diff options
Diffstat (limited to '1694')
108 files changed, 1728 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.10/EX1_10.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.10/EX1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efbbc9358 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.10/EX1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.10\n");
+//page no.-12
+//given
+r=1.278;..........//atomic radius of Cu
+n=4;..............//molecules per unit cell for F.C.C.
+N=6.023*10^23;...//avagadro no.
+m=63.5;..........//atomic wt. of Cu
+
+M=(n*m)/N...........//mass of unit cell
+
+a=(4*r*10^-8)/sqrt(2).....//lattice constant in cm
+
+rho=M/a^3............//density of Cu in gm/c.c.
+
+printf("\ndensity of Cu crystal is 8.9 gm/c.c.\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.12/EX1_12.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.12/EX1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..274079254 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.12/EX1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.12\n");
+//page no.-17
+//given
+a=4.04;.........//lattice constant in angstrom
+disp("For <200> planes");
+h=2;
+k=0;
+l=0;
+
+d=a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2))........//distance between planes in angstrom
+
+disp("For <110 planes>");
+h=1;
+k=1;
+l=0;
+
+d=a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2))
+
+disp("For<111> planes");
+h=1;
+k=1;
+l=1;
+
+d=a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2))
+
+disp("all values in angstrom");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.13/EX1_13.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.13/EX1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9eecf1870 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.13/EX1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.13\n");
+//page no.-24
+//given
+d=1.5;.............//interatomic spacing in Angstrom
+lambda=1.4;.......//wavelength
+theta=90;.......//angle in degree
+//by BRAGG'S RELATION 2dsin(theta)=n*lambda
+
+n=(2*d)/lambda.........//order of diffraction
+
+printf("\nmaximum order of spectrum is 2\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.15/EX1_15.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.15/EX1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3335ab98 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.15/EX1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.15\n");
+//page no.-25
+//given
+theta=12;.......//angle in degrees
+n=1;............//order of spectrum
+d=3.035;....//interatomic spacing in angstrom
+
+lambda=(2*d*sind(12))/n.........//wavelength in angstrom
+
+printf("\nwavelength of X ray beam is 1.262 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.16/EX1_16.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.16/EX1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2432514e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.16/EX1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.16\n");
+//page no.-26
+//given
+//For <111> planes
+h=1;
+k=1;
+l=1;
+n=1;.....//order
+theta=30;......//angle in degrees
+lambda=1.75;....//wavelength in angstrom
+
+//we know d=a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2))........distance between planes
+
+//also by bragg's law 2*d*sind(theta)=n*lambda......put d values in this
+
+a=(n*lambda*sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2)))/(2*sind(theta))......//interatomic spacing in angstrom
+
+printf("\nInteratomic spacing is 3.031 angstrom\n");
+
+
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.17/EX1_17.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.17/EX1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2fd551e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.17/EX1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.17\n");
+//page no.-32
+//given
+n=8;...........//no. of atoms per unit cell
+a=5.6*10^-10;....//lattice constant in m
+M=710.59;........//atomic wt. of Ge
+N=6.02*10^26;....//avagadro no.
+
+rho=(n*M)/(a^3*N)........//density
+
+printf("\ndensity is 53771 kg/m^3\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.18/EX1_18.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.18/EX1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..246c80dc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.18/EX1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.18\n");
+//page no.-32
+//given
+n=2;...........//no. of atoms per unit cell
+M=55.85;........//atomic wt. of Ge
+N=6.02*10^26;....//avagadro no.
+rho=7860;........//density in Kg/m^3
+
+a=((n*M)/(rho*N))^(1/3)........//lattice constant in angstrom
+
+printf("\nlattice constant is 0.286 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.19/EX1_19.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.19/EX1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..586cc5c45 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.19/EX1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.19\n");
+//page no.-32
+//given
+n=2;...........//no. of atoms per unit cell
+M=6.94;........//atomic wt. of Ge
+N=6.02*10^26;....//avagadro no.
+rho=530;........//density in Kg/m^3
+
+a=((n*M)/(rho*N))^(1/3)........//lattice constant in angstrom
+
+printf("\nlattice constant is 3.516 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.20/EX1_20.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.20/EX1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66152fb91 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.20/EX1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.20\n");
+//page no.-33
+//given
+a=2.9*10^-10;......//lattice constant in m
+M=55.85;........//atomic wt. of Ge
+N=6.02*10^26;....//avagadro no.
+rho=7870;........//density in Kg/m^3
+
+n=(a^3*rho*N)/M........//no. of atoms per unit cell
+
+printf("\nNo. of atoms per unit cell is 2 \n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.21/EX1_21.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.21/EX1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59d6c5457 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.21/EX1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.21\n");
+//page no.-33
+//given
+n=4;...........//no. of atoms per unit cell
+M=63.5;........//atomic wt. of Ge
+N=6.02*10^26;....//avagadro no.
+rho=7860;........//density in Kg/m^3
+r=0.1278*10^-9;....//atomic radius
+
+a=8^(0.5)*r;.......//lattice constant in m
+
+rho=(n*M)/(N*a^3)......//density in Kg/m^3
+
+printf("\ndensity is 8938.66 Kg/m^3\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.22/EX1_22.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.22/EX1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f62f4538f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.22/EX1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.22\n");
+//page no.-33
+//given
+M=58.8;...........//molecular wt. of NaCl
+N=6.023*10^23;....//avagadro no. in gm/mol
+mo=2.18;..........//mass of unit volume of NaCl
+
+m=M/N;..........//mass of NaCl molecule in gm
+
+no=mo/m;.........//no. of molecules per unit volume in mole/cm^3
+//as NaCl is diatomic
+
+n=2*no...........//no. of atoms per unit volume of NaCl in atoms/cm^3
+//as volume of unit cube is n^3*a=1
+
+a=(1/n)^(1/3).....//distance between adjacent atoms in NaCl in cm
+
+printf("\ndistance between two adjacent atoms is 2.81 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.23/EX1_23.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.23/EX1_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83f47fd0f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.23/EX1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.23\n");
+//page no.-34
+//given
+d=0.282*10^-9;...........//lattice spacing in m
+theta=8.5833;.............//glancing angle
+n=1;......................//order
+//From Bragg's law
+
+lambda=(2*d*sind(theta))/n...........//wavelength in m
+
+//for max order of diffraction theta is 90 degree
+
+no=2*d*sind(90)/lambda.........//maximum order of diffraction
+
+printf("\nmax order of diffraction is 7 approx\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.24/EX1_24.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.24/EX1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41e31395e --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.24/EX1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.24\n");
