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-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce21
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce23
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce20
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce22
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce17
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce19
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce20
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.sce18
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.sce32
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.14/11_14.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.15/11_15.sce18
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.16/11_16.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.17/11_17.sce23
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.18/11_18.sce21
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.19/11_19.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.20/11_20.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.21/11_21.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.22/11_22.sce23
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce17
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce30
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce21
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.sce17
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.17/12_17.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.19/12_19.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.20/12_20.sce20
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.21/12_21.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.22/12_22.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.23/12_23.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.25/12_25.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.26/12_26.sce18
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.27/12_27.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.28/12_28.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.29/12_29.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.30/12_30.sce20
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.31/12_31.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.32/12_32.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce19
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce23
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.sce23
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.12/13_12.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.13/13_13.sce34
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.14/13_14.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.15/13_15.sce18
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.17/13_17.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.18/13_18.sce22
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.19/13_19.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce24
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.sce19
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.8/13_8.sce27
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH13/EX13.9/13_9.sce5
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce25
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce17
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce25
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.14/14_14.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.15/14_15.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.16/14_16.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.17/14_17.sce26
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.18/14_18.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.19/14_19.sce27
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.20/14_20.sce5
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.21/14_21.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.22/14_22.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.23/14_23.sce18
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce19
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce6
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce5
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce25
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH15/EX15.10/15_10.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce24
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH15/EX15.12/15_12.sce21
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH15/EX15.13/15_13.sce29
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.10/16_10.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.11/16_11.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.12/16_12.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.13/16_13.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.14/16_14.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.15/16_15.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.16/16_16.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.17/16_17.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.18/16_18.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.8/16_8.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH16/EX16.9/16_9.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce6
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce19
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce29
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce29
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce25
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce25
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce25
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce17
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce29
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.18/3_18.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.19/3_19.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.20/3_20.sce6
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce5
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce18
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce20
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.15/5_15.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.16/5_16.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce26
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce17
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.19/6_19.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.20/6_20.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.21/6_21.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce5
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce22
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce21
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x1109/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce20
211 files changed, 2932 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4a6c5bfdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=710* exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/16)));f=1000;
+w=2*%pi*f;
+a=.01;b=.035;
+P=a+%i*b;
+Z=Zo*P;
+R=real(Z);
+r=round(R*100)/100;
+printf('-Resistance R = %f ohms/km\n',r);
+L=((imag(Z))/w)*10^3;
+l=round(L*100)/100;
+printf('-Inductance L = %f mH/km\n',l);
+Y=P/Zo;
+G=real(Y);
+printf('-Conductance G = %f mhos/km\n',-G);
+C=((imag(Y))/w)*10^6;
+c=round(C*1000)/1000;
+printf('-Capacitance C = %f microfarads/km\n',c);
+Vp=round(w*1000/(b*10^5))/1000;
+printf('-Velocity of propagation Vp = %f^* 10^5 km/sec',Vp);
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d1013287f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clc;
+R=20;L=10*(10^-3);ins=0.1*(10^6);C=.1*(10^-6);w=5000; //ins=insulation resistance
+G=1/ins;
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+%i*w*C;
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+C=real(Zo);
+D=imag(Zo);
+printf('Input impedance Zo = %f /_%f ohms\n',(abs(Zo)),round(((atan(imag(Zo),real(Zo))*180/%pi))*10)/10);
+//the difference in result of Zo is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of Zo is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b96d2c0d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+x=1;l=12;V=0.1;
+V1=1-V;
+//V1=ratio of voltage at 1km from the sending end to the voltage at sending end
+P=-log(V1);
+V2=exp(-P*l);
+x=V2*100;x1=round(x*100)/100;
+//x=ratio of voltage across the load impedance to the voltage at sending end
+printf("Voltage across the load impedance is %f percentage of the sending end voltage",x1);
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..89fcd63a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+a=.1;d=30;Ur=1;s=5.57*(10^7);e=1;f=30000;
+//ur= relative magnetic permeability of conductor material,
+//s=conductivity of material
+//e=relative dielectric constant of the material
+L=(Ur+9.21*log10(d/a))*10^-7;
+printf("-Inductance L = %f mH/km\n",L*10^3);
+C=12.07*e/(log10(d/a));
+printf("-Capacitance C = %f micromicrofarads/km\n",round(C*100)/100);
+Rdc=2/(%pi*a*a*10^-2*10^-2*s);
+Rdc1=Rdc*10^3;
+printf("-D.C.resistance of line Rdc = %f ohms/km\n",round(Rdc1*100)/100);
+Uo=4*%pi*10^-7;
+//Uo=absolute permeability
+Rac=(1/(a*10^-2))*(sqrt(f*Uo/(%pi*s)));
+Rac1=Rac*10^3;
+printf("-A.C.resistance of line = %f ohms/km",round(Rac1*100)/100);
+//the difference in result of innductance and capacitance is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of inductance and capacitance is due to erroneous value in textbook")
+
+
+
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5d59f0067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+a=0.2;b=0.8;c=1;
+a1=a*10^-2;b1=b*10^-2;c1=c*10^-2;s=5.57*(10^7);e=2.5;f=100*(10^3);
+//e=relative dielectric constant of the material
+//s=conductivity of copper
+eo=(1/(36*%pi))*10^-9;
+Uo=4*%pi*10^-7;
+//Uo=absolute permeability
+Llf=(((Uo/(2*%pi))*log(b1/a1))+((Uo/(8*%pi))*((((4*c1^4)/(((c1^2)-(b1^2))^2))*log(c1/b1))-((2*c1^2)/((c1^2)-(b1^2))))))*10^3;
+printf("-Low frequency inductance = %f mH/km\n",round(Llf*(10^3)*10000)/10000);
+Lhf=((Uo/(2*%pi))*log(b1/a1))*10^3;
+printf("-High frequency inductance = %f mH/km\n",round(Lhf*(10^3)*1000)/1000);
+C=(2*%pi*eo*e/(log(b1/a1)))*10^3;
+printf("-Capacitance = %f microfarads/km\n",round(C*(10^6)*10000)/10000);
+Rdc=((1/(%pi*s))*((1/(a1^2))+(1/((c1^2)-(b1^2)))))*10^3;
+printf("-D.c.resistance = %f ohms/km\n",round(Rdc*1000)/1000);
+Rac=((sqrt(f*Uo/(4*%pi*s)))*((1/a1)+(1/b1)))*10^3;
+printf("-A.c.resistance = %f ohms/km",round(Rac*100)/100);
+
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9448846fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Vd=10;l=2;b=20;f=796;
+w=2*%pi*f;
+//Vd=voltage drop(in percentage),b=phase change(in degrees)
+V=(100-Vd)/100; //V=Vr/Vs;
+a=(20*log10(1/V))/l;
+printf("(i)Attenuation = %f db/km\n",round(a*1000)/1000);
+b1=(b/l)*(%pi/180); //b1=phase constant/km(in radians)
+Vp=w/b1;
+printf("(ii)The velocity of propagation = %d km/sec",Vp);
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..105918c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+l=200;Vg=10;Zg=500;Zs=683-(%i*138);P=0.0074+(%i*0.0356);Zo=Zs;
+Is=Vg/(Zg+Zs);
+modIs=abs(Is);
+printf("-Sending end current = %f mA\n",round(modIs*(10^3)*100)/100);
+Vs=Is*Zs;
+modVs=abs(Vs);
+printf("-Sending end voltge = %f V r.m.s.\n",round(modVs*100)/100);
+Rs=real(Zs);
+Ps=((modIs)^2)*Rs;
+printf("-Sending end power = %f mW\n",round(Ps*(10^3)*100)/100);
+Vr=modVs*exp(-P*l);
+A=imag(-P*l);
+printf("-Receiving end voltage = %f /_ %f V\n",round(abs(Vr)*100)/100,A);
+Zr=Zs;
+Ir=Vr/Zr;
+modIr=abs(Ir);
+printf("-Receiving end current = %f mA\n",round(modIr*(10^3)*100)/100);
+Rr=Rs;
+Pr=((modIr)^2)*Rr;
+printf("-Receiving end power = %f mW",fix(Pr*(10^3)*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..86ec0564e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=2039.6;f=800; //value of Zo as taken in solution
+P=0.054* exp(%i*(%pi/(180/87.9)));
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=Zo*P;
+R=real(Z);
+printf('-Resistance R = %f ohms/km\n',R);
+L=(imag(Z))/w;
+printf('-Inductance L = %f mH/km\n',L*(10^3));
+Y=P/Zo;
+G=real(Y);
+printf('-Conductance G = %f micromhos/km\n',G*(10^6));
+C=((imag(Y))/w)*(10^6);c=round(C*10000)/10000
+printf('-Capacitance C = %f microfarads/km\n',c);
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..59956a4e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=10;L=.0037;f=1000;G=.4*(10^-6);C=.0083*(10^-6);
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+C=round(real(Zo));
+D=round(imag(Zo));
+printf('-Zo = %f + j(%f) ohms\n',C,D);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+a=real(P);
+a1=round(a*10000)/10000;
+printf('-Attenuation constant a = %f neper/km\n',a1);
+b=imag(P);
+b1=round(b*10000)/10000;
+printf('-Phase constant b = %f radians/km',b1);
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a4093bcf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=1000;R=6;L=.0022;G=.25*(10^-6);C=.005*(10^-6);l=100;
+//value of C as taken in solution
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+C=real(Zo);
+D=imag(Zo);
+printf('(i)Terminating impedance for which there will be no reflection is Zo = %f /_%f ohms\n',fix(abs(Zo)),round(((atan(imag(Zo),real(Zo))*180/%pi))*10)/10);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+a=real(P);
+b=imag(P);
+a1=a*l*8.66;
+printf('(ii)(a)Attenuation suffered while travelling = %f db\n',a1);
+Vp=(w/b)*(10^-5);v=round(Vp*100)/100;
+printf('(ii)(b)Phase velocity Vp = %f * 10^5 km/sec\n',v);
+
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9ec7c003d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=1000;R=10.4;L=.0037;G=.8*(10^-6);C=.00835*(10^-6);l=1000;Vs=1;
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=R+round((%i*w*L));
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+printf('-Characteristic impedance is Zo = %f /_%f ohms\n',fix(abs(Zo)),round(((atan(imag(Zo),real(Zo))*180/%pi))));
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+printf('-Propagation constant P = %f + j(%f)\n',fix(real(P)*10^4)/10^4,round(imag(P)*10^4)/10^4);
+b=imag(P);
+
+Is=Vs/Zo;Vp=(w/b)*(10^-5);v=round(Vp*100)/100;
+printf('-Phase velocity Vp = %f * 10^5 km/sec\n',v);
+Ir=Is*exp(-P*l);
+P=((abs(Ir))^2)*real(Zo);
+printf("-Power delivered at receiving end = %f micro-watt",P*(10^6));
+
+
+
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..83bfba1f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=5000/(2*%pi);R=196;C=.09*(10^-6);L=.71*(10^-3);G=0;
+//value of C as taken in solution
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+printf('-Characteristic impedance is Zo = %f /_%f ohms\n',fix(abs(Zo)),round(((atan(imag(Zo),real(Zo))*180/%pi))*10)/10);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);F=fix(abs(P)*100)/100;
+printf("-Propagation constant P = %f /_%f ohms\n',F,((atan(imag(P),real(P))*180/%pi)));
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..035aa40ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clc;
+R=10.4;L=3.666*(10^-3);G=.08*(10^-6);C=.00835*(10^-6);w=5000;
+//value of L and C as taken in solution
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+%i*w*C;
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+printf('-Zo = %f /_%f ohms\n',fix(abs(Zo)),round(((atan(imag(Zo),real(Zo))*180/%pi))*10)/10);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+a=real(P);
+b=imag(P);
+printf('-Attenuation constant a = %f neper/km\n',a);
+printf("-Phase constant b = %f radians/km\n",b);
+Vp=(w/b)*(10^-5);v=round(Vp*1000)/1000;
+printf('(ii)(b)Phase velocity Vp = %f * 10^5 km/sec\n',v);
+//the difference in result of Zo is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of Zo is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..667c4059c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=65;L=1.6*(10^-3);C=.1*(10^-6);G=2.25*(10^-6);f=800;
+w=5000;
+Z=R+round(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+%i*w*C;
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+printf('-Characteristic impedance is Zo = %f /_%f ohms\n',(abs(Zo)),(((atan(imag(Zo),real(Zo))*180/%pi))));
diff --git a/1109/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce b/1109/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f81b572ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=6;L=2*(10^-3);G=.5*(10^-6);C=.005*(10^-6);f=1000;l=100;
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+%i*w*C;
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+a=real(P);
+b=imag(P);
+a1=fix(a*8.66*l*10^3)/10^3;
+printf("-Attenuation suffered while travelling = %f db\n",a1);
+Vp=fix(w/b)/10^3;
+printf("-Phase velocity Vp = %f km/sec",Vp );
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..74897ab37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Za=200;
+Zb=400;
+Zc=500;
+Zi1=sqrt((Za+Zc)*((Za*Zc)+(Za*Zb)+(Zc*Zb))/(Zb+Zc));
