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| author | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
| commit | b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch) | |
| tree | ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /991 | |
| download | Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.gz Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.bz2 Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.zip | |
initial commit / add all books
Diffstat (limited to '991')
212 files changed, 3983 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/991/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce b/991/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bb4abe94e --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 1.1.
+format(6)
+epsilon=8.854*10^-12
+h=6.62*10^-34 //planck's constant
+m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron
+q=1.6*10^-19 //charge of electron
+for n=1
+r1=(epsilon*(h^2)*(n^2))/(%pi*m*(q^2)) //radius of 1st orbit for hydrogen
+x1=r1*10^10 // in A.U
+disp(x1,"r1(A.U)=")
+end
+for n=2
+r2=(epsilon*(h^2)*(n^2))/(%pi*m*(q^2)) //radius of 2st orbit for hydrogen
+x2=r2*10^10 // in A.U
+disp(x2,"r2(meters)=")
+end
+for n=3
+r3=(epsilon*(h^2)*(n^2))/(%pi*m*(q^2)) //radius of 3st orbit for hydrogen
+x3=r3*10^10 // in A.U
+disp(x3,"r3(meters)=")
+end
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce b/991/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..36635ff35 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1.2.
+format(7)
+E1=-13.6; //energy of 10th state
+E10=-13.6/10^2; //enery in the ground state
+lamda=12400/(E10-E1); //wavelength of emitted photon
+disp("The wavelength in Armstrong units is given by, lamda = 12400 / E2-E1")
+disp("Since the hydrogen atoms goes from n=10 state to the ground state, lamda = 12400 / E10-E1")
+disp("The energy of the 10th state is E10 = -13.6 / 10^2 = -0.136 eV")
+disp("The energy in the ground state is E1 = -13.6 eV")
+disp(lamda,"Wavelenth of the emitted photon is(Armstrong) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH1/EX1.3/Example1_3.sce b/991/CH1/EX1.3/Example1_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..988640dfa --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH1/EX1.3/Example1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 1.3.
+format(6)
+Einfinity=0 //energy of electron at infinite orbit
+E2=-13.6/2^2 //energy of electron at second orbit
+wavelength=12400/(Einfinity-E2) //wavelength limit
+disp("Wavelength of the Balmer series limit = 12400 / Einfinity-E2")
+disp("Energy of the electron at the infinity orbit, Einfinity = -13.6 / infinity^2 = 0")
+disp("Energy of the electron at the second orbit, E2 = -13.6 / 2^2 = -3.4")
+disp(wavelength,"the wavelength limit(A.U) = 12400 / Einfinity-E2 =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce b/991/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0cb977309 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +//Example 10.1. refer fig.10.8.
+clc
+format(6)
+hie=1600
+hfe=60
+hre=5*10^-4
+hoe=25*10^-6
+hic=1600
+hfc=-61
+hrc=1
+hoc=25*10^-6
+disp("The AC equivalent circuit of the CE-CC amplifier is shown in fig.10.9(a)")
+disp("The Second Stage :")
+disp("Current gain :")
+disp("The current gain of a particular stage is given by")
+disp(" AI = -hf / (1 + ho*ZL)")
+disp("For the second stage ZL = RE2 and the current gain of the second stage is")
+RE2=4000
+AI2=-hfc/(1+(hoc*RE2))
+disp(AI2," AI2 = -Ie2 / Ib2 = -hfc / (hoc*RE2) =")
+disp("The input impedance Ri of a particular stage is given by")
+disp(" Ri = hi + hf*AI*ZL")
+disp("For the second stage,")
+Ri2 = hic + (hrc*AI2*RE2)
+Ri22=Ri2*10^-3
+disp(Ri22," Ri2(k-ohm) = hic + (hrc*AI2*RE2) =")
+disp("Thus, the CC stage has a high input impedance.")