+//page no.-34
+//given
+n=3;.....................//order
+lambda=0.79*10^-10;......//wavelength in m
+d=3.04*10^-10;..........//spacing in m
+//from bragg's law
+
+theta=asind((n*lambda)/(2*d))..........//angle in degrees
+
+printf("\nangle is 22.942 degrees\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.25/EX1_25.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.25/EX1_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84f9f311a --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.25/EX1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.25\n");
+//page no.-35
+//given
+lambda=0.071*10^-9;.........//wavelength in m
+h=1;
+k=1;
+l=0;
+a=0.28*10^-9;........//lattice constant in m
+n=2;.................//order
+
+d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2);..........//interplanar spacingin m
+//by bragg's law
+
+theta=asind((n*lambda)/(2*d)).......//angle in degrees
+
+printf("\nangle is 21.01 degrees\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.26/EX1_26.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.26/EX1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b42e079c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.26/EX1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.26\n");
+//page no.-35
+//given
+lambda=3*10^-10;.........//wavelength in m
+h=1;
+k=0;
+l=0;
+theta=40;..............//glancing angle in degrees
+n=1;....................//order
+//from bragg's law
+
+d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta));........//interplanar spacing in m
+
+a=d*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2);..............//lattice constant in m
+
+V=a^3.......................//volume of unit cell in m
+
+printf("\nvolume of unit cell is 1.27*10^-29 m^3\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.27/EX1_27.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.27/EX1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e5c561a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.27/EX1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.27\n");
+//page no.-36
+//given
+n=1;.....................//order
+lambda=0.82*10^-10;......//wavelength in m
+a=3*10^-10;.............//lattice constant
+theta=75.86;............//angle in degrees
+//from bragg's law
+
+d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta))........//interplanar spacing in m
+
+//by formula, sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)=a/d...miller indices can be found
+
+printf("\nmiller indices are (001),(010),(100)\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.28/EX1_28.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.28/EX1_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f85b4d8d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.28/EX1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.28\n");
+//page no.-36
+//given
+E=3.76*10^-17;............//kinrtic energy of e- in joule
+n=1;......................//order
+theta=9.20694;............//glancing angle
+h=6.625*10^-34;...........//planck constant
+m=9.1*10^-31;...........//mass of electron
+//from de-broglie relationship
+
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E).......//wavelength
+
+//from bragg's law
+
+d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta)).........//interplanar spacing in m
+
+printf("\ninterplanar spacing is 2.52 angstrom\n");
+
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.29/EX1_29.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.29/EX1_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8aa2030fc --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.29/EX1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.29\n");
+//page no.-37
+//given
+n=1;..........//order
+theta=27.5;....//angle in degrees
+h=1;
+k=1;
+l=1;
+a=5.63*10^-10;......//lattice constant in m
+h=6.625*10^-34;.....//planck's constant
+c=3*10^10;...........//speed in m/sec
+d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)..........//interplanar spacingin m
+//by bragg's law
+
+lambda=(2*d*sind(theta))/n......//wavelength in m
+
+printf("\nwavelength is 3 angstrom\n");
+
+E=h*c/lambda..........//energy of x-ray beam in joule
+//to covert in eV divide by 1.6*10^-19
+
+printf("\nenergy of X-ray beam is 3379.18 eV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.30/EX1_30.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.30/EX1_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92873174f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.30/EX1_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.30\n");
+//page no.-38
+//given
+V=854;.............//accelerated voltage in volt
+theta=56;.........//angle
+n=1;..............//order
+m=9.1*10^-31;......//mass of electron
+e=1.6*10^-19;.....//charge
+h=6.625*10^-34;...//planck constant
+
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*V).........//wavelength in m
+//Now by bragg's law
+
+d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta))......//interplanar spacing in m
+
+printf("\nspacing is 2.53*10^-11 m\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.31/EX1_31.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.31/EX1_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe8f45456 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.31/EX1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.31\n");
+//page no.-38
+//given
+n=1;..........//order
+theta=34;....//angle in degrees
+h=2;
+k=0;
+l=2;
+lambda=1.5*10^-10;......//wavelength in m
+//By bragg's law
+
+d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta))......//interplanar spacing in m
+
+a=d*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2).............//lattice constant in m
+
+printf("\nlattice constant is 3.773 angstrom \n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.32/EX1_32.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.32/EX1_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e8d754b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.32/EX1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.32\n");
+//page no.-39
+//given
+V=5000;........//potential diff. in volt
+n=1;...........//order
+h=1;
+k=1;
+l=1;
+d=0.204*10^-9;.....//interplanar spacing in m
+m=9.1*10^-31;......//mass of electron
+e=1.6*10^-19;.....//charge
+h=6.625*10^-34;...//planck constant
+
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*V).........//wavelength in m
+//Now by bragg's law
+
+theta=asind((n*lambda)/(2*d))......//angle in degrees
+
+printf("\nangle is 2.43 degrees\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.4/EX1_4.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.4/EX1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b4d29f12 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.4/EX1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.4\n");
+//page no.-8
+//given
+a=3.61;.......//lattice constant in Angstrom
+
+r=(2^(0.5)*a)/4........//for F.C.C. structure radius is given by this
+
+printf("\nradius of copper atom is 12.8 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a554924df --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.7\n");
+//page no.-9
+//given
+rho=2700;.......//density of potassium bromide in kg/m^3
+m=119;.........//molecular wt.
+n=4;...........//molecules per unit cell for F.C.C.
+N=6.02*10^26;...//avagadro no.
+
+M=(n*m)/N;..........//mass in each unit cell
+//as density=mass/volume, so volume is a^3
+
+a=(M/rho)^(1/3)......//lattice constant in Angstrom
+
+printf("\nlattice constant is 6.64 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89a17af96 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.8\n");
+//page no.-11
+//given
+rho=7870;.........//densitynof alpha iron in kg/m^3
+N=6.02*10^26;.....//avagadro no.
+n=2;..............//number of molecules per unit cell for B.C.C.
+M=55.8;..........//atomic weight
+
+a=((n*M)/(N*rho))^(1/3).........//lattice constant in metre
+
+printf("\nlattice constant is 2.86 Angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ee6f9d3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.9\n");
+//page no.-11
+//given
+rho=2170;.......//density of NaCl in kg/m^3
+m=58.45;.........//molecular wt. of NaCl
+n=4;...........//molecules per unit cell for F.C.C.
+N=6*10^26;...//avagadro no.