+printf("(a)Image impedance Zi1 = %f ohms\n",round(Zi1*10)/10);
+Zi2=sqrt((Zb+Zc)*((Za*Zc)+(Za*Zb)+(Zc*Zb))/(Za+Zc));
+printf(" Image impedance Zi2 = %f ohms\n",round(Zi2));
+Zt1=(1/2)*((Za-Zb)+sqrt(((Za-Zb)^2)+(4*((Za*Zb)+(Za*Zc)+(Zb*Zc)))));
+printf("(b)Iterative impedances Zt1 = %f ohms\n",round(Zt1*10)/10);
+Zt2=(1/2)*((Zb-Za)+sqrt(((Zb-Za)^2)+(4*((Za*Zb)+(Za*Zc)+(Zb*Zc)))));
+printf(" Iterative impedances Zt2 = %f ohms",round(Zt2*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..19d7c568a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear;
+clc; //solved using the value of w used in the solution
+Rl=1000;Xg=250+(%i*200);w=2*(10^6);
+Rg=real(Xg);
+X1=sqrt(Rg*Rl);
+X2=X1;
+X3=X1;
+C3=1/(w*X3);
+printf("-C3 = %d pf\n",C3*(10^12));
+L1=X1/w;
+printf("-L1 = %d micro-henry\n",L1*(10^6));
+L2=X2/w;
+Xc=-%i*imag(Xg);
+X21=X2+(Xc/%i);
+L21=X21/w;
+printf("-L2 = %d micro-henry",L21*(10^6));
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..411d4706f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zin=400+(%i*4000);Zout1=100+(%i*1000);Zout2=38+(%i*380);
+Zoc1=Zin;Zoc2=Zout1;Zsc2=Zout2;
+Z3=sqrt(Zoc1*(Zoc2-Zsc2));
+Z1=Zoc1-Z3;
+Z2=Zoc2-Z3;
+A=real(Z1);
+B=imag(Z1);
+C=real(Z2);
+D=imag(Z2);
+E=real(Z3);
+F=imag(Z3);
+printf("-Z1 = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",round(A*10)/10,round(B*10)/10);
+printf("-Z2 = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",fix(C*10)/10,fix(D));
+printf("-Z3 = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",fix(E*10)/10,fix(F));
+
+
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..da64d9a82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+w=5*(10^6);Rg=800;Rl=200;b=-12;
+X3=-(sqrt(Rg*Rl))/sin(b*%pi/180);
+L3=X3/w;
+X1=(-Rg/tan(b*%pi/180))+((sqrt(Rg*Rl)/sin(b*%pi/180)));
+L1=X1/w;
+X2=(-Rl/tan(b*%pi/180))+((sqrt(Rg*Rl)/sin(b*%pi/180)));
+C2=-1/(X2*w);
+printf("-L3 = %f micro-henry\n",fix(L3*(10^6)));
+printf("-L1 = %f micro-henry\n",fix(L1*(10^6)));
+printf("-C2 = %f pf",round(C2*(10^12)));
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..559dfb478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Ya=40*(10^-3);Yb=50*(10^-3);Yc=20*(10^-3);
+Za=1/Ya;Zb=1/Yb;Zc=1/Yc;
+Z1=Zb*Zc/(Za+Zb+Zc);
+Z2=Za*Zc/(Za+Zb+Zc);
+Z3=Zb*Za/(Za+Zb+Zc);
+Zi1=sqrt(((Z3+Z1)/(Z3+Z2))*((Z1*Z2)+(Z2*Z3)+(Z1*Z3)));
+printf("(a)Zi1 = %f ohms\n",round(Zi1));
+Zi2=sqrt(((Z3+Z2)/(Z3+Z1))*((Z1*Z2)+(Z2*Z3)+(Z1*Z3)));
+printf(" Zi2 = %f ohms\n",round(Zi2*100)/100);
+Zt1=(1/2)*((Z1-Z2)+(sqrt(((Z1-Z2)^2)+(4*((Z1*Z2)+(Z2*Z3)+(Z1*Z3))))));
+printf(" Zt1 = %f ohms\n",fix(Zt1*100)/100);
+Zt2=(1/2)*((Z2-Z1)+(sqrt(((Z1-Z2)^2)+(4*((Z1*Z2)+(Z2*Z3)+(Z1*Z3))))));
+printf(" Zt2 = %f ohms\n\n",fix(Zt2*100)/100);
+Zb1=Za*Zb/(Za+Zb);
+Z11=Zb*Zc/(Zb+Zc+Zb1);
+Z21=Zb1*Zc/(Zb+Zc+Zb1);
+Z31=Zb1*Zb/(Zb+Zc+Zb1);
+Zr=Zc+Z21;
+Zs=Z21+Zb;
+Z12=Z31*Zs/(Z31+Zr+Za);
+Z22=Zr*Za/(Z31+Zr+Za);
+Z32=Z31*Za/(Z31+Zr+Za);
+Z121=Z12+Z11;
+printf(" The desired T network will be as:\n");
+printf(" Z1 = %f ohms\n",round(Z121*100)/100);
+printf(" Z2 = %f ohms\n",fix(Z22*10)/10);
+printf(" Z3 = %f ohms\n",round(Z32*10^4)/10^4);
+
+
+
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.14/11_14.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.14/11_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..595cee041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.14/11_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+L=20*(10^-3);C=0.064*(10^-6);f=400;
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z1=round(2*%i*w*L*10)/10;
+Z2=1/(%i*w*C);
+Zo=sqrt((Z1*Z1/4)+(Z1*Z2));
+printf("Characteristic impedance = %f ohms\n",round(Zo*100)/100);
+Pf=(1+(Z1/(2*Z2)));
+printf(" Propagation constant = %f",round(Pf*100)/100);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.15/11_15.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.15/11_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0d7c73b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.15/11_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Za=300;Zc=600;R=1000;
+Zi1=sqrt((Za*Za)+(Za*Zc));
+Zi2=Za*Zc/sqrt((Za*Za)+(Za*Zc));
+Zt1=(Za/2)+sqrt((Za*Za/4)+(Za*Zc));
+Zt2=(-Za/2)+sqrt((Za*Za/4)+(Za*Zc));
+printf("The image impedances are:\n ");
+printf("Zi1 = %f ohms\n",round(Zi1*10)/10);
+printf(" Zi2 = %f ohms\n",round(Zi2*10)/10);
+printf(" Zt1 = %f ohms\n",Zt1);
+printf(" Zt2 = %f ohms\n\n",Zt2);
+I=(((R+Zt1+Zt2)*(R+Zt1)/(Zt1))-Zt1)*(1/(R+R));
+Ir=20*log10(round((I*1000))/1000);
+printf(" Insertion loss = %f db",Ir);
+
+
+
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.16/11_16.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.16/11_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..854571e49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.16/11_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Rg=100;Rl=50;f=5*(10^6);
+w=2*%pi*f;
+X21=sqrt(Rl*(Rg-Rl));
+X22=-X21;
+X31=-Rg*sqrt(Rl/(Rg-Rl));
+X32=-X31;
+L2=X21/w;
+printf("(i)X2 is inductive and X3 is capacitive where\n X2=L2 = %f microhenry\n",round(L2*(10^6)*1000)/1000);
+C2=-1/(w*X31);
+printf(" X3=C3 = %f pf\n",round(C2*(10^12)*10)/10);
+L31=X32/w;
+printf("(ii)X3 is inductive and X2 is capacitive where\n X3=L3 = %f microhenry\n",round(L31*(10^6)*1000)/1000);
+C21=-1/(w*X22);
+printf(" X2=C2 = %f pf",round(C21*(10^12)));
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.17/11_17.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.17/11_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..09b869da1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.17/11_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zl=100;Zsh=500;Zg=300;
+Zoc=Zl+Zsh;
+Zsc=Zl+(1/((1/Zl)+(1/Zsh)));
+Zi1=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc);
+Zi2=Zi1;
+theta=atanh(sqrt(Zsc/Zoc));
+att=theta*8.686;
+printf("-Attenuation loss = %f db\n",round(att*10)/10);
+inp=20*log10(round((Zi1+Zg))/(2*sqrt(Zi1*Zg)));
+printf("-Loss due to mismatch at the input = %f db\n",round(inp*100)/100);
+out=20*log10((Zi2+Zl)/(2*(sqrt(Zi2*Zl))));
+printf("-Loss due to mismatch at output = %f db\n",round(out*100)/100);
+Ki1=(Zi1-Zg)/(Zi1+Zg);
+Ki2=(Zi2-Zl)/(Zi2+Zl);
+inte=-20*log10(1-(Ki1*Ki2*exp(-2*theta)));
+printf("-Loss due to interaction = %f db\n",fix(inte*100)/100);
+ext=20*log10((Zg+Zl)/(2*sqrt(Zg*Zl)));
+printf("-External reflection loss = %f db\n",round(ext*100)/100);
+tot=att+inp+out-inte-ext;
+printf("-Total insertion loss = %f db\n",fix(tot*100)/100);
+
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.18/11_18.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.18/11_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..aa20ab76d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.18/11_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Rg=8000;Zl=500+(%i*500);f=5*(10^6);
+//value of f as taken in solution
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Xc=-%i*imag(Zl);
+Rl=real(Zl);
+X21=sqrt(Rl*(Rg-Rl));
+X22=-X21;
+X31=-Rg*sqrt(Rg/(Rg-Rl));
+X32=-X31;
+X2a=X21+(Xc/%i);
+L2a=X2a/w;
+C3a=-1/(w*X31);
+printf("(a)X2 is inductive and X3 is capacitive where\n X2=L2 = %f mH\n",round(L2a*(10^3)*1000)/1000);
+printf(" X3=C3 = %f pf\n",round(C3a*(10^12)*1000)/1000);
+X2b=X22+(Xc/%i);
+C2b=-1/(w*X2b);
+L3b=X32/w;
+printf("(b)X2 is capacitive and X3 is inductive where\n X2=C2 = %f pf\n",round(C2b*(10^12)*100)/100);
+printf(" X3=L3 = %f mH",round(L3b*(10^3)*1000)/1000);
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.19/11_19.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.19/11_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..da7f7eae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.19/11_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zoc1=-%i*400;Zoc2=-%i*600;Zsc1=%i*267;Zsc2=%i*400;
+A=Zoc1/Zsc1;
+B=Zoc2/Zsc2;
+printf("(a)Since Zoc1/Zsc1 = Zoc2/Zsc2 = %f the results are consistant\n",round(A*10)/10);
+Zi1=sqrt(Zoc1*Zsc1);
+Zi2=sqrt(Zoc2*Zsc2);
+printf("The image impedances are:\n Zi1 = %f ohms\n Zi2 = %f ohms\n",round(Zi1*10)/10,round(Zi2*10)/10);
+C=(1+sqrt(B))/(1-sqrt(B));
+phi=round(atan(imag(C),real(C))*180*10/%pi)/10;
+theta=round(%i*phi*%pi*1000/(2*180))/1000;
+printf("Image transfer constant = j %f",theta/%i);
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8a636e5e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Za=%i*200;Zc=-%i*500;
+Zt1=(Za/2)+(sqrt((Za*Za/4)+(Za*Zc)));
+A=real(Zt1);
+B=imag(Zt1);
+printf("Iterative impedances Zt1 = %d + j(%d) ohms\n ",A,B);
+Zt2=(-Za/2)+(sqrt((Za*Za/4)+(Za*Zc)));
+C=real(Zt2);
+D=imag(Zt2);
+printf("Iterative impedances Zt2 = %d + j(%d) ohms",C,D);
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.20/11_20.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.20/11_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1fddb6a35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.20/11_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zg=300;Zi=400;Zi1=600;theta=10;
+thetai=theta/8.686;
+Zi2=Zi1;
+Ir=thetai + log(((Zi1+Zg)/(2*sqrt(Zi1*Zg)))*((Zi1+Zi)/(2*sqrt(Zi1*Zi)))*((Zi+Zg)/(2*sqrt(Zi*Zg)))*((1-(((Zg-Zi1)/(Zg+Zi1))*((Zi-Zi1)/(Zi+Zi1))*exp(-2*thetai)))));
+Ir1=(round(Ir*10)/10)*8.686;
+printf("The reduction in power will be = %f db",round(Ir1*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.21/11_21.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.21/11_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c367492f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.21/11_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R1=200;L1=100*(10^-3);R2=200;L2=100*(10^-3);C2=2.5*(10^-6);w=2000;
+Z1=R1+(%i*w*L1);
+Z2=1/(%i*w*C2);
+Zoc=Z1+Z2;
+Zsc=Z1+(1/((1/Z1)+(1/Z2)));
+Zo=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc);
+printf("-Characteristic impedance = %f ohms\n",round(Zo));
+P=atanh(sqrt(Zsc/Zoc));
+a=real(P);
+printf("-Attenuation constant = %f nepers\n",round(a*100)/100);
+b=(imag(P))*180/%pi;
+printf("-Phase shift constant = %d degrees",b);
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.22/11_22.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.22/11_22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3bf40a354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.22/11_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Z1o=1260*(exp(%i*30/(180/(%pi))));Z2o=2430*(exp(-%i*34/(180/(%pi))));
+Z1s=318*(exp(%i*72/(180/(%pi))));Z2s=613*(exp(%i*8/(180/(%pi))));
+Zi1=sqrt(Z1o*Z1s);
+A=real(Zi1);
+B=imag(Zi1);
+printf("(i)Image impedance Zi1 = %f /_ %f ohms\n",round(abs(Zi1)),atan(B,A)*180/%pi);
+Zi2=sqrt(Z2o*Z2s);
+C=real(Zi2);
+D=imag(Zi2);
+printf(" Image impedance Zi2 = %f /_ %f ohms\n",round(abs(Zi2)),atan(D,C)*180/%pi);
+Z3=sqrt(Z2o*(round(Z1o)-round(Z1s)));
+Z1=Z1o-Z3;
+Z2=Z2o-Z3;
+
+P=atanh(sqrt(Z1s/Z1o));
+printf(" (ii)Propagation constant = %f /_ %f\n",round(abs(P*100))/100,round(atan(imag(P),real(P))*100)/100);
+printf(" (iii)The elements of the T network are:\n");
+printf(" Z1 = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",round(real(Z1)),round(imag(Z1)));
+printf(" Z2 = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",round(real(Z2)),round(imag(Z2)));
+printf(" Z3 = %f + j(%f) ohms",round(real(Z3)),round(imag(Z3)));
+
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..557fec2e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Z1=30+(%i*7.5);Z2=50+(%i*10);Z3=-%i*3229;
+Za=Z1;Zb=Z2;Zc=Z3;
+a=Za+Zc;
+b=Zb+Zc;
+s=(Za*Zb)+(Zb*Zc)+(Zc*Za);
+Zi1=sqrt(a*s/b);
+printf("Image impedances Zi1 = %f /_ %f ohms\n",round(abs(Zi1)*10)/10,round(atan(imag(Zi1),real(Zi1))*180*100/%pi)/100);
+Zi2=sqrt(b*s/a);
+printf(" Image impedances Zi1 = %f /_ %f ohms\n",round(abs(Zi2)*10)/10,round(atan(imag(Zi2),real(Zi2))*180*100/%pi)/100);
+Zt1=(1/2)*((Za-Zb)+sqrt(((Za-Zb)^2)+(4*s)));
+printf(" Iterative impedances Zt1 = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",round(real(Zt1)*100)/100,round(imag(Zt1)*100)/100);
+Zt2=(1/2)*((Zb-Za)+sqrt(((Za-Zb)^2)+(4*s)));
+printf(" Iterative impedances Zt1 = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",round(real(Zt2)*100)/100,round(imag(Zt2)*100)/100);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2d3cb2257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Za=%i*300;Zc=-%i*700;
+Zoc1=Za+Zc;
+Zsc1=Za;
+Zoc2=Zc;
+Zsc2=(Za*Zc)/(Za+Zc);
+Zi1=sqrt(Zoc1*Zsc1);
+printf("-Image impedance Zi1 = %f ohms\n",round(Zi1));
+Zi2=sqrt(Zoc2*Zsc2);
+printf("-Image impedance Zi2(in ohms)= %f ohms\n",round(Zi2));
+Zt1=(Za/2)+(sqrt((Za*Za/4)+(Za*Zc)));
+A=real(Zt1)
+B=imag(Zt1);
+printf("-Iterative impedance Zt1 = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",round(A),B);
+Zt2=(-Za/2)+(sqrt((Za*Za/4)+(Za*Zc)));
+C=real(Zt2);
+D=imag(Zt2);
+printf("-Iterative impedance Zt2 = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",round(C),D);
+I=(1+(sqrt(Zsc1/Zoc1)))/(1-(sqrt(Zsc1/Zoc1)));
+Qi=(log(I))/2;
+E=real(Qi);
+F=imag(Qi);
+printf("-Image transfer constant = %f + j(%f)\n",E,round(F*1000)/1000);
+I1=(Zt1+Zc);
+I2=Zc;
+Q2=log(I1/I2);
+G=real(Q2);
+H=imag(Q2);
+printf("-Iterative transfer constant = %f +j(%f)",G,round(H*180*10/%pi)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a9de7371c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zg=100;Zl=500;b=63.4;a=0;
+theta=a+(%i*b);
+Fr=2*(sqrt(Zg*Zl))/(Zg+Zl);
+IR=Fr*exp(theta);
+A=real(IR);
+B=imag(IR);
+printf("-Insertion ratio = %f /_ %f\n",fix(abs(IR)*100)/100,theta/%i);
+IL=-20*log10(Fr);
+printf("-Insertion loss = %f db",round(IL*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7e7e01e84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zoc=800;Zsc=600;
+R2=sqrt((Zoc*Zoc)-(Zsc*Zoc));
+R1=2*(Zoc-R2);
+printf("The components of the network are:\n");
+printf(" R1/2 = %d ohms\n",R1/2);
+printf(" R2 = %d ohms",R2);
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..eea7f58c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Z1=20;Z2=10;Vrms=10;
+Zot=sqrt(((Z1*Z1)/4)+(Z1*Z2));
+I=Vrms/Zot;
+a=[30 27.32;1 -3.732];
+b=[0.577;0];
+b=inv(a)*b;
+printf("Current flowing through the terminating impedance = %f mA",round(b(2,1)*(10^4)*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..00d2b2b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Z1=50+(%i*125);Z2=200-(%i*100);
+Zot=sqrt((Z1/4)*(Z1+(4*Z2)));
+A=real(Zot);
+B=imag(Zot);
+printf("Characteristic impedance = %f + j(%f) ohms",round(A),round(B*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce b/1109/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f43d3fc52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zl=20+(-%i*5);w=5*(10^6);Rg=600;
+Rl=real(Zl);
+Xc=-%i*imag(Zl);
+A=imag(Xc);
+printf("Compensating reactance = j(%d) ohms\n ",A);
+X21=-sqrt(Rl*(Rg-Rl));
+X22=-X21;
+X31=-Rg*sqrt(Rl/(Rg-Rl));
+X32=-X31;
+X2a=X22+(Xc/%i);
+L2=X2a/w;
+C3=-1/(w*X31);
+printf("(a)In the first case X2 is inductive, X2=L2 = %f micro-henry\n",round(L2*(10^6)*100)/100);
+printf("\t\t\t\t\tX3=C3 = %f pf\n",round(C3*(10^12)));
+X2b=X21+(Xc/%i);
+C2=-1/(w*X2b);
+L3=X32/w;
+printf("(b)In the second case X2 is capacitive,X2=C2 = %f pf\n",round(C2*(10^12)));
+printf("\t\t\t\t\tX3=L3 = %f micro-henry",round(L3*(10^6)*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2bc42fbe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+w=2*%pi*(10^6);C=100*(10^-12);V=10;L=100*(10^-6);
+Zc=1/(w*C);
+Ic=(V/sqrt(2))/Zc;
+printf("-R.m.s. value of current flowing through capacitor C = %f mA\n",round(Ic*(10^3)*100)/100);
+Zl=w*L;
+Il=(V/sqrt(2))/Zl;
+printf("-R.m.s. value of current flowing through inductor L = %f mA",fix(Il*(10^3)*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..354adf0ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+I=5*exp(%i*(90)/(180/%pi));Z1=5+(%i*5);Z2=2;Z3=-%i*2;
+I2=I*Z1/(Z1+Z2+Z3);
+V2=I2*Z3;
+I1=I*Z3/(Z1+Z2+Z3);
+V1=I1*Z1;
+printf("The reciprocity theorem has been verified.");
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fac57c605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Z1=%i*10;Z2=3+(%i*4);Z=5;V=20;
+Zeq=1/((1/Z1)+(1/Z2));
+Zi=Z+Zeq;
+I=V/Zi;
+Vc=I*Zeq;
+A=real(Vc);
+B=imag(Vc);
+printf("Compensation source Vc = %f /_ %f volts",round(abs(Vc)*10)/10,round(atan(B,A)*180*10/%pi)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..140c8cd34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zg=10000;Zl=24+(%i*7);Vrms=100;
+Rl=real(Zl);
+Xl=imag(Zl);
+Zeq=sqrt(((Rl+Zg)^2)+((Xl)^2));
+Irms=Vrms/Zeq;
+P=Irms*Irms*Rl;
+printf("(i)Power in the load if connected directly to the generator = %f mW\n",round(P*(10^3)*10)/10);
+ampZl=sqrt((Rl*Rl)+(Xl*Xl));
+n=1/sqrt(ampZl/Zg);
+printf("(ii)The desired turn ratio of transformer is 1:%d\n",n);
+Pl=Vrms*Vrms/(4*Zg);
+printf("(iii)Power transferred under ideal load conditions =%f mW",Pl*(10^3));
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..346614780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zg=10+(%i*20);V=50;
+Rg=real(Zg);Xg=imag(Zg);
+ampZg=sqrt((Rg*Rg)+(Xg*Xg));
