4 + P_x5*I_x5 + P_x6*I_x6 + P_x7*I_x7;//entropy
+L = P_x1*n1 + P_x2*n2 + P_x3*n3 + P_x4*n4 + P_x5*n5 + P_x6*n6 + P_x7*n7;
+neta = (H_x*100)/L//Efficiency in percentage
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nEfficiency in percentage = %.2f percent",neta);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.49/EXAMPLE11_49.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.49/EXAMPLE11_49.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ab3e90257 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.49/EXAMPLE11_49.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.49(PAGENO 534)");
+
+//given
+P_x1 = .4//probability of first signal
+P_x2 = .2//probability of second signal
+P_x3 = .8//probability of third signal
+P_x4 = .08//probability of fourth signal
+P_x5 = .02//probability of fifth signal
+n1 = 2//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n2 = 3//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n3 = 1//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n4 = 4//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n5 = 4//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+
+//calculations
+L = P_x1*n1 + P_x2*n2 + P_x3*n3 + P_x4*n4 + P_x5*n5;//average codeword length per symbol
+//since sigma = sqrt(summation of product of probability and (n- L)^2)
+sigmasquare = P_x1*(n1-L)^2 + P_x2*(n2-L)^2 +P_x3*(n3-L)^2 + P_x4*(n4-L)^2 +P_x5*(n5-L)^2;//Variance of codewoed length
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nVariance of codeword length =%.4f",sigmasquare)
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.50/EXAMPLE11_50.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.50/EXAMPLE11_50.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b5d6c205 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.50/EXAMPLE11_50.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.50(PAGENO 535)");
+
+//given
+P_x1 = 1/2//probability of first signal
+P_x2 = 1/4//probability of second signal
+P_x3 = 1/8//probability of third signal
+P_x4 = 1/16//probability of fourth signal
+P_x5 = 1/32//probability of fifth signal
+P_x6 = 1/32//probability of sixth signal
+r = 16//message rate in outcomes per second
+
+//calculations
+I_x1 = -log2(P_x1);
+I_x2 = -log2(P_x2);
+I_x3 = -log2(P_x3);
+I_x4 = -log2(P_x4);
+I_x5 = -log2(P_x5);
+I_x6 = -log2(P_x6);
+H_X = P_x1*I_x1 + P_x2*I_x2 + P_x3*I_x3 + P_x4*I_x4 + P_x5*I_x5 + P_x6*I_x6 //entropy
+R = H_X*r//Information rate
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nEntropy of the system =%.2f bits/message",H_X);
+printf("\n\nInformation rate = %.2f bits/seconds",R);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.51/EXAMPLE11_51.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.51/EXAMPLE11_51.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dc61fab4b --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.51/EXAMPLE11_51.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.51(PAGENO 535)");
+
+//given
+P_x1 = .3//probability of first signal
+P_x2 = .4//probability of second signal
+P_x3 = .3//probability of third signal
+P_YX = [.8 .2 0;0 .1 0; 0 .3 0.7]//matrix obtained from the figure
+
+//calculations
+I_x1 = -log2(P_x1);
+I_x2 = -log2(P_x2);
+I_x3 = -log2(P_x3);
+H_X = P_x1*I_x1 + P_x2*I_x2 + P_x3*I_x3 //entropy
+P_y1 = P_YX(1,1)*P_x1 + P_YX(1,2)*P_x1 + P_YX(1,3)*P_x1;
+P_y2 = P_YX(2,1)*P_x2 + P_YX(2,2)*P_x2 + P_YX(2,3)*P_x2;
+P_y3 = P_YX(3,1)*P_x3 + P_YX(3,2)*P_x3 + P_YX(3,3)*P_x3;
+I_y1 = -log2(P_y1);
+I_y2 = -log2(P_y2);
+I_y3 = -log2(P_y3);
+H_Y = -P_y1*I_y1 - P_y2*I_y2 - P_y3*I_y3 //entropy
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n Entropy H(X) = %.2f",H_X );
+printf("\n\nEntropy H(Y) = %.2f",H_Y);
+printf("\n\n Note:There is mistake in the calculation of P_y3 in the textbook so their is change in entropy H_Y")
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.52/EXAMPLE11_52.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.52/EXAMPLE11_52.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e96e2d242 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.52/EXAMPLE11_52.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.52(PAGENO 536)");
+
+//given
+P_x1 = .7//probability of first signal
+P_x2 = .15//probability of second signal
+P_x3 = .15//probability of third signal
+n = 2//second order extention
+
+//calculations
+I_x1 = -log2(P_x1);
+I_x2 = -log2(P_x2);
+I_x3 = -log2(P_x3);
+H_x = P_x1*I_x1 + P_x2*I_x2 + P_x3*I_x3//entropy
+H_x2 = n*H_x//entropy of second order extention
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nEntropy of second order extention = %.3f bits/symbol",H_x2);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.54/EXAMPLE11_54.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.54/EXAMPLE11_54.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9dfaf057b --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.54/EXAMPLE11_54.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.54(PAGENO 537)");
+
+//given
+P_x1 = 1/3//probability of first signal
+P_x2 = 1/6//probability of second signal
+P_x3 = 1/4//probability of third signal
+P_x4 = 1/4//probability of fourth signal
+
+//calculations
+I_x1 = -log2(P_x1);
+I_x2 = -log2(P_x2);
+I_x3 = -log2(P_x3);
+I_x4 = -log2(P_x4);
+H_x = P_x1*I_x1 + P_x2*I_x2 + P_x3*I_x3 + P_x4*I_x4 //entropy
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nEntropy of the source = %.5f bits/symbol ",H_x)
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.55/EXAMPLE11_55.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.55/EXAMPLE11_55.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ea4cfd0bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.55/EXAMPLE11_55.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.55(PAGENO 538)");
+
+//given
+P_x1 = 1/2//probability of first signal
+P_x2 = 1/4//probability of second signal
+P_x3 = 1/8//probability of third signal
+P_x4 = 1/16//probability of fourth signal
+P_x5 = 1/16//probability of fifth signal
+n1 = 1//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n2 = 2//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n3 = 3//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n4 = 4//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+n5 = 4//number of bits in code obtained from table given textbook
+
+//calculations
+L = P_x1*n1 + P_x2*n2 + P_x3*n3 + P_x4*n4 + P_x5*n5;//Average number of bits per message
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nAverage number of bits per message = %.2f bits",L);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.56/EXAMPLE11_56.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.56/EXAMPLE11_56.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c32687b09 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.56/EXAMPLE11_56.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.56(PAGENO 538)");
+
+//given
+B = 3.4*10^3//bandwidth
+SbyN = 30//signal to the noise ratio in dB
+
+
+//calculations
+SbyN1 = exp((SbyN/10)*log(10))//signal to noise ratio
+C = B*log2(1+SbyN1);
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nInformation capacity of the telephone channel = %.2f kbps",C);
diff --git a/1895/CH11/EX11.9/EXAMPLE11_9.SCE b/1895/CH11/EX11.9/EXAMPLE11_9.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5eaf36344 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH11/EX11.9/EXAMPLE11_9.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 11
+//Information Theory
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 11.9(PAGENO 492)");
+//given
+Px_1 = .4//probability of first symbol
+Px_2 = .3//probability of second symbol
+Px_3 = .2//probability of third symbol
+Px_4 = .1//probability of fourth symbol
+
+//calculations
+H_X = -Px_1*log2(Px_1)-Px_2*log2(Px_2)-Px_3*log2(Px_3)-Px_4*log2(Px_4);//entropy
+Px1x2x1x3 = Px_1*Px_2*Px_1*Px_3;//product of probabilities
+Ix1x2x1x3 =-log2(Px1x2x1x3);//information of four symbols
+Px4x3x3x2 = Px_4*Px_3*Px_3*Px_2;//product of probabilities
+Ix4x3x3x2 = -log2(Px4x3x3x2);//information of four symbols
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Entorpy = %.2f bits/symbol",H_X);
+printf("\n\nii.Amount of information contained in x1x2x1x3 = %.2f bits/symbol",Ix1x2x1x3);
+printf("\nThus,Ix1x2x1x3 < 7.4[=4*H_X]bits/symbol")
+printf("\n\niii.Amount of information contained in x4x3x3x2 =%.2f bits/symbol",Ix4x3x3x2);
+printf("\nThus we conclude that\nIx4x3x3x2 > 7.4[=4*H_X]bits/symbol")
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.1/EXAMPLE2_1.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.1/EXAMPLE2_1.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..70727e713 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.1/EXAMPLE2_1.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.1(PAGENO 51)");
+//given
+L = 50*10^-6//in henry
+C = 1*10^-9//in farads
+//calculation
+F_c = 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));
+//results
+printf("\n\nCarrier frequency F_c = %.2f Hz",F_c);
+printf("\n\nNow , it is given that the highest modulation frequency is 8KHz ");
+printf("\n\nTherefore, the frequency range occupied by the sidebands will range from 8KHz \nabove to 8KHz below the carrier frequency, extending fom 712KHz to 720KHz.");
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.10/EXAMPLE2_10.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.10/EXAMPLE2_10.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d7ad0722c --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.10/EXAMPLE2_10.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.10(PAGENO 57)");
+
+//given
+m1 = .4//modulation index
+I_t1 = 11//initial antenna current in ampers
+I_t2 = 12//final antenna current in ampers
+
+//calculations
+I_c = (I_t1/(1+(m1^2/2))^.5);// formula for carrier current in ampers
+m_t = sqrt(2*((I_t2/I_c)^2 -1));//total modulation index
+m2 = sqrt(m_t^2 - m1^2);//modulation index to the second wave
+m3 = m2*100;//percentage modulation index to the second wave
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n Carrier current = %.2f A",I_c);
+printf("\n\nTotal modulation index = %.2f",m_t);
+printf("\n\nPercentage modulation index of second wave= %.2f percent",m3);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.11/EXAMPLE2_11.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.11/EXAMPLE2_11.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f1283f846 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.11/EXAMPLE2_11.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.11(PAGENO 58)");
+
+//given
+P_c = 10*10^3//carrier power in watts
+P_t = 12*10^3//total power in watts
+m_2 = .5//modulation index of second wave
+
+//calculations
+m_1 = sqrt(2*((P_t/P_c)-1));//modulation index of first wave
+m_t = sqrt(m_1^2 +m_2^2);//total modulation index
+P_t1 = P_c*(1+(m_t^2/2))//total new transmitted power
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nModulation index of first wave = %.4f",m_1);
+printf("\n\nTotal modulation index = %.2f",m_t);
+printf("\n\ntotal new transmitted power = %.2f W",P_t1);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.12/EXAMPLE2_12.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.12/EXAMPLE2_12.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..03c296156 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.12/EXAMPLE2_12.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.12(PAGENO 60)");
+
+//given
+P_t = 10.125*10^3//modulated or total power in watts
+P_c = 9*10^3//unmodulated of carrier power
+m_2 = .4//modulation index of second wave
+
+//calculations
+m_1 = sqrt(2*((P_t/P_c) - 1))//modulation index of first wave
+m_a = m_1*100//percentage modulation index of first wave
+m_t = sqrt(m_1^2 + m_2^2)//total modulation index
+P_t1 = P_c*(1+(m_t^2/2))//total radiated power
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.a.Modulation index of first wave = %.4f",m_1);
+printf("\n\n b.Percentage modulation index of first wave = %.2f percent",m_a);
+printf("\n\nii.Total radiated power = %.2f W",P_t1);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.13/EXAMPLE2_13.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.13/EXAMPLE2_13.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4c21008b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.13/EXAMPLE2_13.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.13(PAGENO 90)");
+
+//given
+m1 = 1//modulation index of first signal
+m2 = .5//modulation index of second signal
+//let
+P_c = 1//carrier power in watts
+
+//calculations
+P_1= P_c*(1+(m1^2/2))//total power of first signal
+P_2 = P_c*(1+(m2^2/2))//total power of second signal
+P_a = (P_c*100)/(P_1)//percentage power saving for first signal
+P_b = (P_c*100)/(P_2)//percentage power saving for second signal
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Percentage power saving for first signal= %f percent",P_a);
+printf("\n\nii.Percentage power saving for second signal= %f percent",P_b);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.15/EXAMPLE2_15.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.15/EXAMPLE2_15.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..174f4d1a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.15/EXAMPLE2_15.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.15(PAGENO98 )");
+
+//given
+m1 = 1//modulation index of first signal
+m2 = .5//modulation index of second signal
+//let
+P_c = 1//carrier power in watts
+
+//calculations
+P_cssb1 = P_c*(1+(m1^2/4))//power in carrier plus power in one sideband for first signal
+P_cssb2 = P_c*(1+(m2^2/4))//power in carrier plus power in one sideband for second signal
+P_1= P_c*(1+(m1^2/2))//total power of first signal
+P_2 = P_c*(1+(m2^2/2))//total power of second signal
+P_a = (P_cssb1*100)/(P_1)//percentage power saving for first signal
+P_b = (P_cssb2*100)/(P_2)//percentage power saving for second signal
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Percentage power saving for first signal= %f percent",P_a);
+printf("\n\nii.Percentage power saving for second signal= %f percent",P_b);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.16/EXAMPLE2_16.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.16/EXAMPLE2_16.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..da7ffab9e --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.16/EXAMPLE2_16.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.16(PAGENO 109)");
+
+//given
+P_ssb = 10*10^3//power in ssb transmission in watts
+P_t = P_ssb// total power in watts
+m_a = .8//modulation index
+
+//calculations
+P_c = (P_t/(1+(m_a^2/4)+(m_a^2/4)))//carrier power in watts
+P_SB = P_t - P_c//power in sidebands
+P_usb = P_SB/2//power in upper sideband
+P_lsb =P_usb//power in upper sideband