+
+M=(n*m)/N;..........//mass in each unit cell
+//as density=mass/volume, so volume is a^3
+
+a=(M/rho)^(1/3)......//lattice constant in Angstrom
+
+printf("\nlattice constant is 5.64 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2145bc5a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.1\n");
+//page no.-55
+//given
+h=6.60*10^-34;...........//planck's constant in J-s
+m=1.674*10^-27;.........//mass of neutron in Kg
+lambda=10^-10;...........//wavelength in m
+e=1.6*10^-19;.............//charge
+//We know lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E)
+
+E=(h^2)/(2*m*lambda^2*e)............//energy of neutron in eV
+//to convert into eV divide by e,1.6*10^-19
+
+printf("\nenergy of neutron is 8.12*10^-2 eV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.10/EX2_10.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.10/EX2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de5aa3556 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.10/EX2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.10\n");
+//page no.-58
+//given
+h=6.60*10^-34;...................//planck's constant
+m=1.67*10^-27;..................//mass of neutron i kg
+T=300;..........................//temperature in kelvin
+k=1.376*10^-23;................//boltzmann constant in joule/degree
+//As E=k*T, put in lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E)
+
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*k*T)..................//wavelength in angstrom
+
+printf("\nwavelength is 1.777 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a2513f4f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.11\n");
+//page no.-58
+//given
+lambda=10^-8;................//wavelength in cm
+h=6.62*10^-27;...................//planck's constant
+c=3*10^10;.......................//velocity of light in cm/sec
+e=1.6*10^-12;...................//charge in ergs
+//as lambda=h/p, p=momentum
+
+p=h/lambda................//momentum in erg-sec/cm
+
+E=p*c/e....................//energy in eV
+
+printf("\nenergy of gamma ray photon is 1.24*10^4 eV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.12/EX2_12.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.12/EX2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fddf48d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.12/EX2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.12\n");
+//page no.-59
+//given
+V=2000;.................//potential diff. in volt
+m=6.576*10^-24;........//mass of alpha particle in gm
+h=6.62*10^-27;..........//planck's constant
+e=4.8*10^-10;..........//charge
+
+lambda=h*sqrt(150/(2*m*e*V)).............//wavelength in cm
+
+printf("\nde-Broglie wavelength is 2.3*10^-11 cm\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.13/EX2_13.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.13/EX2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a96f188bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.13/EX2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.13\n");
+//page no.-63
+//given
+v=500;..............//speed of e in m/s
+m=9.11*10^-31;......//mass of e
+del_v=0.0001;........//change in velocity
+h=6.625*10^-34;......//planck's constant
+p=m*v;.................//momentum
+del_p=p*del_v;..........//change in momentum in kg*m/sec
+
+del_x=h/(2*%pi*del_p)...............//uncertainty in position in m
+
+printf("\nminimum uncertainty in position is 2.318 mm\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.14/EX2_14.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.14/EX2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..767807ac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.14/EX2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.14\n");
+//page no.-63
+//given
+v=600;..............//speed of e in m/s
+m=9.1*10^-31;......//mass of e
+del_v=5*10^-5;........//change in velocity
+h=6.625*10^-34;......//planck's constant
+p=m*v;.................//momentum
+del_p=p*del_v;..........//change in momentum in kg*m/sec
+
+del_x=h/(del_p)...............//uncertainty in position in m
+
+printf("\nminimum uncertainty in position is 0.024 m\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.15/EX2_15.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.15/EX2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..166b64018 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.15/EX2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.15\n");
+//page no.-63
+//given
+m=9.11*10^-31;.............//mass of e in kg
+E=1.6*10^-15;..............//energy in joule
+h=6.625*10^-34;.............//planck's constant
+d=5.5*10^-11;...............//interplanar spacing in m
+//we knoe , E=m*v^2/2
+
+v=sqrt((2*E)/m);..........//velocity in m/s
+//By debroglie relationship
+
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E)...........//wavelength in m
+
+//By bragg's eq. 2*d*sind(theta)=n*lambda
+//n=1, for first order
+theta=asind(lambda/(2*d))..............//angle of deviation
+
+printf("\nangle of deviation is 6.4 degree\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.16/EX2_16.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.16/EX2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14635ddb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.16/EX2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.16\n");
+//page no.-64
+//given
+m=9.11*10^-31;.............//mass of e in kg
+E=1.6*10^-19;..............//energy in joule
+h=6.625*10^-34;.............//planck's constant
+//we knoe , E=m*v^2/2
+
+v=sqrt((2*E)/m);..........//velocity in m/s
+//By debroglie relationship
+
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E)...........//wavelength in m
+
+printf("\nwavelength is 12.3 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.17/EX2_17.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.17/EX2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41f728d58 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.17/EX2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.17\n");
+//page no.-65
+//given
+p=2.2*10^-24;.................//momentum in kg*m/s
+m=9.1*10^-31;................//mass of electron in kg
+e=1.6*10^-19;................//charge
+_h=1.054*10^-34;...............//planck constant
+del_t=10^-8;..................//change in time in sec
+h=6.62*10^-34;..................//planck's constant
+
+del_E=_h/del_t..............//energy in joule
+
+del_v=del_E/h................//uncertainty in frequency in Hz
+
+printf("\nuncertainty in frequency is 1.6*10^7 Hz\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.18/EX2_18.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.18/EX2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e77f3198b --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.18/EX2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.18\n");
+//page no.-65
+//given
+del_x=4*10^-10;...............//uncertainty in position of electron
+h=6.6*10^-34;................//planck's constant
+
+del_p=h/del_x................//uncertainty in momentum in kg*m/sec
+
+printf("\nuncertainty in momentum is 1.6*10^-24 kg*m/sec\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.19/EX2_19.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.19/EX2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45b0714a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.19/EX2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.19\n");
+//page no.-65
+//given
+del_x=10^-9;...............//uncertainty in position of electron in m
+h=6.6*10^-34;................//planck's constant in joule-sec
+m=9*10^-31;....................//mass of e in kg
+
+del_p=h/del_x...............//uncertainty in momentum in kg*m/sec
+//as p=m*v
+
+del_v=del_p/m................//uncertainty in velocity in m/s
+
+printf("\nuncertainty in velocity is 7.3*10^5 m/s\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d96b3d17a --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.2\n");
+//page no.-55
+//given
+h=6.625*10^-34;...........//planck's constant in J-s
+m=1.675*10^-27;.........//mass of neutron in Kg
+E=1.6*10^-5;.............//kinetic energy of neutron
+//we knoe , E=m*v^2/2
+
+v=sqrt((2*E)/m);..........//velocity in m/s
+//By debroglie relationship
+
+lambda=h/(m*v)...............//De-Broglie wavelength in m
+
+printf("\nDe-Broglie wavelength is 2.86*10^-15 m\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.20/EX2_20.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.20/EX2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..153479af5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.20/EX2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.20\n");
+//page no.-66
+//given
+d=10^-14;..................//width of special line in m
+lambda=6*10^-7;.............//wavelength in m
+c=3*10^8;....................//speed of light in m/s
+
+//as E=(h*c*d)/lambda^2, put in uncertainty relation ,E*t=h/2*%pi
+
+t=lambda^2/(2*%pi*c*d).................//time required in sec
+
+printf("\ntime required is 1.9*10^-8 sec\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.22/EX2_22.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.22/EX2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdff4f5bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.22/EX2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.22\n");
+//page no.-66
+//given
+del_x=5*10^-14;...............//uncertainty in position in m
+h=6.626*10^-34;...............//planck's constant in jouls-sec
+m=1.675*10^-27;...............//mass of neutron
+e=1.6*10^-19;.................//cxharge
+
+del_p=h/del_x...............//uncertainty in momentum in kg*m/sec
+
+E=del_p^2/(2*m*e)..............//kinetic energy in meV
+
+printf("\nminimum Kinetic energy is 0.33 meV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.23/EX2_23.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.23/EX2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8310182cc --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.23/EX2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.23\n");
+//page no.-69
+//given
+h=6.62*10^-34;..............//planck's constant in joule-sec
+m=1.67*10^-27;..............//mass of proton
+c=3*10^8;..................//speed of light in m/s
+E=46.08*10^-19;...........//energy in joule
+
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E).........//wavelength in m
+
+printf("\nwavelength is 0.05336 angstrom \n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.24/EX2_24.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.24/EX2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3543a5ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.24/EX2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.24\n");
+//page no.-69
+//given
+h=6.62*10^-34;..............//planck's constant in joule-sec
+m=1.67*10^-27;..............//mass of proton
+c=3*10^8;..................//speed of light in m/s
+v=c/20;...................//velocity of proton
+
+lambda=h/(m*v)............//wavelength in m
+
+printf("\nwavelength is 2.643*10^-14 m\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.26/EX2_26.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.26/EX2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..390e4f1ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.26/EX2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.26\n");
+//page no.-70
+//given
+_m=9.1*10^-31;...............//rest mass of e
+lambda=5896*10^-10;..........//wavelength in m
+h=6.63*10^-34;..............//planck's constant in J-sec
+
+E=h^2/(2*_m*lambda^2)............//kinetic energy in joule
+
+printf("\nkinetic energy is 6.95*10^-25 joule\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.27/EX2_27.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.27/EX2_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b6d912a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.27/EX2_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.27\n");
+//page no.-71
+//given
+h=6.63*10^-34;..............//planck's constant in joule-sec
+m=1.67*10^-27;..............//mass of proton
+E=1.6*10^-19;...........//energy in joule
+
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E).........//wavelength in m
+
+printf("\nwavelength is 0.287 angstrom \n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.29/EX2_29.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.29/EX2_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..467006650 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.29/EX2_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.29\n");
+//page no.-72
+//given
+v=1.05*10^4;..............//speed of e in m/s
+m=9*10^-31;......//mass of e
+h=6.62*10^-34;......//planck's constant
+del_v=0.0001;........//change in velocity
+
+p=m*v;.................//momentum in kg*m/sec
+
+del_p=p*del_v..........//change in momentum in kg*m/sec
+//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
+
+del_x=h/(2*%pi*del_p)...............//uncertainty in position in m
+
+printf("\nminimum uncertainty in position is 1.115*10^4 m\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39e7ce1e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.3\n");
+//page no.-55
+//given
+h=6.65*10^-27;...............//planck constant in ergs-sec
+m=9*10^-28;..................//mass of e
+e=4.8*10^-10;...............//charge in e.s.u.