+disp("The voltage gain of a particular stage is")
+disp(" AV = (AI*ZL) / Zi")
+disp("For the second stage,")
+Re2=4000
+AV2=(AI2*Re2)/Ri2
+disp(AV2," AV2 = Vo/V2 = (AI2*Re2) / Ri2")
+disp("The First Stage :")
+RC1=4000
+format(5)
+RL1=(RC1*Ri2)/(RC1+Ri2)
+RL11=RL1*10^-3
+disp(RL11," RL1(k-ohm) = RC1 || Ri2 =")
+disp("Current gain,")
+AI1= -hfe/(1+(hoe*RL1))
+disp(AI1," AI1 = -IC1/Ib1 = -hfe/(1+(hoe*RL1)) =")
+disp("The input impedance of the first stage, which is also the input impedance of the cascaded amplifier is")
+Ri1=hie +(hre*AI1*RL1) // answer in textbook is wrong
+Ri11=Ri1*10^-3
+disp(Ri11," Ri1(k-ohm) = hie + hre*AI1*RL1 =")
+disp("The voltage gain of the first stage is")
+format(7)
+AV1=(AI1*RL1)/Ri1 // answer in textbook is wrong
+disp(AV1," AV1 = V2/V1 = (AI1*RL1) / Ri1 =")
+disp("The output admittance of the first transistor Q1")
+RS=600
+format(5)
+Yo1=hoe-((hfe*hre)/(hie+RS))
+Yo0=Yo1*10^6
+disp(Yo0," Yo1(uA/V) = hoe - ((hfe*hre) / (hie+RS)) =")
+disp("The output impedance of the first stage")
+format(6)
+Ro1=1/Yo1
+Ro0=Ro1*10^-3
+disp(Ro0," Ro1(k-ohm) = 1 / Yo1 =")
+disp("The output impedance taking RC1 into account is")
+format(5)
+Rot1=(Ro1*RC1)/(Ro1+RC1)
+Rott=Rot1*10^-3
+disp(Rott," Rot1(k-ohm) = Ro1 || RC1 =")
+disp("This is the effective source resistance RS2 of the second stage")
+disp("The output admittance of the second stage")
+format(7)
+Yo2=hoc-((hfc*hrc)/(hic+Rot1))
+disp(Yo2," Yo2(A/V) = hoc-((hfc*hrc) / (hic+Rot1)) =")
+disp("Output impedance,")
+format(4)
+RO2=1/(11.525*10^-3)
+disp(RO2," RO2(ohm) = 1 / Yo2 =")
+disp("The amplifier output impedance taking RE2 into account is RO2 || RE2")
+format(6)
+Ro2=(87*4000)/(87+4000)
+disp(Ro2,"Hence, Ro2(ohm) = (RO2*RE2) / (RO2+RE2) =")
+disp("Overall current gain :")
+disp("The output or total current gain of both the stages is")
+disp(" AI = -Ie2 / Ib1 = (-Ie2/Ib2)(Ib2/IC1)(IC1/Ib1)")
+disp(" = -AI2*(Ib2/Ic1)*AI1")
+disp("From fig.10.9(b),")
+disp(" Ib2 = (-IC1)(Rc1 / Rc1+Ri2)")
+Rc1=4000
+format(7)
+x=(-Rc1)/ (Rc1+Ri2)
+disp(x," Ib2/Ic1 = -Rc1/ Rc1+Ri2 =")
+format(6)
+AI=-AI2*x*AI1
+disp(AI," AI = -AI2*AI1*(Rc1 / Ri2+Rc1) =")
+disp("The overall voltage gain of the amplifier,")
+disp(" AV = Vo / V1 = (Vo/V2)(V2/V1)")
+AV=AV2*AV1
+disp(AV," AV = AV2*AV1 =") // answer in textbook is wrong
+disp("The overall voltage gain taking the source impedance into account,")
+format(4)
+AVs=AV*(Ri1/(Ri1+RS))
+disp(AVs," AVs = Vo/Vs = Av(Ri1 / Ri1+Rs) =") // answer in textbook is wrong
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce b/991/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fa693ab3c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Example 10.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+hfe=50
+hie=1200
+hoe=30*10^-6
+hre=2.5*10^-4
+RC=5*10^3
+C=160*10^-12
+CC=6*10^-6
+R1=100*10^3
+R2=10*10^3
+gm=50*10^-3
+Ro=1/hoe
+x1=(Ro*10^-3)
+disp(x1,"Ro(k-ohm) = 1/hoe =")
+format(4)
+RB=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)
+x2=RB*10^-3
+disp(x2,"RB(k-ohm) = R1 || R2 =")
+Ri=hie
+x3=Ri*10^-3
+disp(x3,"Ri(k-ohm) = hie =")
+format(5)
+R_C=(RC*Ro)/(RC+Ro)
+x4=R_C*10^-3
+disp(x4,"RC''(k-ohm) = RC || Ro =")
+format(4)
+R_i=(RB*Ri)/(RB+Ri)
+x6=R_i*10^-3
+disp(x6,"Ri''(k-ohm) = RB || Ri =")
+format(5)
+R_ci=(R_C*R_i)/(R_C+R_i)
+x7=R_ci*10^-3
+disp(x7,"Rci'' = Rc'' || Ri'' =")
+rbe=hfe/gm
+disp(rbe,"rbe(ohm) = hfe / gm =")
+disp("(a) Mid-band current gain,")
+AIm=(-50*4.35*10^3)/((4.35*10^3)+(1.1*10^3))
+disp(AIm,"AIm = (-hfe*R''C) / (RC''+Ri'') =")
+disp("(b) Mid-band voltage gain,")
+format(6)
+AVm=(-50)*((0.87*10^3)/(1.2*10^3))
+disp(AVm,"AVm = (-hfe) * (Rcid/hie) =")
+disp("(c) Lower 3dB frequency,")
+format(5)
+fL=1/(2*%pi*6*10^-6*(5.45*10^3))
+disp(fL,"fL(Hz) = 1 / (2*%pi*CC*(R_C+R_i)) =")
+disp("Higher 3dB frequency,")
+format(6)
+fH=1/(2*%pi*C*rbe)
+x8=fH*10^-3
+disp(x8,"fH(kHz) = 1 / (2*%pi*C*rbe) =") // answer in textbook is wrong
+disp("(d) Voltage gain x bandwidth")
+y=abs(AVm*fH)
+x9=(y*10^-6)
+disp(x9,"|AVmfH| =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce b/991/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8deeffa5e --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 11.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+tr=10*10^-9
+BW=0.35/tr
+x1=BW*10^-6
+disp(x1,"BW(MHz) = 0.35 / tr =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce b/991/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9078a662e --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 11.3.