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Power content of the carrier = %.2f W",P_c);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Power content in upper sideband = %.2f W",P_usb);
+printf("\n\n b.Power content in lower sideband = %.2f W",P_lsb);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.17/EXAMPLE2_17.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.17/EXAMPLE2_17.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aa7d0c7b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.17/EXAMPLE2_17.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.17(PAGENO 109)");
+
+//given from the figure
+P_maxpp = 2*80//maximum peak to peak power in watts
+P_minpp = 2*20//minimum peak to peak power in watts
+
+//calcualtions
+m_a = (P_maxpp - P_minpp)/(P_maxpp + P_minpp)//modultaion index
+M = m_a*100//percentage modulation index
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Modulation index =%.2f",m_a);
+printf("\n\nii.Percentage modulation index = %.2f percent",M);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.18/EXAMPLE2_18.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.18/EXAMPLE2_18.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3b040fcd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.18/EXAMPLE2_18.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.18(PAGENO 110)");
+
+//given from the figure
+P_maxpp = 2*50//maximum peak to peak power in watts
+P_minpp = 2*15//minimum peak to peak power in watts
+
+//calculations
+m_a = (P_maxpp - P_minpp)/(P_maxpp + P_minpp)//modultaion index
+M = m_a*100//percentage modulation index
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Modulation index =%.4f",m_a);
+printf("\n\nii.Percentage modulation index = %.2f percent",M)
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.2/EXAMPLE2_2.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.2/EXAMPLE2_2.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..831a172d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.2/EXAMPLE2_2.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.2(PAGENO 51)");
+
+//given
+//v_m = 10*sin(2*%pi*10^3*t)
+//by comparing with v_m = V_m*sin(2*%pi*f_c*t) we get
+V_m = 10//in volts
+f_m = 1*10^3//in hertz
+V_c = 20//in volts
+f_c = 1*10^4//in hertz
+
+//calculations
+m_a = V_m/V_c;//modulation index formula
+m_a1 = m_a*100;//percentage modulation index
+f_usb = f_c + f_m;//Upper sideband
+f_lsb = f_c - f_m;//lower sideband
+A = (m_a*V_c)/2//amplitude of upper as well as lower sideband
+B = 2*f_m;//bandwidth of the modulation signal
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.a.Modulation index=%.2f",m_a);
+printf("\n\n b.Percentage modulation index=%.2f percent",m_a1);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Upper sidebandfrequency=%f Hz",f_usb);
+printf("\n\n b.Lower sideband frequency=%f Hz ",f_lsb);
+printf("\n\niii.Amplitude of Upper sideband and Lower sideband =%f V",A);
+printf("\n\niv.Bandwidth of th modulation signal=%f Hz",B);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.21/EXAMPLE2_21.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.21/EXAMPLE2_21.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5bb63fc10 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.21/EXAMPLE2_21.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.21(PAGENO 111)");
+
+//given
+p_t = 50*10^3//total power
+m_a = .707//modulation index
+z = 50+0*%i;//load
+
+//calculations
+
+//first case
+p_x = .5*(m_a)^2;
+p_c = p_t/(1+p_x)//carrier power
+
+//second case
+n = ((p_c*p_x)/(p_c+(p_c*p_x)))*100;//transmission efficiency
+
+//third case
+ a_c = sqrt(2*z*p_c);//peak carrier amplitude
+
+ //results
+ printf("\n\ni. Carrier Power =%.2f W",p_c);
+ printf("\n\nii. Percentage Transmission efficiency =%.2f percent",n);
+ printf("\n\niii. Carrier amplitude =%.2f V",a_c);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.29/EXAMPLE2_29.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.29/EXAMPLE2_29.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..59c67b976 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.29/EXAMPLE2_29.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.29(PAGENO 118)");
+
+//given
+k = 2*10^-3//constants in amperes/square volts
+k_1 = 0.2*10^-3//constant in amperes/square volts
+printf("\n\nwe know that V_i(t) = cos(w_c*t) + .5*cos(w_m*t)");
+printf("given i_0 = 10 + k*V_i + k_1*V_i^2 ");
+printf("\n\ntherefore i_0 = 10 + 2*10^-3*[cos(w_c*t) + .5*cos(w_m*t)] + 2*10^-3*[cos(w_c*t) + .5*cos(w_m*t)]");
+printf("\n\ni_0 = 2*10^-3*cos(w_c*t) + ((.2*10^-3)/.5)*.5*cos(w_c*t)*cos(w_m*t)");
+//Now the modultion depth will be
+m = (.2*10^-3)/.5;
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nModulation depth = %.8f ",m);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.3/EXAMPLE2_3.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.3/EXAMPLE2_3.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d590be9d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.3/EXAMPLE2_3.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.3(PAGENO 54)");
+
+//given
+m_a = .75;//modulation index
+P_c = 400;//carrier power in watts
+
+//calculation
+P_t = P_c*(1+(m_a^2/2));//total power
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nTotal power in the amplitude modulated wave=%.2f W",P_t);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.31/EXAMPLE2_31.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.31/EXAMPLE2_31.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c2daa78bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.31/EXAMPLE2_31.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.31(PAGENO 119)");
+
+//given
+//percentage modulation for first case
+Pm_1 = 100
+//percentage modulation for second case
+Pm_2 = 50
+m_1 = 1//modulation index for first case
+m_2 = .5//modulation index for second case
+P_c = 1//let carrier power be one
+
+//calcualations
+
+//first case
+P_t1 = P_c*(1+(m_1^2/2))//total power
+P_sb1 = P_c*(m_1^2/4)//power in one side band
+P_s1 = ((P_t1-P_sb1)/P_t1)*100//power saving
+
+//second case
+P_t2 = P_c*(1+(m_2^2/2))//total power
+P_sb2 = P_c*(m_2^2/4)//power in one side band
+P_s2 = ((P_t2-P_sb2)/P_t2)*100//power saving
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni. Power saving with percentage modulaion 100 = %.2f percent ",P_s1);
+printf("\n\nii. Power saving with percentage modulaion 50 = %.2f percent",P_s2);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.32/EXAMPLE2_32.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.32/EXAMPLE2_32.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f1a5a0417 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.32/EXAMPLE2_32.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.31(PAGENO 119)");
+
+//given
+//the product signal is given by
+//v(t) = s(t) * cos(2*%pi*t +phi) = x(t) *cos(2*%pi*f_c*t)*cos(2*%pi*f_c*t +phi)
+//v(t) = x(t) *(cos(4*%pi*f_c*t +phi) +cos(phi))/2 = (x(t)/2)*cos(4*%pi*f_c*t +phi)+(x(t)/2)*cos(phi)
+//the low pass filter will reject the first term. The maximum allowable value of phase angle(phi) can be found as under:
+printf("\n\ncos(phi_max) = ((x(t)/2)*cos(phi))/max((x(t)/2)*cos(phi))");
+phi_max = acosd(.95);
+printf("\n\nphi_max = %.2f",phi_max);
+printf("\n\nIn order to recover x(t) from v(t) using filter method, it is essential that the lowest frequency contained in the first term of v(t) must be greater than the highest frequency contained in the second term,i.e,")
+printf("\n2f_c -10KHz > 10KHz");
+printf("\nf_c >10KHz");
+printf("\nHence, the minimum value of f_c will be");
+printf("\nf_c = 10KHz")
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.4/EXAMPLE2_4.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.4/EXAMPLE2_4.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..002b709fd --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.4/EXAMPLE2_4.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.4(PAGENO 54)");
+//given
+P_t = 10*10^3;//total power in watts
+m_a = .6;//modulation index
+//calculation
+P_c = (P_t/(1+(m_a^2/2)));// carrier power
+//results
+printf("\n\nCarrier power=%.2f W",P_c);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.5/EXAMPLE2_5.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.5/EXAMPLE2_5.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f101cd3b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.5/EXAMPLE2_5.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.5(PAGENO 55)");
+
+//given
+I_t = 8.93;//total modulated current in ampers
+I_c= 8;//carrier or unmodulated current in ampers
+//calculation
+m_a = sqrt(2*((I_t/I_c)^2 -1));//formula for modulation index
+M_a=m_a*100;//percentage modulation
+//for
+m_a1 = .8;//given modulation index
+
+//calculation
+I_t1 = I_c*sqrt(1+(m_a1^2/2));//new antenna current
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.a. Modulation index = %.2f",m_a);
+printf("\n\n b.Percentage modulation index = %.2f percent",M_a);
+printf("\n\nii. Antenna current=%.2f A",I_t1);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.6/EXAMPLE2_6.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.6/EXAMPLE2_6.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..825c7760e --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.6/EXAMPLE2_6.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.6(PAGENO 56)");
+
+//given
+I_t1 = 10//antenna current in amps
+m1 = .3//modulation index
+I_t2 = 11//increased antenna current
+
+//calculation
+I_c = (I_t1/(1+(m1^2/2))^.5);//formula for carrier signal current
+m_t = sqrt(2*((I_t2/I_c)^2 -1));//formula for modulation index
+m2 = sqrt(m_t^2 - m1^2);
+m3 = m2*100;//percentage modulation index
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Carrier signal current = %.2f A",I_c);
+printf("\n\nii.Modulation index of signal = %.2f",m_t);
+printf("\n\niii.a.Modulation index of second signal = %.2f",m2);
+printf("\n\n b.Percentage modulation index of second signal = %.2f percent",m3);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.7/EXAMPLE2_7.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.7/EXAMPLE2_7.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..47004ab83 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.7/EXAMPLE2_7.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.7(PAGENO 56)");
+
+//given v_c = 10*sinwt
+
+m = .5//modulation index
+//by comparing with v_c = V_c*sinwt
+V_c = 10//carrier voltage in volts
+
+//calculation
+V_m = m*V_c;//amplitude of modulating index
+V_max = V_c + V_m;//maximum voltage
+V_min = V_c - V_m;//minimum voltage
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n i.Modulating voltage = %.2f V",V_m);
+printf("\n\n ii. Maximum voltage = %.2f V",V_max);
+printf("\n\n iii.Minimum voltage = %.2f V",V_min);
diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.9/EXAMPLE2_9.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.9/EXAMPLE2_9.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b3408b0de --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.9/EXAMPLE2_9.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 2
+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 2.9(PAGENO 57)");
+
+//given
+V_max = 4//maximum voltage in volts
+V_min = 1//minimum voltage in volts
+
+//calculation
+m = (V_max - V_min)/(V_max + V_min) ;//formula for modulation index
+m1 = m*100//percentage modultion index
+
+//result
+printf("\n\n Percentage modulation index = %.2f percent",m1);
diff --git a/1895/CH3/EX3.1/EXAMPLE3_1.SCE b/1895/CH3/EX3.1/EXAMPLE3_1.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c394b5589 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH3/EX3.1/EXAMPLE3_1.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 3
+//RADIO TRANSMITTER
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 3.1(PAGENO 132)");
+
+//given
+Pm = 85//percentage modulation
+m = .85//modulation index
+P_c = 50*10^3//carrier power in watts
+
+//calculation
+P_t = P_c*(1+(m^2/2));//total radiated power
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nTotal radiated power = %.2f W",P_t);
diff --git a/1895/CH3/EX3.2/EXAMPLE3_2.SCE b/1895/CH3/EX3.2/EXAMPLE3_2.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f005190d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH3/EX3.2/EXAMPLE3_2.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 3
+//RADIO TRANSMITTER
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 3.2(PAGENO 138)");
+
+//given from the figure
+f = 20*10^6//frequency in hertz
+//At point 1 from fig
+f_c1 = 2*13.5*10^6//carrier frequency
+deltaf1 = 2*8.5*10^3//change in frequency
+
+//calculations
+f_max1 = f_c1 + deltaf1//maximum frequency at point 1 in fig
+f_min1 = f_c1 - deltaf1//maximum frequency at point 1 in fig
+f_d1 = f_max1 - f_c1;//frequency deviation at point 1 in fig
+f_d2 = f_c1 - f_min1;//frequency deviation at point 1 in fig
+//At point 2 from fig
+f_c2 = 3*f_c1//carrier frequency
+deltaf2 = 3*deltaf1//change in frequency
+f_max2 = f_c2 + deltaf2//maximum frequency at point 2 in fig
+f_min2 = f_c2 - deltaf2//minimum frequency at point 2 in fig
+f_d3 = f_max2 - f_c2;//frequency deviation at point 2 in fig
+f_d4 = f_c2 - f_min2;//frequency deviation at point 2 in fig
+//At point 3 in fig
+f_c3 = f_c2 + f;//carrier frequency at point 3 in fig
+f_max3 = f_max2 + f//maximum frequency at point 3 in fig
+f_min3 = f_min2+ f//minimum frequency at point 3 in fig
+f_d5 = f_max3 - f_c3;//frequency deviation at the last point
+f_d6 = f_c3 - f_min3 ;//frequency deviation at the last point
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.a Carrier frequency at point 1 in fig =%.2f Hz ",f_c1);
+printf("\n\n b Frequency deviation =%.2f Hz ",f_d1);
+printf("\n\n c Frequency deviation =%.2f Hz ",f_d2);
+printf("\n\nii.a Carrier frequency at point 2 in fig =%.2f Hz ",f_c2);
+printf("\n\n b Frequency deviation =%.2f Hz ",f_d3);
+printf("\n\n c Frequency deviation =%.2f Hz ",f_d4);
+printf("\n\nii.a Carrier frequency at point 3 in fig =%.2fHz ",f_c3);
+printf("\n\n b Frequency deviation =%.2f Hz ",f_d5);
+printf("\n\n c Frequency deviation =%.2f Hz ",f_d6);
+printf("\n\nThus, in mixer, frequency deviation is not altered but only carrier frequency\n is increased")
diff --git a/1895/CH3/EX3.3/EXAMPLE3_3.SCE b/1895/CH3/EX3.3/EXAMPLE3_3.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..012e1b48e --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH3/EX3.3/EXAMPLE3_3.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 3
+//RADIO TRANSMITTER
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 3.3(PAGENO 138)");
+printf("\n\n\tInput frequency deviation is 10Khz, while the output frequency deviation \nrequired is 60KHz. Thus, a frequency multiplication of 6*3*2 is required.");