+V=1250;.....................//potential difference in V
+//By debroglie relationship, lambda=h/m*v
+
+lambda=h*sqrt(150/(m*e*V)).............//resolving power in cm
+
+printf("\nresolving power of microscope is 0.351 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.30/EX2_30.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.30/EX2_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..019da963f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.30/EX2_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.30\n");
+//page no.-72
+//given
+del_x=1.1*10^-8;...............//uncertainty in position of electron in m
+h=1.05*10^-34;................//planck's constant in joule-sec
+m=9*10^-31;....................//mass of e in kg
+//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle,
+
+del_v=h/(m*del_x)................//uncertainty in velocity in m/s
+
+printf("\nuncertainty in velocity is 1.06*10^4 m/s\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.31/EX2_31.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.31/EX2_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b83fd0cd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.31/EX2_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.31\n");
+//page no.-72
+//given
+h=6.62*10^-34;................//planck's constant in joule-sec
+m=9*10^-31;....................//mass of e in kg
+v=3*10^7;......................//velocity in m/sec
+c=3*10^8;......................//speed of light in m/s
+
+//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle,
+
+del_x=(h*sqrt(1-(v^2/c^2)))/(2*%pi*m*v).........//uncertainty in position in m
+
+printf("\nuncertainty in position of electron is 0.0388 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.32/EX2_32.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.32/EX2_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..024c5d58f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.32/EX2_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.32\n");
+//page no.-72
+//given
+v=5000;..............//speed of e in m/s
+m=9*10^-31;......//mass of e
+del_v=0.00003;........//change in velocity
+h=6.63*10^-34;......//planck's constant
+
+p=m*v;.................//momentum
+
+del_p=p*del_v;..........//change in momentum in kg*m/sec
+//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle,
+del_x=h/(2*%pi*del_p)...............//uncertainty in position in m
+
+printf("\nminimum uncertainty in position is 7.82*10^4 m\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.33/EX2_33.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.33/EX2_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca91cf173 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.33/EX2_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.33\n");
+//page no.-73
+//given
+//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, E*t=h, also E=h*nu
+
+t=10^-8;.................//time required in sec
+
+del_nu=1/(2*%pi*t)...........//uncertainty in frequency in per sec
+
+printf("\nuncertainty in frequency is 15.92*10^6 per sec\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.34/EX2_34.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.34/EX2_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..358d81cb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.34/EX2_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.34\n");
+//page no.-73
+//given
+h=6.63*10^-34;............//planck's constant in J-sec
+t=2.5*10^-14;.............//time required in sec
+
+//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, E*t=h
+
+del_E=h/(2*%pi*t).............//error in energy in joule
+
+printf("\nminimum error in energy is 4.22*10^-21 joule\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.35/EX2_35.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.35/EX2_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47e45b9c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.35/EX2_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.35\n");
+//page no.-73
+//given
+del_x=0.01*10^-2;...............//uncertainty in position of electron in m
+h=6.62*10^-34;................//planck's constant in joule-sec
+m=9*10^-31;....................//mass of e in kg
+x=5*10^-10;....................//diameter of nucleus in m
+//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle,
+
+del_p=h/(2*%pi*del_x)...........//uncertainty in momentum in kg*m/sec
+
+del_v=h/(2*%pi*m*x).............//uncertainty in velocity in m/sec
+
+printf("\nuncertainty in momentum is 1.054*10^-30 kg*m/sec and in velocity is 2.34*10^5 m/sec\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.36/EX2_36.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.36/EX2_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c552b856 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.36/EX2_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.36\n");
+//page no.-84
+//given
+theta=45;................//angle in degrees
+_lambda=0.022*10^-10;.....//wavelength in m
+h=6.6*10^-34;..........//planck's constant in J-sec
+m=9.1*10^-31;.........//mass of electron
+c=3*10^8;..............//speed of light in m/s
+//acc. to compton exp.,_lambda-lambda=(h*(1-cosd(theta)))/m*c
+
+lambda=_lambda-((h*(1-cosd(theta)))/(m*c)).........//wavelength in angstrom
+
+printf("\nwavelength of incident X-rays is 0.015 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.39/EX2_39.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.39/EX2_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6737c02ee --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.39/EX2_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.39\n");
+//page no.-86
+//given
+E=1.02*10^6;...............//energy in eV
+theta=90;................//angle in degrees
+h=6.6*10^-34;..........//planck's constant in J-sec
+m=9.1*10^-31;.........//mass of electron
+c=3*10^8;..............//speed of light in m/s
+e=1.6*10^-19;..........//charge
+//acc. to compton exp.,_lambda-lambda=(h*(1-cosd(theta)))/m*c
+
+del_lambda=((h*(1-cosd(theta)))/(m*c)).........//change in wavelength in m
+
+del_nu=c/del_lambda................//changein frequency of photon
+
+del_E=h*del_nu/e....................//change in energy of photon in eV
+
+Eo=E-del_E.......................//energy of photon after interaction in eV
+
+printf("\nEnergy of photon after interaction is 0.51 Mev\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe2c0c3fa --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.4\n");
+//page no.-56
+//given
+V=100;..............//potential diff. in Volt
+
+lambda=12.25/sqrt(V).............//wavelength in angstrom
+
+printf("\nde-Broglie wavelength is 1.225 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.40/EX2_40.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.40/EX2_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87f269ab5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.40/EX2_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.40\n");
+//page no.-86
+//given
+h=6.62*10^-27;..........//planck's constant in ergs-sec
+m=9.11*10^-28;.........//mass of electron in gm
+e=4.803*10^-10;...........//charge
+V=1/3;..................//potential difference in e.s.u.