+clc
+hfe=400
+hie=10*10^3
+Rs=600
+RL=5*10^3
+RE=1*10^3
+VCC=12
+R1=15*10^3
+R2=2.2*10^3
+CE=50*10^-6
+format(8)
+RB=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)
+Av=(-hfe*RL)/(Rs+hie+((hie*Rs)/RB))
+disp(Av,"AV(MF) = (-hfe*RL) / (RS + hie + ((hie*RS)/RB)) =")
+disp("Lower 3-dB point,")
+format(4)
+f1=(1+hfe)/((Rs+hie)*2*%pi*CE)
+disp(f1,"f1 = (1+hfe) / ((RS+hie)*2*%pi*CE) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH11/EX11.4/Example11_4.sce b/991/CH11/EX11.4/Example11_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3a79efa64 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH11/EX11.4/Example11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 11.4
+clc
+RS=600
+hie=1*10^3
+hfe=60
+R1=5*10^3
+R2=1.25*10^3
+RCE=25
+f1=125
+disp("The lower 3 dB frequency, f1 = 1 / (2*pi*(RS+R1dash)*CC)")
+format(5)
+R1dash=(R1*R2*hie)/((R2*hie)+(R1*hie)+(R1*R2))
+CC=1 / (2*%pi*f1*(RS+R1dash))
+x1=CC*10^6
+disp(R1dash,"(a) R1''(ohm) = R1 || R2 || hie =")
+disp(x1," CC(uF) = 1 / (2*pi*f1*(RS+R1'')) =")
+x2=hie+((1+hfe)*RCE)
+R1dash=(R1*R2*x2)/((R2*x2)+(R1*x2)+(R1*R2))
+CC=1 / (2*%pi*f1*(RS+R1dash))
+x3=CC*10^6
+format(7)
+disp(R1dash,"(b) R1''(ohm) = R1 || R2 || [hie+((1+hfe)*RCE)] =")
+format(5)
+disp(x3," CC(uF) = 1 / (2*pi*f1*(RS+R1'')) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH11/EX11.5/Example11_5.sce b/991/CH11/EX11.5/Example11_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..48eb20ae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH11/EX11.5/Example11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11.5
+clc
+format(6)
+gm=1/26 //mho
+x1=gm*10^3 //m-mho
+disp(x1," gm(m-mho) = IC(mA)/26mV = 1/26 =")
+rbe=224/(38.46*10^-3)
+x2=rbe*10^-3 //k-ohm
+disp(x2," rb''e(k-ohm) = hfe / gm =")
+rbb=6000-5824 //ohm
+disp(rbb," rbb''(ohm) = hie - rb''e = 6000-5824 =")
+cbe=((38.46*10^-3)/(2*%pi*(80*10^6)))-(12*10^-12) // farad
+x3=cbe*10^12 //pF
+format(5)
+disp(x3," cb''e(pF) = gm/2*pi*fT - Cb''c =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce b/991/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..48ec2f860 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 11.6.
+clc
+format(5)
+alpha=224/(2*%pi*(5.9*10^3)*(63*10^-12)) //Hz
+x1=alpha*10^-6 //MHz
+disp(x1," f_alpha(MHz) = hfe / 2*pi*rb''e*Cb''e =")
+beta=1/(2*%pi*(5.9*10^3)*((63*10^-12)+(12*10^-12)))
+x2=beta*10^-6
+format(6)
+disp(x2," f_beta(MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*rb''e*(Cb''e+Cb''c) =")
+fT=(38*10^-3)/(2*%pi*((63*10^-12)+(12*10^-12)))
+x3=fT*10^-6
+disp(x3," fT(MHz) = gm / 2*pi*(Cb''e+Cb''c) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH12/EX12.1/Example12_1.sce b/991/CH12/EX12.1/Example12_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4a4546e1a --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH12/EX12.1/Example12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 12.1.