+printf("\n\n\tThe frequency multiplication of 6 will give the carrier frequency of\n9*6 = 54MHz only. Hence we have to use heterodyning. The two inputs to the \nmixer are the carrier frequency pf 54MHz and oscillator frequency. Assuming \nthat at the output of the mixer addition of imput frequencies is selected the \nrequired oscillator frequency, to have the final carrier output frequency of \n106MHz, comes out to be 52MHz.[52+54 =106]. ");
diff --git a/1895/CH4/EX4.1/EXAMPLE4_1.SCE b/1895/CH4/EX4.1/EXAMPLE4_1.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8fa419a48 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH4/EX4.1/EXAMPLE4_1.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 4
+//Radio Receiver
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 4.1(PAGENO 150)");
+
+//given data
+Q = 100//quality factor
+f_i = 455*10^3//intermediate frequency
+
+//calculations
+//first case
+f_s = 1000*10^3//incoming frequecy of first case
+f_si = f_s + 2*f_i//image frequency of first case
+p = (f_si/f_s) - (f_s/f_si);
+alpha = sqrt(1+(Q^2*p^2))//rejection ratio of first case
+//second case
+f_s1 = 25*10^6//incoming frequecy of second case
+f_si1 = f_s1+ 2*f_i//image frequency of second case
+p1 = ((f_si1/f_s1) - (f_s1/f_si1));
+alpha1 = sqrt(1+(Q^2*p1^2))//rejection ratio of second case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n(i)a.Image frequency of first case = %.2fHz",f_si);
+printf("\n\n b.Rejection ratio of first case = %.2f",alpha);
+printf("\n\n (ii)a.Image frequency of second case = %.2fHz",f_si1);
+printf("\n\n b.Rejection ratio of second case = %.2f",alpha1);
+printf("\n\nNote: Their is mistake in textbook in the calculation of rejection ratio")
diff --git a/1895/CH4/EX4.2/EXAMPLE4_2.SCE b/1895/CH4/EX4.2/EXAMPLE4_2.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..930f8acf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH4/EX4.2/EXAMPLE4_2.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 4
+//Radio Receiver
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 4.2(PAGENO 150)");
+
+//given data
+Q = 90
+f_i = 455*10^3//intermediate frequency
+
+//calculations
+//first case
+f_s = 950*10^3//incoming frequency of first case
+f_si = f_s + 2*f_i//image frequency of first case
+p = (f_si/f_s) - (f_s/f_si);
+alpha = sqrt(1+(Q^2*p^2))//rejection ratio of first case
+//second case
+f_s1 = 10*10^6//incoming frequecy of second case
+f_si1 = f_s1+ 2*f_i//image frequency of second case
+p1 = ((f_si1/f_s1) - (f_s1/f_si1));
+alpha1 = sqrt(1+(Q^2*p1^2))//rejection ratio of second case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n(i)a.Image frequency of first case = %.2f Hz",f_si);
+printf("\n\n b.Rejection ratio of first case = %.2f",alpha);
+printf("\n\n(ii)a.Image frequency of second case = %.2f Hz",f_si1);
+printf("\n\n b.Rejection ratio of second case = %.2f",alpha1);
diff --git a/1895/CH4/EX4.3/EXAMPLE4_3.SCE b/1895/CH4/EX4.3/EXAMPLE4_3.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2682671ed --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH4/EX4.3/EXAMPLE4_3.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 4
+//Radio Receiver
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 4.3(PAGENO 151)");
+//given
+
+a1 = 130.5//rejection ratio
+f_s = 10*10^3//incoming frequency
+printf("from fig 4.8 from t/b we can write that")
+
+//calculations
+//first case
+alpha = 130.5//from problem 4.2 of first case
+alpha2 = 15.72//from problem 4.2 of second case
+alpha1 = alpha/alpha2//rejection ratio ofgiven RF amplifer
+p1 =.174//from problem 4.2 of second case
+Q = (sqrt(alpha1^2 - 1)/p1)//quality factor
+//second case
+p2 = 1.45//from problem 4.2 of second case
+f_si =1860*10^3//from problem 4.2 of second case
+f_i = 950*10^3//incoming frequency
+f_i1 = 10*10^6//good image frequency
+f_si1 = (f_si*f_i1)/f_i';//mage frequency
+f_i2 = (f_si1 - f_i1)/2//new intermediate frequency
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n(i)Quality factor =%.2f ",Q);
+printf("\n\n(ii)New intermediate frequency =%.4f Hz",f_i2);
diff --git a/1895/CH4/EX4.5/EXAMPLE4_5.SCE b/1895/CH4/EX4.5/EXAMPLE4_5.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e45161d24 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH4/EX4.5/EXAMPLE4_5.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 4
+//Radio Receiver
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 4.5(PAGENO 152)");
+
+//given
+IF = 455*10^3//intermediate frequency in hertz
+f_s = 900*10^3//signal frequency in hertz
+Q = 80//quality factor
+
+//calculations
+f_0 = f_s + IF//local oscillator frequency
+f_si = f_s + 2* IF//image frequency
+p = (f_si/f_s)-(f_s/f_si)
+a = sqrt(1+(Q*p)^2)//image frequency rejectio ratio
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n(i)Local oscillator frequency = %.2f Hz",f_0);
+printf("\n\n(ii)Image frequency = %.2f Hz",f_si);
+printf("\n\n(iii)Image frequency rejection ratio = %.2f",a);
+printf("\n\n(iv)Note:Their is mistake in textbook in the calculation of image frequency")
diff --git a/1895/CH4/EX4.6/EXAMPLE4_6.SCE b/1895/CH4/EX4.6/EXAMPLE4_6.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8bb88cc9f --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH4/EX4.6/EXAMPLE4_6.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 4
+//Radio Receiver
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 4.6(PAGENO 153)");
+//given
+Q = 125//quality factor
+
+//calculations
+//first case
+IF1 = 465*10^3//intermediate frequency
+f_s1 = 1*10^6//incoming frequency for first case in hertz
+f_s2 = 30*10^6//second incoming frequency for first case in hertz
+f_si1 = f_s1 + 2*IF1//image frequency for incoming frequency 1MHz for first case
+f_si2 = f_s2 + 2*IF1//image frequency for incoming frequency 30MHz for first case
+p1 = (f_si1/f_s1)-(f_s1/f_si1);
+p2 = (f_si2/f_s2)-(f_s2/f_si2);
+alpha1 = sqrt(1+(Q*p1)^2);//rejection ratio at 1MHz incoming frequency
+alpha2 = sqrt(1+(Q*p2)^2);//rejection ratio at 30MHz incoming frequency
+//second case
+f_s3 = 1*10^6//incoming frequency for second case in hertz
+f_si3 = (f_si1*f_s2)/f_s3//image frequency
+IF2 = (f_si3-f_s2)/2//intermediate frequency
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n(i)a.Image frequency for 1MHz incoming frequency = %.2f Hz",f_si1);
+printf("\n\n b.Rejection ratio for 1MHz incoming frequency = %.2f",alpha1);
+printf("\n\n c.Image frequency for 30MHz incoming frequency = %.2f Hz",f_si2);
+printf("\n\n d.Rejection ratio for 30MHz incoming frequency = %.2f",alpha2);
+printf("\n\n(ii)intermediate frequency for second case = %.2f Hz",IF2);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.1/EXAMPLE5_1.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.1/EXAMPLE5_1.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..33c89a41d --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.1/EXAMPLE5_1.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.1(PAGENO 198)");
+
+//given
+t = [0:.1:10];//time period
+R = 10//resistance in ohms
+printf("\n\nv(t) = 12*cos(6*10^8*t + 5*sin(1250*t));");
+printf("\n\nv(t) = A*cos(w_c*t + m_f*sin(w_m*t))");
+//by comparing with standard
+A = 12//amplitude voltage in volts
+w_c= 6*10^8//angular carrier frequency in rad/sec
+w_m = 1250//angular modulating frequency in rad/sec
+m_f = 5//modulation index
+
+//calculations
+f_c = w_c/(2*%pi)//carrier frequency
+f_m = w_m/(2*%pi)//modulating frequency
+deltaf = m_f*f_m//maximum deviation
+V_rms = (A/sqrt(2))^2//rms volatage
+P = V_rms/R//power dissipatted
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n i. Carrier frequency = %.2f Hz",f_c);
+printf("\n\nii. Modulation frequency = %.2f Hz",f_m);
+printf("\n\niii. Modulation index = %.2f",m_f);
+printf("\n\niv.Maximum frequency deviation = %.2f Hz", deltaf);
+printf("\n\nv.Power dissipated = %.2f W ",P);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.10/EXAMPLE5_10.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.10/EXAMPLE5_10.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4e8df7199 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.10/EXAMPLE5_10.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.10(PAGENO 212)");
+
+//given
+BW = 50*10^3//bandwidth
+deltaf = 10*10^3//frequency deviation
+
+//calculation
+x = BW/deltaf//variable
+m_f = 2//by referring to the Schwartz bandwidth curve with 'x'
+f_m = deltaf/m_f//modulating frequency
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n Modulating frequency = %.2f Hz",f_m);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.11/EXAMPLE5_11.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.11/EXAMPLE5_11.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..52a6d1b94 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.11/EXAMPLE5_11.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.11(PAGENO 217)");
+//given
+//x(t) = 5*cos(2*%pi*15*10^3*t)
+V_m = 5//amplitude of voltage
+f_m = 15*10^3//modulation frequency
+k_f = 15*10^3//frequency sensitivity
+k_p = 15*10^3//phase sensitivity
+
+//calculations
+//first case
+//for FM system
+delta_f1 = k_f * V_m;//frequency deviation for FM system
+m_f1 = delta_f1/f_m; //modulation index in FM system
+BW1 = 2*(delta_f1+f_m);//bandwidth for FM system
+//for PM system
+delta_f2 = k_f * V_m*f_m;//frequency deviation for PM system
+BW2 = 2*(delta_f2 + f_m);//bandwidth for PM system
+m_p1 = k_p * V_m//modulation index in PM system
+
+//second case
+f_m1 = 5*10^3//modulating frequency for second case
+//for FM system
+delta_f3 = k_p * V_m;//frequency deviation for FM system
+m_f2 = delta_f3/f_m1; //modulation index in FM system
+BW3 = 2*(delta_f3+f_m1);//bandwidth for FM system
+//for PM system
+delta_f4 = k_p * V_m*f_m1;//frequency deviation for PM system
+BW4 = 2*(delta_f4 + f_m1);//bandwidth for PM system
+m_p2 = k_p * V_m//modulation index in PM system
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.a.Modulation index of FM system for first case = %.2f",m_f1);
+printf("\n\n b.Bandwidth of FM system for first case = %.2f Hz",BW1);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Modulation index of PM system for first case = %.2f",m_p1);
+printf("\n\n b.Bandwidth of PM system for first case = %.2f Hz",BW2);
+printf("\n\niii.a.Modulation index of FM system for second case = %.2f",m_f2);
+printf("\n\n b.Bandwidth of FM system for second case = %.2f Hz",BW3);
+printf("\n\niv.a.Modulation index of PM system for second case = %.2f",m_p2);
+printf("\n\n b.Bandwidth of PM system for second case = %.2f Hz",BW4);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.12/EXAMPLE5_12.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.12/EXAMPLE5_12.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f31a02bc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.12/EXAMPLE5_12.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.12(PAGENO 219)");
+
+//given
+//given that v = 10*sin((5 * 10^8 *t) + 4*sin(1250*t))
+//by comparing with standard eqn i.e v = V_c*sin((w_c * t) + m_f*sin(w_m*t)) we get
+w_c = 5*10^8//angular carrier frequency
+w_m = 1250//angular modulating frequency
+m_f = 4//modulating index
+V_c = 10//carrier voltage in volts
+R = 5//resistance in ohms
+
+//calculations
+f_c = w_c/(2*%pi)//carrier frequency
+f_m = w_m/(2*%pi)//modulating frequency
+deltaf = m_f * f_m//maximum deviation
+V_rms = (V_c/sqrt(2))^2//RMS value of FM wave
+P = V_rms/R//power dissipated
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.a.Carrier frequency = %.2f Hz",f_c);
+printf("\n\n b.Modulating frequency = %.2f Hz",f_m);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Modulation index = %.2f",m_f);
+printf("\n\n b.Maximum deviation = %.2f Hz",deltaf);
+printf("\n\niii.Power dissipated in 5 ohms resistance = %.2f W",P);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.13/EXAMPLE5_13.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.13/EXAMPLE5_13.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e1c96f676 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.13/EXAMPLE5_13.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.13(PAGENO 220)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 1*10^3//modulating frequency
+V_m = 2//modulating voltage in volts
+deltaf = 6*10^3//frequency deviation
+V_m1 = 4//increased modulation voltage for first case
+V_m2 = 8//increased modulation voltage for second case
+
+//calculations
+k_f = deltaf/V_m//proportion constant
+//first case
+deltaf1 = k_f*V_m1//frequency deviation for first case
+//second case
+deltaf2 = k_f*V_m2//frequency deviation for second case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Frequency deviation for modulating voltage 4V = %.2f Hz",deltaf1);
+printf("\n\nii.Frequency deviation for modulating voltage 8V = %.2f Hz",deltaf2);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.14/EXAMPLE5_14.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.14/EXAMPLE5_14.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0141e7e18 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.14/EXAMPLE5_14.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.14(PAGENO 220)");
+
+//given
+deltaf = 6*10^3//frequency deviation from the question of EXAMPLE 5.13(PAGENO 220)
+f_m = 1*10^3//modulating frequency from the question of EXAMPLE 5.13(PAGENO 220)
+deltaf1 = 12*10^3//frequency deviation from the EXAMPLE 5.13(PAGENO 220) of first case
+deltaf2 = 24*10^3//frequency deviation from the EXAMPLE 5.13(PAGENO 220) of second case
+f_m1 = f_m//modulating frequency from the EXAMPLE 5.13(PAGENO 220) of first case
+f_m2 = 500//modulating frequency from the EXAMPLE 5.13(PAGENO 220) ofsecond case
+
+//calculation
+m_f = deltaf/f_m//modulation index for the initial conditions given in the problem 5.13
+m_f1 = deltaf1/f_m1//modulation index for the first case
+m_f2 = deltaf2/f_m2//modulation index for the second case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\na.Modulation index for initial conditions given in the problem 5.13 = %.2f ",m_f);
+printf("\n\nb.Modulation index for the first case = %.2f",m_f1);
+printf("\n\nc.Modulation index for the second case = %.2f",m_f2);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.15/EXAMPLE5_15.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.15/EXAMPLE5_15.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6d5b97332 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.15/EXAMPLE5_15.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.15(PAGENO 220)");
+
+//given
+deltaf = 10*10^3//frequency deviation
+f_m = 1*10^3//modulating frequency
+
+//calculations
+BW = 2*(deltaf + f_m)//bandwidth of FM signal
+BW_DSB = 2*f_m//bandwidth of DSB FC(AM)
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Bandwidth of FM signal = %.2f Hz",BW);