+Rl=ampZg;
+I=V/(Zg+Rl);
+ampI=round(sqrt((real(I))^2+(imag(I))^2)*100)/100;
+P=ampI*ampI*round(Rl*10)/10;
+printf("Power delivered to the load = %f Watt",round(P*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c14cc1bfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V=50*exp(%i*45/(180/%pi));Z1=3;Z2=2+(%i*10);Xl=2;
+Voc=V*Z2/(Z1+Z2);
+Zab=1/((1/Z1)+(1/Z2));
+Zg=Zab
+Rl1=Zg-(%i*Xl);
+Rl=abs(Rl1);
+Z=Zab+Rl-(%i*Xl);
+I1=Voc/Z;
+I=abs(I1);
+P=I*I*Rl;
+printf("-Rl = %f ohms\n",round(Rl*100)/100);
+printf("-Xl = %f ohms\n",Xl);
+printf("-Maximum power delivered to load = %f Watts",round(P));
+
+
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.17/12_17.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.17/12_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1f5cc99d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.17/12_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=5*(10^6);C=400*(10^-12);R=10*(10^3);
+w=2*%pi*f;
+L=2/(w*w*C);
+r=1/(w*w*C*C*R);
+printf("-Effective resistance of the coil = %f ohms\n",round(r*100)/100);
+printf("-Inductance of effective resistance of the coil = %f mH",round(L*(10^3)*1000)/1000);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.19/12_19.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.19/12_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7f877ddeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.19/12_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+w1=2*(10^6);w2=3*(10^6);w3=4*(10^6);w=1*(10^6);Z=%i*100;
+F=((w*w)-(w2*w2))/(((w*w)-(w1*w1))*((w*w)-(w3*w3)));
+H=Z/(%i*w*F);H1=round(H*10^-8*100)/(100*10^-8);
+A=((w1*w1)-(w2*w2))/((w1*w1)-(w3*w3));
+B=((w3*w3)-(w2*w2))/((w3*w3)-(w1*w1));
+C2=-1/(H1*A);
+printf("Elements of the series type Foster network are:\n");
+printf("-C2 = %f pf\n",fix(C2*(10^12)))
+L2=1/(w1*w1*C2);
+printf("-L2 = %f microhenry\n",round(L2*(10^6)*10)/10);
+C4=-1/(H1*B);
+printf("-C4 = %f pf\n",fix(C4*(10^12)));
+L4=1/(w3*w3*C4);
+printf("-L4 = %f microhenry",round(L4*(10^6)*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0928c20ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Z1=10;Z2=5;Z3=2;I1=2;I2=4;
+Vab1=I1*(1/((1/Z2)+(1/(Z1+Z3))));
+I5=I2*Z3/(Z1+Z2+Z3); //I5=current through the 5 ohm resistor
+Vab2=Z2*I5;
+Vab=Vab1+Vab2;
+printf("Vab = %f volts",round(Vab*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.20/12_20.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.20/12_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a073a2426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.20/12_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+w1=1000;w2=1500;w3=2000;w4=3000;w5=5000;w=100;Z=%i*100;
+F=((w*w)-(w2*w2))*((w*w)-(w4*w4))/(((w*w)-(w1*w1))*((w*w)-(w3*w3))*((w*w)-(w5*w5)));
+H=Z/(%i*w*F);
+A=((w1*w1)-(w2*w2))*((w1*w1)-(w4*w4))/(((w1*w1)-(w3*w3))*((w1*w1)-(w5*w5)));
+B=((w3*w3)-(w2*w2))*((w3*w3)-(w4*w4))/(((w3*w3)-(w5*w5))*((w3*w3)-(w1*w1)));
+C=((w5*w5)-(w2*w2))*((w5*w5)-(w4*w4))/(((w5*w5)-(w1*w1))*((w5*w5)-(w3*w3)));
+C2=-1/(H*A);
+printf("-C2 = %f microfarads\n",round(C2*(10^6)*100)/100)
+L2=1/(w1*w1*C2);
+printf("-L2 = %f henry\n",round(L2*100)/100);
+C4=-1/(H*B);
+printf("-C4 = %f microfarads\n",round(C4*(10^6)*100)/100);
+L4=1/(w3*w3*C4);
+printf("-L4 = %f henry\n",round(L4*100)/100);
+C6=-1/(H*C);
+L6=1/(w5*w5*C6);
+printf("-C6 = %f microfarads\n",round(L6*100)/100);
+printf("-L6 = %f henry\n",round(C6*(10^6)*100)/100)
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.21/12_21.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.21/12_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f70bc3c19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.21/12_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V=10;Rl=10;Z1=5;Z2=5;
+Zab=1/((1/Z1)+(1/Z2));
+I1=V/(Z1+Z2);
+Voc=I1*Z1;
+I=Voc/(Zab+Rl);
+printf("Current in the 10 ohm resistor = %d mA",I*(10^3));
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.22/12_22.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.22/12_22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e90f8fc3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.22/12_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Rl=10;V=100;Z1=-%i*30;Z2=-%i*30;Z3=20+(%i*10);
+I=V/(Z1+Z2);
+Voc=I*Z2;
+Zab=1/((1/Z1)+(1/Z2))+Z3;
+Z=Zab+Rl;
+Il=Voc/Z;
+ampIl=sqrt(real(Il)^2+imag(Il)^2);
+Pl=ampIl*ampIl*Rl;
+printf("Power in the load = %f Watts",round(Pl*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.23/12_23.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.23/12_23.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6f7c83fa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.23/12_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V=100;R1=10;R2=10;R3=10;R4=10;
+I=V/(R1+R2);
+Vab=I*R2;
+Zab=1/((1/R1)+(1/R2));
+V1=Vab*R4/(Zab+R3+R4);
+Z1=1/((1/(Zab+R3))+(1/R4));
+printf("The equivalent Thevenin circuit has an emf of %d volts and an internal impedance of %f ohms",V1,Z1);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.25/12_25.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.25/12_25.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..35938abe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.25/12_25.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V=100;Z1=20;Z2=-%i*100;Z3=100;
+Zab=1/((1/(Z2))+(1/Z3));
+Voc=V*Z3/(Z2+Z3);
+I=Voc/(Zab+Voc);
+P=(abs(I))^2 * real(Zab);
+Z=conj(Zab);
+A=real(Z);
+B=imag(Z);
+printf("Value of load value for maximum power = %d + j(%d) ohms\n",A,B);
+printf(" Maximum Power = %d Watts",P);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.26/12_26.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.26/12_26.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7290747e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.26/12_26.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V=100;R1=50;R2=60;R3=40;R4=60;R5=40;
+Rac=1/((1/(R2+R3))+(1/(R4+R5)));
+Rt=Rac+R1;
+I=V/Rt;
+V1=I*R1;
+Vac=V-V1;
+Vab=R2*Vac/(R2+R3);
+Vad=R5*Vac/(R4+R5);
+Vbd=Vab-Vad;
+Voc=Vbd;
+R1y=R5*R1/(R1+R4+R5);
+R2y=R1*R4/(R1+R4+R5);
+R3y=R4*R5/(R1+R4+R5);
+Rbd=R3y+(1/((1/(R1y+R2))+(1/(R2y+R3))));
+printf("The equivalent Thevenin circuit has an emf of %d volts and an internal impedance of %d ohms",Vbd,Rbd);
+
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.27/12_27.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.27/12_27.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d0e4752fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.27/12_27.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V1=6;V2=6;R1=2;R2=1;R3=2;
+Y1=1/R1;Y2=1/R2;
+Vm=((V1*Y1)+(V2*Y2))/(Y1+Y2);
+Zm=1/(Y1+Y2);
+I=Vm/(Zm+R3);
+printf("Current in resistor R3 = %f Amp",I);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.28/12_28.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.28/12_28.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..66375fc8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.28/12_28.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V1=5;V2=4;R1=5;R2=4;I3=1;R3=10;R4=5;
+V3=I3*R3;
+Y1=1/R1;Y2=1/R2;Y3=1/R3;
+V4=((V1*Y1)+(V2*Y2)+(V3*Y3))/(Y1+Y2+Y3);
+I4=V4/R4;
+printf("Voltage across resistor R4 = %f volts\n",V4);
+printf("Current in resistor R4 = %f Amp",I4);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.29/12_29.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.29/12_29.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e6597362d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.29/12_29.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V=120;R1=6;R2=8;R3=3;R4=5;
+a=[7 -4;-1 2];
+b=[60;0];
+b=inv(a)*b;
+I1=b(1,1);
+I2=b(2,1);
+VI1=(R1*I1)+(R2*(I1-I2))-V;
+printf("Summation V*I for first loop = %d\n",VI1);
+VI2=(R3*I2)+(R4*I2)-(R2*(I1-I2));
+printf("Summation V*I for second loop = %d\n",VI2);
+printf("Hence Tellegens theorem has been verified.");
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ce58f26ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R1=5;R2=%i*5;R3=3+(%i*4);V1=50*exp(%i*90/(180/%pi));V2=50;
+Z1=R1+(1/((1/R2)+(1/R3)));
+I1=V1/Z1;
+Iz1=I1*R2/(R2+R3);
+Z2=R2+(1/((1/R1)+(1/R3)));
+I2=V2/Z2;
+Iz2=-I2*R1/(R1+R3);
+Iz=Iz1+Iz2;
+printf("Total current in the (3+j4)ohm branch = %f /_ %f Amp",round(abs(Iz)*10)/10,round(atan(imag(Iz),real(Iz))*180*10/%pi)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.30/12_30.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.30/12_30.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2e259c84c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.30/12_30.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V1=4;V2=2;V3=2;V4=3;V5=-1;V6=-5;i1=2;i2=2;i3=4;i4=-2;i5=-6;i6=4;
+Va=V2+V3-V1;
+printf("V2+V3-V1= %d volts\n",Va);
+Vb=V2+V4+V6;
+printf("V2+V4+V6= %d volts\n",Vb);
+Vc=V4+V5-V3;
+printf("V4+V5-V6= %d volts\n",Vc);
+printf("-Hence KVL is satisfied for all three loops PQTU,PRYX and QRST respectively.\n\n");
+Ia=i1+i2-i6;
+printf("i1+i2-i6= %d Amp\n",Ia);
+Ib=i3+i4-i2;
+printf("i3+i4-i2= %d Amp\n",Ib);
+Ic=i5+i6-i4;
+printf("i5+i6-i2= %d Amp\n",Ic);
+printf("-Hence KCL is satisfied at all three nodes P,Q and R respectively.\n\n");
+VI=(V1*i1)+(V2*i2)+(V3*i3)+(V4*i4)+(V5*i5)+(V6*i6);
+printf("-Summation V*I= %d\n\n",VI);
+printf("-This proves Tellegens theorem.");
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.31/12_31.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.31/12_31.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b2ec9bc61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.31/12_31.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Vrms=10;R1=5;Z1=20;Z2=20;Z3=10;Z4=10;
+Zab=(1/((1/Z1)+(1/Z2)))+(1/((1/Z3)+(1/Z4)));
+Voc=R1;
+I=Voc/(Zab+R1);
+printf("Current I = %f Amps",I);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.32/12_32.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.32/12_32.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3e7f01fb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.32/12_32.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+I1=6;I2=8;R1=4;R2=4;R3=6;R4=4;Rl=3;
+V1=I1*R1;V2=I2*R4;
+Voc1=V1*(R3+R4)/(R1+R2+R3+R4);
+Voc2=V2*(R1+R2)/(R1+R2+R3+R4);
+Voc=Voc1+Voc2;
+Zab=1/((1/(R1+R2))+(1/(R3+R4)));
+Il=Voc/(Zab+Rl);
+printf("-il = %f Amp\n",round(Il*10)/10);
+el=Il*Rl;
+printf("-el = %f volts",round(el*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3b83fd6fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Isc=10;Voc=120;Rl=8;Il=6;
+Zeq=Voc/Isc; //Zeq=impedance of the equivalent thevenin's generator Z=R+jX
+t=Voc/Isc; //(R^2)+(X^2)=(t^2)
+R=(((Voc/Il)^2)-(t^2)-(Rl^2))/(2*Rl);
+X=sqrt((t^2)-(R^2));
+printf("The equivalent Thevenin generator has an emf of %d volts and an internal impedance of (%d + j%d) ohms",Voc,R,X);
+
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8b3766f02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V=10;R1=5;R2=%i*5;R3=3+(%i*4);
+Zab=R2+(1/((1/R1)+(1/R3)));
+A=real(Zab);
+B=imag(Zab);
+I=V/(R1+R3);
+Voc=I*R3;
+C=real(Voc);
+D=imag(Voc);
+printf("The equivalent Thevenin circuit has an emf of %f /_ %f volts and an internal impedance of (%f + j%f) ohms",fix(abs(Voc)*100)/100,fix(atan(D,C)*180/%pi),A,B);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fa9a343ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Voc=150;Rl=10;Il=2.65;Isc=3;
+t=Voc/Isc; //(R^2)+(X^2)=(t^2)
+R=(((Voc/Il)^2)-(t^2)-(Rl^2))/(2*Rl);
+X=sqrt((t^2)-(R^2));
+printf("-The equivalent voltage generator circuit has an emf of %d volts and an internal impedance of (%f + j%f) ohms\n",Voc,fix(R*100)/100,round(X*100)/100);
+if X>0 then
+ printf("-Since X has a positive value the circuit will be inductive");
+else
+ disp("-Since X has a negative value the circuit will be capacitve");
+end
+
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bf47602ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Za=-%i*5;Zb=5+(%i*5);V=50;Z1=5-(%i*5);Z2=10;
+Isc=V/Za;
+A=real(Isc);
+B=imag(Isc);
+printf("-Short circuit current = %d /_ %d Amps\n",abs(Isc),atan(B,A)*180/%pi);
+Zab=1/((1/Za)+(1/Zb));
+C=real(Zab);
+D=imag(Zab);
+printf("-Equivalent impedance = %d + j(%d) ohms\n",C,D);
+I1=Isc*(Zab/(Zab+Z1));
+E=real(I1);
+F=imag(I1);
+printf("-Current through impedance Z1(=5-j5) = %d /_ %d Amps\n",abs(I1),atan(F,E)*180/%pi);
+I2=Isc*(Zab/(Zab+Z2));
+G=real(I2);
+H=imag(I2);
+printf("-Current through impedance Z2(=10) = %f /_ %f Amps",round(abs(I2)*100)/100,round(atan(H,G)*100*180/%pi)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce b/1109/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..71b5175a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V1=10;V2=20;R1=5;R2=15;
+Isc=(V1/R1)+(V2/R2);
+Zab=1/((1/R2)+(1/R1));
+printf("-Short circuit current = %f Amp\n",round(Isc*100)/100);
+printf("-Equivalent impedance = %f ohm",Zab);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bca0fbe35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Z1=%i*20;Z2=%i*25;Z3=30;
+Z11=Z1+Z3; //Z11=V1/I1 when I2=0
+Z12=Z3; //Z12=V1/I2 when I1=0
+Z21=Z3; //Z21=V2/I1 when I2=0
+Z22=Z2+Z3; //Z22=V2/I2 when I1=0
+printf("(a)The z-parameters are\n");
+printf(" Z11 = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",real(Z11),imag(Z11));
+printf(" Z12 = %f ohms\n",Z12);
+printf(" Z21 = %f ohms\n",Z21);
+printf(" Z22 = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",real(Z22),imag(Z22));
+deltaz=(Z11*Z22)-(Z12*Z21);
+y11=Z22/deltaz;
+y12=-Z12/deltaz;
+y21=-Z21/deltaz;
+y22=Z11/deltaz;
+
+printf("(b)The y-parameters are\n");
+printf(" y11 = %f + j(%f) mhos\n",real(y11),imag(y11));
+printf(" y12 = %f + j(%f) mhos\n",real(y12),imag(y12));
+printf(" y21 = %f + j(%f) mhos\n",real(y21),imag(y21));
+printf(" y22 = %f + j(%f) mhos\n",real(y22),imag(y22));
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fb1d4b940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+z11=10;z22=20;z12=5;z21=5;
+deltaz=(z11*z22)-(z12*z21);
+A=z11/z12;
+printf("(a)The ABCD parameters are:\n");
+printf(" A = %f\n",A);
+B=deltaz/z21;
+printf(" B = %f ohms\n",B);
+C=1/z12;
+printf(" C = %f mho\n",C);
+D=z22/z21;
+printf(" D = %f\n\n",D);
+Z3=z21;
+Z1=z11-Z3;
+Z2=z22-Z3;
+printf("(b)The equivalent T-network:\n");
+printf(" Z1 = %f ohms\n",Z1);
+printf(" Z2 = %f ohms\n",Z2);
+printf(" Z13 = %f ohms\n",Z3);
+
+
+
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a3bbf83b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V1=10;I1=2.5;I2a=-0.5; //values with terminals 3-4 short-circuited
+V2=V1;I2b=1.5; //values with terminals 1-2 short circuited
+Yb=-I2a/V1;
+Ya=(I1/V1)-Yb;
+Yc=(I2b/V2)-Yb;
+printf("-Ya = %f mho\n",Ya);
+printf("-Yb = %f mhp\n",Yb);
+printf("-Yc = %f mho",Yc);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.12/13_12.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.12/13_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fd4bb2be5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.12/13_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Za=2;Zb=2.5;Zc=5;
+Ya=1/Za;Yb=1/Zb;Yc=1/Zc;
+Y1=(Ya*Yc)/(Ya+Yb+Yc);
+Z1=1/Y1;
+Y2=(Yb*Yc)/(Ya+Yb+Yc);
+Z2=1/Y2;
+Y3=(Ya*Yb)/(Ya+Yb+Yc);
+Z3=1/Y3;
+printf("The equivalent pi network is: \n");
+printf(" Z1 = %f ohms\n",Z1);
+printf(" Z2 = %f ohms\n",Z2);
+printf(" Z3 = %f ohms\n",Z3);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.13/13_13.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.13/13_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9777c3b83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.13/13_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+y11=0.5;y12=-0.2;y21=-0.2;y22=1;
+Y2=-y12;
+Y1=y11-Y2;
+Y3=y22-Y2;
+deltay=(y11*y22)-(y12*y21);
+z11=y22/deltay;
+z22=y11/deltay;
+z12=y12/deltay;
+z21=z12;
+A=-y22/y12;
+B=-1/y12;
+C=-deltay/y12;
+D=-y11/y12;
+printf("The y parameters are\n");
+printf(" y11 = %f mho\n",y11);
+printf(" y12 = %f mho\n",y12);
+printf(" y21 = %f mho\n",y21);
+printf(" y22 = %f mho\n\n",y22);
+printf(" The z parameters are\n");
+printf(" z11 = %f ohm\n",round(z11*1000)/1000);
+printf(" z12 = %f ohm\n",round(z12*10^4)/10^4);
+printf(" z21 = %f ohm\n",round(z21*10^4)/10^4);
+printf(" z22 = %f ohm\n\n",round(z22*1000)/1000);
+printf(" The ABCD parametrs are\n");
+printf(" A = %f\n",A);
+printf(" B = %f ohm\n",B);
+printf(" C = %f mho\n",C);
+printf(" D = %f\n\n",D);
+printf(" The equivalent pi network is\n");
+printf(" Y1 = %f mho\n",Y1);
+printf(" Y2 = %f mho\n",Y2);
+printf(" Y3 = %f mho",Y3);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.14/13_14.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.14/13_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..813a8ac6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.14/13_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Y1=1;Y2=2;Y3=1;
+y11=Y1+Y2;
+y12=-Y2;
+y21=y12;
+y22=Y2+Y3;
+Y11=y11+y11;
+Y12=y12+y12;
+Y21=Y12;
+Y22=y22+y22;
+printf("The y-parameters are:\n");
+printf(" Y11 = %f mho\n",Y11);
+printf(" Y12 = %f mho\n",Y12);