+clc
+format(6)
+RL=16*10^2 //in ohm
+x1=RL*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+disp("RL'' = RL / n^2")
+disp("where, n = N2 / N1")
+disp(x1,"RL''(k-ohm) = (N1/N2)^2 * RL =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH12/EX12.2/Example12_2.sce b/991/CH12/EX12.2/Example12_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8aa301d18 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH12/EX12.2/Example12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 12.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+x1=7200/8
+disp(x1,"(N1/N2)^2 = RL''/RL = ")
+x2=x1^0.5
+disp(x2,"N1/N2 = ")
+disp("Hence, N1 : N2 = 30 : 1")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH12/EX12.3/Example12_3.sce b/991/CH12/EX12.3/Example12_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a0bee8fcd --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH12/EX12.3/Example12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12.3.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("(i) Series-fed load")
+eta=(25*14)/15 //in percentage
+disp(eta,"Overall efficiency, eta(in percentage) = 25(Vmax-Vmin / Vmax) =")
+disp("(ii) Transformer-coupled load")
+eta=50*(14/16) //in percentage
+disp(eta,"Overall efficiency, eta(in percentage) = 50*(Vmax-Vmin / Vmax+Vmin) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH12/EX12.4/Example12_4.sce b/991/CH12/EX12.4/Example12_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e0877a2fe --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH12/EX12.4/Example12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12.4.
+clc
+format(6)
+VCE=2
+VCC=15
+format(6)
+eta=(%pi/4)*(1-(VCE/VCC))*100
+disp("Collector circuity efficiency,")
+disp(eta," eta(in percentage) = (%pi/4)*(1-(VCE/VCC))*100% =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH12/EX12.5/Example12_5.sce b/991/CH12/EX12.5/Example12_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b53056ff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH12/EX12.5/Example12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12.5.
+clc
+format(6)
+theta=8
+TA=27
+PD=3
+TJ=TA+(theta*PD)
+disp("We know that, TJ = TA + theta*PD")
+disp(TJ,"Therefore, TJ(degree C) = 27 degree C + (8 degree C/W)*3W =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH12/EX12.6/Example12_6.sce b/991/CH12/EX12.6/Example12_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..859536ce0 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH12/EX12.6/Example12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 12.6.
+clc
+format(6)
+TJ=160
+TA=40
+theta=80
+PD=(TJ-TA)/theta
+disp(PD,"PD(W) = (TJ-TA)/thetaJ-A = (160-40)/80 =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH12/EX12.7/Example12_7.sce b/991/CH12/EX12.7/Example12_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2f581be17 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH12/EX12.7/Example12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 12.7.
+clc
+format(6)
+thetaH=8
+TA=40
+TJ=160
+thetaJ=5
+thetaC=85
+x1=(thetaC*thetaH)/(thetaC+thetaH)
+theta=thetaJ+x1
+disp(theta," theta_J-A(degree C/W) = theta_J-C + theta_C-A || theta_HS-A =")
+PD=(TJ-TA)/theta
+format(5)
+disp(PD," PD(W) = TJ-TA / theta_J-A =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH14/EX14.1/Example14_1.sce b/991/CH14/EX14.1/Example14_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..440a82473 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH14/EX14.1/Example14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 14.1.
+clc
+format(5)
+A=1000
+beta=0.04
+dA=10
+disp("The percentage change in gain of the amplifier with feedback is")
+dAf=dA*(1/(1+(A*beta)))
+disp(dAf," dAf/Af (in %) = dA/A * 1/(1+A*beta)")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH14/EX14.2/Example14_2.sce b/991/CH14/EX14.2/Example14_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2671c0498 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH14/EX14.2/Example14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 14.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+Af=100
+dAf=0.02
+dA=0.2
+disp("We have, dAf/Af = dA/A * 1/(1+A*beta)")
+disp(" dAf/Af = dA/A * 1/(1+A*beta)")
+Ab=dA/dAf
+disp(Ab,"Therefore, (1 + A*beta) =")
+disp("Also, the gain with feedback is")
+disp(" Af = A / (1+A*beta)")
+A=Af*Ab
+disp(A,"Therefore, A =")
+disp(" 1 + A*beta = 10; i.e. A*beta = 9")
+beta=9/A
+disp(beta,"Therefore, beta =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH14/EX14.3/Example14_3.sce b/991/CH14/EX14.3/Example14_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ea2d4dfb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH14/EX14.3/Example14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 14.3.
+clc
+format(6)
+A=125
+BW=250*10^3
+beta=0.04
+disp("(a) We have BWf = (1 + A*beta) * BW")
+BWf = (1 + (A*beta))*BW
+x1=BWf*10^-6
+disp(x1," BWf(MHz) =")
+Af=A/(1+(A*beta))
+disp(Af,"Gain with feedback, Af = A / (1+ A*beta) =")
+disp("(b) BWf = (1 + A*beta'') * BW")
+disp("1*10^6 = (1 + 125*beta'')*250*10^3")
+Bd=3/125
+disp(Bd,"Therefore, beta =")
+Bd1=Bd*100
+disp(Bd1,"i.e. beta (in %) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce b/991/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5ef56c059 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 14.4.