+printf("\n\nii.Bandwidth of DSB FC(AM) signal = %.2f Hz",BW_DSB);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.16/EXAMPLE5_16.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.16/EXAMPLE5_16.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2fc504fbd --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.16/EXAMPLE5_16.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.16(PAGENO 221)");
+
+//given
+//first case
+f_c1 = 20*10^6//carrier frequency
+f_m1 = 400//modulation frequency
+V_c = 5//carrier voltage in volts
+deltaf = 10*10^3//frequency deviation
+//second case
+f_m2 = 2*10^3//modulation frequency
+
+//calculations
+w_c1 = 2 *%pi *f_c1//angular carrier freqency
+w_m1 = 2 *%pi *f_m1//angular carrier freqency
+m_f1 = deltaf/f_m1//modulation index for first case
+m_f2 = deltaf/f_m2//modulation index for second case
+
+//results
+//standard format of fm and pm equations are
+//s(t) = V_c8sin(w_c*t + m_f*sin(w_m*t))
+printf("\n\n(i)FM wave:s(t) = 5*sin(1.25*10^8*t + 25*sin(2513*t)");
+printf("\n\n(ii)PM wave:s(t) = 5*sin(1.25*10^8*t + 25*sin(2513*t)");
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.17/EXAMPLE5_17.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.17/EXAMPLE5_17.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..93ef61b8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.17/EXAMPLE5_17.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.17(PAGENO 221)");
+
+//given
+V_m = 5//modulating voltage
+f_m = 20*10^3//modulating frequency
+V_c = 10//carrier voltage
+f_c = 100*10^6//carrier frequency
+delta_f = 2*10^3//frequeny deviation in hertz per volt
+
+//calculations
+m_a = delta_f/f_m//modulation index
+printf("\n\nfor m_a = .5 the approximate values of j coefficients are");
+printf("\n\nJ_0 = .94 J_1 = .24 J_2 =.03");
+J_0 = .94
+ J_1 = .24
+ J_2 =.03
+A_c = V_c*J_0;//carrier amplitude
+A_1 = V_c*J_1;//amplitude of first pair of sideband
+A_2 = V_c*J_2;//amplitude of second pair of sideband
+f_1 = f_c + f_m//maximum frequency of first pair of sideband
+f_1a = f_c - f_m//minimum frequency of first pair of sideband
+f_2 = f_c + (2*f_m)//maximum frequency of second pair of sideband
+f_2a = f_c - (2*f_m)//minimum frequency of second pair of sideband
+
+ //results
+printf("\n\ni.Carrier amplitude = %f V",A_c);
+printf("\n\nii.Amplitude of first pair of sideband = %f V",A_1);
+printf("\n\niii.Amplitude of second pair of sideband = %f V",A_2);
+printf("\n\niV.a.Maximum frequency of first pair of sideband = %f Hz",f_1);
+printf("\n\n .b.Minimum frequency of first pair of sideband = %f Hz",f_1a);
+printf("\n\nV.a.Maximum frequency of second pair of sideband = %f Hz",f_2);
+printf("\n\n .b.Minimum frequency of second pair of sideband = %f Hz",f_2a);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.18/EXAMPLE5_18.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.18/EXAMPLE5_18.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..12778ea0d --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.18/EXAMPLE5_18.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.18(PAGENO 222)");
+
+//given
+f_m1 = 400//modulating frequency for first case
+V_m1 = 2.4//modulating voltage for first case
+f_m2 = 250//modulating frequency for second case
+V_m2 = 3.2//modulating voltage for second case
+m_f1 = 60//modulation index for first case
+
+//calculations
+delta_f1 = m_f1*f_m1//maximum frequency deviation for first case
+k = delta_f1/V_m1//constant
+delta_f2 = k*V_m2//frequency deviation for second case
+m_f2 = delta_f2/f_m2//modulation index for second case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Maximum frequency deviation for first case = %.2f Hz",delta_f1);
+printf("\n\nii.Modulation index for second case = %.2f ",m_f2);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.19/EXAMPLE5_19.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.19/EXAMPLE5_19.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9ebd9021e --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.19/EXAMPLE5_19.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.19(PAGENO 222)");
+
+//given
+f_m1 = 1*10^3//modulating frequency for first case
+f_m2 = 500//modulating frequency for second case
+V_m1 = 2//modulating voltage for first case
+V_m2 = 8//modulating volatge for second case
+delta_f1 = 4*10^3//frequency deviation for first case
+
+//calculations
+ k = delta_f1/V_m1//constant
+ delta_f2 = k*V_m2//frequency deviation for second case
+ m_f1 = delta_f1/f_m1//modulation index for first case
+ m_f2 = delta_f2/f_m2//modulation index for second case
+ BW1 = 2*(delta_f1 + f_m1)//bandwidth for first case
+ BW2 = 2*(delta_f2 + f_m2)//bandwidth for second case
+
+ //results
+printf("\n\ni.a.Modulation index for first case = %.2f",m_f1);
+printf("\n\n b.Bandwidth for first case = %.2f Hz",BW1);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Modulation index for second case = %.2f",m_f2);
+printf("\n\n b .Bandwidth for second case = %.2f Hz",BW2);
+printf("\n\nNote: Their is error in textbook in the calculation of second case bandwidth ");
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.2/EXAMPLE5_2.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.2/EXAMPLE5_2.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6c507bc96 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.2/EXAMPLE5_2.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.2(PAGENO 199)");
+
+//given
+f_c = 107.6*10^6//carrier frequency
+f_m = 7*10^3//modulationg frequency
+deltaf = 50*10^3//frequency deviation
+
+//calculations
+cs = 2*deltaf//carrier swing
+f_H = f_c + deltaf//highest frequency
+f_L = f_c - deltaf//lowest frequency
+m_f = deltaf/f_m//modulating index
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Carrier frequency = %.2f Hz",cs);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Highest frequency attained by the modulating signal = %.2f Hz",f_H);
+printf("\n\n b.Lowest frequency attained by the modulating signal = %.2f Hz",f_L);
+printf("\n\niii.modulating index of the FM wave = %.3f",m_f);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.20/EXAMPLE5_20.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.20/EXAMPLE5_20.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..81f6ce690 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.20/EXAMPLE5_20.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.20(PAGENO 232)");
+//given
+g_m = 10*10^-3//transconductance
+n = 8
+f= 5*10^6//operating frequency
+
+//calculation
+X_Ceq = n/g_m//capacitive reactance
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nCapacitive reactance = %.2f ohms",X_Ceq)
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.21/EXAMPLE5_21.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.21/EXAMPLE5_21.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..62d577fe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.21/EXAMPLE5_21.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.21(PAGENO 233)");
+
+//given data from block diagram
+f_c = 10*10^6//carrier frequency
+delta_f = 10*10^3//frequency deviation
+m_f = 5//modulation index
+
+//calculations
+//first stage
+f_cA = 3 * f_c//carrier frequency at point A
+delta_fA = 3 * delta_f//frequency deviation at point A
+m_fA = 3 * m_f//modulation index at point A
+f_maxA = f_cA + delta_fA//maximum frequency at point A
+f_minA = f_cA - delta_fA//minimum frequency at point A
+//second stage
+f_cB = f_cA + f_c//carrier frequency at point B
+f_maxB = f_maxA +f_c//maximum frequency at point B
+f_minB = f_minA + f_c//minimum frequency at point B
+delta_fB = f_maxB - f_cB//frequency deviation at point B
+//their will no change in modulation index
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.a.Carrier frequency at point A = %.2f Hz",f_cA);
+printf("\n\n b.Frequency deviation at point A = %.2f Hz",delta_fA);
+printf("\n\n c.Modulation index at point A = %.2f ",m_fA);
+printf("\n\n d.Maximum frequency at point A = %.2f Hz",f_maxA);
+printf("\n\n e.Minimum frequency at point A = %.2f Hz",f_minA);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Carrier frequency at point B = %.2f Hz",f_cB);
+printf("\n\n b.Frequency deviation at point B = %.2f Hz",delta_fB);
+printf("\n\n c.Modulation index at point B = %.2f ",m_fA);
+printf("\n\n d.Maximum frequency at point B = %.2f Hz",f_maxB);
+printf("\n\n e.Minimum frequency at point B = %.2f Hz",f_minB);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.22/EXAMPLE5_22.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.22/EXAMPLE5_22.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6c25936fb --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.22/EXAMPLE5_22.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.22(PAGENO 251)");
+//given
+//first case
+//The maximum deviation in commerical FM is given as
+delta_f1 = 75*10^3//frequency deviation in commerical FM
+f_m1 = 30//maximum modulating frequency
+f_m2 = 15*10^3//minimum modulating frequency
+//second case
+ delta_f2 = 10*10^3//frequency deviation for narrowband FM
+ f_m3 = 100//maximum modulating frequency
+ f_m4 = 3*10^3//minimum modulating frequency
+
+ //calculations
+ //first case
+m_f1 = delta_f1/f_m1//modulation index for maximum modulating frequency
+m_f2 = delta_f1/f_m2//modulation index for minimum modulating frequency
+//second case
+m_f3 = delta_f2/f_m3//modulation index for maximum modulating frequency
+m_f4 = delta_f2/f_m4//modulation index for minimum modulating frequency
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n i.a.modulation index for maximum modulating frequency of commercial FM = %.2f",m_f1)
+printf("\n\n b.modulation index for minimum modulating frequency of commercial FM = %.2f",m_f2)
+printf("\n\nii.a.modulation index for maximum modulating frequency of narrowband FM = %.2f",m_f3)
+printf("\n\n b.modulation index for minimum modulating frequency of commercial FM = %.2f",m_f4)
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.23/EXAMPLE5_23.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.23/EXAMPLE5_23.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bfb80c3b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.23/EXAMPLE5_23.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.23(PAGENO 251)");
+
+//given
+disp('modulated carrier waveform is given by s(t) = A*sin((2*%pi*f_c*t)+m_f*sin(2*%pi*f_m*t))');
+f_c = 100*10^6//carrier frequency in hertz
+delta_f = 75*10^3//frequency deviation in hertz
+f_m = 2*10^3//modulating frequency
+A = 5//peak voltage of carrier wave
+
+//calculation
+m_f = delta_f/f_m;//modulation index
+
+//result
+printf("\n Modulation index =%.2f",m_f);
+disp("Equation for modulated carrier waveform s(t) = 5*sin((2*%pi*100*10^6*t)+37.5*sin(2*%pi*2*10^3*t))");
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.24/EXAMPLE5_24.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.24/EXAMPLE5_24.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d12f93487 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.24/EXAMPLE5_24.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.24(PAGENO 252)");
+
+//given
+//we know that s(t) = A*cos((2*%pi*f_c*t) + m_f*sin(2*%pi*f_m*t ))
+f_c = 1*10^6//modulation frequency
+A = 3//carrier amplitude in volts
+//first case
+A_m = 1//modulating amplitude in volts for first case
+delta_f = 1*10^3//frequency deviation
+f_m1 = 1//modulating frequencyof first case
+//second case
+f_m2 = 2*10^3//modulating frequency for second case
+A_m2 = 5//modulating amplitude for second case
+
+//calculations
+k_f = delta_f/f_m1//frequency sensitivity in hertz per volt
+m_f = (delta_f*A_m2)/f_m2//modulating frequency
+//desired FM signal can be expressed by s(t) = A*cos((2*%pi*f_c*t) + m_f*sin(2*%pi*f_m*t ))
+//results
+//standard FM signal expression is as follows
+//s(t) = A*cos(2*%pi*f_c*t + m_f * sin(2*%pi*f_m*t))
+printf("\n\nFrequency sensitivity k_f = %.2f",k_f);
+printf("\n\nModulation index m_f =%.2f ",m_f);
+
+disp("s(t)=3*cos(2*%pi*10^6*t + 2.5*sin(2*%pi*2*10^3*t)");
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.29/EXAMPLE5_29.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.29/EXAMPLE5_29.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a8caf03ea --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.29/EXAMPLE5_29.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.29(PAGENO 256)");
+
+//given
+delta_f = 75*10^3//frequency deviation
+f_m = 15*10^3//modulating frequency
+
+//calculations
+D = delta_f/f_m//deviation ratio
+BW1 = 2*delta_f*(1+(1/D))//bandwidth of FM signal
+//using universal curve, replacing m_f by D,we get
+BW2 = 3.2*delta_f//for D = 5=3.2*75*10^3
+BW = (BW2-BW1)*100/BW2//percentage of under estimation of bandwidth by using carson's rule
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Bandwidth of FM signal = %.2f Hz",BW1);
+printf("\n\nii.Bandwidth obtained by replacing m_f by D = %.2f Hz",BW2);
+printf("\n\niii.Percentage of under estimation of bandwidth by using Carson rule = %.2f percent",BW);
+disp("It means that cason s rule under estimates the band-width by 25% as compared with the resulat obtained from the universal curve.");
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.3/EXAMPLE5_3.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.3/EXAMPLE5_3.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de0bba26d --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.3/EXAMPLE5_3.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.3(PAGENO 199)");
+//given
+f_c = 105*10^6//carrier frequency
+f_H = 105.007*10^6//highest frequency or upper frequency
+//calculations
+deltaf = f_H - f_c//frequency deviation
+cs = 2*deltaf//carrier swing
+f_L = f_c - deltaf//lower frequency
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Frequency deviation = %.4f Hz",deltaf);
+printf("\n\nii.Carrier swing = %.2f Hz",cs);
+printf("\n\niii.Lower frequency reached by the modulated wave = %.3f Hz",f_L);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.30/EXAMPLE5_30.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.30/EXAMPLE5_30.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d8cd46a66 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.30/EXAMPLE5_30.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.30(PAGENO 257)");
+
+//given
+m_f1 = 1//modualtion index for first case
+m_f2 = 10//modualtion index for second case
+//let
+f_m = 1*10^3//modulating frequency
+
+//calulations
+//the bandwidth for FM signal can be calculated on the basis of 98% power requirement given by Carson's rule
+BW1 = 2*(m_f1+1)*f_m//bandwidth for first case
+B1 = (2*m_f1 +1)*f_m//frequency band first case
+BW2 = 2*(m_f2+1)*f_m//bandwidth for second case
+B2 = (2*m_f2 +1)*f_m//frequency band second case
+P1 = (B1/BW1)*(98)//fraction of signal power that is included in freuency band for 1st case