+printf(" Y21 = %f mho\n",Y21);
+printf(" Y22 = %f mho\n",Y22);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.15/13_15.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.15/13_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d0e969591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.15/13_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Za=10;Zb=10;Zc=5;
+Ya=1/Za;Yb=1/Zb;Yc=1/Zc;
+A=1+(Za*Yb);
+printf("The ABCD parameters are:\n");
+printf(" A = %f\n",A);
+B=Za+Zb+(Za*Zb*Yc);
+printf(" B = %f ohm\n",B);
+C=Yc;
+printf(" C = %f mho\n",C);
+D=1+(Zb*Yc);
+printf(" D = %f \n\n",D);
+Zi1=sqrt((A*B)/(C*D));
+printf(" Image impedances of the two port network are:\n");
+printf(" Zi1 = %f ohms\n",round(Zi1*10)/10);
+Zi2=sqrt((D*B)/(A*C));
+printf(" Zi2 = %f ohms",round(Zi2*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.17/13_17.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.17/13_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..770d1ead5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.17/13_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R1=2;R2=1;R3=1;R4=2;
+A=[R1+R2 R2 -R4;R2 R2+R4 R4;-R1 R1 R4+R3+R1];
+B=det(A);
+C=[1 R2 -R1;0 R2+R1 R1;0 R4 R4+R3+R1];
+D=det(C);
+E=[1 -R1;0 R4+R3+R1];
+F=[R2+R1 -R1;-R1 R4+R3+R1];
+G=[R4+R2 0 -R4;R1 1 R4;-R4 0 R4+R2];
+H=[1 R1;0 R4+R3+R1];
+I=[R2+R1 R1;R1 R4+R3+R1];
+printf("Z1s = %d/%d ohms\n",B,D);
+printf(" Z1o = %d/%d ohms\n",det(F),det(E));
+printf(" Z2s = %d/%d ohms\n",det(A),det(C));
+printf(" Z2o = %d/%d ohms\n",det(I),det(H));
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.18/13_18.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.18/13_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..00ac72d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.18/13_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R1=2;R2=1;R3=2;R4=1;R5=2;
+R3=R3/2;
+z11=R2+R1;
+z22=R3+R2;
+z12=R2;
+z21=R2;
+Z11=z11+z11;
+Z12=z12+z12;
+Z21=z21+z21;
+Z22=z22+z22;
+deltaZ=(Z11*Z22)-(Z12*Z21);
+y11=Z22/deltaZ;
+y12=-Z12/deltaZ;
+y21=y12;
+y22=Z11/deltaZ;
+printf("The y-parameters are:\n");
+printf("-y11 = %f mho\n",y11);
+printf("-y12 = %f mho\n",y12);
+printf("-y21 = %f mho\n",y21);
+printf("-y22 = %f mho\n",y22);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.19/13_19.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.19/13_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ed9631005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.19/13_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R1=3;R2=2;R3=2;
+A=(R3+R3+R2+R2)/(R1+R3+R1+R2);
+Zi1=sqrt((R2*(R1+R3)+(R1*R2))/A);
+printf("Zi1 = %f ohms\n",round(Zi1*10)/10);
+Zi2=R2+(R3*(R1+Zi1)/(R3+R1+Zi1));
+printf(" Zi2 = %f ohms\n",round(Zi2*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..502f72cf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+L=1;C=1;R=1;
+printf("z11 = s + %d ohms\n",C);
+printf(" z21 = %d ohms\n",C);
+printf(" z22 = 1/s + %d ohms\n",C);
+printf(" z12 = %d ohms\n",C);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ae28c43ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Voc2=100;I1=10;V2=25;
+Voc1=100;I2=20;V1=50;
+z11=Voc1/I1;
+z21=V2/I1;
+z22=Voc2/I2;
+z12=V1/I2;
+printf("(a)The driving point impedances are:\n");
+printf(" z11 = %f ohms\n",z11);
+printf(" z22 = %f ohms\n\n",z22);
+printf(" The transfer impedances are:\n");
+printf(" z12 = %f ohms\n",z12);
+printf(" z21 = %f ohms\n\n",z21);
+printf(" The loop equations are:\n");
+printf(" V1= %f*I1 + %f*I2\n",z11,z12);
+printf(" V2= %f*I1+ %f*I2\n\n",z21,z22);
+Rl=10;
+a=[z11 z12 ; z21 (z22+Rl)];
+b=[100 ; 0];
+b=inv(a)*b;
+I2=b(2,1);
+Vl=-I2*Rl;
+printf("(b)Voltage across resistor = %f volts",round(Vl*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..07f898aaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+z11=10;z22=12;z12=5;z21=5;
+deltaz=(z11*z22)-(z12*z21);
+y11=z22/deltaz;
+printf("The y-parameters are:\n");
+printf("-y11 = %f mho\n",round(y11*10^4)/10^4);
+y22=z11/deltaz;
+printf("-y22 = %f mho\n",round(y22*10^4)/10^4);
+y12=-z12/deltaz;
+printf("-y12 = %f mho\n",round(y12*10^3)/10^3);
+y21=y12;
+printf("-y21 = %f mho",round(y21*10^3)/10^3);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c2e48eb2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Y1=1;Y2=1;Y3=2;V3=3;
+Z1=1/Y1;Z2=1/Y2;Z3=1/Y3;
+V1=1;I1=-1;
+z11=V1/I1;
+V2=1;I2=3;
+z22=V2/I2;
+z21=V2/I1;
+printf("z11 = %f ohms\n",z11);
+printf(" z22 = %f ohms\n",z22);
+printf(" z21 = %f ohms\n",z21);
+printf(" z11 = %f ohms\n",0);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0c9f0e44a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Vs1=25;Is1=1;Is2=2; //values with output terminal short circuited
+Vo1=10;Vo2=50;Io2=2; //values with input terminal open circuited
+Vs2=0;
+h11=Vs1/Is1;
+printf("The h-parameters are:\n");
+printf("-h11 = %f ohms\n",h11); //with output terminals short circuited
+h21=Is2/Is1;
+printf("-h21 = %f\n",h21); //with input terminals open circuited
+h12=Vo1/Vo2;
+printf("-h12 = %f\n",h12); //with input terminals open circuited
+h22=Io2/Vo2;
+printf("-h22 = %f mho",h22); //with output terminals short circuited
+//the difference in result of h22 is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of h22 is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..47159cd12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+z11=40;z22=30;z12=20;z21=20;
+deltaz=(z11*z22)-(z12*z21);
+A=z11/z12;
+printf("The transmission parameters are:\n");
+printf(" A = %f\n",A);
+B=deltaz/z21;
+printf(" B = %f ohms\n",B);
+C=1/z21;
+printf(" C = %f mho\n",C);
+D=z22/z21;
+printf(" D = %f\n",D);
+printf(" The network equations using z-parameter are\n");
+printf(" V1 = %fI1 + %fI2\n",z11,z12);
+printf(" V2 = %fI1 + %fI2\n",z21,z22);
+printf(" The network equations using ABCD parameter are\n");
+printf(" V1 = %fV2 - %fI2\n",A,B);
+printf(" I1 = %fV2 - %fI2\n",C,D);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.8/13_8.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.8/13_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c8bce06b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.8/13_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+V1=1;R1=1;R2=2;R3=1;R4=2;I2=0;
+//I2=0 because port 2-2' has been open circuited
+a=[R1+R2 -R2;-2 5];
+b=[1;0];
+b=inv(a)*b;
+I1=b(1,1);
+I3=b(2,1);
+V2=I3*R4;
+A=V1/V2;
+C=I1/V2;
+V21=0; //because port 2-2' has been short circuited
+c=[3 -2;-2 3];
+d=[1;0];
+d=inv(c)*d;
+I11=d(1,1);
+I21=d(2,1);
+B=V1/I21;
+D=I11/I21;
+R=(A*D)-(B*C);
+printf("The transmission parameters are:\n");
+printf(" A = %f\n",A);
+printf(" B = %f ohms\n",B);
+printf(" C = %f mhos\n",C);
+printf(" D = %f\n\n",D);
+printf(" AD-BC = %f . Hence the circuit is reciprocal.",R);
diff --git a/1109/CH13/EX13.9/13_9.sce b/1109/CH13/EX13.9/13_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f23335745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH13/EX13.9/13_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Rl=3;z11=5;z12=2;z21=2;z22=1;
+Zi=z11-(z12/z21);
+printf("Input impedance = %f ohms",Zi);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6332c8072
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Rk=600;fc=3000;
+L=Rk/(%pi*fc);
+printf("-Desired value of inductor L = %f mH\n",round(L*(10^3)*10)/10);
+C=1/(%pi*Rk*fc);
+printf("-Desired value of capacitor C = %f microfarads",round(C*(10^6)*10^4)/10^4);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..277024d17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+fc=1.2*(10^3);fi=1.1*(10^3);Rk=600; //fi=frequency at which infinite attenuation occrus
+L0=Rk/(4*%pi*fc);
+C0=1/(4*%pi*fc*Rk);
+printf("The elements of the constant-K H.P. are:\n");
+printf(" L = %f mH\n",fix(L0*(10^3)*100)/100);
+printf(" C = %f microfarads\n\n",fix(C0*(10^6)*100)/100);
+m1=round(sqrt(1-((fi/fc)^2))*10)/10;
+C1=2*C0/m1;
+L1=L0/m1;
+C2=4*m1*C0/(1-(m1*m1));
+printf("The elements of the m-derived H.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" 2C/m = %f microfarads\n",fix(C1*(10^6)*100)/100);
+printf(" L/m = %f mH\n",round(L1*(10^3)*10)/10);
+printf(" 4mC/(1-m^2) = %f microfarads\n\n",fix(C2*(10^6)*100)/100);
+m2=0.6;
+C3=2*C0/m2;
+L2=L0/m2;
+C4=4*m2*C0/(1-(m2*m2));
+printf("The elements of the terminating half section m-derived H.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" 2C/m = %f microfarads\n",round(C3*(10^6)*100)/100);
+printf(" L/m = %f mH\n",round(L2*(10^3)*100)/100);
+printf(" 4mC/(1-m^2) = %f microfarads\n\n",round(C4*(10^6)*100)/100);
+printf("The complete composite filter is constructed by using the constant-K in cascade with the sharp-cut off m-derived section and terminating half section");
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..953246216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+fc=1*(10^6);Rk=75;m=0.6;
+L0=Rk/(4*%pi*fc);
+C0=1/(4*%pi*fc*Rk);
+printf("The elements of the prototype T-section H.P. are:\n");
+printf(" L = %f mH\n",round(L0*(10^3)*1000)/1000);
+printf(" C = %f picofarads\n\n",round(C0*(10^12)));
+C1=2*C0/m;
+L1=L0/m;
+C2=4*m*C0/(1-(m*m));
+printf(" The elements of the terminating half section m-derived H.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" 2C/m = %f picofarads\n",fix(C1*(10^12)));
+printf(" L/m = %f mH\n",round(L1*(10^6))/1000);
+printf(" Cshunt = %f picofarads\n\n",round(C2*(10^12)));
+fi=fc*sqrt(1-(m*m));
+printf(" Frequency of peak attenuation = %d kHz",fi*(10^-3));
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a7f928735
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Rk=500;fc=1000;fi1=1065;fi2=1250;
+L0=Rk/(%pi*fc);
+C0=1/(%pi*fc*Rk);
+printf("The elements of the constant-K L.P. are:\n");
+printf(" L = %f mH\n",round(L0*(10^3)));
+printf(" C = %f microfarads\n\n",round(C0*(10^6)*100)/100);
+m1=0.4
+L1=m1*L0/2;
+L2=(1-(m1*m1))*L0/(4*m1);
+C1=m1*C0;
+printf("The elements of the m-derived L.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" mL/2 = %f mH\n",round(L1*(10^3)*10)/10);
+printf(" mC = %f microfarads\n",round(C1*(10^6)*1000)/1000);
+printf(" (1-m^2)L/4m = %f mH\n\n",fix(L2*(10^3)*10)/10);
+m2=sqrt(1-((fc/fi2)^2));
+L3=m2*L0/2;
+L4=(1-(m2*m2))*L0/(4*m2);
+C2=m2*C0;
+printf("The elements of the terminating half sections m-derived L.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" mL/2 = %f mH\n",fix(L3*(10^3)*10)/10);
+printf(" C = %f microfarads\n",round(C2*(10^6)*1000)/1000);
+printf(" Lshunt = %f mH\n\n",fix(L4*(10^3)*10)/10);
+printf("The complete composite filter is constructed by using the constant-K in cascade with the short-cut of m-derived section and terminating half section");
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ae69f90b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f1=1000;f2=4000;Rk=600;
+C1=(f2-f1)/(4*%pi*Rk*f1*f2);
+L1=Rk/(%pi*(f2-f1));
+C2=1/(%pi*Rk*(f2-f1));
+L2=Rk*(f2-f1)/(4*%pi*f1*f2);
+printf("The elements of the prototype band pass filter are:\n");
+printf(" L1 = %f mH\n",fix(L1*(10^5))/100);
+printf(" C1 = %f microfarads\n",round(C1*(10^11))/10^5);
+printf(" L2 = %f mH\n",round(L2*(10^4))/10);
+printf(" C2 = %f microfarads",round(C2*(10^10))/10^4);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.14/14_14.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.14/14_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..628e79ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.14/14_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f1=12000;f2=16000;Rk=600;
+C1=(f2-f1)/(4*%pi*Rk*f1*f2);
+L1=Rk/(%pi*(f2-f1));
+C2=1/(%pi*Rk*(f2-f1));
+L2=Rk*(f2-f1)/(4*%pi*f1*f2);
+printf("The elements of the prototype band pass filter are:\n");
+printf(" L1 = %f mH\n",round(L1*(10^5))/100);
+printf(" C1 = %f picofarads\n",round(C1*(10^12)));
+printf(" L2 = %f mH\n",L2*(10^3));
+printf(" C2 = %f microfarads",C2*(10^6));
+//the difference in result of L2 and C2 is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of C2 and L2 is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.15/14_15.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.15/14_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0c8158f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.15/14_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+fc=5000;fi=1.25*fc;Rk=600; //fi=frequency at which infinite attenuation occus
+L0=Rk/(%pi*fc);
+C0=1/(%pi*fc*Rk);
+m=sqrt(1-((fc/fi)^2));
+L1=m*L0/2;
+L2=(1-(m*m))*L0/(4*m);
+C1=m*C0;
+printf("The elements of the m-derived L.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" mL/2 = %f mH\n",round(L1*(10^5))/100);
+printf(" mC = %f microfarads\n",fix(C1*(10^10))/10^4);
+printf(" (1-m^2)L/4m = %f mH",round(L2*(10^4))/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.16/14_16.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.16/14_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f940a7d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.16/14_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+L=0.5*(10^-3);C=0.01*(10^-6);Rk=600;
+L1=2*L;
+C1=C/2;
+L2=Rk*Rk*C1;
+C2=L1/(Rk*Rk);
+printf("The elements of the shunt arm will be an inductance of %f mH in parallel with a capacitance of %f microfarads",L2*(10^3),round(C2*(10^10))/10^4);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.17/14_17.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.17/14_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3767649ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.17/14_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+fc=2400;fi=2500;Rk=600; //fi=frequency at which infinite attenuation occus
+L0=Rk/(3.14*fc);
+C0=1/(3.14*fc*Rk);
+printf("The elements of the constant-K L.P. are:\n");
+printf(" L = %f mH\n",round(L0*(10^5))/100);
+printf(" C = %f microfarads\n\n",round(C0*(10^10))/10^4);
+m1=sqrt(1-((fc/fi)^2));
+L1=m1*L0/2;
+L2=(1-(m1*m1))*L0/(4*m1);
+C1=m1*C0;
+printf("The elements of the m-derived L.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" mL/2 = %f mH\n",round(L1*(10^5))/100);
+printf(" mC = %f microfarads\n",round(C1*(10^10))/10^4);
+printf(" (1-m^2)L/4m = %f mH\n\n",round(L2*(10^5))/100);
+m2=0.6;
+L3=m2*L0/2;
+L4=(1-(m2*m2))*L0/(2*m2);
+C2=m2*C0/2;
+printf("The elements of the terminating half sections m-derived L.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" mL/2 = %f mH\n",round(L3*(10^5))/100);
+printf(" mC/2 = %f microfarads\n",round(C2*(10^10))/10^4);
+printf(" (1-m^2)L/2m = %f mH\n\n",fix(L4*(10^5))/100);
+printf("The complete composite filter is constructed by using the constant-K in cascade with the short-cut of m-derived section and terminating half section");
+
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.18/14_18.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.18/14_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ef7390a29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.18/14_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+C0=1*(10^-6);L0=10*(10^-3);
+C=C0/2;
+L=L0;
+Rk1=sqrt(L/C);
+fc1=1/(4*%pi*sqrt(L*C));
+printf("The cut-off frequency(high pass) = %f Hz\n",round(fc1));
+printf(" The characteristic impedance(high pass) = %f ohms\n\n",round(Rk1*10)/10);
+C1=C0*2;
+Rk2=sqrt(L/C1);
+fc2=1/(%pi*sqrt(L*C1));
+printf(" The cut-off frequency(low pass) = %f Hz\n",fix(fc2));
+printf(" The characteristic impedance(low pass) = %f ohms",fix(Rk2*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.19/14_19.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.19/14_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ea969288c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.19/14_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Rk=500;fc=4000;fi=5000; //fi=frequency at which infinite attenuation occurs
+L0=Rk/(%pi*fc);
+C0=1/(%pi*fc*Rk);
+printf("The elements of the constant-K L.P. are:\n");
+printf(" L = %f mH\n",round(L0*(10^4))/10);
+printf(" C = %f microfarads\n\n",round(C0*(10^9))/1000);
+m1=sqrt(1-((fc/fi)^2));
+L1=m1*L0/2;
+L2=(1-(m1*m1))*L0/(4*m1);
+C1=m1*C0;
+printf("The elements of the m-derived L.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" mL/2 = %f mH\n",round(L1*(10^5))/100);
+printf(" C = %f microfarads\n",round(C1*(10^10))/10^4);
+printf(" Lshunt = %f mH\n\n",round(L2*(10^5))/100);
+m2=0.6;
+L3=m2*L0/2;
+L4=(1-(m2*m2))*L0/(2*m2);
+C2=m2*C0/2;
+printf("The elements of the terminating half sections m-derived L.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" Lseris = %f mH\n",round(L3*(10^5))/100);
+printf(" C = %f microfarads\n",round(C2*(10^10))/10^4);
+printf(" Lshunt = %f mH\n\n",round(L4*(10^5))/100);
+printf("The complete composite filter is constructed by using the constant-K in cascade with the short-cut of m-derived section and terminating half section");
+//the difference in result of the elements of the m derived L.P. T section is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of the elements of the m derived L.P. T section is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1764b56fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+L=20*(10^-3);C=0.32*(10^-6);f=15*(10^3);