+clc
+format(6)
+A=400
+f1=50
+f2=200*10^3
+D=10
+beta=0.01
+disp("The voltage gain with feedback")
+Af=A/(1+(A*beta))
+disp(Af," Af = A / (1 + A*beta) =")
+disp("New lower 3dB frequency,")
+f1f=f1/(1+(A*beta))
+disp(f1f," f_1f(Hz) = f1 / 1+A*beta =")
+disp("New upper 3dB frequency,")
+f2f=(1+(A*beta))*f2
+x2=f2f*10^-6
+disp(x2," f2f(MHz) = (1+A*beta)*f2 =")
+disp("Distortion with feedback,")
+Df=D/(1+(A*beta))
+disp(Df," Df (in %) = D / 1+A*beta =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH14/EX14.5/Example14_5.sce b/991/CH14/EX14.5/Example14_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..17d411806 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH14/EX14.5/Example14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 14.5
+clc
+format(6)
+A=500
+Ri=3*10^3
+Ro=20*10^3
+beta=0.01
+format(6)
+Af=A/(1+(A*beta))
+disp(Af,"Voltage gain, Af = A / (1+A*beta) =")
+Rif=(1+(A*beta))*Ri
+x1=Rif*10^-3
+disp(x1,"Input resistance, Rif(k-ohm) = (1+(A*beta))*Ri =")
+Rof=Ro/(1+(A*beta))
+x2=Rof*10^-3
+format(5)
+disp(x2,"Output resistance, Rof(k-ohm) = Ro / (1+A*beta) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce b/991/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..14060871f --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 14.6.
+clc
+format(6)
+Ai=1+80
+disp(Ai," Ai = 1 + hfe =")
+Ri=(5*10^3)+((1+80)*(2*10^3)) //in ohm
+x1=Ri*10^-3 //in k-ohm
+disp(x1," Ri(k-ohm) = hie + (1+hfe)*RL =")
+Av=(81*2*10^3)/(167*10^3)
+disp(Av," Av = Ai*RL / Ri =")
+Ro=(5000+600)/(1+80) // in ohm
+disp(Ro," Ro(ohm) = hie+Rs / 1+hfe =")
+Rof=(69.13*2000)/(2069.13) //in ohm
+disp(Rof," Rof(ohm) = Ro || RL =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce b/991/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2257ea51a --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 14.7. refer fig.14.6
+clc
+format(6)
+RL=((40*2)/42)*10^3 //in ohm
+disp(RL," R''L(ohm) = RB || RL =")
+Av=(-80*1905)/5000
+disp(Av," Av = -hfe*R''L / hie =")
+format(9)
+x1=(40000)/(1+30.48)
+Rif=(x1*5000)/(x1+5000) //in ohm
+disp(Rif," Rif(ohm) = hie || (RB / 1-Av) =")
+format(6)
+Avf=(-30.48*1013.172)/(600+1013.172)
+disp(Avf," Avf = Vo/Vs = Av*Rif / RS+Rif =")
+Rof=(40000/600)*(5600/80) //in ohm
+x2=Rof*10^-3 //in k-ohm
+disp(x2," Rof(k-ohm) = (RB / RS) * (RS+hie / hfe) =")
+Roff=(4.666*2)/(6.666) //in k-ohm
+disp(Roff," R''of(k-ohm) = Rof || RL =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce b/991/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..41f277998 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 14.8. Refer fig.14.8
+clc
+format(6)
+R1=20*10^3
+R2=20*10^3
+hie=2*10^3
+RL=1*10^3
+Re=100
+hfe=80
+A=(-hfe*RL)/hie
+disp(A,"(a) A = -hfe*RL / hie =")
+disp(" Ri = hie = 2 k-ohm")
+beta=Re/RL
+disp(beta,"(b) beta = Re / RL =")
+Rif=hie+((1+hfe)*Re)
+x1=Rif*10^-3
+disp(x1,"(c) Rif(k-ohm) = hie + (1+hfe)*Re =")
+Af=(-hfe*RL)/Rif
+format(5)
+disp(Af,"(d) Af = -hfe*RL / Rif =")
+lg=20*log10(4)
+format(6)
+disp(lg,"(e) Loop gain, Abeta(in dB) = -40*0.1 = -4 i.e. 20log4 =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.1/Example15_1.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.1/Example15_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..950f7509a --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.1/Example15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 15.1.