+P2 = (B2/BW2)*(98)//fraction of signal power that is included in freuency band for 2nd case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Fraction of signal power that is included in freuency band for 1st case =%.2f percent",P1);
+printf("\n\nii.Fraction of signal power that is included in freuency band for 2nd case =%.2f percent",P2);
+printf("\n\nNote: Their is mistake in calculation of fraction of power of second case in text book")
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.31/EXAMPLE5_31.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.31/EXAMPLE5_31.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4f46691dd --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.31/EXAMPLE5_31.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.31(PAGENO 257)");
+
+//given
+f_m1 = 2*10^3//modulating frequency for first case
+delta_f1= 5*10^3//frequency deviation for first case
+f_m2 = 1*10^3//modulating frequency for second case
+delta_f2 = 3*5*10^3//modulating frequency for second case
+
+//calculations
+BW1 = 2*(delta_f1 + f_m1)//bandwidth of the FM signal for first case
+BW2 = 2*(delta_f2 + f_m2)//bandwidth of the FM signal for secpnd case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Bandwidth of the FM signal for first case = %.2f Hz",BW1)
+printf("\n\nii.Bandwidth of the FM signal for second case = %.2f Hz",BW2)
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.32/EXAMPLE5_32.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.32/EXAMPLE5_32.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..28eaa691b --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.32/EXAMPLE5_32.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.32(PAGENO 258)");
+
+//given
+m_f = .2//modulation index
+P = 10*10^3//power of FM transmitter
+J_0m_f = 0.99//bessel function
+J_1m_f =0.099
+
+//calculations
+P_c = (J_0m_f)^2 * P//carrier power
+P_s1 = (J_1m_f)^2 * P//power in each side frequency
+P_s2 = P_s1
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Carrier power = %.2f W",P_c);
+printf("\n\nii.power in each side band = %.2f W",P_s1);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.33/EXAMPLE5_33.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.33/EXAMPLE5_33.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0e3139a4d --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.33/EXAMPLE5_33.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.33(PAGENO 258)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 7*10^3//modulating frequency
+delta_f = 50*10^3//frequency deviation
+f_c = 107.6*10^6//carrier frequency
+
+//calculaitons
+CS = 2*delta_f//carrier swing
+m_f = delta_f/f_m//modulation index
+f_h = f_c + delta_f//upper or highest frequency
+f_l = f_c - delta_f//lower of lowest frequency
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.a.Carrier swing = %.2f Hz",CS);
+printf("\n\n b.Modulation index = %.4f ",m_f);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Highest frequency attained by the FM signal = %.2f Hz",f_h);
+printf("\n\n b.Lowest frequency attained by the FM signal = %.2f Hz",f_l);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.34/EXAMPLE5_34.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.34/EXAMPLE5_34.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d2f7e3a95 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.34/EXAMPLE5_34.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.34(PAGENO 259)");
+
+//given
+f_c = 100*10^6//carrier frequency
+f_u = 100.007*10^6//upper frequency
+
+//calculations
+delta_f = f_u - f_c//frequency deviation
+CS = 2*delta_f//carrier swing
+f_l = f_c - delta_f//lower frequency reached by the modulated FM wave
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Frequency deviation = %.2f Hz",delta_f);
+printf("\n\nii.Carrier frequency = %.2f Hz",CS);
+printf("\n\niii.Lower frequency reached by the modulated FM wave = %.2f Hz",f_l);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.35/EXAMPLE5_35.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.35/EXAMPLE5_35.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a2cb34c77 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.35/EXAMPLE5_35.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.35(PAGENO 259)");
+
+//given
+CS = 125*10^3//carrier swing
+
+//calculations
+delta_f = CS/2//frequency deviation
+//since,maximum frequency deviation for the FM broadcast band is 75 KHz, therefore
+f_m = 75*10^3//modulating frequency
+m_f = delta_f*100/f_m//modulation index
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nPercentage modulation index = %.2f percent",m_f);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.36/EXAMPLE5_36.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.36/EXAMPLE5_36.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..29b727020 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.36/EXAMPLE5_36.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.36(PAGENO 259)");
+
+//given
+//first case
+f_m1 = 500//modulating frequency
+delta_f1 = 6.4*10^3//frequency deviation
+V_m1 = 3.2//modulating amplitude
+//second case
+V_m2 = 8.4//modulating amplitude
+ //third case
+V_m3 = 20//modulating amplitude
+f_m3 = 200//modulating frequency
+
+//calculations
+k_f = delta_f1/V_m1//frequency sensitivity
+delta_f2 = k_f*V_m2//frequency deviation for second case
+delta_f3 = k_f*V_m3//frequency deviation for third case
+m_1 = delta_f1/f_m1//modulation index for first case
+m_2 = delta_f2/f_m1//modulation index for second case
+m_3 = delta_f3/f_m3//modulation index for third case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.a.Frequency deviation for first case = %.2f Hz",delta_f1);
+printf("\n\n b.Modulation index for first case = %.2f ",m_1);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Frequency deviation for second case = %.2f Hz",delta_f2);
+printf("\n\n b.Modulation index for second case = %.2f ",m_2);
+printf("\n\niii.a.Frequency deviation for third case = %.2f Hz",delta_f3);
+printf("\n\n b.Modulation index for third case = %.2f ",m_3);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.37/EXAMPLE5_37.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.37/EXAMPLE5_37.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fadec0504 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.37/EXAMPLE5_37.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.37(PAGENO 260)");
+
+//given
+// s(t) = 20*sin(6*10^8*t + 7*sin(1250*t))
+//comparing with standard eqn s(t) = A*sin(w_c*t + m_f*sin(w_m*t))
+//we get
+w_c = 6*10^8//carrier angular frequency in rad/sec
+w_m = 1250//modulating angular frequency in rad/sec
+m_f = 7//modualation index
+A = 20//amplitude of modulated wave
+R = 100//resistance
+
+//calculations
+f_c = w_c/(2*%pi)//carrier frequency in hertz
+f_m = w_m/(2*%pi)//modulating frequency in hertz
+delta_f = m_f*f_m//frequency deviation
+P = (A/sqrt(2))^2/R//power dissipated
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Carrier frequency = %.2f Hz ",f_c);
+printf("\n\nii.Modulating frequency = %.2f Hz ",f_m);
+printf("\n\niii.Modulation index = %.2f ",m_f);
+printf("\n\niv.Frequency deviation = %.2f Hz",delta_f);
+printf("\n\nv.Power dissipated by FM wave = %.2f W",P);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.39/EXAMPLE5_39.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.39/EXAMPLE5_39.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c0558bde --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.39/EXAMPLE5_39.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.39(PAGENO 261)");
+
+//given
+//x_c(t) = 10*cos[(10^8*%pi*t) + 5*sin(2*%pi*10^3)t]
+//by comparing the given x_c(t) with standard FM wave equation
+t=[1:1:10];
+w_c = 10^8//carreier frequency
+phi_t = 5*sin(2*%pi*10^3*t);
+phi_1t = 5*2*%pi*10^3*cos(2*%pi*10^3*t)
+//Therefore, the maximum phase deviation will be
+phi_tmax = 5//radians
+
+//calculation
+delta_f = (5*10^3*2*%pi)/(2*%pi);//maximum frequency deviation
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nMaximum frequency deviation is %.2f Hz",delta_f);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.4/EXAMPLE5_4.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.4/EXAMPLE5_4.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c80e9e4f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.4/EXAMPLE5_4.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.4(PAGENO 200)");
+
+//given
+cs = 100*10^3//carrier swing
+f_m = 8*10^3//modulating frequency
+
+//calculations
+deltaf = cs/2//frequency deviation
+m_f = deltaf/f_m//modulation index
+//results
+printf("\n\n Modulation index = %.2f",m_f);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.43/EXAMPLE5_43.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.43/EXAMPLE5_43.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2f4bdc03c --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.43/EXAMPLE5_43.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.43(PAGENO 263)");
+
+//given
+//x_c(t) = 10*cos(2*%pi*10^8*t + 200*cos (2*%pi*10^3*t))
+//instantaneous frequecy w_i = 2*%pi*10^8 - 4*%pi*10^6*sin(2*%pi*10^3)
+delta_w = 4*%pi*10^5//angular frequency deviation
+w_m = 2*%pi*10^3//angulat modulating frequency
+
+//calculations
+beeta = delta_w/w_m;
+W_B1 = 2*(beeta + 1)*w_m;//angular bandwidth
+//since beeta >>1,therefore
+W_B1 = 2*delta_w//angular bandwidth
+//W_B==W_B1
+f_B = W_B1/(2*%pi)//bandwidth in Hz
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nBandwidth = %.2f Hz",f_B);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.44/EXAMPLE5_44.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.44/EXAMPLE5_44.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d49551b2a --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.44/EXAMPLE5_44.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.44(PAGENO 263)");
+
+//given
+f_c = 20*10^6//carrier frequency
+delta_f = 100*10^3//frequency deviation
+f_m1 = 1*10^3//modulation index for first case
+f_m2 = 100*10^3//modulation index for second case
+f_m3 = 500*10^3//modulation index for third case
+
+//calculations
+beeta1 = delta_f/f_m1
+beeta2 = delta_f/f_m2
+beeta3 = delta_f/f_m3
+m_f1 = delta_f/f_m1//modulation index for first case
+m_f2 = delta_f/f_m2//modulation index for second case
+m_f3 = delta_f/f_m3//modulation index for third case
+f_B1 = 2*delta_f//bandwidth for first case since it is a WBFM signal
+f_B2 = 2*(beeta2 + 1)*f_m2//bandwidth for second case
+f_B3 = 2*f_m3//bandwidth for third case since it is a NBFM signal
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.a.Modulation index for first case = %.2f ",m_f1);
+printf("\n\n b.Bandwidth for first case = %.2f Hz",f_B1);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Modulation index for second case = %.2f ",m_f2);
+printf("\n\n b.Bandwidth for second case = %.2f Hz",f_B2);
+printf("\n\niIi.a.Modulation index for third case = %.2f ",m_f3);
+printf("\n\n b.Bandwidth for third case = %.2f Hz",f_B3);
+printf("\n\nNote:Their is error in first case modulating frequency in text book")
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.45/EXAMPLE5_45.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.45/EXAMPLE5_45.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..45d49f62b --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.45/EXAMPLE5_45.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.45(PAGENO 263)");
+
+//given
+//x_c(t) = 10*cos(w_c*t + 3*sin(w_m*t))
+//comparing with std eqn of PM signal x_PM(t) = A*cos(w_c*t + k_p*m(t))
+//m(t) = a_m*sin(w_m*t)
+//beeta = k_p*a_m
+beeta = 3;
+f_m1 = 1*10^3//modulating frequency for first case
+f_m2 = 2*10^3//modulating frequency for second case
+f_m3 = 500//modulating frequency for third case
+
+//calculations
+f_B1 = 2*(beeta + 1)*f_m1//bandwidth for first case
+f_B2 = 2*(beeta + 1)*f_m2//bandwidth for first case
+f_B3 = 2*(beeta + 1)*f_m3//bandwidth for first case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Bandwidth for first case = %.2f Hz",f_B1);
+printf("\n\nii.Bandwidth for second case = %.2f Hz",f_B2);
+printf("\n\nii.Bandwidth for third case = %.2f Hz",f_B3);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.46/EXAMPLE5_46.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.46/EXAMPLE5_46.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5836c9bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.46/EXAMPLE5_46.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.45(PAGENO 264)");
+
+//given
+//x_cFM(t) = 10*cos(w_c*t + 3*sin(w_m*t))
+//by omparing with standard equation i.e A*cos(w_c*t + beta*sin(w_m*t))
+//we get
+beta = 3
+
+//calculations
+//first case
+f_m1 = 1*10^3//modulating frequency for first case
+f_B1 = 2*(beta +1)*f_m1//bandwidth for first case
+//second case
+beta2 = 3/2//beta for second case
+f_m2 = 2*10^3//modulating frequency for second case
+f_B2 = 2*(beta2 +1)*f_m2//bandwidth for second case
+//third case
+beta3 = 6//beta for third case
+f_m3 = .5*10^3//modulating frequency for third case
+f_B3 = 2*(beta3 +1)*f_m3//bandwidth for third case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Bandwidth for first case = %.2f Hz",f_B1);
+printf("\n\nii.Bandwidth for second case = %.2f Hz",f_B2);
+printf("\n\nii.Bandwidth for third case = %.2f Hz",f_B3);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.47/EXAMPLE5_47.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.47/EXAMPLE5_47.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7b6b1e9b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.47/EXAMPLE5_47.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + //ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.47(PAGENO 264)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 2*10^3//modulating frequency for first case
+delta_f1 = 5*10^3//frequency deviation for first case
+f_m1 = 1*10^3//modulating frequency for second case
+//beeta = (k_f*a_m)/(w_m) = delta_f/f_m
+
+//calculations
+beeta = delta_f1/f_m
+f_B1 = 2*(beeta + 1)*f_m//bandwidth for first case
+//beeta1 = (k_f*3*a_m)/(.5*w_m) = delta_f/f_m therefore
+beeta1 = 6*beeta
+delta_f2 = beeta1 * f_m1 //frequency deviation for second case
+f_B2 = 2*(beeta1 + 1)*f_m1//bandwidth for second case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Bandwidth for first case = %.2f Hz",f_B1);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Frequency deviation for second case =%.2f Hz",delta_f2);
+printf("\n\n b.Bandwidth for second case = %.2f Hz",f_B2);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.48/EXAMPLE5_48.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.48/EXAMPLE5_48.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..df861df9f --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.48/EXAMPLE5_48.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.48(PAGENO 264)");