+fc=(1/(3.14*(sqrt(L*C))));
+printf("Cutoff frequency fc = %f kHz\n",fix(fc*0.1)/100);
+Rk=sqrt(L/C);
+printf(" Value of nominal terminating impedance Rk = %f ohms\n",fix(Rk*10)/10);
+a=2*(acosh(f/fc));
+printf(" Value of attenuation a = %f db\n",fix(a*8.686*100)/100);
+printf(" Phase shift of the low pass filter = pi radians");
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.20/14_20.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.20/14_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..22ecd86da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.20/14_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+fr=1*(10^6);C=0.04*(10^-12);C1=6*(10^-12);
+fa=fr*(1+(C/(2*C1)));
+printf("The second resonance frequency = %f MHz",round(fa*(10^-2))/10^4);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.21/14_21.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.21/14_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7d9c78e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.21/14_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Rk=600;f1=120*(10^3);f2=123*(10^3);
+C1=(f2-f1)/(4*%pi*Rk*f1*f2);
+L1=Rk/(%pi*(f2-f1));
+C2=L1/(Rk*Rk);
+L2=Rk*(f2-f1)/(4*%pi*f1*f2);
+printf("The elements of the T-type constant k band pass filter are:\n");
+printf(" L1 = %f mH\n",fix((L1)*(10^4))/10);
+printf(" C1 = %f picofarads\n",fix((C1)*(10^14))/100);
+printf(" L2 = %f microhenry\n",fix((L2)*(10^7))/10);
+printf(" C2 = %f microfarads",round((C2)*(10^9))/1000);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.22/14_22.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.22/14_22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bfad3cc10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.22/14_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+C=1/100;fo=1000; //C=C1/C2
+//value of fo as taken in solution
+f1=fo*((sqrt(C+1))-sqrt(C));
+f2=fo*((sqrt(C+1))+sqrt(C));
+BW=f2-f1;
+printf("Bandwidth = %d Hz",(BW));
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.23/14_23.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.23/14_23.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dac088089
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.23/14_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Ro=600;f=120;fo=1500; //f=f2-f1
+F=fo*fo; //F=f1*f2
+l1=Ro/(2*%pi*f);
+c1=round(f*10^11/(2*Ro*%pi*F))/10^5;
+c2=round(1*10^8/(%pi*Ro*f))/100;
+l2=Ro*f/(4*%pi*F);
+n=(1/2)*(sqrt(((2*c2/(c1/2))+9)-1));
+C1=((2*n)-1)*c1*10^-6/(2*n);
+C2=c1*10^-6/n;
+L=n*n*l2;
+C3=c2*10^-6/(n*n);
+printf("The elements of the filter are:\n");
+printf(" (2n-1)C1/n = %f microfarads\n",fix(C1*(10^9))/1000);
+printf(" 2C1/n = %f microfarads\n",fix((C2)*(10^10))/10^4);
+printf(" (n^2)L2 = %f H\n",round(L*10)/10);
+printf(" C2/(n^2) = %f microfards",round((C3)*(10^9))/1000);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5642d03e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+fc=10*(10^3);Rk=600;
+L=Rk/(4*%pi*fc);
+printf("-Value of L = %f mH\n",fix(L*(10^3)*10^3)/10^3);
+C=1/(4*%pi*fc*Rk);
+printf("-Value of C = %f microfarads",fix(C*(10^6)*10^5)/10^5);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d6fe19666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+L=60*(10^-3);C=0.2*(10^-6);
+fc=1/(%pi*(sqrt(L*C)));
+printf("(i)Cut off frequency fc for the low pass filter = %f kHz\n\n",round(fc*(10^-1))/100);
+fa=1000;
+Za=(sqrt(L/C))*(sqrt(1-((fa/fc)^2)));
+printf(" (ii)Iterative impedance at f=1 KHz = %f ohms\n",fix(Za));
+fb=5000;
+Zb=(sqrt(L/C))*(sqrt(1-((fb/fc)^2)));
+printf(" Iterative impedance at f=5 KHz = j(%f) ohms\n\n",fix(Zb/%i));
+aa=0; //attenuation at frequency fa
+ba=2*(asind(fa/fc)); //phase shift at frequency fa
+ab=2*acosh(fb/fc); //attenuation at frequency fb
+bb=180; //attenuation at frequency fb
+V1=exp(aa); //V1=(Vin/Vout) at frequency of 1kHz
+V2=exp(ab); //V2=(Vin/Vout) at frequency of 5kHz
+printf(" (iii)At 5kHz,the voltage ratio = %f and phase difference = %f degrees\n",round(V2*10)/10,bb);
+printf(" At 1kHz,the voltage ratio = %f and phase difference = %f degrees\n",V1,fix(ba*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5f8a96254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+fc=1000;Rk=600;
+L=Rk/(4*%pi*fc);
+C=1/(4*%pi*fc*Rk);
+printf("Thus,the series elements are two capacitors of value %f microfarad each and shunt inductance of value %f mH.",round(C*(10^3)*10^6)/10^5,fix(L*(10^3)*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d374309eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+a=1.15;
+F=cosh(a/2);
+printf("The frequency at which low pass filter will havean attenuation 10 db will be %f times the cut off frequency",round(F*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..958f92758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Rk=600;fc=1000;fi=1050;
+L0=Rk/(%pi*fc);
+C0=1/(%pi*fc*Rk);
+m=round(sqrt(1-((fc/fi)^2))*10)/10;
+L1=m*L0/2;
+printf("-mL/2 = %f mH\n",round(L1*(10^3)*100)/100);
+C=m*C0;
+printf("-mC = %f microfarads\n",round(C*(10^6)*1000)/1000);
+L2=L0*((1-(m*m))/(4*m));
+printf("-(1-m^2)L/(4m) = %f mH",L2*(10^3));
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..991eb48e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+fc=20*(10^3);Rk=600;m=0.6;
+L0=Rk/(4*%pi*fc);
+C0=1/(4*%pi*fc*Rk);
+C1=2*C0/m;
+printf("-2C/m = %f microfarads\n",round(C1*(10^6)*1000)/1000);
+L=L0/m;
+printf("-L/m = %f mH\n",round(L*(10^3)*100)/100)
+C2=C0*((4*m)/(1-(m*m)));
+printf("-4mC/(1-m^2) = %f microfarads",round(C2*(10^6)*1000)/1000);
diff --git a/1109/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce b/1109/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0da4bb598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+fc=2000;fi=2050;Rk=500; //fi=frequency at which infinite attenuation occurs
+L0=Rk/(%pi*fc);
+C0=1/(%pi*fc*Rk);
+printf("The elements of the constant-K L.P. are:\n");
+printf(" L = %f mH\n",fix(L0*(10^3)*10)/10);
+printf(" C = %f microfarads\n\n",fix(C0*(10^6)*1000)/1000);
+m1=round(sqrt(1-((fc/fi)^2))*100)/100;
+L1=m1*L0/2;
+L2=(1-(m1*m1))*L0/(4*m1);
+C1=m1*C0;
+printf("The elements of the m-derived L.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" mL/2 = %f mH\n",fix(L1*(10^3)*100)/100);
+printf(" mC = %f microfarads\n",fix(C1*(10^6)*100)/100);
+printf(" (1-m^2)L/4m = %f mH\n\n",fix(L2*(10^3)*100)/100);
+m2=0.6;
+L3=m2*L0/2;
+L4=(1-(m2*m2))*L0/(4*m2);
+C2=m2*C0;
+printf("The elements of the terminating half sections m-derived L.P.T. filter are:\n");
+printf(" mL/2 = %f mH\n",fix(L3*(10^3)*10)/10);
+printf(" mC = %f microfarads\n",fix(C2*(10^6)*10000)/10000);
+printf(" (1-m^2)L/4m = %f mH\n\n",fix(L4*(10^3)*10)/10);
+printf("The complete composite filter is constructed by using the constant-K in cascade with the short-cut of m-derived section and terminating half section");
diff --git a/1109/CH15/EX15.10/15_10.sce b/1109/CH15/EX15.10/15_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2b781f00b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH15/EX15.10/15_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R1=1;C=0.05;R0=1;
+R2=R0*R0/R1;
+printf("-Series arm will have a resistance R2 = %f ohms\n",R2);
+L=C*R0*R0;
+printf(" -Value of inductance in parallel with R2 = %f henry",L);
diff --git a/1109/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce b/1109/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b77b45684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=500;Ro=400;f1=50;D1=17;
+M1=10^(D1/10);
+D2=4;f2=2500;
+M2=10^(D2/10);
+B=sqrt(((f1*f1*(M1-1))-(f2*f2*(M2-1)))/(M2-M1));
+A=sqrt((B*B*M2)+(f2*f2*(M2-1)));
+L11=Ro/(%pi*(A+B));
+L12=Ro/(%pi*(A-B));
+R11=L11*%pi*(A-B);
+R12=L12*%pi*(A+B);
+R21=Ro*Ro/R11;
+R22=Ro*Ro/R12;
+C21=L11/(Ro*Ro);
+C22=L12/(Ro*Ro);
+printf("The designed equalizer will have the configuration:\n");
+printf(" I. R1 = %f ohms, C2 = %f microfarads, R2 = %f ohms, L1 = %f mH\n",round(R11),round(C21*(10^9))/1000,fix(R21),round(L11*(10^4))/10);
+printf(" II. R1 = %f ohms, C2 = %f microfarads, R2 = %f ohms, L1 = %f mH\n\n",fix(R12),round(C22*(10^9))/1000,round(R22),round(L12*(10^3)));
+M=((A*A)+(f*f))/((B*B)+(f*f));
+F=10*log10(M);
+printf(" Loss aat 500Hz = %f db",fix(F*10)/10);
+
+
diff --git a/1109/CH15/EX15.12/15_12.sce b/1109/CH15/EX15.12/15_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fadea0e44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH15/EX15.12/15_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R0=600;D=10;b=10/6;fr=8.5*(10^3);
+k=round((10^(D/20)*100))/100;
+fb=fr/b;
+Cb=1/(2*%pi*fb*R0);
+Lb=R0/(2*%pi*fb);
+printf("The desired bridged-T constant resistance equalizer will be as:\n");
+printf("-Ro = %f ohms\n",R0);
+L1=Lb*((k-1)/sqrt(k))*(((b*b)-1)/(b*b));
+printf("-L1 = %f Henry\n",round(L1*10^4)/10^4);
+C1=Cb*(sqrt(k)/(k-1))*(1/((b*b)-1));
+printf("-C1 = %f microfarads\n",round(C1*(10^10))/10^4);
+L2=Lb*((sqrt(k))/(k-1))*(1/((b*b)-1));
+printf("-L2 = %f Henry\n",round(L2*10^5)/10^5);
+C2=Cb*((k-1)/sqrt(k))*(((b*b)-1)/(b*b));
+printf("-C2 = %f microfarads\n",round(C2*(10^10))/10^4);
+R1=R0*(k-1);
+printf("-R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1));
+R2=R0/(k-1);
+printf("-R2 = %f ohms",round(R2));
diff --git a/1109/CH15/EX15.13/15_13.sce b/1109/CH15/EX15.13/15_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f8452ad51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH15/EX15.13/15_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f1=200;f2=2400;Li=2.6;Lc1=0.494;Lc2=1.949;Ro=600;
+//Li=total insertion loss
+//value of f1 as taken in solution
+//Lc=cable loss
+Le1=Li-Lc1; //Le=equalizer loss
+Le2=Li-Lc2;
+M1=fix(exp(2*Le1));
+M2=round(exp(2*Le2)*100)/100;
+Q=((f2*f2*(M2-1))-(f1*f1*(M1-1)))/(M1-M2);
+P=(f1*f1*(M1-1))+(M1*Q);
+R11b=Ro*(sqrt(P)+sqrt(Q))/(sqrt(P)-sqrt(Q));
+R21b=Ro*Ro/R11b;
+L12b=Ro/(%pi*(sqrt(P)-sqrt(Q)));
+C22b=L12b/(Ro*Ro);
+L12a=Ro/(%pi*(sqrt(P)+sqrt(Q)));
+R11a=Ro*(sqrt(P)-sqrt(Q))/(sqrt(P)+sqrt(Q));
+R21a=Ro*Ro/R11a;
+C22a=L12a/(Ro*Ro);
+printf("The required equalizer will have the folllowing configuration:\n");
+printf("I. R11 = %f ohms\n",fix(R11a));
+printf("-L12 = %f mH\n",round(L12a*(10^4))/10);
+printf("-R21 = %f ohms\n",round(R21a));
+printf("-C22 = %f microfarads\n\n",round(C22a*(10^9))/10^3);
+printf("II. R11 = %f ohms\n",round(R11b));
+printf("-L12 = %f mH\n",fix(L12b*(10^4))/10);
+printf("-R21 = %f ohms\n",round(R21b*100)/100);
+printf("-C22 = %f microfarads",fix(C22b*(10^9))/10^3);
diff --git a/1109/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce b/1109/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..66f966b1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R0=600;R1=400;L=40*(10^-3);
+R2=R0*R0/R1;
+printf("-Other arm of lattice equalizer will have a resistance of R2 = %f ohms\n",R2);
+C=L/(R0*R0);
+printf(" -R2 resistance will be in parallel with a capacitance of C = %f microfarads",round(C*(10^8))/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce b/1109/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bdb6c0acd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=600;f=4000;
+a=3;
+w=2*%pi*f;
+C=sqrt((exp(2*3*0.115)-1)/(4*w*w*R*R));
+printf("-C = %f microfarads\n",round(C*(10^9))/1000);
+L=2*C*R*R;
+printf(" -L = %f mH",fix(L*(10^5))/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce b/1109/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9aeb5cb78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R1=1000;C1=0.0212*(10^-6);R2=250;
+R0=sqrt(R1*R2);
+printf("Characteristic impedance of line = %f ohms\n",R0);
+L2=C1*R0*R0;
+printf("Components of the shunt arm are inductance of %f mH in parallel with a given resistance of %f ohms.",L2*(10^3),R0);
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e5ef0137e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+D=40;Ro=600;
+N=10^(D/20);
+R3=Ro*(N-1);
+R2=Ro/(N-1);
+R1=Ro;
+printf("R1 = %f ohms\n",R1);
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",round(R2*100)/100);
+printf(" R3 = %f k ohms\n",R3*(10^-3));
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.10/16_10.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.10/16_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c6b3592a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.10/16_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Ri1=50;Ri2=200;p=5;
+d=p/100;
+Ai=atanh(1/(1+d));A=fix(Ai*100)/100;
+R3=(sqrt(Ri1*Ri2))/sinh(A);
+R2=(Ri2/tanh(A))-R3;
+R1=(Ri1/tanh(A))-R3;
+printf("The desired elements of T-pad are:\n");
+printf(" R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1));
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",fix(R2*10)/10);
+printf(" R3 = %f ohms\n",round(R3*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.11/16_11.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.11/16_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..83e51d12e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.11/16_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+D=20;Ri1=200;Ri2=500;
+Ai=D*0.115;
+Gi1=1/Ri1;Gi2=1/Ri2;
+G3=(sqrt(Gi1*Gi2))/sinh(Ai);
+G2=(Gi2/tanh(Ai))-G3;
+G1=(Gi1/tanh(Ai))-G3;
+R3=1/G3;R2=1/G2;R1=1/G1;
+printf("The desired pi attenuator will be:\n");
+printf(" R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1*10)/10);
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",round(R2*10)/10);
+printf(" R3 = %f ohms\n",round(R3));
+//the difference in result of R3 is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of R3 is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.12/16_12.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.12/16_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a308736b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.12/16_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R1=500;R2=110;
+Ro=sqrt((2*2*R1*R1/4)+(2*R1*R2));
+a=acosh(1+(2*R1/(2*R2)));
+Ri1=Ro;Ri2=150;Ai=round(a*10)/10;
+R3=(sqrt(Ri1*Ri2))/(fix(sinh(Ai)*100)/100);
+R2=(Ri2/(round(tanh(Ai)*10^4)/10^4))-(fix(R3*100)/100);
+R1=(Ri1/(round(tanh(Ai)*10^4)/10^4))-R3;
+printf("The desired elements of the attenuator are:\n");
+printf("R1 = %f ohms\n",fix(R1*100)/100);
+printf("R2 = %f ohms\n",fix(R2*100)/100);
+printf("R3 = %f ohms\n",fix(R3*100)/100);
+
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.13/16_13.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.13/16_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..56ea45aa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.13/16_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Ro=600;D=5;
+N=10^(D/20);
+R1=Ro*(N+1)/(N-1);
+R2=Ro*((N*N)-1)/(2*N);
+printf("The desired ladder attenuator will be:\n");
+printf("R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1));
+printf("R2 = %f ohms\n",round(R2));
+//the difference in result of R1 is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of R1 is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.14/16_14.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.14/16_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..79cd764fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.14/16_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+d=12;Ro=500;
+D=(d-3)/3;
+N=round(10^(D/20)*1000)/1000;
+R1=Ro*(N+1)/(N-1);
+R2=Ro*(round((N*N))-1)/(2*N);
+printf("The desired attenuator will be:\n");
+printf("R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1));
+printf("R2 = %f ohms\n",round(R2));
+//the difference in result of R1 is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of R1 is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.15/16_15.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.15/16_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..46e887b67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.15/16_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+d1=0;d2=5;d3=10;d4=15;d5=20;Ro=600;
+printf("For 0 db loss:\n");
+printf(" R1 = 0\n R2 = infinite\n\n");
+n=4;
+for i=1:n
+ N=10^(5*i/20);
+ R2=Ro*(N-1);
+ R1=Ro/(N-1);
+ printf("\n For %d db loss:\n",5*i);
+ printf(" R1=%f\n",round(R1));
+ printf(" R2=%f\n",round(R2));
+end
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.16/16_16.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.16/16_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..62c65b424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.16/16_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Ro=600;R1=240;
+R2=((Ro*Ro)-(4*R1*R1))/(4*R1);
+d=acosh(1+(2*R1/R2));
+printf("Value of shunt resistance = %d ohm\n",R2);
+printf(" Attenuation = %f db",round(d*8.686*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.17/16_17.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.17/16_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9345e1e7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.17/16_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Ri1=500;d=15;