+clc
+format(5)
+L1=(1/(4*(%pi^2)*((120*10^3)^2)*0.004*10^-6))-(0.4*10^-3) //in henry
+x1=L1*10^3 //in mH
+disp("The frequency of Hartley oscillator is given by")
+disp(" fo = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt((L1+L2)*C)")
+disp(x1,"Therefore, L1(mH) = (1 / 4*pi^2*fo^2*C) - L1 =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.10/Example15_10.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.10/Example15_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..485863971 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.10/Example15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 15.10.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("(i) To find capacitance, C:")
+disp(" Frequency of oscillation is")
+disp(" fo = 1 / 2*pi*fo*R*C*sqrt(6+4K)")
+disp(" C = 1 / 2*pi*fo*R*C*sqrt(6+4(Rc/R))")
+fo=1/(2*%pi*(10*10^3)*(7.1*10^3)*sqrt(6+((4*40*10^3)/(7.1*10^3)))) // in Farady
+x1=fo*10^9 // in nF
+disp(x1," C(nF) =")
+disp("(ii) To find hfe:")
+disp(" We know that hfe >= 23 + 29(R/Rc) + 4(Rc/R)")
+h=23+(29*(7.1/40))+(4*(40/7.1))
+disp(h," hfe >=")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.11/Example15_11.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.11/Example15_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c0de4034 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.11/Example15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 15.11.
+clc
+format(5)
+C=1/(2*%pi*100000*10000) // in farady
+x1=C*10^12 //in pF
+disp("The operating frequency of a Wien-bridge oscillator is given by")
+disp(" fo = 1 / 2*pi*R*C")
+disp(x1,"Therefore, C(pF) = 1 / 2*pi*R*fo =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.12/Example15_12.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.12/Example15_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bc2683ef4 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.12/Example15_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 15.12.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("(a) The series resonant frequencies of the crystal is")
+fs=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(0.5*0.06*10^-12)) //in Hz
+x1=fs*10^-3 //in kHz
+disp(x1," fs(kHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*Cs) =")
+format(5)
+fs=(2*%pi*(918.9*10^3)*0.5)/(5*10^3)
+disp(fs,"Q factor of the crystal at fs = omegaS*L / R = 2*pi*fs*L / R =")
+disp("(b) The parallel resonant frequency of the crystal is")
+fp=(1/(2*%pi))*sqrt((1.06*10^-12)/(0.5*(0.06*10^-12)*(1*10^-12))) // in Hz
+x1=fp*10^-3
+disp(x1," fp(kHz) = 1/2pi * sqrt((Cs+Cp)/(L*Cs*Cp)) =")
+fp=(2*%pi*(946*10^3)*0.5)/(5*10^3)
+disp(fp,"Q factor of the crystal at fp = omegaS*L / R = 2*pi*fs*L / R =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.2/Example15_2.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.2/Example15_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3204c7240 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.2/Example15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 15.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("To find the range over which capacitance is to be varied")
+disp("Frequency of oscillation of Hartley oscillator is")
+disp(" fo = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt((L1-L2)*C)")
+disp("Therfore, C = 1 / 4*pi^2*(L1+L2)*fo^2")
+disp("When fo = 950 kHz")
+C=1/(4*(%pi^2)*((2*10^-3)+(20*10^-6))*((950*10^3)^2)) //farady
+x1=C*10^12 //pF
+disp(x1," C(pF) =")
+disp("When fo = 2050 kHz")
+C=1/(4*(%pi^2)*((2*10^-3)+(20*10^-6))*((2050*10^3)^2)) //farady
+x1=C*10^12 //pF
+format(5)
+disp(x1," C(pF) =")
+disp("Hence, the range of capacitance is from 2.98 pF to 13.89 pF")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.3/Example15_3.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.3/Example15_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..da68037de --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.3/Example15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 15.3
+clc
+format(4)
+L1=38*10^-6
+L2=12*10^-6
+C=500*10^-12
+disp(" fo = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C)")
+L=L1+L2
+fo = 1 / (2*%pi*sqrt(L*C))
+x1=fo*10^-6
+disp("where L = L1 + L2 = 38*10^-6 + 12*10^-6 = 50*10^-6 and C = 500 pF")
+disp(x1,"Therefore, fo(MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(50*10^-6*500*10^-12) =")
+beta=L1/L2
+format(6)
+disp(beta,"Feedback factor, beta = L1 / L2 =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.4/Example15_4.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.4/Example15_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..94564b338 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.4/Example15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 15.4.
+clc
+format(7)
+C1=0.2*10^-6
+C2=0.02*10^-6
+fo=10*10^3
+disp("The frequency of the Colpitts oscillator is given by")
+disp(" fo = 1/2pi * sqrt(C1+C2/L*C1*C2)")
+L=(C1+C2)/(4*%pi^2*fo^2*C1*C2)
+x1=L*10^3
+disp(x1,"Therefore, L(mH) = (C1+C2) / (4*%pi^2*fo^2*C1*C2) =")
+disp("The voltage gain required to produce oscillation is")
+x2=C1/C2
+disp(x2," Av > C1/C2 =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.5/Example15_5.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.5/Example15_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f31572c3c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.5/Example15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 15.5.