+
+//given
+delta_f = 75*10^3//frequency deviation
+f_M = 15*10^3//modulating frequency
+
+//calculations
+//we have w_m = 2*%pi*f_M where f_M = 15KHz,we get
+D = delta_f/f_M//deviation ratio
+//by using thr given formula, the bandwidth will be
+f_B1 = 2*(D+2)*f_M
+//Using Carson's rule, the bandwidt will be
+f_B2 = 2*(D+1)*f_M
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Bandwidth calculation using thr given formula = %.2f Hz",f_B1)
+printf("\n\nii.Bandwidth calculation using the carson rule = %.2f Hz",f_B2)
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.49/EXAMPLE5_49.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.49/EXAMPLE5_49.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..11dbe1c9f --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.49/EXAMPLE5_49.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.49(PAGENO 265)");
+
+//given
+//x_NBFM(t) = A*cos(w_c*t + sin(w_m*t))
+f_c = 200*10^3//carrier frequency
+f_m_max = 15*10^3//maximum modulating frequency
+f_m_min = 50//minimum modulating frequency
+delta_f = 75*10^3//maximum frequency deviation
+
+//calculations
+beeta_min = delta_f/f_m_max;
+beeta_max = delta_f/f_m_min;
+//if beeta_1 =.5, where beeta_1 is the input beeta, then the required frequency multiplication will be
+beeta_1 = .5
+n = beeta_max/beeta_1//frequency multiplication
+delta_f1 = delta_f/n//maximum allowed frequency deviation
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Frequency multiplication = %.2f ",n);
+printf("\n\nii.Maximum allowed frequency deviation = %.2f Hz",delta_f1)
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.5/EXAMPLE5_5.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.5/EXAMPLE5_5.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..30f2e3fbf --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.5/EXAMPLE5_5.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.5(PAGENO 200)");
+
+//given
+deltaf = 20*10^3//frequency deviation
+deltaf_actual = deltaf//since deltaf_actual equals to deltaf
+deltaf_max1 = 75*10^3//maximum frequency deviation deltaf_max permittedfor the first case is 75KHz
+deltaf_max2 = 25*10^3//maximum frequency deviation deltaf_max permitted for the second case is 25KHz
+
+//calculations
+M1 = (deltaf_actual/deltaf_max1)*100//persentage modulation index for first case
+M2 = (deltaf_actual/deltaf_max2)*100//persentage modulation index for second case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Percentage modulation index for first case = %.2f percent",M1);
+printf("\n\nii.Percentage modulation index for second case = %.2f percent",M2);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.50/EXAMPLE5_50.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.50/EXAMPLE5_50.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ed4d2044f --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.50/EXAMPLE5_50.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.50(PAGENO 265)");
+
+//given
+f_1 = 200*10^3//frequency applied at first stage
+delta_f1 = 25//frequency deviation at first stage
+n1 = 64//frequency multiplication at first stage
+n2 = 48//frequency multiplication at second stage
+f_LO = 10.8*10^6//frequency of oscillator as shown if block diagram
+
+//calculations
+delta_f = delta_f1*n1*n2//maximum frequency deviation
+f_2 = n1*f_1//frequency applied at second stage
+f_3a = f_2 + f_LO//frequency applied the third stage
+f_3b = f_2 - f_LO//frequency applied the third stage
+f_c1 = n2*f_3a//carreir frequency for maximun f_3
+f_c2 = n2*f_3b//carreir frequency for minimum f_3
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Maximum frequency deviation =%.2f Hz",delta_f);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Carrier frequency for maximum f_3 = %.2f Hz",f_c1);
+printf("\n\n b.Carrier frequency for minimum f_3 = %.2f Hz",f_c2);
+
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.51/EXAMPLE5_51.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.51/EXAMPLE5_51.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf67a9c7d --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.51/EXAMPLE5_51.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.51(PAGENO 266)");
+
+//given
+f_c = 108*10^6//carrier frequency
+f_1 = 2*10^5//crystal oscillator frequency
+beta = .2//phase deviation
+f_m = 50//minimum frequency
+delta_f = 75*10^3//frequency deviation
+n_2 = 150
+
+//calculations
+delta_f1 = beta * f_m;
+n_12 = delta_f /delta_f1;
+//f_2 = n_1*f_1 = n_1 * 2*10^5Hz
+//assuming down convertions, we have
+//f_2 - f_LO = (f_c/n_2)
+//thus
+f_LO = ((n_12*f_1) - f_c)/n_2;
+n_1 = n_12/n_2
+
+//results
+printf("\n\n n_1 = %.2f",n_1)
+printf("\n\n Mixer oscillator frequency= %.2f hz",f_LO);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.52/EXAMPLE5_52.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.52/EXAMPLE5_52.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..810797d22 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.52/EXAMPLE5_52.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.52(PAGENO 266)");
+
+//given
+delta_f = 50//frequency deviation
+delta_f2 = 20*10^3//frequency deviation for sinusoidal FM wave i.e second case
+f_m1 = 120//modualting frequency for first case
+f_m2 = 240//modulating frquency for second case
+
+//calculations
+//first case
+delta_f1 = (f_m2/f_m1)*delta_f//frequency deviation for sinusoidal PM wave
+n1 = delta_f2/delta_f1//frequency multiplication for sinusoidal PM wave
+//second case
+n2 = delta_f2/delta_f//frequency multiplication for sinusoidal FM wave
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Frequency multiplication for PM wave = %.2f ",n1);
+printf("\n\nii.Frequency multiplication for FM wave = %.2f ",n2);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.6/EXAMPLE5_6.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.6/EXAMPLE5_6.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fa223be4b --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.6/EXAMPLE5_6.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.6(PAGENO 210)");
+
+//given
+deltaf = 75*10^3//frequency deviation
+f_m = 15*10^3//modulating frequency
+
+//calculation
+BW = 2*(deltaf+f_m)//bandwidth
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nBandwidth of a commercial FM transmission = %.2f Hz",BW);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.7/EXAMPLE5_7.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.7/EXAMPLE5_7.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d179f9706 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.7/EXAMPLE5_7.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.7(PAGENO 210)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 4*10^3//modulation frequency
+f_c = 125*10^3//carrier frequency
+
+//claculation
+BW = 2*f_m//bandwidth
+
+//result
+printf("\n\n Bandwidth of a narrowband FM signal = %.2f Hz",BW);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.8/EXAMPLE5_8.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.8/EXAMPLE5_8.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ee5da6771 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.8/EXAMPLE5_8.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.8(PAGENO 210)");
+
+//given
+deltaf1 = 75*10^3//frequency deviation
+f_m = 8*10^3//modulation frequency
+deltaf2 = 2*deltaf1//if modulation signal amplitude is doubled, the frequency deviation becomes double
+
+//calculation
+BW1 = 2*(deltaf1 +f_m)//bandwidth
+BW2 = 2*(deltaf2 +f_m)//new bandwidth
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nBandwidth of a signal when modulating signal amplitude is doubled = %.2fHz",BW2);
diff --git a/1895/CH5/EX5.9/EXAMPLE5_9.SCE b/1895/CH5/EX5.9/EXAMPLE5_9.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0c02ed15a --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH5/EX5.9/EXAMPLE5_9.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 5
+//ANGLE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 5.9(PAGENO 211)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 5*10^3//modulating frequency
+f_c = 50*10^6//carrier frequency
+deltaf = 20*10^3//frequency deviation
+
+//calculations
+m_f = deltaf/f_m//modulation index
+BW = deltaf*3.8//referring to the Schwartz bandwidth curve
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Modulation index = %.2f",m_f);
+printf("\n\nii.Bandwidth of the FM signal = %.2f Hz",BW);
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.1/EXAMPLE6_1.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.1/EXAMPLE6_1.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ff9789928 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.1/EXAMPLE6_1.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.1(PAGENO 281)");
+
+//given
+R = 10*10^3//resistance of amplifier in ohms
+T = 273+27//temperature in kelvin
+B = (20-18)*10^6//bandwidth
+k = 1.38*10^-23//boltzman's constant
+
+//calculations
+V_n = sqrt(4*R*k*T*B);//rms noise voltage
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nRms noise voltage = %.10f V",V_n);
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.10/EXAMPLE6_10.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.10/EXAMPLE6_10.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8b2ad835d --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.10/EXAMPLE6_10.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.10(PAGENO 305)");
+
+//given
+F_1 = 2//noise figure of first stage in dB
+A_1 = 12//gain in first stage in dB
+F_2 = 6//noise figure of second stage in dB
+A_2 = 10//gain in first second in dB
+
+
+//calculations
+F_1ratio = exp((F_1/10)*log(10));//noise figure of first stage in ratio
+F_2ratio = exp((F_2/10)*log(10));//noise figure of second stage in ratio
+A_1ratio = exp((A_1/10)*log(10));//gain of first stage in ratio
+A_2ratio = exp((A_2/10)*log(10));//gain of second stage in ratio
+F = F_1ratio + ((F_2ratio - 1)/(A_1ratio));//Overall noise figure
+F_dB = 10*log10(F);//Overall noise figure in dB
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nOverall noise figure = %.2f dB",F_dB );
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.11/EXAMPLE6_11.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.11/EXAMPLE6_11.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..334b6ae3e --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.11/EXAMPLE6_11.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.11(PAGENO 306)");
+
+//given
+F_1 = 9//noise figure for first stage in dB
+F_2 = 20//noise figure for second stage in dB
+A_1 = 15//gain in first stage in dB
+
+//calculations
+F_1ratio = exp((F_1/10)*log(10));//noise figure of first stage in ratio
+F_2ratio = exp((F_2/10)*log(10));//noise figure of second stage in ratio
+A_1ratio = exp((A_1/10)*log(10));//gain of first stage in ratio
+F = F_1ratio + ((F_2ratio - 1)/(A_1ratio));
+ F_dB = 10*log10(F);
+
+ //results
+ printf("\n\nOverall noise figure = %.2f dB", F_dB );
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.12/EXAMPLE6_12.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.12/EXAMPLE6_12.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9f92210c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.12/EXAMPLE6_12.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.12(PAGENO 307)");
+
+//given
+f_1 = 18*10^6//lower operating frequency in Hz
+f_2 = 20*10^6//lower operating frequency in Hz
+T = 273 + 17//temperature in kelvin
+R = 10*10^3//input resistance
+k = 1.38*10^-23//boltzman's constant
+
+//calculations
+B = f_2 - f_1//bandwidth in Hz
+V_n = sqrt(4*k*B*R*T);//rms noise voltage
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nrms noise voltage = %.10f V",V_n);
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.14/EXAMPLE6_14.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.14/EXAMPLE6_14.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..37375ef02 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.14/EXAMPLE6_14.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.14(PAGENO 308)");
+
+//given
+A = 60//gain of noiseless amplifier
+V_n1 = 1*10^-3//output of the amplifier
+B = 20*10^3//initial bandwidth
+B1 = 5*10^3//change in bandwidth
+k = 1.38*10^-23//boltzman's constant
+T = 273 + 80//temperature in degree kelvin
+
+//calculaitons
+//since the bandwidth is reesuced to 1/4th of its value,therefore the noise voltage
+//will be V_n proportional to sqrt(B)
+//Hence, the noise voltage at 5KHz will become half its value at 20KHz bandwidth i.e,
+V_n = .5*10^-3//noise voltage in volts
+V_no = V_n1/A;//noise ouput voltage
+R = (V_no^2/(4*k * T * B ));//resistance at 80degree celcius
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Meter reading in volts = %.10f V",V_n);
+printf("\n\nii.Resistance at 80 degree celcius = %.2f ohms",R);
+printf("\n\nNote: There is calculation mistake in textbook in the measurement of resistance they took constant in formula as 1 instead of 4");
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.16/EXAMPLE6_16.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.16/EXAMPLE6_16.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..67075a358 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.16/EXAMPLE6_16.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.16(PAGENO 309)");
+
+//given
+A_1 = 10//gain in first stage in dB
+A_2 = 10//gain in second stage in dB
+A_3 = 10//gain in third stage in dB
+F_1 = 6//noise figure for first stage in dB
+F_2 = 6//noise figure for second stage in dB
+F_3 = 6//noise figure for third stage in dB
+
+//calculations
+F_1ratio = exp((F_1/10)*log(10));//noise figure of first stage in ratio
+F_2ratio = exp((F_2/10)*log(10));//noise figure of second stage in ratio
+F_3ratio = exp((F_3/10)*log(10));//noise figure in third stage in ratio
+A_1ratio = exp((A_1/10)*log(10));//gain of first stage in ratio
+A_2ratio = exp((A_2/10)*log(10));//gain of second stage in ratio
+A_3ratio = exp((A_3/10)*log(10));//gain of third stage in ratio
+F = F_1ratio + ((F_2ratio - 1)/(A_1ratio)) + ((F_3ratio - 1)/(A_2ratio*A_1ratio));//Overall noise figure
+
+//results
+ printf("\n\nOverall noise figure of three stage cascaded amplifier = %.2f ", F );
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.17/EXAMPLE6_17.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.17/EXAMPLE6_17.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7a07d9c03 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.17/EXAMPLE6_17.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.17(PAGENO 310)");
+
+//given
+G_1 = 10//gain in first stage in dB
+//noise figure for both the stages are same
+F_1 = 10//noise figure for first stage in dB
+F_2 = 10//noise figure for second stage in dB
+
+//calculations