+//AS V*e=m*v^2/2, put into lambda=h/m*v
+
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*V*e*m)..........//wavelength in cm
+
+printf("\nwavelength is 1.226*10^8 cm\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.41/EX2_41.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.41/EX2_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7b10c1ae --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.41/EX2_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.41\n");
+//page no.-87
+//given
+h=6.6*10^-34;..........//planck's constant in J-sec
+m=9*10^-31;.........//mass of electron in kg
+w=6.4*10^-19;.........//work function in joule
+nu=10^15;.............//frequency in hertz
+
+v=sqrt((2*(h*nu-w))/m)............//velocity in m/sec
+
+printf("\nvelocity of photoelectrons is 2.108*10^5 m/sec\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.42/EX2_42.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.42/EX2_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..345e136bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.42/EX2_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.42\n");
+//page no.-87
+//given
+theta=90;................//angle in degrees
+h=6.62*10^-34;..........//planck's constant in J-sec
+m=9.1*10^-31;.........//mass of electron
+c=3*10^8;..............//speed of light in m/s
+e=1.6*10^-19;..........//charge
+lambda=10^-10;........//wavelength in m
+//acc. to compton exp.,_lambda-lambda=(h*(1-cosd(theta)))/m*c
+
+del_lambda=((h*(1-cosd(theta)))/(m*c)).........//compton shift in m
+
+K=(h*c*del_lambda)/(lambda*(lambda+del_lambda))......//energy in joule
+
+printf("\nKinetic energy of recoil electron is 4.72*10^-17 joule\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.43/EX2_43.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.43/EX2_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b23c3ed0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.43/EX2_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.43\n");
+//page no.-88
+//given
+h=6.624*10^-27;..........//planck's constant in ergs-sec
+m=9.1*10^-28;.........//mass of electron in kg
+w=3.2*10^-12;.........//work function in joule
+c=3*10^10;...........//speed of light in cm/sec
+lambda=3600*10^-8;...//wavelength in m
+e=1.6*10^-12;.........//charge in ergs
+
+lambda_o=(h*c)/w;..........//threshold wavelength in cm
+
+vo=c/lambda_o;........//threshold frequency in m/s
+
+v=c/lambda;..........//frequency
+
+E=((v-vo)*h)/e.................//energy in eV
+
+printf("\nkinetic energy is 1.45 eV\n");
+
+printf("\nso stopping potential is 1.45 eV\n");
+
+v=sqrt((2*E*e)/m)............//velocity of electron in cm/sec
+
+printf("\nVelocity of electron is 7.1*10^7 cm/sec\n");
+
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.44/EX2_44.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.44/EX2_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a3cfc5d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.44/EX2_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.44\n");
+//page no.-89
+//given
+lambda_o=2300*10^-8;..........//threshold wavelength in cm
+lambda=1800*10^-8;............//wavelength in cm
+c=3*10^10;...........//speed of light in cm/sec
+e=1.6*10^-12;.........//charge in ergs
+
+vo=c/lambda_o;........//threshold frequency in m/s
+
+v=c/lambda;..........//frequency
+E=((v-vo)*h)/e.................//energy in eV
+
+printf("\nkinetic energy is 1.52 eV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.45/EX2_45.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.45/EX2_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dafdd816 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.45/EX2_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.45\n");
+//page no.-90
+//given
+E=1.56;...............//energy of e ejected in eV
+lambda_o=2500*10^-8;..........//threshold wavelength in cm
+c=3*10^10;...........//speed of light in cm/sec
+e=1.6*10^-12;.........//charge in ergs
+h=6.62*10^-27;........//planck's constant in ergs-sec
+
+vo=c/lambda_o........//threshold frequency in m/s
+
+Eo=h*vo/e................//energy in eV
+
+TE=Eo+E..............//total energy
+//we know ,E=h*c/lambda
+
+lambda=((h*c)/(TE*e))..........//wavelength in cm
+
+printf("\nwavelength of incident light is 1.9*10^-5 cm\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.46/EX2_46.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.46/EX2_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1903024d --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.46/EX2_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.46\n");
+//page no.-90
+//given
+w=10.08*10^-12;...........//work function in ergs
+h=6.624*10^-27;...........//planck's constant in ergs-sec
+c=3*10^10;................//speed of light in cm/sec
+
+lambda_o=h*c/w............//threshold wavelength in cm
+
+printf("\nthreshold wavelength is 1972 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.47/EX2_47.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.47/EX2_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3971e10fa --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.47/EX2_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.47\n");
+//page no.-91
+//given
+lambda_o=6800*10^-8;..........//threshold wavelength in cm
+c=3*10^10;...........//speed of light in cm/sec
+e=1.6*10^-12;.........//charge in ergs
+h=6.62*10^-27;........//planck's constant in ergs-sec
+
+vo=c/lambda_o........//threshold frequency in m/s
+
+w=h*vo/e.............//work function in eV
+
+printf("\nwork function is 1.825 eV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.48/EX2_48.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.48/EX2_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1d9f6eb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.48/EX2_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.48\n");
+//page no.-91
+//given
+lambda=5.4*10^-5;.............//wavelength in cm
+c=3*10^10;..................//speed of light in cm/sec
+h=6.62*10^-27;........//planck's constant in ergs-sec
+e=1.6*10^-12;.........//charge in ergs
+w=1.2;.........//work function in eV
+eo=4.8*10^-10;.........//charge in e.s.u.
+
+E=(h*c)/(lambda*e).............//energy of one quantum of light in eV
+
+//AS V*e=E-w
+
+V=((E-w)*e*300)/eo...................//potential diff. in volts
+
+printf("\nretarding potential is 1.09 volts\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b001835f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.5\n");
+//page no.-56
+//given
+h=6.67*10^-27;...............//planck constant in ergs-sec
+m=9*10^-28;..................//mass of e
+e=4.8*10^-10;...............//charge in e.s.u.
+lambda=0.5*10^-8;..........//wavelength in m
+//we know, lambda=h*sqrt(150/(m*e*V))
+
+V=((h^2*150)/(m*e*lambda^2)).............//acc. voltage in volts
+
+printf("\nAccelerating Voltage is 617.9 volts\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1267fe31b --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.6\n");
+//page no.-56
+//given
+lamda=3*10^-2;...........//wavelength in m
+h=6.62*10^-34;...............//planck constant in Joule-sec
+m=9.1*10^-31;..................//mass of e in kg
+e=1.6*10^-19;...............//charge
+
+E=(h^2)/(2*m*(lambda^2)*e)..............//energy in eV
+
+printf("\nEnergy is 0.06 eV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55433e6c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.7\n");
+//page no.-57
+//given
+h=6.6*10^-34;...............//planck constant in Joule-sec
+m=9.1*10^-31;..................//mass of e in kg
+c=3*10^8;....................//speed in m/sec
+
+lambda=h/(m*c)................//wavelength in angstrom
+
+printf("\nwavelength of quantum of energy is 0.0244 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ba3e0815 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.7\n");
+//page no.-57
+//given
+m=1.66*10^-24;..........//mass of proton in gm
+e=4.8*10^-10;.............//charge in e.s.u.
+h=6.62*10^-27;.............//planck's constant in erg-sec
+E=1.6*10^-7;.............//energy in ergs
+//we knoe , E=m*v^2/2
+
+v=sqrt((2*E)/m);..........//velocity in m/s
+//By debroglie relationship
+
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E)...........//wavelength in cm
+
+printf("\nwavelength is 9.08*10^-14 m\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.9/EX2_9.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.9/EX2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf74e32ff --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.9/EX2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx2.9\n");
+//page no.-58
+//given
+m=9.1*10^-28;..........//mass of electron in gm
+e=4.8*10^-10;.............//charge in e.s.u.