+clc
+format(5)
+L=40*10^-3
+C1=100*10^-12
+C2=500*10^-12
+Vo=10
+disp("(i) In a Colpitts oscillator, a series combination of C1 and C2 which is in parallel with inductance L and frequency of oscillations is")
+fo=1/ (2*%pi*sqrt((L*C1*C2)/(C1+C2)))
+x1=fo*10^-3
+disp(x1," fo(kHz) = 1 / 2pi*sqrt(LCeq) = 1 / 2pi*sqrt(L*C1*C2/C1+C2) =")
+disp("(ii) The output potential is across C1 and is proportional to XC1, and the feedback voltage is across C2 and proportional to XC2. Therefore,")
+disp("Vo/Vf = XC1/XC2 = (1/omega*C1)/(1/omegaC2) = C2/C1")
+Vf=(Vo*C1)/C2
+disp(Vf,"Hence, Vf(V) = Vo*C1 / C2 =")
+disp("(iii) Since the gain depends upon C1 and C2 only and is independent of L,")
+gain=C2/C1
+disp(gain," Gain = 500*10^-12 / 100*10^-12 =")
+disp("(iv) When the gain is equal to 10, C2/C1 = 10")
+x2=C2/10
+x3=x2*10^12
+disp(x3,"Therefore, C1(pF) = C2 / 10 =")
+disp("(v) The frequncy of oscillation is")
+fo=1/ (2*%pi*sqrt((40*50*500*10^-27)/((50*10^-12)+(500*10^-12))))
+x4=fo*10^-3
+format(7)
+disp(x4,"fo(kHz) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.6/Example15_6.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.6/Example15_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84350d66f --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.6/Example15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 15.6.
+clc
+format(6)
+fo1=400*10^3
+fo2=1200*10^3
+Lp=60*10^-6
+disp("The resonant frequency is given by")
+disp(" fo = 1 / 2pi*sqrt(Lp*C)")
+disp("Therefore, C = 1 / 4*pi^2*fo^2*Lp")
+C = 1 / (4*%pi^2*fo1^2*Lp)
+x1=C*10^12
+disp(x1,"When fo = 400 kHz, Cmax(pF) =") // answer in textbook is wrong
+C = 1 / (4*%pi^2*fo2^2*Lp)
+x2=C*10^12
+format(5)
+disp(x2,"When fo = 1200 kHz, Cmin(pF) =")
+disp("Hence, the capacitor range required is Cmin-Cmax pF")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.7/Example15_7.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.7/Example15_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b0c73386b --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.7/Example15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 15.7.
+clc
+format(6)
+fo1=540*10^3
+fo2=1650*10^3
+L=1*10^-3
+disp("Given L = 1 mH")
+disp("fo ranges from 540-1650 kHz")
+disp("The resonant frequency is given by")
+disp(" fo = 1 / 2pi*sqrt(L*C)")
+disp("Therefore, C = 1 / 4*pi^2*fo^2*L")
+Cmax = 1 / (4*%pi^2*fo1^2*L)
+x1=Cmax*10^12
+disp(x1,"When fo = 540 kHz, Cmax(pF) =")
+Cmin = 1 / (4*%pi^2*fo2^2*L)
+x2=Cmin*10^12
+format(4)
+disp(x2,"When fo = 1650 kHz, Cmin(pF) =")
+disp("Hence, the capacitor range required is 9.3-86.87 pF")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.8/Example15_8.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.8/Example15_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2a6f90d5d --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.8/Example15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 15.8.
+clc
+format(6)
+fo=1/(2*%pi*(200*10^3)*(100*10^-12)*sqrt(6)) //in Hz
+x1=fo*10^-3 //in kHz
+disp("The frequency of RC phase shift oscillator is given by")
+disp(" fo = 1 / 2*pi*R*C*sqrt(6)")
+disp(x1," fo(KHz) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH15/EX15.9/Example15_9.sce b/991/CH15/EX15.9/Example15_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bf9e21fa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH15/EX15.9/Example15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 15.9.
+clc
+format(5)
+fo=1/(2*3.142*10000*(0.01*10^-6)*sqrt(6+((4*2.2*10^3)/(10000)))) //in Hz
+disp("The frequency of oscillations of a RC phase shift oscillator is")
+disp(" fo = 1 / 2*pi*R*C*sqrt(6+(4*Rc/R))")
+disp("Substituting the given values, we get")
+disp(fo,"fo(Hz) =")
+disp("For sustained oscillations, the minimum value of current gain or forward current gain hfe is")
+disp(" beta = hfe = 23 + 29(R/Rc) + 4(Rc/R)")
+format(6)
+beta=23+(29*(10/2.2))+(4*(2.2/10))
+disp(beta,"Therefore, beta =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.1/Example16_1.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.1/Example16_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a2807f9f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.1/Example16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 16.1.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("Given tr = 35 ns")
+bw=0.35/(35*10^-9) // in Hz
+x1=bw*10^-6 //in MHz
+disp("We know that, tr = 0.35 / BW")
+disp(x1,"Therefore, BW(MHz) = 0.35 / tr =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.10/Example16_10.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.10/Example16_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3e8538fbf --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.10/Example16_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 16.10.