+P=d/8.686;
+N=exp(P);
+R1=Ri1*(1-(1/N));
+R2=Ri1/(N-1);
+printf("The desired attenuator will be:\n");
+printf(" R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1));
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",round(R2));
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.18/16_18.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.18/16_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..555865175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.18/16_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Ri1=72;Ri2=52;
+R1=Ri1*sqrt(1-(Ri2/Ri1));
+R2=Ri2/sqrt(1-(Ri2/Ri1));
+x=sqrt(Ri1/Ri2);
+L=20*log10(x+(sqrt((x*x)-1)));
+printf("The desired elements will be:\n");
+printf(" R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1));
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",fix(R2*10)/10);
+printf(" Value of loss produced by the network = %f db",round(L));
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e39b8a792
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+D=20;Ro=600;
+N=10^(D/20);
+R1=Ro*(N-1)/(N+1);
+R2=Ro*2*N/((N*N)-1);
+printf("R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1*10)/10);
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",round(R2*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8295e809e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+D=20;Ro=75;
+N=10^(D/20);
+R1=Ro*(N-1)/(N+1);
+R2=Ro*2*N/((N*N)-1);
+printf("R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1*100)/100);
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",round(R2*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..015d0d9b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+D=20;Ro=500;
+N=10^(D/20);
+R1=Ro*(N-1)/(N+1);
+R2=Ro*(N+1)/(N-1);
+printf("The elements of the attenuator are:\n");
+printf("R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1*100)/100);
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n\n",round(R2*100)/100);
+r1=R1;
+r2=(R2-R1)/2;
+printf("The equivalent T structure of the designed lattice:\n");
+printf(" R1 = %f ohms\n",round(r1*100)/100);
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",round(r2*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b40e0450b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+D=15;Ro=75;
+N=10^(D/20);
+R1=Ro*(N-1)/(N+1);
+R2=Ro*2*N/((N*N)-1);
+printf("The arms of the T section will contain:\n");
+printf(" R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1*100)/100);
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",round(R2*100)/100);
+//the difference in result of R1 is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of R1 is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..872ca6ca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R1=175;R2=350;
+y=poly([1 -3 1],"N","coeff");
+f=roots(y);
+N=f(1,1);
+D=20*log10(N);
+Ro=R1*(N+1)/(N-1);
+printf("The characteristic impedance of T attenuator = %f ohms and its attenuation per section is %f db",round(Ro*10)/10,round(D*100)/100);
+
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c9d269aa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+D=40;Ri1=70;Ri2=600;
+Ai=D*0.115;
+R3=(sqrt(Ri1*Ri2))/sinh(Ai);
+R2=(Ri2/tanh(Ai))-R3;
+R1=(Ri1/tanh(Ai))-R3;
+printf("The desired elements of T-pad are:\n");
+printf(" R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1*100)/100);
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",round(R2));
+printf(" R3 = %f ohms\n",round(R3*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.8/16_8.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.8/16_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7e68bdaef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.8/16_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+D=10;Ri1=150;Ri2=75;
+Ai=D*0.115;
+R3=(sqrt(Ri1*Ri2))/sinh(Ai);
+R2=(Ri2/tanh(Ai))-R3;
+R1=(Ri1/tanh(Ai))-R3;
+printf("The desired elements of T-pad are:\n");
+printf(" R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1*100)/100);
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",round(R2*10)/10);
+printf(" R3= %f ohms\n\n",fix(R3*100)/100);
+R2a=sqrt((Ri1*Ri2*Ri2)/(Ri1-Ri2));
+R1a=sqrt(Ri1*(Ri1-Ri2));
+printf("The minimum loss pad will be a L attenuator:\n");
+printf(" R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1a));
+printf(" R2 = %f ohms\n",round(R2a));
diff --git a/1109/CH16/EX16.9/16_9.sce b/1109/CH16/EX16.9/16_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c05f86c6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH16/EX16.9/16_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Ri1=500;D=15;
+N=10^(D/20);N1=fix(N*1000)/1000;
+R2=Ri1/(N1-1);
+R1=Ri1*(1-(1/N));
+printf("The series arm of the L attenuator is %f ohms,while its shunt arm is %f ohms",round(R1),round(R2));
+//the difference in result of R2 is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of R2 is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/1109/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9d7900148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+clc;
+Zoc=900*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/30)));Zsc=400*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/10)));f=1.6*(10^3);
+Zo=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc);
+A=real(Zo);
+B=imag(Zo);
+printf("Zo = %f /_ %f ohms",abs(Zo),atan(B,A)*180/%pi);
diff --git a/1109/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce b/1109/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3541ec5da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=20*(10^6);l=32;Zsc=17+(%i*19.4);Zoc=115-(%i*138);
+Zo=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc);
+X=real(Zo);
+Y=imag(Zo);
+printf("-Characteristic impedance = %f /_ %f ohms\n",round(abs(Zo)),round(atan(Y,X)*180*10/%pi)/10);
+Z1=sqrt(Zsc/Zoc);
+A=real(Z1);
+B=imag(Z1);
+D=(1+A+(%i*B))/(1-(A+(%i*B)));
+r=sqrt(((real(D))^2)+((imag(D))^2));
+theta=atan((imag(D))/(real(D)));
+n=6;
+P=(1/(2*l))*((log(r))+(%i*(theta+(2*n*%pi))));
+b=imag(P);
+a=real(P);
+printf("-Attenuation factor = %f neper/m\n",round(a*10000)/10000);
+printf("-Phase propagation factor = %f radians/m",round(b*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce b/1109/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3001a535d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=20*(10^6);Zoc=1390;Zsc=4.61;l=5;
+lo=(3*(10^8))/f; //lo=wavelength
+Zo=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc);
+printf("-Characteristic impedance = %f ohms\n",round(Zo));
+er=(lo/l)^2; //er=relative permittivity of dielectric
+printf("-Relative permittivity of dielectric = %f\n",er);
+P=fix(((atanh(sqrt(Zsc/Zoc)))/l)*10000)/10000;
+a=P*8.686;
+printf("-a = %f db/m\n",fix(a*10000)/10000);
+Vp=(3*(10^8))/(sqrt(er)*10^8);
+printf("-Velocity of propagation = %f * 10^8 m/sec",Vp);
+//the difference in result of attenuation constant is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of the value of attenuation constant is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce b/1109/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7ac4c4498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=796;Zoc=328*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/29.2)));Zsc=1548*exp(%i*(%pi/(180/6.8)));l=50;
+Zo=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc);
+C=real(Zo);
+D=imag(Zo);
+printf("-Zo = %f /_ %f ohms\n",fix(abs(Zo)),atan(D,C)*180/%pi);
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z1=sqrt(Zsc/Zoc);
+A=real(Z1);
+B=imag(Z1);
+D=(1+A+(%i*B))/(1-(A+(%i*B)));
+r=abs(D);
+theta=atan((imag(D))/(real(D)))-%pi;
+n=1;
+P=(1/(2*l))*((log(r))+(%i*(theta+(2*n*%pi))));
+E=real(P);
+F=imag(P);
+printf("-P = %f /_ %f\n",round(abs(P)*10000)/10000,round(atan(F,E)*180*100/%pi)/100);
+Z=P*Zo;
+R=real(Z);
+L=(imag(Z))/w;
+printf("-R = %f ohms/km\n",round(R*100)/100);
+printf("-L = %f mH/km\n",round(L*(10^3)*100)/100);
+Y=P/Zo;
+G=real(Y);
+C=(imag(Y))/w;
+printf("-G = %f micro-mhos/km\n",round(G*(10^6)));
+printf("-C = %f microfarads/km",round(C*(10^6)*10000)/10000);
diff --git a/1109/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce b/1109/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ce447bf80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=600;a=0.1;b=0.05;x=10;Is=20*(10^-3);
+Vr=0;
+printf("-Receiving end voltage Vr=0 because the receiving end has been short ciruited\n");
+P=a+(%i*b);
+Ir=Is/(cosh(10*P));
+A=real(Ir);
+B=imag(Ir);
+printf("-Received current is Ir = %f /_ %f mA ",round(abs(Ir)*(10^3)*100)/100,fix(atan(B,A)*180*10/%pi)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/1109/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2b877c6b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zoc=1930*exp(%i*(%pi/(180/68.9)));Zsc=1308*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/76.2)));l=8;w=5000;
+Zo=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc);
+C=real(Zo);
+D=imag(Zo);
+printf("-Zo = %f /_ %f ohms\n",round(abs(Zo)),round(atan(D,C)*180*100/%pi)/100);
+Z1=sqrt(Zsc/Zoc);
+A=round(real(Z1)*1000)/1000;
+B=round(imag(Z1)*1000)/1000;
+D=(1+A+(%i*B))/(1-(A+(%i*B)));K=round((1+A+(%i*B))*100)/100;J=round((1-(A+(%i*B)))*10)/10;
+phi1=atan(imag(K),real(K))+(%pi/4);
+phi2=atan(imag(J),real(J));
+phi3=phi1-phi2;
+P=(1/(2*8))*(log(round(abs(K/J)*10)/10)+(%i*(round(phi3*10)/10+(6.28))));
+printf(" -a = %f neper/km\n",fix(real(P)*100)/100);
+printf(" -b = %f radians/km\n",fix(imag(P)*1000)/1000);
+Z=P*Zo;
+R=real(Z);
+L=(imag(Z))/w;
+printf(" -R = %f ohms/km\n",round(R*1000)/1000);
+printf(" -L = %f mH/km\n",round(L*(10^6))/1000);
+Y=P/Zo;
+G=real(Y);
+C=(imag(Y))/w;
+printf(" -G = %f micro-mhos/km\n",-round(G*(10^9))/1000);
+printf(" -C = %f microfarads/km",round(C*(10^9))/1000);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce b/1109/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..54edadbee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+w=5000;Zoc=1300*exp(%i*(%pi/(180/80)));Zsc=3200*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/80)));l=40;
+Zo=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc);
+Z1=sqrt(Zsc/Zoc);
+A=real(Z1);
+B=imag(Z1);
+D=(1+A+(%i*B))/(1-(A+(%i*B)));K=(1+A+(%i*B));J=(1-(A+(%i*B)));
+r=round(abs(D)*1000)/1000;
+theta=round(atan((imag(D))/(real(D)))*10)/10;
+P=(1/(2*l))*((log(r))+(%i*(theta+6.28)));
+b=imag(P);
+Z=P*Zo;
+R=real(Z);
+L=(imag(Z))/w;
+printf("R = %f ohms\n",fix(R*100)/100);
+printf(" L = %f mH/km\n",round(L*(10^6))/1000);
+Y=P/Zo;
+G=real(Y);
+C=(imag(Y))/w;
+printf(" G = %f micro-mhos/km\n",round(G*(10^8))/100);
+printf(" C = %f micro-farads/km",round(C*(10^9))/1000);
+//the difference in result of L and C is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of L and C is due to erroneous value in textbook")
+
diff --git a/1109/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce b/1109/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d5f17b405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zoc=286*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/40)));Zsc=1520*exp(%i*(%pi/(180/16)));l=50;f=700;
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Zo=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc);
+S=real(Zo);
+T=imag(Zo);
+printf("-Characteristic impedance of transmission line is Zo = %f /_ %f ohms\n",round(abs(Zo)*100)/100,atan(T,S)*180/%pi);
+A=atanh(sqrt(Zsc/Zoc));
+P=A/l;
+U=real(P);
+V=imag(P);
+printf("-Propagation constant = %f /_ %f\n",fix(abs(P)*1000)/1000,round(atan(V,U)*180*100/%pi)/100)
+Z=P*Zo;
+R=real(Z);
+L=(imag(Z))/w;
+printf("-R = %f ohms/km\n",round(R*100)/100);
+printf("-L = %f mH/km\n",fix(L*(10^3)*100)/100);
+Y=P/Zo;
+G=real(Y);
+C=(imag(Y))/w;
+printf("-G = %f micromhos/km\n",fix(G*(10^6)*100)/100);
+printf("-C = %f microfarads/km",fix(C*(10^6)*10^5)/10^5);
+
+
diff --git a/1109/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce b/1109/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..65fd2a21c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zoc=2500*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/70)));Zsc=49*exp(%i*(%pi/(180/25)));l=1;
+f=(8000)/(2*%pi);
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Zo=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc);
+A=atanh(sqrt(Zsc/Zoc));
+P=A/l;
+P1=P*l/1000;
+Z=P1*Zo;
+printf("Series impedance of line is Z = %f /_ %f ohms/km\n",round(abs(Z)*1000)/1000,atan(imag(Z),real(Z))*180/%pi);
+Y=P1/Zo;
+printf("Shunt admittance of line is Y = %f /_ %f mhos/km",round(abs(Y)*10^6*10)/10,atan(imag(Y),real(Y))*180/%pi);
diff --git a/1109/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce b/1109/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1f6341383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zoc=2000*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/80)));Zsc=20*exp(%i*(%pi/(180/20)));l=0.5;w=10000;
+//value of length of cable as taken in solution
+Zo=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc);
+C=real(Zo);
+D=imag(Zo);
+printf("-Zo = %f /_ %f ohms\n",abs(Zo),atan(D,C)*180/%pi);
+A=atanh(sqrt(Zsc/Zoc));
+P=A/l;
+a=real(P);
+printf("-a = %f neper/km\n",fix(a*10000)/10000);
+b=imag(P);
+printf("-b = %f henry/km",round(b*10000)/10000);
diff --git a/1109/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce b/1109/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..28a906704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Vs=1;f=1000;l=150;Zo=692*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/12)));a=0.0047;b=0.022;Vr=0;
+P=a+(%i*b);
+Ir=1/(Zo*sinh((a*l)+(b*l)));
+C=real(Ir);
+D=imag(Ir);
+printf("Output current(in amperes)= %f /_ %f mA",round(abs(Ir)*10^6)/1000,atan(D,C)*180/%pi);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2faa10c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+l=10;a=0.03;b=0.03;Vr=4;f=1000;
+P=a+(%i*b);
+Vs=Vr*(exp(P*l));
+C=real(Vs);
+D=imag(Vs);
+printf("Sending end voltage is Vs = %f /_ %f volts",fix(abs(Vs)*100)/100,round(atan(D,C)*180/%pi));
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..06f969a8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=1000;l=1000;R=10.4;L=0.00367;G=0.8*(10^-6);C=0.00835*(10^-6);Es=10;
+//value of Es as taken in solution
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=R+round((%i*w*L));
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+Is=Es/Zo;
+Ir=Is*exp(-P*l);
+P=((abs(Ir))^2)*real(Zo);
+printf("-Power delivered at receiving end = %f micro-watt",P*(10^6));
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..80597040d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+l=50;Zo=692*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/12)));a=0.00755;b=0.0355;Zr=300;f=1000;Vs=10;
+P=a+(%i*b);
+Zin=Zo*((Zr*cosh(P*l))+(Zo*sinh(P*l)))/((Zo*cosh(P*l))+(Zr*sinh(P*l)));
+Is=Vs/Zin*(10)^-1;
+A=real(Is);
+B=imag(Is);
+printf("-Sending end current = %f /_ %f Amp\n",round(abs(Is)*10^5)/10^5,round(atan(B,A)*180*10/%pi)/10);
+Vr=Vs*((cosh(P*l))-((Zo*sinh(P*l))/Zin));
+C=real(Vr);
+D=imag(Vr);
+printf("-Receiving end voltage = %f /_ %f volts\n",round(abs(Vr)*10)/10,round(atan(D,C)*180/%pi));
+Ir=Vr/Zr;
+E=real(Ir);
+F=imag(Ir);
+printf("-Receiving end current = %f /_ %f Amp\n",round(abs(Ir)*1000)/1000,round(atan(F,E)*180/%pi));
+modIr=abs(Ir);
+Rr=Zr;
+Pr=((modIr)^2)*Rr;
+theta=atan((imag(Zin))/(real(Zin)));
+modIs=abs(Is);
+Ps=Vs*modIs*cos(theta);
+n=(Pr/Ps)*10;
+printf("-Efficiency of transmission(in percentage)= %f",round(n));
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f9a0f164c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+l=10;Zo=280*exp(-%i*(%pi/(180/30)));P=0.08*exp(%i*(%pi/(180/40)));f=5000/(2*%pi);
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z1=Zo*tanh(P*l/2);
+Rs=real(Z1);
+Ls=imag(Z1)/w;
+printf("-Resistance of series element = %f ohms\n",fix(Rs));
+printf("-Inductance of series element = %f mH\n",round(Ls*(10^3)*100)/100);
+Z2=Zo/(sinh(P*l));
+Rsh=real(Z2);
+Csh=-imag(Z2)/w;
+printf("-Resistance of shunt element = %f ohms\n",round(Rsh*10)/10);
+printf("-Capacitance of shunt element = %f microfarads",fix(Csh*1000)/1000);
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ff1a27e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+l=5;f=5000/(2*%pi);Rs=175;Ls=10*(10^-3);Rsh=270;Csh=0.2*(10^-6);
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z1=(Rs+(%i*w*Ls)); //Z1=Z1/2
+Z2=Rsh-(%i/(w*Csh));
+t=sqrt((Z1)/((Z1)+(2*Z2)));
+P=2*(atanh(t))/l;
+A=real(P);
+B=imag(P);
+printf("Propagation constant = % f + %f per loop km\n",round(A*100)/100,round(B*100)/100);
+Zo=Z1/(tanh((P*l)/2));
+C=real(Zo);
+D=imag(Zo);
+printf("Characteristic impedance = %f /_ %f ohms",round(abs(Zo)*1000)/1000,round(atan(D,C)*180/%pi));
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9885fd391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+a=0;Zo=50;Vr=100;l=50;y=10;Ir=0;f=20*(10^6);