+h=6.62*10^-27;.............//planck's constant in erg-sec
+V=28.8;....................//potential diff. in volt
+
+lambda=h*sqrt(150/(m*e*V)).............//wavelength in cm
+
+printf("\nde-Broglie wavelength is 2.3 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a705933be --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.1\n");
+//page no.-120
+//given
+h=6.63*10^-27;........//planck's constant
+l=10^-8;..............//length of each side of cube in m
+m=9.11*10^-20;.......//mass of electron
+
+p1=h*3^(0.5)/2*l..........//momentum on ground state in gm*cm/sec
+
+E1=(h^(2)*3)/(8*m*l^(2)).........//energy for ground state in ergs
+
+printf("\nmomentum & energy for ground state is 5.74*10^-19 gm*cm/sec and 113eV\n");
+
+//for first excited state quantum no. is 2
+p2=h*6^(0.5)/2*l.............//momentum on first excited state in gm*cm/sec
+
+E2=(h^(2)*6)/(8*m*l^(2))........//energy for first excited state in ergs
+
+printf("\nmomentum and energy for first excited state are 8.13*10^-19 gm*cm/sec and 362*10^-12 erg\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f124c554d --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.13\n");
+//page no.-130
+//given
+x=10^-14;......//diameter of nucleus in m
+h=6.626*10^-34;......//planck's constant in J-s
+m=1.67*10^-27;......//proton mass in kg
+e=1.6*10^-19;.......//charge in C
+c=3*10^8;...........//speed in m/sec
+
+p=h/(2*%pi*x).......//momentum in kg*m/s from uncertainty principle
+
+printf("\n minimum value of momentum is 1.055*10^-20 kg*m/s\n");
+
+E=p^2/(2*m*e).........//minimum kinetic energy in MeV
+
+printf("\nminimum K.E. is 0.23 Mev\n");
+
+r=m*c^2/e...........//rest mass energy of proton in MeV
+
+printf("\nrest mass energy is 942 MeV\n");
+printf("\nAS REST MASS IS VERY LARGE THAN K.E. SO,PRESENCE OF SUCH PROTONS IN NUCLEUS IS PERMITTED\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..937859c69 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.15\n");
+//page no.-132
+//given
+v=10^-6;........//velocity in m/s
+m=10^-9;.......//mass in kg
+a=10^-4;.......//width in m
+h=6.62*10^-34;....//planck's constant in J-s
+
+E=(m*v^2)/2......//kinetic energy in joule
+
+n=sqrt((8*m*a^2*E)/h^2).........//quantum number
+
+printf("\nquantum number is 3*10^14\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5025e59a --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.17\n");
+//page no.-133
+//given
+m=0.33*10^-26;.......//mass of hydrogen molecule in kg
+a=0.01;.............//width in m
+h=6.626*10^-34;.....//planck's constant in J-s
+e=1.6*10^-19;........//charge
+
+E=(5*h^2)/(8*m*a^2*e)..........//energy difference
+
+printf("\nenergy difference is 5.2*10^-18 eV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.18/EX3_18.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.18/EX3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e25bc33b --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.18/EX3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.18\n");
+//page no.-134
+//given
+n=5;................//quantum no.
+a=2*10^-10;.........//width of box in m
+E1=14.7*10^-19;.....//energy in joules
+h=6.625*10^-34;.....//planck's constant in J-s
+
+m=(h^2)/(8*E1*a^2)......//mass of particle in kg
+
+printf("\nmass of particle is 9.33*10^-31 kg");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ece1bacd --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.19\n");
+//page no.-135
+//given
+m=9.1*10^-31;.......//mass of electron in kg
+a=4*10^-10;........//length in m
+
+E=(h^2)/(8*m*a^2)..........//lowest energy in joules
+
+printf("\nlowest energy is 0.376*10^-18 J\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52e81e7fe --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.2\n");
+//page no.-121
+//given
+m=9.11*10^-31;.......//mass of electron in kg
+h=6.63*10^-34;.......//planck's constant in J*s
+a=10^-10;............//width of box in m
+n=1;.................//quantum no. for least energy
+e=1.602*10^-19;........//charge
+
+E=(h^2)/8*m*a^2........//least energy in joules
+//to convert into eV divide by 1.6*10^-19
+printf("\nleast energy of particle is 5.68 joules");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.20/EX3_20.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.20/EX3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb700dcea --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.20/EX3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.20\n");
+//page no.-135
+//given
+a=10^-10;........//width of box in m
+h=6.625*10^-34;....//planck's constant in J-s
+m=9.1*10^-31;......//mass of electron in kg
+n=2;..............//quantum no.
+e=1.6*10^-19;.....//charge
+
+p=n*h/2*a.........//momentum in Kg*m/s
+
+printf("\nmomentum is 6.625*10^-24 Kg*m/s\n");
+
+E=(n^2*h^2)/(8*m*a^2*e).....//energy in eV
+
+printf("\nenergy is 150.8 eV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41857a9c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.22\n");
+//page no.-136
+//given
+m=10^-6;........//mass of particle
+v=10^-4;........//speed in m/s
+a=10^-7;........//length of box in m
+h=6.625*10^-34;...//planck's constant in J-s
+
+n=2*m*a*v/h.......//quantum no.
+
+printf("\nquantum number is 3*10^16\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f598288e --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.3\n");
+//page no.-121
+//given
+h=6.62*10^-34;........//planck's constant in Js
+m=1.6*10^-27;........//mass of proton in kg
+l=10^-14;............//width of box in m
+
+E=(h^(2)*3)/(8*m*l^(2))............//energy of neutron
+
+printf("\nlowest energy of neutron is10.29*10^-23 J\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6766bea20 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.5\n");
+//page no.-122
+//given
+h=6.63*10^-34;........//planck's constant in Js
+m=9.11*10^-31;........//mass of electron in kg
+l=2.5*10^-10;............//width of box in m
+n1=2;...................//quantum no. for second lowest state
+n2=3;...................//quantum no. for third lowest state
+e=1.6*10^19;...........//charge
+
+E1=(h^2)/(8*m*l^2*e)..........//first lowest quantum energy
+
+E2=(n1^2)*E1.............//second lowest quantum energy
+
+E3=(n2^2)*E1............//third lowest quantum energy
+
+printf("\nlowest permissible quantum energies are 6 eV,24 eV, 54 eV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..491eafeec --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.7\n");
+//page no.-123
+//given
+l=10^-14;.......//width of box in m
+m=1.67*10^-27;...//proton mass in kg
+h=1.05*10^-34;....//plkanck's constant in J-s
+
+E1=(%pi^2*h^2)/(2*m*l^2)...........//energy of ground state in joule
+
+E2=(4*%pi^2*h^2)/(2*m*l^2)........//energy of first excited state in joule
+
+E=E2-E1.............//energy released in joule
+//to convert into eV divide by 1.6*10^-19
+printf("\nenergy released during transition is 6.2 MeV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7a50e813 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx3.8\n");
+//page no.-126
+//given
+n=5;................//quantum no.