+F_1ratio = exp((F_1/10)*log(10));//noise figure of first stage in ratio
+F_2ratio = exp((F_2/10)*log(10));//noise figure of second stage in ratio
+G_1ratio = exp((G_1/10)*log(10));//gain of first stage in ratio
+F = F_1ratio + ((F_2ratio - 1)/(G_1ratio));//Overall noise figure
+F_dB= 10*log10(F)////Overall noise figure in dB
+
+//results
+
+ printf("\n\nOverall noise figure = %.2f dB", F_dB );
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.18/EXAMPLE6_18.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.18/EXAMPLE6_18.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e571888c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.18/EXAMPLE6_18.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.18(PAGENO 310)");
+
+//given
+G_1 = 4//gain in first stage in dB
+G_2 = 10//gain in second stage in dB
+F_1 = 10//noise figure for first stage in dB
+F_2 = 10//noise figure for second stage in dB
+
+//calculations
+F_1ratio = exp((F_1/10)*log(10));//noise figure of first stage in ratio
+F_2ratio = exp((F_2/10)*log(10));//noise figure of second stage in ratio
+G_1ratio = exp((G_1/10)*log(10));//gain of first stage in ratio
+G_2ratio = exp((G_2/10)*log(10));//gain of second stage in ratio
+F = F_1ratio + ((F_2ratio - 1)/(G_1ratio));//Overall noise figure
+G = log10(G_1ratio *G_2ratio );
+F_dB= 10*log10(F)////Overall noise figure in dB
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Overall noise figure = %.2f dB", F_dB );
+ printf("\n\nii.Overall gain = %.2f dB",G );
+printf("\n\nNote:There is mistake in calculation of overall gain in textbook")
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.19/EXAMPLE6_19.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.19/EXAMPLE6_19.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f4350b420 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.19/EXAMPLE6_19.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.19(PAGENO 310)");
+
+//given
+G_1 = 15//gain in first stage in dB
+F_1 = 9//noise figure for first stage in dB
+F_2 = 20//noise figure for second stage in dB
+
+//calculations
+F_1ratio = exp((F_1/10)*log(10));//noise figure of first stage in ratio
+F_2ratio = exp((F_2/10)*log(10));//noise figure of second stage in ratio
+G_1ratio = exp((G_1/10)*log(10));//gain of first stage in ratio
+F = F_1ratio + ((F_2ratio - 1)/(G_1ratio));//Overall noise figure
+F_dB= 10*log10(F)////Overall noise figure in dB
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nOverall noise figure = %.2f dB", F_dB );
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.2/EXAMPLE6_2.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.2/EXAMPLE6_2.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b3c462943 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.2/EXAMPLE6_2.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.2(PAGENO 281)");
+
+//given
+R_1 = 300//equivalent noise resistance
+R_2 = 400//input resistance
+T = 273+27//temperature in kelvin
+B = 7*10^6//bandwidth
+k = 1.38*10^-23//boltzman's constant
+
+//calculations
+R_s = R_1 +R_2//effective resistance in series
+V_nr = sqrt(4*k*T*B*R_s)//rms noise voltage
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nRms noise voltage = %.10f V",V_nr)
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.20/EXAMPLE6_20.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.20/EXAMPLE6_20.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..48f4db1f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.20/EXAMPLE6_20.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.20(PAGENO 311)");
+
+//given
+F_2 = 20//noise figure of receiver in dB
+G_1 = 40//gain of low noise amplifier in dB
+T_e1 = 80//noise temperature of low noise amplifier in degree kelvin
+T_0 = 300//room temperature
+
+//calculations
+F_2ratio = exp((F_2/10)*log(10));//noise figure of receiver in ratio
+G_1ratio = exp((G_1/10)*log(10));//gain of low noise amplifier
+T_e2 = (F_2ratio-1)*T_0//noise temperature of the receiver in degree kelvin
+T_e = T_e1 +(T_e2/G_1ratio)//overall noise temperature in degree kelvin
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Noise Temperature of the receiver = %.2f degkelvin ",T_e2);
+printf("\n\nii.Overall noise temperature = %.2f degkelvin",T_e);
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.21/EXAMPLE6_21.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.21/EXAMPLE6_21.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..263e982dd --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.21/EXAMPLE6_21.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.21(PAGENO 311)");
+
+//given from the figure
+G_1ratio = 1000//gain of master amplifier
+G_2ratio = 100//gain of TWT
+G_3ratio = 10000//gain of mixer and IF amplifier
+F_2ratio = 4//noise figure of TWT
+F_3ratio = 16//noise figure of mixer and IF amplifier
+T_0 =273 + 17//ambident temperature in degree kelvin
+T_e1 = 5//temperature of master amplifier in degree kelvin
+
+//calculaitons
+F_1 = 1 + (T_e1/T_0);//noise figure of master amplifier
+F = F_1 + ((F_2ratio - 1)/(G_1ratio)) + ((F_3ratio - 1)/(G_2ratio*G_1ratio));//Overall noise figure
+F_dB = 10*log10(F);//overall noise figure in dB
+T_e = (F - 1)*T_0;//overall noise temperature of the receiver
+
+//results
+ printf("\n\ni.Overall noise temperature of the receiver =%.2f degreekelvin",T_e);
+ printf("\n\nii.Overall noise figure = %.6f dB", F_dB);
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.3/EXAMPLE6_3.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.3/EXAMPLE6_3.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de90efc4d --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.3/EXAMPLE6_3.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.3(PAGENO 282)");
+
+//given
+R_1 = 20*10^3//resistance one
+R_2 = 50*10^3//resistance two
+T = 273+15//temperature in kelvin
+B = 100*10^3//bandwidth
+k = 1.38*10^-23//boltzman's constant
+
+//calculations
+R_s = R_1 +R_2//series effective resistance
+R_p = (R_1*R_2)/(R_1 + R_2)//parallel effective resistance
+V_1 = sqrt(4*k*T*R_1*B)//noise voltage in R_1
+V_2 = sqrt(4*k*T*R_1*B)//noise voltage in R_2
+V_s = sqrt(4*k*T*R_s*B)//noise voltage when resistance connected in series
+V_p = sqrt(4*k*T*R_p*B)//noise voltage when resistance connected in parallel
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Noise voltage due to R_1 = %.10f V",V_1);
+printf("\n\nii.Noise voltage due to R_2 = %.10f V",V_2);
+printf("\n\niii.Noise voltage due to two resistance in series = %.10f V",V_s);
+printf("\n\niv.Noise voltage due to two resistance in parallel = %.10f V",V_p);
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.4/EXAMPLE6_4.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.4/EXAMPLE6_4.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b3012b595 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.4/EXAMPLE6_4.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.4(PAGENO 283)");
+
+//given
+A_1 = 10//voltage gain for first stage
+A_2 = 25//volatage gain for second stage
+R_i1 = 600//input resistance for first stage in ohms
+R_eq1 = 1600//equivalent noise resistance for first stage
+R_01 = 27*10^3//Output resistance for first stage
+R_i2 = 81*10^3//input resistance for second stage
+R_eq2 = 10*10^3//Equivalent noise resistance for second stage
+R_02 = 1*10^6//putput resistance for second case
+
+//calculations
+R_1 = R_i1 + R_eq1
+R_2 = ((R_01*R_i2)/(R_01+R_i2)) + R_eq2
+R_3 = R_02
+R_eq = R_1 + (R_2/A_1^2) + R_3/(A_1^2 *A_2^2);
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nEquivalent input noise resistance = %.2f Ohms",R_eq);
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.7/EXAMPLE6_7.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.7/EXAMPLE6_7.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dc6a64911 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.7/EXAMPLE6_7.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.7(PAGENO 295)");
+
+//given
+T = 273 + 17//temperature in kelvin
+Q = 10//quality factor
+c = 10*10^-12//capacitance
+f_r = 100*10^6//resonate frequency
+k = 1.38*10^-23//boltzman's constant
+
+//calculations
+delta_f = f_r/Q//bandwidth of the tuned circuit
+w = 2*%pi*f_r;//angular frequency
+R = 1/(Q*w*c);//resistance
+V_no = sqrt(4*k*Q^2*T*delta_f*R) //output voltage
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nOutput voltge = %.10f V",V_no);
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.8/EXAMPLE6_8.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.8/EXAMPLE6_8.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cc0a8b4c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.8/EXAMPLE6_8.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.8(PAGENO 297)");
+
+//given
+R_a = 50//antenna resistance
+R_eq = 30//equivalent noise resistance of receiver
+T_0 = 290//initial temperature in degree kelvin
+//calculations
+F = 1+(R_eq/R_a);//noise figure
+F_dB = 10*log10(F)//noise figure in decibels
+T_eq = T_0*(F-1)//equivalent temperature
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Noise figure in decibels = %.2f dB",F_dB);
+printf("\n\nii.Equivalent temperature = %.2f degree kelvin",T_eq)
diff --git a/1895/CH6/EX6.9/EXAMPLE6_9.SCE b/1895/CH6/EX6.9/EXAMPLE6_9.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c723d2e5f --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH6/EX6.9/EXAMPLE6_9.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 6
+//NOISE
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 6.9(PAGENO 302)");
+
+//given
+R_eq = 2518//equivalent resistance in ohms
+R_t = 600//input impedence in ohms
+R_a= 50//output impedencre in ohms
+
+//calculations
+R_eq1 = R_eq - R_t;
+F = 1 + (R_eq1/R_a) //noise figure
+F_dB = 10*log10(F)//noise figure in dB
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nNoise figure in dB = %.2f dB",F_dB);
+printf("\n\nNote:Calculation mistake is their in text book in finding noise figure in dB")
diff --git a/1895/CH7/EX7.1/EXAMPLE7_1.SCE b/1895/CH7/EX7.1/EXAMPLE7_1.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..397cf0d5f --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH7/EX7.1/EXAMPLE7_1.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//SAMPLING THEORY AND PULSE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 7.1(PAGENO 324)");
+
+//given
+//analog signal x(t) = 3*cos(50*%pi*t) + 10*sin(300*%pi*t) - cos(100*%pi*t)
+//comparing signal with x(t) = 3*cos(w_1*t) + 10*sin(w_2*t) - cos(w_3*t)
+//therefore
+w_1 = 50*%pi;//first frequency in rad/sec
+w_2 = 300*%pi;//second frequency in rad/sec
+w_3 = 100*%pi;//third frequency in rad/sec
+
+//calculations
+f_1 = w_1/(2*%pi);//first frequency in Hz
+f_2 = w_2/(2*%pi);//second frequency in Hz
+f_3 = w_3/(2*%pi);//third frequency in Hz
+f_m = f_2//maximum frequency
+f_s = 2*f_m//nyquist rate for a signal
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nNyquist rate = %.2f Hz",f_s);
diff --git a/1895/CH7/EX7.2/EXAMPLE7_2.SCE b/1895/CH7/EX7.2/EXAMPLE7_2.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..18cb77b31 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH7/EX7.2/EXAMPLE7_2.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//SAMPLING THEORY AND PULSE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 7.12(PAGENO 325)");
+
+//given
+//x(t) = (1/()2*%pi))*cos(4000*%pi*t)*cos(1000*%pi*t)
+//exapnding
+disp("x(t) = (1/(2*%pi)*cos(4000*%pi*t)*cos(1000*%pi*t)");
+disp("x(t) = (1/(4*%pi)*2*cos(4000*%pi*t)*cos(1000*%pi*t)");
+disp("x(t) = (1/(4*%pi))*[cos(4000*%pi*t + 1000*pi*t)*cos(4000*%pi*t - 1000*%pi*t)]")
+disp("x(t) = (1/(4*%pi))*[cos(5000*%pi*t + cos(3000*%pi*t))]")
+//by comparing above equation with x(t) = (1/(4*%pi))*[cos(w_1*t) + cos(w_2*t)]
+w_1 = 5000*%pi
+w_2 = 3000*%pi
+
+//calculations
+f_1 = w_1/(2*%pi);
+f_2 = w_2 /(2*%pi);
+f_m = f_1
+f_s = 2*f_m//Nyquist rate
+T_s = 1/f_s//Nyquist interval
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nNyquist rate = %.2f Hz",f_s);
+printf("\n\nNyquist interval = %.5f seconds",T_s);
diff --git a/1895/CH7/EX7.3/EXAMPLE7_3.SCE b/1895/CH7/EX7.3/EXAMPLE7_3.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d26814b3a --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH7/EX7.3/EXAMPLE7_3.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//SAMPLING THEORY AND PULSE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 7.13(PAGENO 326)");
+
+//given
+//x(t) = 8*cos(200*%pi*t)
+f= 100//highest frequency component of continuous time signal in hertz
+f_s2 = 400//sampling frequency in hertz for second condition
+f_s3 = 400//sampling frequency in hertz for third condition
+f_s4 = 150//sampling frequency in hertz for fourth condition since 0 < f_s4 < f_s2/2
+
+//calcultions
+NR = 2*f//Nyquist rate
+F_1 = f/NR;
+F_2 = f/f_s2;
+F_3 = f/f_s3;
+F_4 = f/f_s4;
+f_4 = f_s4*F_4;
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nThe discrete time signal x(n) for the first condition is x(n) = 8*cos(2*3.14*%.2f*n)",F_1);
+printf("\n\nthe discrete time signal x(n) for the second condition is x(n) = 8*cos(2*3.14*%.2f*n)",F_2);
+printf("\n\nthe discrete time signal x(n) for the third condition is x(n) = 8*cos(2*3.14*%.2f*n)",F_3);
+printf("\n\nThe discrete time signal x(n) for the fourth condition is x(n) = 8*cos(2*3.14*%.2f*t)",f_4);
diff --git a/1895/CH7/EX7.4/EXAMPLE7_4.SCE b/1895/CH7/EX7.4/EXAMPLE7_4.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b814f8ee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH7/EX7.4/EXAMPLE7_4.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//SAMPLING THEORY AND PULSE MODULATION
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 7.4(PAGENO 327)");
+
+//given
+//x(t) = 6*cos(50*%pi*t) + 20*sin(300*%pi*t) - 10*cos(100*%pi*t)
+//by comparing with standard eqn x(t) = A_1*cos(w_1*t) + A_2*sin(w_2*t) + A_3*cos(w_3*t) we get
+w_1 = 50*%pi//frequency in rad/sec
+w_2 =300*%pi//frequency in rad/sec
+w_3 = 100*%pi//frequency in rad/sec
+
+//calculations
+f_1 = w_1/(2*%pi)//frequency in hertz
+f_2 = w_2/(2*%pi)//frequency in hertz
+f_3 = w_3/(2*%pi)//frequency in hertz
+if (f_1 > f_2 & f_1> f_3) then
+ f_max = f_1
+elseif (f_2 > f_1 & f_2> f_3) then
+ f_max = f_2
+else (f_3 > f_1 & f_3> f_2) then
+ f_max = f_3
+ end
+f_s = 2*f_max;//nyquist rate
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nNyquist rate for a continuous signal = %.2f Hz",f_s);
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.10/EXAMPLE8_10.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.10/EXAMPLE8_10.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c180cd95f --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.10/EXAMPLE8_10.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.10(PAGENO 392)");
+
+//given
+//x(t) = 3*cos(500*%pi*t)
+v = 10//number of bits