+lo=300/f; //lo=lambda
+b=2*%pi/lo;
+P=a+(%i*b);
+V=(Vr*cosh(P*y))+(Ir*Zo*sinh(P*y));
+printf("-Voltage at the required point = %f /_ %f volts\n",abs(V),atan(imag(V),real(V))*180/%pi);
+I=((Vr/Zo)*sinh(P*y))+(Ir*cosh(P*y));
+A=real(I);
+B=imag(I);
+printf("-Current at required point = %f /_ %f Amps",round(abs(I)*1000)/1000,atan(B,A)*180/%pi);
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..463b8eb83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=600;Zr=%i*150;l=0.25;f=300*(10^6);
+lo=300/f; //lo=lambda
+b=2*%pi/lo;
+Zin=Zo*Zo/Zr;
+A=real(Zin);
+B=imag(Zin);
+printf("Zin = %f + j(%f) ohms",A,B);
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..87eef7d66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=7.5*(10^3);R=2.6;L=2.4*(10^-3);C=.0078*(10^-6);G=.11*(10^-6);l=50;Vs=10;
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+Is=Vs/Zo;
+Ir=Is*(exp(-P*l));
+Ir1=abs(Ir);
+Rr=real(Zo);
+Pr=Ir1*Ir1*Rr;
+printf("Power consumed in load is Pr = %f mW",round(Pr*(10^3)*10)/10);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3616dbfaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=10.4;L=0.0036;C=0.0083*(10^-6);G=0;f1=1420;f2=1860;
+Favg=(f1+f2)/2;
+w=2*%pi*Favg;
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+a=real(P);
+b=imag(P);
+v=w/b;
+d=v/(2*(f2-f1));
+printf("-Approximate distance = %f km\n",round(d));
+w1=2*%pi*f1;
+Z1=R+(%i*w1*L);
+Y1=G+(%i*w1*C);
+P1=sqrt(Z1*Y1);
+a1=real(P1);
+b1=imag(P1);
+v1=w1/b1;
+w2=2*%pi*f2;
+Z2=R+(%i*w2*L);
+Y2=G+(%i*w2*C);
+P2=sqrt(Z2*Y2);
+a2=real(P2);
+b2=imag(P2);
+v2=w2/b2;
+D=(v1*v2)/(2*((v1*f2)-(v2*f1)));
+printf("-Exact distance = %f km",round(D*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.18/3_18.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.18/3_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..843f2a640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.18/3_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Z1=300;Zo=650*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/12)));Z2=Zo;
+Z=Z1+Z2;
+K=(2*sqrt(Z1*abs(Z2)))/abs(Z);
+printf("-Reflection factor = %f\n",round(K*1000)/1000);
+L=20*(log10(1/K));
+printf("-Reflection loss = %f db",round(L*100)/100);
+//the difference in result of reflection loss is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of reflection loss is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.19/3_19.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.19/3_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dc1bdda0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.19/3_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=600;a=0.01;b=0.03;l=100;Zr=200;
+P=a+(%i*b);
+K=(Zr-Zo)/(Zr+Zo);
+printf("Reflection coefficient = %f /_- %f\n",abs(K),atan(imag(K),real(K))*180/%pi);
+k=((abs(K))*exp(-2*P*l));
+b=(1+k)/(1-k);
+Zin=Zo*b;
+C=real(Zin);
+D=imag(Zin);
+printf("Input impedance Zin = %f + j(%f) ohms",round(C*1000)/1000,round(D*100)/100);
+//Zin has been wrongly calculated in the book
+
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..49b0245a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=50;Vr=10;Ir=0;a=0;
+B=%pi/4;
+V=(Vr*cos(B))+(%i*(Ir*Zo*sin(B)));
+I=(Ir*cos(B))+(%i*((Vr*sin(B))/Zo));
+C=real(I);
+D=imag(I);
+printf("-R.m.s.voltage at the required distance is V = %f volts\n",round((V)*100)/100);
+printf("-R.m.s.current at required distance is I = %f /_ %f Amps",round(abs(I)*1000)/1000,atan(D,C)*180/%pi);
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.20/3_20.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.20/3_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e618453a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.20/3_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+clc;
+Zo=632.8;Zr=80;
+F=20*log10((2*Zr*Zo)/(Zo+Zr));
+printf("Reflection loss = %f db",round(F*100)/100);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e79bb6c0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clc;
+Zo=500*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/43)));l=10;P=0.07+(%i*0.08);Vs=5;
+V=Vs*(exp(-P*l));
+I=V/Zo;
+C=real(V);
+D=imag(V);
+E=real(I)*(10^3);
+F=imag(I)*(10^3);
+printf("-R.m.s.voltage at the required distance is V = %f /_ %f V\n",round(abs(V)*10)/10,round(atan(D,C)*180*10/%pi)/10);
+printf("-R.m.s.current at required distance is I = %f/_ %f mA",round(abs(I)*10^3),round(atan(F,E)*180*10/%pi)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ee6b890a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=710*exp(%i*(%pi/(180/14)));l=100;P=0.007+(%i*0.028);Zr=300;
+K=round(sinh(P*l)*100)/100;J=round(cosh(P*l)*100)/100;
+Zin=Zo*((Zr*J)+(Zo*K))/((Zo*J)+(Zr*K));
+C=real(Zin);
+D=imag(Zin);
+printf("Input impedance of line is Zin = %f /_ %f ohms",abs(Zin),round(atan(D,C)*180*10/%pi)/10);
+A=((Zr*J)+(Zo*K));
+B=((Zo*J)+(Zr*K));
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f8377c799
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=55;Zr=115+(%i*75);n=1.183;
+//value of Zr as taken in solution
+m=(2*%pi*n)-(2*%pi);
+Zin=Zo*(Zr+(%i*Zo*tan(m)))/(Zo+(%i*Zr*tan(m)));
+C=real(Zin);
+D=imag(Zin);
+printf("Sending end impedance is Zin = %f + j(%f) ohms",fix(C*10)/10,fix(D*10)/10);
+
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..852c4f40d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=50*exp(-%i*(%pi/(180/5)));a=0.001;b=%pi/1.8;Vr=0.5*exp(%i*(%pi/(180/30)));
+l=100;x=4; //Vr=voltage reflection coefficient
+modVr=abs(Vr);
+A=modVr*exp(-2*a*(l-x));
+Zin=Zo*(1+A)/(1-A);
+C=real(Zin);
+D=imag(Zin);
+printf("Input impedance of transmission line = %f /_ %f ohms",fix(abs(Zin)*100)/100,atan(D,C)*180/%pi);
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3ca764a72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Ka=0.2*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/30)));d=1/12;
+Kb=Ka/exp(%i*%pi*4*d);
+printf("Desired value of voltage reflection coefficient = %f /_ %f",abs(Kb),atan(imag(Kb),real(Kb))*180/%pi);
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5c568625c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=710*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/16)));a=0.01;b=0.035;l=100;Zr=300;
+P=a+(%i*b);
+V=(cosh(P*l))+((Zo/Zr)*sinh(P*l)); //V=Vs/Vr
+modV=abs(V);
+V1=log(modV)*8.686;
+V2=log(modV);
+printf("-Ratio of the transmitter voltage and the receiver voltage in nepers = %f\n",round((V2)*100)/100);
+printf("-Ratio of the transmitter voltage and the receiver voltage in decibels = %f\n",round((V1)*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce b/1109/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ba30fdcb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=692*exp(%i*(-%pi/(180/12 )));Zr=200;l=100;V=1;f=1000;
+K=(Zr-Zo)/(Zr+Zo);
+C=real(K);
+D=imag(K);
+printf("Voltage reflection coefficient = %f /_ %f",round(abs(K)*100)/100,round(atan(D,C)*180*10/%pi)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce b/1109/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..11c9c2906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc
+l=225;Zo=401-(%i*29);P=(0.148+(%i*2.06))*(10^-3);
+Zs=Zo*sinh(P*l);
+A=real(Zs);
+B=imag(Zs);
+printf("-Series branch of the equivalent network will have the impedance = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",round(A),round(B));
+Zsh=Zo*coth(P*l/2);
+C=real(Zsh);
+D=imag(Zsh);
+printf("-Shunt branch of the equivalent network will have the impedanc = j(%f) ohms",round(D))
diff --git a/1109/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce b/1109/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2a5328b5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+r=1.25;d1=75;d2=150;
+r1=0.7718*r;
+ds=nthroot((r1*r1*d1*d1),4);
+dm=sqrt(d2*(sqrt((d2*d2)+(d1*d1))));
+L=0.9212*log10(dm/ds);
+printf("Total loop inductance = %f mH/loop km",round(L*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/1109/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d24275762
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+l=440;L=2.2*(10^-3);C=0.0136*(10^-6);R=0.120;G=0;f=60;
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+A=real(Zo);
+B=imag(Zo);
+printf("-Characteristic impedance = %f + j(%f) ohms\n",round(A),round(B));
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+E=real(P)*10^4;
+F=imag(P)*10^3;
+printf("-Propagation constant = %f * 10^-4 + j(%f) * 10^-3 per km",fix(E*100)/100,fix(F*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce b/1109/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..564889939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=50;r=5*(10^-3);x=.5;y=3;z=4.5;t=6;s=5;
+r1=0.7788*r; //r1=GMR
+Dab=round(sqrt((y^2)+(x^2))*1000)/1000;
+Dab1=round(sqrt((y^2)+(s^2))*1000)/1000;
+Daa=sqrt((t^2)+(z^2));
+Dab2=Dab;
+Dab3=Dab1;
+dab=round(nthroot((Dab1*Dab3*Dab*Dab2),4)*100)/100;
+dca=fix(nthroot((t*t*z*z),4)*100)/100;
+ds1=nthroot((r1*r1*7.5*7.5),4);
+ds2=nthroot((r1*r1*5.5*5.5),4);
+ds3=ds1;
+ds=round(nthroot((ds1*ds2*ds3),3)*1000)/1000;
+La=fix(0.4606*log10(dca/ds)*100)/100;
+X=2*3*f*La*10^-3;
+printf("Inductive reactance = %f ohm/km/phase",X);
diff --git a/1109/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce b/1109/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..58029d05f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+dia=2*(10^-2);f=50;d=3.5;
+r=dia/2;
+Cab=0.01207/(log10(d/r))*(10^-6);
+Xc=1/(2*%pi*f*Cab);
+Bc=(1/Xc)*10^6;
+printf("Capacitive susceptance per km = %f * 10^-6 mho/km",round(Bc*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce b/1109/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0f37e3bea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+dia=2*(10^-2);f=50;d1=3.5;V=66000;
+r=dia/2;
+Cn1=0.02414/(log10(d1/r))*(10^-6);
+printf("(a)Capacitance per km = %f microfarads/km,to neutral\n",fix(Cn1*(10^6)*10^5)/10^5);
+Vn=V/sqrt(3);
+Ic1=Vn*2*%pi*f*Cn1;
+printf("\tCharging current = %f mA/km\n",fix(Ic1*(10^3)*10)/10);
+d1=3.5;d2=4.5;d3=5.5;
+Deq=nthroot(d1*d2*d3,3);
+Cn2=0.02414/(log10(Deq/r))*(10^-6);
+printf("(b)Capacitance per km =%f microfarads/km,to neutral\n",fix(Cn2*(10^6)*10^5)/10^5);
+Ic2=Vn*2*%pi*f*Cn2;
+printf("\tCharging current = %f mA/km",round(Ic2*(10^3)));
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c483cd853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=28;C=0.04*(10^-6);G=0;L=0;f=1600;s=2000;r=3.7;l=88*(10^-3);
+Rc=R+(r/(s*(10^-3)));
+Lc=L+(l/(s*(10^-3)));
+Fc=1/(%pi*(sqrt(Lc*C)));
+printf("-Cutoff frequency = %f Hz\n",round(Fc));
+w=2*%pi*f;
+a=sqrt(w*C*R/2);
+al=((Rc/2)*sqrt(C/Lc))+((G/2)*sqrt(Lc/C));
+A=(a-al)*8.686;
+printf("-Decrease in attenuation = %f db/km",round(A*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e95edaf3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+a=0.005;f=1000;al=0.05;att=10 //att=given attenuation in db
+lo=att/(a*8.686);
+printf("-For the open wire line the required length is lo = %f km\n",round(lo*10)/10);
+lc=att/(al*8.686);
+printf("-For the cable the required length is lc = %f km",fix(lc*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7d40d322a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=20;C=0.03*(10^-6);L=0;G=0;r=18.2;l=78*(10^-3);d=2.1;f=3000/(2*%pi);
+Rc=R+(r/d);
+Lc=L+(l/d);
+Fc=1/(%pi*(sqrt(Lc*C*d)));
+printf("(i)Cutoff frequency = %f kHz\n",round(Fc*(10^-3)*100)/100);
+al=((Rc/2)*sqrt(C/Lc))+((G/2)*sqrt(Lc/C));
+printf("(ii)Attenuation per km = %f neper/km\n",fix(al*10000)/10000);
+Vp1=(1/(sqrt(Lc*C)))*10^-4;
+printf("(iii)Phase velocity = %f * 10^4 km/sec",fix(Vp1*1000)/1000);
+//the difference in result of attenuation per km and phase velocity is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of attenuation per km and phase velocity is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0e73484c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=80;C=0.06*(10^-6);L=0;G=0;f=2500;al=0.04;ratio=40;
+fc=2*f;
+//ratio=ratio off resistance to inductance of loading coil
+A=2/(3.14*3.14*C*4*f*f); //A=Lc*d
+B=al/(%pi*f*1.414*C/2);
+C=%pi*f*1.414*C/2;
+y=poly([ratio*C*100*A -al*100 80*100*C],"x","coeff");
+a=roots(y);
+b=round(a(1,1)*100)/100;
+Lo=round((A/b)*1000)/1000;
+printf("Adding %f Henry coils at intervals of %f km is the practical and economically possible solution.",Lo,b)
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3edb528dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+B=3000; //B=band width
+D=30; //D=ratio of signal power to noise power in db
+P=10^(D/10); // P=converting D into a numerical ratio
+A=fix(log2(1+P)*100)/100
+C=B*A;
+printf("Rate of transmission of information = %f bits/sec",C);
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..927ab09a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=55;L=0.6*(10^-3);G=1*(10^-6);C=0.04*(10^-6);f=800;r=8;l=0.1;d=2.5; //value of l(loading coil inductance) as taken in solution
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=round(R+(%i*w*L));
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+P=round(sqrt(Z*Y)*10^4)/10^4;
+Zc=r+(%i*w*l);
+A=fix(((cosh(P*d))+(Zc*(sinh(P*d))/(2*Zo)))*10^3)/10^3;
+Pl=(acosh(A))/d;
+al=real(Pl);
+bl=imag(Pl);
+printf("New value of attenuation constant = %f neper/km\n",round(al*100)/100);
+printf(" New value of phase constant = %f rad/km\n",round(bl*1000)/1000);
+Lc=L+(l/(d*10^3));
+Fc=1/(3.14*(sqrt(Lc*C*d)));
+printf(" Cutoff frequency = %f * 10^4 Hz",round(Fc*10^-2)/10^2);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.15/5_15.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.15/5_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..aa97a599e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.15/5_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=10;C=0.008*(10^-6);l=60; //value of R as taken in solution
+Rt=R*l; //Rt=total resistannce
+Ct=C*l; //Ct=total capacitance
+f=1600 //assupmtion
+w=2*%pi*f;
+b=sqrt(f*Rt*Ct/2);
+lo=2*%pi/b;
+printf("Wavelength of line = %f metres",fix(lo*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.16/5_16.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.16/5_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e892fec45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.16/5_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=45;L=1.2*(10^-3);G=5*(10^-6);C=0.065*(10^-6);w=20000;l=22*(10^-3);s=1.1;
+pf=0.005//pf=power factor //value of pf as taken in solution
+r=pf*w*L;
+Rc=R+(r/s);
+Lc=L+(l/s);
+P=sqrt((Rc+(%i*w*Lc))*(G+(%i*w*C)));
+theta=round(atan(imag(P),real(P))*180/%pi);
+a=abs(P)*cos(theta*%pi/180);
+printf("Attenuation constant of line = %f neper/km",fix(a*10^4)/10^4);
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4f5798dd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+l=100;R=10;G=10^-5;Vs=40;Zr=0;
+Zo=sqrt(R/G);
+P=sqrt(R*G);
+Zin=Zo*(Zr+(Zo*tanh(P*l)))/(Zo+(Zr*tanh(P*l)));
+Is=Vs/Zin;
+V=(Vs*(cosh(P*l)))-(Is*Zo*(sinh(P*l)));
+Vm=2*V;
+printf("Potential at mid point = %f volts",Vm);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e155e846d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=10.15;L=3.93*(10^-3);G=0.29*(10^-6);C=0.008*(10^-6);w=5000;r=7.3;l=246*(10^-3);
+s=7.88;
+Rc=R+(r/s);
+Lc=L+(l/s);
+al=((Rc/2)*sqrt(C/Lc))+((G/2)*sqrt(Lc/C));
+printf("-a = %f neper/km\n",round(al*10000)/10000);
+b=w*(sqrt(Lc*C));
+printf("-b = %f radians/km\n",round(b*10^4)/10^4);
+lo=2*%pi/b; //lo=lambda
+printf("-lo = %f km\n",round(lo*100)/100);
+Vp=(w/b)*10^-4;
+printf("-Vp = %f * 10^4 km/sec\n",round(Vp*100)/100);
+Zo=(sqrt(Lc/C))*10^-3;
+printf("-Zo = %f * 10^3 ohms",fix(Zo*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c7ecdceab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=10.4;L=3.67*(10^-3);G=0.8*(10^-6);C=0.00835*(10^-6);w=5000;r=7.3;l=246*(10^-3);
+s=7.88;
+Rc=R+(r/s);
+Lc=L+(l/s);
+Z=fix((Rc+(%i*w*Lc))*100)/100;
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+Zo=sqrt(Z/Y);
+A=real(Zo);
+B=imag(Zo);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+a=real(P);
+b=imag(P);
+Vp=w/b;
+phi=(round(atan(imag(Z),real(Z))*180*10/%pi)/10)-round(atan(imag(Y),real(Y))*180*10/%pi)/10;
+printf("(i)Using exact method Zo = %f /_ %f ohms\n",round(abs(Zo)),phi);
+printf("\t\t\ta = %f neper/km\n",round(a*10^4)/10^4);
+printf("\t\t\tVp = %f * 10^4 km/sec\n",round(Vp*10^-2)/10^2);
+Zo1=sqrt(Lc/C);
+printf("(ii)Using approximate methos Zo = %f ohms\n",round(Zo1));
+al=((Rc/2)*sqrt(C/Lc))+((G/2)*sqrt(Lc/C));
+printf("\t\t\ta = %f neper/km\n",round(al*10^5)/10^5);
+b1=w*(sqrt(Lc*C));
+Vp1=1/(sqrt(Lc*C));
+printf("\t\t\tVp = %f * 10^4 km/sec",round(Vp1*10^-2)/10^2);
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7994fd8c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=10;C=0.04*(10^-6);L=0;G=0;f=1000;l=100*(10^-3);r=12;d=0.9;
+w=2*%pi*f;
+a=sqrt(w*C*R/2);
+b=sqrt(w*C*R/2);
+Vp=(w/b)*10^-5;
+printf("-Phase velocity before loading = %f * 10^5 km/sec\n",fix(Vp*10)/10);