+a=2*10^-10;.........//width of box in m
+E1=14.7*10^-19;.....//energy in joules
+h=6.625*10^-34;.....//planck's constant in J-s
+
+m=(h^2)/(8*E1*a^2)......//mass of particle in kg
+
+printf("\nmass of particle is 9.33*10^-31 kg");
diff --git a/1694/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce b/1694/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bb10b8c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx4.2\n");
+//page no.-156
+//given
+b=2.898*10^-3;.......//constant in m*K
+T=2000;...............//temperature in kelvin
+
+lambda=b/T.............//wavelength in m, relation by Wein's Law
+
+printf("\nwavelength is 1.449 micron\n");
+printf("\nWe know visible region is 0.4 micron to 0.8 micron, so this wavelength is beyond red colour of visible spectrum\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2567c628b --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.1\n");
+//page no.-178
+//given
+sigma=6.2*10^-7;......//conductivity of silver in ohm-m
+
+n=5.8*10^28;..........//no. of free electrons per unit volume in m^3
+
+m=9.1*10^-31;.........//mass of electron in kg
+
+e=1.6*10^-19;.........//elementary charge in coulamb
+
+tau=(sigma*m)/(e^2*n).....//relaxation time
+
+printf("\nthe relaxation time is 3.8*10^-14 s\n");
+
+l=2;......//length of silver wire in m
+v=40;.....//potential diff. in V
+
+E=v/l.....//electric field in wire in V/m
+
+vd=-(e*E*tau)/m......//drift speed of electron
+
+printf("\ndrift speed of electron is -0.13 m/s");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a6b9249f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.10\n");
+//page no.-188
+//given
+no=8.48*10^28;......//free electrons/m^3
+
+m=9.1*10^-31;....//mass of electron
+
+h=6.62*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js
+
+E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m*e)......//fermi energy in eV
+
+printf("\nfermi energy in copper is 7.04 eV");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0937a5704 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.11\n");
+//page no.-189
+//given
+I=15;............//current in A
+A=2.1*10^-6;.....//area in m^2
+rho=8.95*10^3;...//density in Kg/m^3
+M=63.5;..........//mass in g/mol
+N=6.02*10^23;....//avagadro no.
+e=1.6*10^-19;....//charge in J
+
+no=N*rho/M........//no. of free electrons per unit vol.
+
+printf("\nno. of free e/unit vol is 8.48*10^28 electrons/m^3\n");
+v=I/(no*A*e)......//drift velocity of e
+
+printf("\ndrift velocity of e is5.3*10^-4");
+
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..487746d0e --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.12\n");
+//page no.-189
+//given
+rho=1.42*10^-8;.....//resistivity of wire in ohm m
+E=0.14;.............//electric field in V/m
+n0=6*10^28;.........//no. of electrons per unit vol
+m=9.11*10^-31;......//mass of e in kg
+e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C
+
+tau=(m)/no*e^2*rho.........//mean collission time in s
+
+printf("\nmean collission time is 4.236*10^-14 s\n");
+
+v=((e*E)/m)*tau.........//avg drift velocity in m/s
+
+printf("\navg. drift velocity is 1.04*10^-3 m/s");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e6491c31 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.13\n");
+//page no.-190
+//given
+A=10^-6;.......//cross-sectional area in m^2
+I=1;..........//current in Ampere
+n0=8.5*10^28;.........//no. of electrons per unit vol
+e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C
+
+v=I/(no*A*e)...........//drift velocity in m/s
+
+printf("\ndrift velocity of free e is7.4*10^-4 m/s");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..822069048 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.14\n");
+//page no.-190
+//given
+v=10^6;.......//avg velocity in m.s
+rho=1.673*10^-8;..//resistivity in ohm m
+n0=8.48*10^28;.........//no. of electrons per unit vol
+e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C
+m=9.11*10^-31;......//mass of e in kg
+
+tau=m/(no*e^2*rho)........//mean collission time in s
+
+printf("\nmean collision time is 2.51*10^-14 s\n");
+
+lambda=v*tau............//mean free path in m
+
+printf("\nmean free path 2.51*10^-8 m");
+
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..003a04f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.15\n");
+//page no.-190
+//given
+l=3;........//length of wire in m
+R=0.022;....//resistance in ohm
+I=15;.......//current in A
+mu=4.3*10^-3;..//mobility in m^2/Vs
+m=9.11*10^-31;....//mass
+V=I*R........//voltage drop across Cu wire in Volt
+
+E=V/l........//electric field in V/m
+
+v=E*mu.......//drift velocity in m/s
+
+printf("\ndrift velocity is 0.473*10^-3 m/s\n");
+k=1.387*10^-23;.......//boltzmann constant
+T=300;................//temperature in kelvin
+
+vo=((3*k*T)/m)^(1/2)....//thermal velocity
+
+printf("\nthermal velocity is 1.17*10^5 m/s");
+
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1e7afbac --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.16\n");
+//page no.-191
+//given
+rho=1.54*10^-8;.......//resistivity in ohm m
+E=100;...............//electric field in V/m
+no=5.8*10^28;.........//no of free electrons per unit vol
+m=9.11*10^-31;....//mass
+e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C
+
+tau=m/(no*e^2*rho)........//mean collision time
+
+printf("\nmean collision time is 3.98*10^-14 s\n");
+v=((e*E)/m)*tau........//drift velocity
+
+printf("\ndrift velocity is 0.7 m/s\n");
+mu=v/E.........//mobility
+
+printf("\nmobility is 7*10^-3 m^2/Vs");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8a075987 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.17\n");
+//page no.-191
+//given
+rho=1.54*10^-8;......//resistivity in ohm m
+no=5.8*10^28;.........//no of free electrons per unit vol
+m=9.11*10^-31;....//mass
+e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C
+
+tau=m/(no*e^2*rho)....//relaxation time
+
+printf("\nrelaxation time is 3.97*10^-14 s\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20f35b33f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.18\n");
+//page no.-192
+//given
+T=0;........//temperature in kelvin
+rho=10500;....//density of Ag in Kg/m^3
+M=107.9;......//atomic weight
+N=6.025*10^26;....//avagadro no.
+e=1.6*10^-19;.....//charge
+h=6.63*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js
+
+no=(N*rho)/M......//no of free electrons per unit vol
+
+E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m*e)......//fermi energy in eV
+
+printf("\nfermi energy is 5.518 eV");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff50973b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.19\n");
+//page no.-192
+//given
+E=5.53;......//fermi energy in eV
+e=1.6*10^-19;.....//charge
+tau=3.91*10^-14;..//relaxation time in s
+m=9.11*10^-31;....//mass of electron
+
+v=((2*E*e)/m)^(1/2).......//fermi velocity
+
+printf("\nfermi velocity is 1.39*10^6 m/s\n");
+
+k=1.38*10^-23;......//boltzmann constant
+
+T=(E*e)/k..............//fermi temperature in kelvin
+
+printf("\nfermi temperature is 6.41*10^4 k");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31bced25d --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.2\n");
+//page no.-184
+//given
+no=5.8*10^28;......//free electrons per m^3
+e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C
+h= 1.05*10^-34;.....//planck's constant in Js
+
+m=9.1*10^-31;.......//mass of electron in kg
+
+E=(3*no*%pi^2)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(2*m*e)......//fermi energy of electron
+
+printf("\nfermi energy of electron is 5.4 eV\n");
+
+v=((2*E)/m)^(1/2);......//speed of electron in m/s
+
+printf("\nspeed of electron is 1.4*10^6 m/s");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3130e5a66 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.20\n");
+//page no.-192
+//given
+rho=1.7*10^-8;......//resistivity in ohm m
+M=63.54;...........//atomic weight
+d=8.96*10^3;......//density in Kg/m^3
+N=6.025*10^23;......//avagadro no.