+A_m = 3//peak voltage
+SbyN_2 = 40//signal to noise to noise ratio in second condition
+
+//calculations
+SbyN = 1.8 +6*v//signal to noise ratio in dB
+v_2 = (40 - 1.8)/6//number of bits needed for SbyN = 40
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Signal to noise to ratio in dB = %.2f dB",SbyN);
+printf("\n\nii.Number of bits needed for noise ratio 40 = %.2f bits",v_2);
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.11/EXAMPLE8_11.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.11/EXAMPLE8_11.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b6da5173 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.11/EXAMPLE8_11.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.11(PAGENO 393)");
+
+//given
+v = 7//number of bits
+r = 56*10^3//signaling rate
+
+//calculations
+SbyN = 1.8 +6*v//signal to noise ratio in dB
+f_s = r/v//sampling frequency
+f_m = f_s/2//maximum frequency which is less than or equal to obtained value
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nMaximum frequency = %.2f Hz",f_m)
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.13/EXAMPLE8_13.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.13/EXAMPLE8_13.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..275950d16 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.13/EXAMPLE8_13.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.13(PAGENO 404)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 3*10^3//bandwidth or maximum frequency
+n = 5//system operation times
+delta = 250*10^-3//step size in volts
+f_m1 = 2*10^3//given maximum frequency to calculate amplitude
+
+//calculations
+NR = 2 * f_m//nyquist rate
+f_s = n * NR//sampling frequency
+T_s = 1/f_s//sampling interval
+A_m =(delta/(2 * %pi * f_m1* T_s))//Maximum amplitude
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nMaximum amplitude for 2KHz input sinusoid = %.2f V",A_m);
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.14/EXAMPLE8_14.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.14/EXAMPLE8_14.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..19606fd29 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.14/EXAMPLE8_14.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.14(PAGENO 406)");
+
+//given
+f_s = 8*10^3//sampling rate
+q = 64//quantization levels
+delta = 31.25//step size
+
+//calculations
+v = log2(q);//no fo bits in the PC
+f_s= (2*%pi*3*10^3)/delta//signalling rate which should be greater than the obtaining value
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nSignalling rate = %.2f Hz",f_s);
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.15/EXAMPLE8_15.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.15/EXAMPLE8_15.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..98bc02195 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.15/EXAMPLE8_15.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.15(PAGENO 407)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 2*10^3//maximum frequency
+f_s = 64*10^3//sampling frequency
+f_M = 4*10^3//cut off frequency of low pass filter
+
+//calculation
+SNR_0 = (3 * f_s^3) /(8 * %pi^2 * f_m^2 * f_M);//signal to noise ratio of linear delta modulation system
+SNR_dB = 10*log10(SNR_0);//SNR in dB
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nSignal to noise ratio of linear delta modulation system = %.2f dB",SNR_dB);
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.16/EXAMPLE8_16.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.16/EXAMPLE8_16.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5cc3ba22a --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.16/EXAMPLE8_16.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.16(PAGENO 407)");
+
+//given
+r = 64*10^3//data rate
+f_s = 8*10^3//sampling frequency
+N = 8//number of samples
+
+//calcualtion
+SNR_q = 1.8 + 6*N//signal to noise ratio
+
+//result
+printf("\n\nSignla to noise ratio = %.2f dB",SNR_q);
+printf("\n\nThe SNR of a DM system is 27.94dB which is too poor as \ncompared to 49.8db of an 8 bit PCM system. Thus, for all\n the simplicity of Dm,it cannot perform as well as an\n 8 bit PCM")
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.17/EXAMPLE8_17.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.17/EXAMPLE8_17.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..60b3cd2b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.17/EXAMPLE8_17.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.17(PAGENO 413)");
+
+//given
+r = 36000//bit rate of a channel
+f_m = 3.2*10^3//maximum frequency
+
+//calculations
+f_s = 2*f_m//sampling frequency
+v = r/f_s//number of binary digits
+q = 2^v//quantizing level
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Sampling frequency = %.2f Hz",f_s);
+printf("\n\nii.Number of binary digits = %.2f ",v);
+printf("\n\niii.Quantizing level = %.2f ",q);
+printf("\n\nNote:In the textbook they took approximation in number of\n binary levels")
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.2/EXAMPLE8_2.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.2/EXAMPLE8_2.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..02a910088 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.2/EXAMPLE8_2.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.2(PAGENO 386)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 4.2*10^6//bandwidth of television signal
+q = 512//quantization levels
+
+//calculations
+//number of bits and quantization levels are related in binary PCM as q = 2^v
+//where v is code word length
+v = (log10(q)/log10(2));//code word length
+BW = v*f_m//transmission channel bandwidth which is greater than or equal to obtained value
+f_s = 2*f_m//sampling frequency which is greater than or equal to obtained value
+r = v*f_s//signaling rate of final bit rate
+SbyN_dB = 4.8 + 6*v//output signal to noise ratio which is less than or equal to obtained value
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni. Code word length = %.2f bits",v);
+printf("\n\nii. Transmission bandwidth = %.2f Hz",BW);
+printf("\n\niii.Final bit rate = %.2f bits/sec",r);
+printf("\n\niv.Output signal to quantization noise ratio = %.2f dB",SbyN_dB);
+printf("\n\nNote:There is misprint in the question i.e TV signal bandwidth ")
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.20/EXAMPLE8_20.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.20/EXAMPLE8_20.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3f5c20873 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.20/EXAMPLE8_20.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.20(PAGENO 415)");
+
+//given
+SbyN_0dB = 40//signal to noise ratio in dB
+SbyN_0 = exp((SbyN_0dB/10)*log(10))//signal to noise ratio
+q = sqrt((2 / 3) * (SbyN_0));//quantizing level
+v = log2(q)//number of binary bits
+q_1 = 2^v//number of levels required
+SbyN_dB1 = 1.76 + 6.02*v//output signal-to-quantizing noise ratio in dB
+
+//results
+printf("\n\nNumber of required levels = %.2f ",v);
+printf("\n\nOutput signal-to-quantizing noise ratio = %.2f dB",SbyN_dB1);
+printf("\n\nNote : In the textbook they took number of levels as approximation so we get change\n in SbyN")
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.21/EXAMPLE8_21.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.21/EXAMPLE8_21.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..11b3dbc4a --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.21/EXAMPLE8_21.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.21(PAGENO 416)");
+
+//given
+SbyN_dB = 30//signal to noise ratio
+f_s = 8000//sampling rate
+
+//calculations
+//for Sbyn_dB = 1.76 + 20*logq
+x1 = (1 / 20)*(SbyN_dB - 1.76)
+q1 = exp(x1*log(10))//quantizing level for first case
+v1 = log2(q1)// number of bits for first case
+f_PCM1 = (v1 / 2) * f_s//minimum required bandwidth for first case
+//for SbyN = 20logq - 10.1
+x2 = (1/20) * (SbyN_dB + 10.1)
+q2 = exp(x2*log(10))//quantizing level for second case
+v2 = log2(q2)// number of bits for second case
+f_PCM2 = (v2 / 2) * f_s//minimum required bandwidth for second case
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.a.Minimum number of quantizing levels for first case = %.2f ",q1);
+printf("\n\n b.Number of bits for first case =%.2f ",v1);
+printf("\n\n c.Minimum system bandwidth required for first case = %.2f hz",f_PCM1);
+printf("\n\nii.a.Minimum number of quantizing levels for second case = %.2f ",q2);
+printf("\n\n b.Number of bits for second case =%.2f ",v2);
+printf("\n\n c.Minimum system bandwidth required for second case = %.2f hz",f_PCM2);
+printf("\n\nNote:In the text book they took approximation in\nquantization levels and number bits")
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.3/EXAMPLE8_3.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.3/EXAMPLE8_3.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c86e5a58 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.3/EXAMPLE8_3.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.3(PAGENO 387)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 4*10^3//maximum frequency or bans
+x_max = 3.8//maximun input signal
+P = 30*10^-3//average power of signal
+SbyN_dB= 20//signal to noise ratio in db
+
+//calculations
+SbyN = exp((SbyN_dB/10)*log(10));
+v = (log2((SbyN*(x_max)^2)/(3*P))/2);//number of bits required per sample
+BW = 30*v*f_m//transmission channel bandwidth which is greater than or equal to obtained value
+r=BW*2//wkt signalling rate is two times the transmission bandwidth
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Number of bits required = %.2f bits",v);
+printf("\n\nii.Bandwidth required for 30 PCM coders = %.2f Hz",BW);
+printf("\n\niii.Signalling rate=%.2f bitspersecond",r);
+printf("\n\nNote: In the textbook they took number of bits as approximation from 6.98 to 7\nso thats why we get difference in the rest of calculations and also their is\n mistake in the calculation of sampling rate")
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.4/EXAMPLE8_4.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.4/EXAMPLE8_4.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..69dc1f1f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.4/EXAMPLE8_4.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.4(PAGENO 388)");
+
+//given
+e_max = .001//maximum quantization error
+x_max = 10//maximum amplitude
+x_min = -10//minumum amplitude
+f_m = 100//bandwidth of ;input signal
+
+//calculations
+delta = 2*e_max//step size
+q = (2*x_max)/delta//quantization levels
+f_s = 2*f_m//sampling frequency
+v = log10(q) /log10(2);//number of bits in the PCM word
+r = v * f_s//bit rate required in the PCM signal which is greater than or equal to obtained value
+BW = .5*r//transmission channel bandwidth which is greater than or equal to obtained value
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Minimum sampling rate required = %.2f Hz",f_s);
+printf("\n\nii.Number of bits in each PCM word = %.2f bits",v);
+printf("\n\niii.Minimum bit rate required in the PCM signal =%.2f bits/sec",r);
+printf("\n\niv.Transmission bandwidth = %.2f Hz",BW)
+printf("\n\nNote: In the textbook they took number of bits as approximation from 13.28 to 14 so thats why we get difference in the rest of calculations")
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.5/EXAMPLE8_5.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.5/EXAMPLE8_5.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e1f357077 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.5/EXAMPLE8_5.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.5(PAGENO 389)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 3.4*10^3//maximum frequency in the signal
+N =24//number of voice signals
+r = 1.5*10^6//signaling rate
+v = 8//bits of encoder
+
+//calculations
+BW = N * f_m//transmission bandwidth
+r_1 = r/N//bit rate for one channel
+f_s = r_1/v//sampling frquency
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Transmission bandwidth = %.2f Hz",BW);
+printf("\n\nii.Sampling frequency = %.2f Hz or samples per second",f_s)
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.6/EXAMPLE8_6.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.6/EXAMPLE8_6.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..284b5b307 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.6/EXAMPLE8_6.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.6(PAGENO 389)");
+
+//given
+v = 7//bits of encoder
+r = 50*10^6//bit rate of the system
+
+//calculations
+f_m = r/(2*v)//maximum message bandwidth which is less than or equal to obtained value
+SbyN_dB = 1.8 + 6*v//signal to noise ratio in dB
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Maximum message bandwidth = %.2f Hz",f_m);
+printf("\n\nii.Signal to noise ratio when modulating frquency is 1MHz applied = %.2f dB",SbyN_dB)
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.7/EXAMPLE8_7.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.7/EXAMPLE8_7.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..829a330ec --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.7/EXAMPLE8_7.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.7(PAGENO 390)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 3*10^3//maximum frequency
+M = 16//number of quantization levels
+q = M//number of quantization levels
+
+//calculations
+v = log2(q);//number of bits
+f_s = 2*f_m//sampling frequency or rate which is greater than or equal to obtained value
+r = v*f_s//bit transmission rate which is greater than or equal to obtained value
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Number of bits in a codeword = %.2f bits",v);
+printf("\n\nii.Minimum sampling rate = %.2f Hz ",f_s);
+printf("\n\niii.Bit transmission rate =%.2f bits/sec",r);
diff --git a/1895/CH8/EX8.8/EXAMPLE8_8.SCE b/1895/CH8/EX8.8/EXAMPLE8_8.SCE new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c6d5afbe0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1895/CH8/EX8.8/EXAMPLE8_8.SCE @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA
+//CHAPTER 7
+//WAVEFORM CODING TECHNIQUES
+clear all;
+clc;
+printf("EXAMPLE 8.8(PAGENO 391)");
+
+//given
+f_m = 3.5*10^3//maximum frequency
+r = 50*10^3//bit rate
+v_rms = .2//rms value of input signal
+R = 1//resistance
+x_max = 2//maximum peak voltage
+
+//calculations
+f_s = 2*f_m;//sampling frequency
+v = r/f_s;//number of bits
+P = v_rms^2 / R//Normalized signal power
+SbyN = ((3*P) * 2^(2*v)) /(x_max^2);//signal to noise ratio
+SbyN_dB = 10*log10(SbyN)//signal to noise ratio in dB
+
+//results
+printf("\n\ni.Signal to noise ratio in dB = %.2f dB",SbyN_dB);
+printf("\n\nNote: They took number of bits as approximation from 7.142 to 8 so the SbyN changes ")
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