+Rc=R+(r/d);
+Lc=L+(l/d);
+al=((Rc/2)*sqrt(C/Lc))+((G/2)*sqrt(Lc/C));
+Vpl=(1/(sqrt(Lc*C)))*10^-4;
+printf("-Phase velocity after loading = %f * 10^4 km/sec\n",Vpl);
+A=a-al;
+printf("-Decrease in attenuation = %f neper/km\n",round(A*10000)/10000);
+Fc=1/(%pi*(sqrt(Lc*C*d)));
+printf("-Cutoff frequency = %f kHz",round(Fc*(10^-3)*1000)/1000);
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d881ddde2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=40;C=0.06*(10^-6);L=0;G=0;r=15;l=80*(10^-3);d=1.2;f=(5/(2*%pi))*10^3;
+Rc=R+(r/d);
+Lc=L+(l/d)
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=Rc+(%i*w*Lc);
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+a=real(P);
+printf("(a)Attenuation constant a = %f neper/km\n",round(a*1000)/1000);
+Fc=1/(%pi*(sqrt(l*C*d)));
+printf("(b)Cutoff frequency = %f kHz",round(Fc*(10^-3)*1000)/1000);
+
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..95c8a7ec3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=25;C=0.04*(10^-6);L=0.6*(10^-3);G=0;l=45*(10^-3);r=20;d=1;f=1000;
+Rc=R+(r/d);
+Lc=L+(l/d)
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=Rc+(%i*w*Lc);
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+a=real(P);
+printf("-Attenuation per km line = %f neper/km\n",round(a*10^5)/10^5);
+Fc=1/(%pi*(sqrt(Lc*C*d)));
+printf("-Highest frequency of transmission will be cutoff frequency = %f kHz",round(Fc*(10^-3)*10^3)/10^3);
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6c98995b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=42.1;L=1*(10^-3);G=1.5*(10^-6);C=0.062*(10^-6);f=796;r=2.7;l=31*(10^-3);
+d=1.135;
+Rc=R+(r/d);
+Lc=round((L+(l/d))*1000)/1000;
+Zo=sqrt(Lc/C);
+printf("-Zo after loading = %f ohms\n",round(Zo));
+al=((Rc/2)*sqrt(C/Lc))+((G/2)*sqrt(Lc/C));
+printf("-a after loading = %f neper/km\n",round(al*10^4)/10^4);
+Vp=1/(sqrt(Lc*C));
+printf("-Approximate value of Vp = %f km/sec",fix(Vp));
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..197d8696e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=30;L=0;G=0;C=7000*(10^-12);f=3/(2*%pi)*(10^3);r=35;l=70*(10^-3);
+d=1;
+Rc=R+(r/d);
+Lc=L+(l/d);
+Fc=1/(%pi*(sqrt(Lc*C*d)));
+printf("-Approximate value of highest frequency = %f kHz\n",round(Fc*(10^-3)*100)/100);
+al=((Rc/2)*sqrt(C/Lc))+((G/2)*sqrt(Lc/C));
+printf("-Approximate value of attenuation per km after = %f neper/km",round(al*10^4)/10^4);
diff --git a/1109/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce b/1109/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..01d0da449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=44;L=0.001;G=1*(10^-6);C=0.065*(10^-6);f=1600;r=3.7;l=88*(10^-3);
+d=1.136;
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Rc=R+(r/d);
+Lc=L+(l/d);
+Zo=sqrt(Lc/C);
+printf("-Approximate value of Zo = %f ohms\n",round(Zo*100)/100);
+al=(((Rc/2)*sqrt(C/Lc))+((G/2)*sqrt(Lc/C)))*8.686;
+printf("-Approximate value of a = %f db/km\n",fix(al*1000)/1000);
+b=w*(sqrt(Lc*C));
+printf("-Approximate value of b = %f radians/km",fix(b*1000)/1000);
+//the difference in result of Zo is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of Zo is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3090e550d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=200*(10^6);s=4.48;ymin=6;Zo=300; //s=standing wave ratio
+lo=300/(f*(10^-6)); //where f is in megahertz ,lo=wavelength of wave in air
+b=2*%pi/lo;
+phi=(2*b*ymin*(10^-2))-%pi;
+ampK=(s-1)/(s+1); //ampK=amplitude of the reflection coefficient
+K=ampK*(exp(%i*phi));
+A=real(K);
+B=imag(K);
+printf("-Complex reflection coefficient= %f /_ %f\n",round(abs(K)*1000)/1000,round(atan(B,A)*180/%pi));
+ZR=(Zo*(1+K))/(1-K);
+C=real(ZR);
+D=imag(ZR);
+printf("-Terminating impedance of line = %f /_ %f ohms",abs(ZR),round(atan(D,C)*180*10/%pi)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b66ac1ad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+ZR=100;Zo=600;f=100*(10^6);
+lo=300/(f*(10^-6)); //lo=wavelength
+Ls=(lo/(2*%pi))*(atan(sqrt(ZR/Zo)));
+printf("-Point of attachment = %f cms\n",round(Ls*(10^2)*10)/10)
+Lt=(lo/(2*%pi))*(%pi+(atan((sqrt(ZR*Zo))/(ZR-Zo))));
+printf("-Length of the short circuited stub = %f cms",round(Lt*(10^2)));
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..13584b091
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=10^9;K=0.5*exp(%i*(30)/(180/%pi));
+lo=300/(f*(10^-6)); //lo=wavelength
+ampK=abs(K);
+phi=atan(imag(K)/real(K));
+Ls=(lo/(4*%pi))*(phi+%pi-acos(ampK));
+printf("-Position of stub = %f cm\n",Ls*(10^2));
+Lt=(lo/(2*%pi))*(atan(sqrt(1-(ampK*ampK)))/(2*ampK));
+printf("-Length of the stub = %f cm",round(Lt*(10^2)*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..be458485e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=400;ZR=200-(%i*100);lo=3; //lo=wavelength
+//value os Zo as taken in solution
+K=(ZR-Zo)/(ZR+Zo);
+ampK=abs(K);
+phi=%pi + atan(imag(K)/real(K));
+Ls=(lo/(4*%pi))*(phi+%pi-acos(ampK));
+printf("Shortest distance from the lead to the stub location = %f metres\n",round(Ls*100)/100);
+Lt=(lo/(2*%pi))*(atan(sqrt(1-(ampK*ampK)))/(2*ampK));
+printf("Length of the short circuited stub = %f metres",fix(Lt*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..63602f4de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+ZR=300;s=9;d=0.1
+r=d/2;
+Zof=276*log10(s/r);
+Zoq=sqrt(ZR*Zof);
+do=(s*2)/10^(Zoq/276);
+printf("Diameter of wire used = %f cm",fix(do*10)/10);
+
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8516978b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zin=36;Zt=500;f=40;x=0.97
+Zo=sqrt(Zin*Zt);
+A=10^(Zo/276);
+lo=300/f;
+l1=lo*x/4;
+printf("-The characteristic impedance of the transmission line = %f ohms\n",round(Zo));
+printf("-The spacing between the conductors shud be %f times the radius of the conductor\n",round(A));
+printf("-The length of the quarter wavelength transformer must be %f metres",round(l1*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.19/6_19.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.19/6_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d744f7e3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.19/6_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+f=150;S=4.48;Ymin=6*(10^-2);
+lo=300/(f); //lo=wavelength
+b=(2*%pi)/lo;
+phi=round(((2*b*Ymin)-%pi)*100)/100;
+phi1=-phi;
+ampK=round(((S-1)/(S+1))*10)/10;
+Ls=(lo/(4*%pi))*(phi1+%pi-round(acos(ampK)));
+printf("Point of attachment = %f cm\n",round(Ls*(10^4))/100);
+Lt=(lo/(2*%pi))*(atan(sqrt(1+(ampK*ampK)))/(2*ampK));
+printf("Length of the stub = %f cm",round(Lt*(10^4))/100);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c336e4544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=75;s=3;d=1/5;
+B=2*%pi*d; //B=b*ymax where ymax=position of the current maxima which is 1/5th wavelength away from the load(here)
+phi=2*B;
+ampK=(s-1)/(s+1); //ampK=amplitude of the reflection coefficient
+K=ampK*(exp(%i*phi));
+ZR=round(((Zo*(1+K))*100)/100)/(round((1-K)*1000)/1000);
+C=real(ZR);
+D=imag(ZR);
+printf("Load impedance = %f /_ %f ohms",round(abs(ZR)*10)/10,round(atan(imag(ZR),real(ZR))*180*100/%pi)/100);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.20/6_20.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.20/6_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6d176fa3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.20/6_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+s=3.3;Zo=300;l=15;
+ampK=round(((s-1)/(s+1))*100)/100;
+Zr=Zo*(1+ampK)/(1-ampK);
+printf("-Terminated impedance = %f ohms\n",fix(Zr));
+lo=(2*2*%pi*l*(10^-2))/%pi; //lo=wavelength
+f=300/lo;
+printf("-Frequency = %f MHz",f);
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.21/6_21.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.21/6_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..56258948c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.21/6_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Ymin=18*(10^-2);S=2.5;dmin=20*(10^-2);l=52*(10^-2);Zo=300;
+//dmin=distance betweeen adjacent voltage minimas
+ampK=round(((S-1)/(S+1))*100)/100;
+ZR=fix(Zo*(1+ampK)/(1-ampK));
+printf("Input impedance = %f ohms\n",ZR);
+lo=2*dmin; //lo=wavelength
+b=(2*%pi)/lo;
+phi=(2*b*Ymin)-%pi;
+theta=-fix((phi-(2*b*l)));
+Zm=Zo*(round((1+(ampK*exp(%i*theta)))*100)/100)/(round((1-(ampK*exp(%i*theta)))*100)/100);
+printf("Load impedance = %f + j(%f) ohms",round(real(Zm*100))/100,round(imag(Zm*100))/100);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fde3ac15b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=50;f=300*(10^6);ZR=50+(%i*50);
+lo=300/(f*(10^-6)); //where f is in megahertz ,lo=wavelength of wave in air
+K=(ZR-Zo)/(ZR+Zo);
+ampK=sqrt((real(K)^2)+(imag(K)^2));
+S=(1+ampK)/(1-ampK);
+printf("-VSWR = %f\n",round(S*100)/100);
+phi=atan(imag(K)/real(K));
+ymax=phi*lo/(2*2*%pi);
+ymin=ymax+(lo/4);
+printf("-Position of voltage minimum nearest load = %f metres",round(ymin*10000)/10000);
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..41615924c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Zo=400;ZRa=70,ZRb=800;ZRc=650-(%i*475);
+Ka=(ZRa-Zo)/(ZRa+Zo);
+ampKa=sqrt((real(Ka)^2)+(imag(Ka)^2));
+Sa=(1+ampKa)/(1-ampKa);
+printf("(a)Standing wave ratio = %f\n",round(Sa*100)/100);
+Kb=(ZRb-Zo)/(ZRb+Zo);
+ampKb=sqrt((real(Kb)^2)+(imag(Kb)^2));
+Sb=(1+ampKb)/(1-ampKb);
+printf("(b)Standing wave ratio = %f\n",Sb);
+Kc=(ZRc-Zo)/(ZRc+Zo);
+ampKc=sqrt((real(Kc)^2)+(imag(Kc)^2));
+Sc=(1+ampKc)/(1-ampKc);
+printf("(c)Standing wave ratio = %f",round(Sc*1000)/1000);
diff --git a/1109/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/1109/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a373b7a6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+s=2;f=300*(10^6);lo=1;ymin=0.8; //lo=wavelength
+ampK=(s-1)/(s+1);
+b=2*%pi/lo;
+phi=(2*b*ymin)-%pi;
+K=ampK*(exp(%i*phi));
+Zr=(1+K)/(1-K);
+A=real(Zr);
+B=imag(Zr);
+printf("Value of load impedance = %f /_ %f ohms",round(abs(Zr)*10)/10,fix(atan(B,A)*180*100/%pi)/100);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/1109/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fc209b00a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+c=3*(10^8);
+f=3000*(10^8);
+lo=c/f;
+l=lo*(10^4);
+m=1;n=0;a=7.62;
+lc=2*a;
+printf("-Critical wavelength = %f cm\n",lc);
+lg=sqrt((l*l*lc*lc)/((lc*lc)-(l*l)));
+printf("-Guide wavelength = %f cm",round(lg*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/1109/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ca67d4dc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;
+clc
+a=3;
+lc=2*a;
+Zs=500;n=377;c=3*(10^8);
+lo=sqrt(1-((n/Zs)^2))*lc;
+f=c/lo;
+f1=f/(10^7);
+printf("Frequency of dominant mode = %f GHz",round(f1*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce b/1109/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d4d09bbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear;
+clc
+a=4.5;b=3;f=9*(10^9);c=3*(10^8);n=377
+lo=c/f;
+l=lo*(10^2);
+lc=2*a;
+printf("(i)Cutoff wavelegth = %f cm\n",lc);
+lg=l /(sqrt(1-((l/lc)^2)));
+printf("(ii)Guide wavelength = %f cm\n",fix(lg*100)/100);
+Vp=(lg/l)*c*10^-8;
+printf("(iii)Phase velocity = %f * 10^8 m/sec\n",fix(Vp*100)/100);
+Vg=(l/lg)*c*10^-8;
+printf(" Group velocity = %f * 10^8 m/sec\n",round(Vg*100)/100);
+Z=n/(sqrt(1-((l/lc)^2)));
+printf("(iv)Characteristic impedance = %f ohm",fix(Z));
diff --git a/1109/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/1109/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2aba53675
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+a=1;c=3*(10^8);f=(10^9);d=25;
+lc=2*a;
+lo=c/f;
+l=lo/(10^2);
+att=(54.55/lc)*d;
+printf("Total attenuation = %f db",round(att*100)/100);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce b/1109/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e865671b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+c=3*(10^8);f=3000*(10^6);a=.0722;
+lo=c/f;
+lc=2*a;
+lg=lo/(sqrt(1-((lo/lc)^2)));
+Vp=(lg/lo)*c*10^-8;
+printf("-Phase velocity Vp = %f * 10^8 m/sec\n",round(Vp*10)/10);
+Vg=(lo/lg)*c*10^-8;
+printf("-Group velocity Vg = %f * 10^8 m/sec\n",round(Vg*10)/10);
+b=(2*%pi)/lg;
+printf("-Phase constant = %f radians/m",round(b));
diff --git a/1109/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce b/1109/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..99ed38e6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc
+d=5;c=3*(10^8);
+lo=1.706*d;
+f=c/lo;
+ff=f/(10^7);
+printf("(i)Cutoff frequency for TE11 = %f GHz\n",round(ff*100)/100);
+l=1.306*d;
+fc=c/l;
+ffc=fc/(10^7);
+printf("(ii)Cutoff frequency for TE01 = %f GHz",round(ffc*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce b/1109/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..57e39e6a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+c=3*(10^8);f=8*(10^9);r=2.5;h=1.84;n=377;
+l=c/f;
+lo=l*(10^2);
+lc=2*%pi*r/h;
+printf("-Cutoff wavelength = %f cm\n",round(lc*100)/100);
+lp=lo/(sqrt(1-((lo/lc)^2)));
+printf("-Guide wavelength = %f cm\n",round(lp*100)/100);
+Zo=n/(sqrt(1-((lo/lc)^2)));
+printf("-Characteristic wave impedance = %f ohm",fix(Zo*10)/10);
diff --git a/1109/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/1109/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..eb463b1d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+K=0.5*exp(%i*(30)/(180/%pi));
+Zo=100;
+Zl=Zo*(1+K)/(1-K);
+A=real(Zl);
+B=imag(Zl);
+printf("Load impedance = %f /_ %f ohms",fix(abs(Zl)),round(atan(B,A)*180/%pi));
diff --git a/1109/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/1109/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..46a7888b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+P1=67;P2=30;
+L=10*log10(P1/P2);
+printf("Insertion loss = %f db",fix(L*100)/100);
diff --git a/1109/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/1109/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e2bfb2ce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+S=2;
+Lr=10*log10(((S+1)^2)/(4*S));
+Ld=10*log10((S+1)/(S-1));
+L=Ld+Lr;
+printf("Insertion loss = %f db",round(L*100)/100);
+//the difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce b/1109/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e4921f382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=10.4;L=3.67*(10^-3);G=0.8*(10^-6);C=0.00835*(10^-6);bmax=0.1;
+f=5.5*(10^3); //artificial line will be designed fr highest frequecy of operation
+w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+b=imag(P);
+l=bmax/b;
+Zs=Z*l/2;
+Zsh=1/(Y*l);
+Zr=Y*l;
+R1=real(Zs);
+printf("-R1/2 = %f ohms\n",round(R1*10)/10);
+L1=imag(Zs)/w;
+printf("-L1/2 = %f mH\n",fix(L1*(10^3)*100)/100);
+C2=imag(Zr)/w;
+printf("-C2 = %f microfarads\n",fix(C2*(10^6)*10^4)/10^4);
+G2=real(Zr);
+R2=1/(round(G2*10^6*10)/10);
+printf("-R2 = %f m ohms",R2);
diff --git a/1109/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce b/1109/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bc41feb3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=16.64;L=5.87*(10^-3);G=1.28*(10^-6);C=0.0134*(10^-6);bmax=0.1;f2=5500;f1=30;
+w=2*%pi*f2;
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+P=fix(sqrt(Z*Y)*10^4)/10^4;
+a=-f1*((-3*real(P)*real(P)*imag(P))-((imag(P))^3))/24;
+a1=round(a*1000)/1000;
+v=sqrt(bmax/a1);
+l=f1/v;
+R1=R*f1/(2*l);
+L1=L*f1*10^3/(2*l);
+C1=C*f1*10^6/l;
+G1=G*f1/l;
+Rg=1/G1;
+printf("The elements of the artificial line are:\n");
+printf(" R/2 = %f ohms\n",fix(R1*100)/100);
+printf(" L/2 = %f mH\n",fix(L1*100)/100);
+printf(" C = %f microfarads\n",fix(C1*1000)/1000);
+printf(" Rg = %f k ohms\n",round((Rg*0.1)/100));
diff --git a/1109/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce b/1109/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..06b88da6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+Ro=500;Td=1*(10^-6);Tr=0.3*(10^-6);
+n=1.1*((Td/Tr)^(3/2));
+N=round(n);
+printf("-Number of T-sections required = %f\n",N);
+C=Td/(1.07*N*Ro);
+printf("-C = %f microfarads\n",C*(10^6));
+L=(Ro*Td)/(1.07*n);
+printf("-L = %f mH",L*(10^3));
+//the difference in result of L is due to erroneous value in textbook.
+disp("The difference in result of L is due to erroneous value in textbook")
diff --git a/1109/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce b/1109/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c9520281e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1109/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+R=10.4;L=3.66*(10^-3);G=0.8*(10^-6);C=0.00835*(10^-6);bmax=0.1;s=7.88;f=5000;w=2*%pi*f;
+Z=R+(%i*w*L);
+Y=G+(%i*w*C);
+P=sqrt(Z*Y);
+b=imag(P);
+lmax=bmax/b;
+l=s/20; //l<lmax
+Zs=Z*l/2;
+Zsh=1/(Y*l);
+Zr=Y*l;
+R1=real(Zs);
+printf("-R1 = %f ohms\n",round(R1*100)/100);
+L1=imag(Zs)/w;
+printf("-L1 = %f mH\n",round(L1*(10^3)*100)/100);
+C2=imag(Zr)/w;
+printf("-C2 = %f microfarads\n",C2*(10^6));
+G2=real(Zr);
+printf("-G2 = %f micromhos",G2*(10^6));