+e=1.6*10^-19;.......//charge
+
+no=(N*d)/M........//no of electrons per unit volume
+
+printf("\nno. of electrons/ unit volume 8.50*10^28 /m^3\n");
+
+mu=(1)/(rho*e*no).......//mobility in m/Vs
+
+printf("\nmobility is 4.35*10^-3 m/Vs");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cd48fd48 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.22\n");
+//page no.-193
+//given
+g=18.8;.......//specific gravity
+M=184;.......//atomic weight
+n=2;.........//no of electrons per atom
+N=6.02*10^23;......//avagadro no.
+e=1.6*10^-19;.......//charge
+
+no=(N*g*n)*10^6/M........//no of electrons per unit volume
+
+printf("\nno. of electrons/ unit volume 1.23*10^29 /m^3\n");
+
+E=((3.64*10^-19)/e)*(no^(2/3)).......//fermi energy
+
+printf("\nfermi energy is 9 eV");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d0152e1c --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.24\n");
+//page no.-195
+//given
+rho=1.73*10^-8;......//resistivity in ohm m
+M=63.5;...........//atomic weight
+d=8.92*10^3;......//density in Kg/m^3
+N=6.023*10^23;......//avagadro no.
+e=1.6*10^-19;.......//charge
+m=9.11*10^-31;......//mass of e
+
+no=(N*d)/M........//no of electrons per unit volume
+
+printf("\nno. of electrons/ unit volume 8.463*10^25 /m^3\n");
+
+mu=1/(rho*no*e).........//mobility
+
+printf("\nmobility is 4.1145 m^2/Vs\n");
+
+tau=m/(no*e^2*rho)..........//relaxation time
+
+printf("\nrelaxation time is 2.25*10^-11 s");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cf06a471 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.26\n");
+//page no.-195
+//given
+E=2.1;........//fermi energy in eV
+e=1.6*10^-19;.......//charge
+m=9.11*10^-31;......//mass of e
+
+v=((2*E*e)/m)^(1/2)........//fermi velocity in m/s
+
+printf("\nfermi velocity is 8.6*10^5 m/s");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9e438de3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.3\n");
+//page no.-185
+//given
+no=5.9*10^28;.....//free electrons per m^3
+m=9.1*10^-31;....//mass of electron
+h=6.6*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js
+
+E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m*e)......//fermi energy in joule
+
+printf("\nfermi energy is 5.4 eV\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a0c118f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.4\n");
+//page no.-185
+//given
+E=16.02*10^-19......//fermi energy in coulamb
+
+k=1.381*10^-23......//boltzmann constant in m
+
+T=(2*E)/(5*k)...........//temperature in kelvin
+
+printf("\nclassical temperature is 4.64*10^4 k");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..748d4e9aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.5\n");
+//page no.-185
+//given
+n0=2.5*10^28;.....//no. of free e per unit volume of metal
+e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C
+m=9.1*10^-31;....//mass of electron
+
+h=6.62*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js
+
+E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m)......//fermi energy in J
+//to convert in eV divide by charge e i.e. 1.6*10^-19
+printf("\nfermi energy is 3.1 eV\n");
+
+v=(2*E)/m^(1/2)......//fermi velocity in m/s
+
+printf("\nfermi velocity is 1.047 m/s\n");
+k=1.38*10^-23;.....//boltzmann constant
+
+T=E/k..............//fermi temperature in kelvin
+
+printf("\nfermi temperature 3.623*10^4 K");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e4ed15d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.6\n");
+//page no.-186
+//given
+no=2.54*10^28;.....//no. of free e per unit volume of metal
+
+m=9.1*10^-31;....//mass of electron
+
+h=6.62*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js
+
+E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m)......//fermi energy in J
+//to convert in eV divide by charge e i.e. 1.6*10^-19
+printf("\nfermi energy is 3.19 ev\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89da9bffc --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx-6.9\n");
+//page no.-188
+//given
+no=2.54*10^28;.....//no. of free e per unit volume of sodium
+e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C
+m=9.1*10^-31;....//mass of electron
+
+h=6.625*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js
+
+E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m*e)......//fermi energy in eV
+//to convert in J multiply by charge e i.e. 1.6*10^-19
+
+printf("\nfermi energy is 3.19 eV");
diff --git a/1694/CH7/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce b/1694/CH7/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a554924df --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH7/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx1.7\n");
+//page no.-9
+//given
+rho=2700;.......//density of potassium bromide in kg/m^3
+m=119;.........//molecular wt.
+n=4;...........//molecules per unit cell for F.C.C.
+N=6.02*10^26;...//avagadro no.
+
+M=(n*m)/N;..........//mass in each unit cell
+//as density=mass/volume, so volume is a^3
+
+a=(M/rho)^(1/3)......//lattice constant in Angstrom
+
+printf("\nlattice constant is 6.64 angstrom\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce b/1694/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c890d372 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx7.1\n");
+//page no.-205
+//given
+mu1=0.36;............//MOBILITY OF ELECTRONS IN m^2/volt-sec
+mu2=0.17;............//MOBILITY OF HOLES IN m^2/volt-sec
+e=1.6*10^-19;........//charge in coulamb
+n=2.5*10^19;.........//density of electron & holes per m^3
+sigma=n*e*(mu1+mu2)...//total conductivity in mho/metre
+
+printf("\ntotal conductivity is 2.12 mho/metre\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce b/1694/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e5c09808 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx7.2\n");
+//page no.-218
+//given
+t=10^-3;........//thickness of copper strip in m
+e=1.6*10^-19;....//charge in C
+n=8.4*10^28;.....//no. of charge carriers in per m^3
+I=200;...........//current in A
+B=1.5;...........//magnetic field in weber/m^2
+
+V=(I*B)/(n*e*t)......//potential difference in volt
+//to convert in micro volt multiply by 10^6
+
+printf("\npotential difference is 22 micro volt\n");
diff --git a/1694/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce b/1694/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5ea0d1a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx7.3\n");
+//page no.-218
+//given
+V=29.7*10^-6;........//potential difference in volt
+d=4*10^-2;...........//width of copper strip in m
+I=100;...............//current in A
+B=2;.................//magnetic field of induction in weber/m^2
+e=1.6*10^-19;........//charge in coulumb
+A=2*10^-5;...........//area in m^2
+
+E=V/d............//hall electric effect in volt/m
+
+printf("\nhall electric effect is 7.425*10^-4 V/m\n");
+
+n=(I*B)/(A*e*E)......//no. of charge carriers per m^3
+
+printf("\nno. of charge carriers 8.4*10^28 per m^3");
diff --git a/1694/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce b/1694/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e7ee4d31 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear;
+clc;
+printf("\nEx7.4\n");
+//page no.-219
+//given
+e=1.6*10^-19;......//CHARGE IN C
+R=-0.0125;..........//HALL COEFFICIENT IN m^3/coulumb
+E=100;...............//ELECTRIC FIELD IN volt/m
+mu=0.36;.............//mobility
+n=1/(e*R).............//no. of charge carriers per m^3
+
+J=n*e*mu*E............//current density in ampere/m^2
+
+printf("\ncurrent density is 2880 A/m^2");
|