+clc
+format(6)
+f=1/(1.386*(20*10^3)*(1000*10^-12)) //in Hz
+x1=f*10^-3 // in kHz
+disp("The frequency of a symmetrical astable multivibrator is")
+disp(x1," f(kHz) = 1/1.386RC =") // answer in textbook is wrong
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.11/Example16_11.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.11/Example16_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e95b4cd8c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.11/Example16_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 16.11.
+clc
+format(7)
+disp("The period of oscillation for an asymmetrical astable multivibrator is,")
+t=0.693*(((2*10^3)*0.01*10^-6)+((10*10^3)*(0.05*10^-6))) // seconds
+x1=t*10^6 // in us
+disp(x1," T(us) = 0.693(R1C1+R2C2) =")
+f=1/(360.36*10^-6) // in Hz
+x2=f*10^-3 // in kHz
+disp(x2,"Therefore, the frequency of oscillation, f(kHz) = 1/T =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.12/Example16_12.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.12/Example16_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..20ade3f3d --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.12/Example16_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 16.12.
+clc
+format(5)
+t=1/(100*10^3) // in seconds
+x1=t*10^6 // in us
+disp(x1,"The period of oscillation is, T(us) = 1/f =")
+disp(" T1 = 2us (given)")
+t2=10-2 // in us
+disp(t2,"Hence, T2(us) = T - T1 =")
+disp(" T1 = 0.693*R1C1")
+c1=(2*10^-6)/(0.693*(20*10^3)) // in faraday
+x1=c1*10^12 // in pF
+disp(x1,"Therefore, C1(pF) = T1 / 0.693R1 =") //answer in textbook is wrong
+c2=(8*10^-6)/(0.693*(20*10^3)) // in faraday
+x1=c2*10^12 // in pF
+disp(" T2 = 0.693*R2*C2") //answer in textbook is wrong
+disp(x1,"Therefore, C2(pF) = T2 / 0.693R2 =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.13/Example16_13.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.13/Example16_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6838b532e --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.13/Example16_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 16.13.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("To design a saturated collector coupled astable multivibrator")
+disp("Let us assume that VCE(sat) = 0.2 V")
+disp("Refer fig.16.31.")
+disp("Here, C can be kept constant and timing resistor R can be varied to get appropriate Ton, Toff (or) R can be kept constant C can be varied.")
+disp("Now, R <= hfe*Rc. Therefore, it is better to keep R constant.")
+disp("RC = VCC-VC2(sat) / IC(ON)")
+disp("Assuming VC2(sat) = 0.2 V")
+rc=(12-0.2)/(1*10^-3) // in ohm
+x1=rc*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+disp(x1," RC(k-ohm) = 12-0.2/1*10^-3 =")
+r=100*11.8*10^3 // in ohm
+x1=r*10^-6 // in M-ohm
+disp(" R <= hfe*RC")
+disp(x1," R(M-ohm) <=")
+disp("Hence, let us assume that R = R1 = R2 = 1 M-ohm")
+disp(" Toff = 0.693*R*C1")
+format(4)
+c1=(20*10^-6)/(0.693*10^6) // in faraday
+x1=c1*10^12 // in pF
+disp(x1,"Therefore, C1(pF) = ")
+disp(" Ton = 0.693*R*C2")
+format(5)
+c1=(10*10^-6)/(0.693*10^6) // in faraday
+x1=c1*10^12 // in pF
+disp(x1,"Therefore, C2(pF) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.14/Example16_14.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.14/Example16_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..88b7eeb50 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.14/Example16_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Example 16.14.
+clc
+format(5)
+disp("At stable state, Q2 is ON and Q2 is OFF:")
+rc2=(6-0.3)/(6*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rc2," RC2(ohm) = RC1(ohm) = VCC-VCE(sat) / IC(sat) =")
+ib2=(6*10^-3)/20 // in ampere
+x1=ib2*10^3 // in mA
+disp(x1,"IB2(sat)(mA) = IC(sat) / hfe(min) =")
+disp("Also, IB1(sat) = 0.3 mA")
+format(6)
+r=(6-0.7)/(0.3*10^-3) // in ohm
+x1=r*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+disp(x1," R(k-ohm) = VCC-VBE(sat) / IB2(sat) =")
+disp(" [because, VBE(sat) = 0.7 V for Si transistor]")
+disp("At quasi-stable state, Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF")
+disp(" T = 0.693*R*C")
+format(7)
+c=(140*10^-6)/(0.693*17.67*10^3) // in F
+x1=c*10^6 // in uF
+disp(x1,"Therefore, C(uF) = T / 0.693*R =")
+format(6)
+disp("Assume, IB1(sat) = IR2")
+ir2=0.3+0.3 // in mA
+disp(ir2,"Therefore, IR1(mA) = IB1(sat)+IR2 =")
+r1=((6-0.7)/(0.6*10^-3))-950 // in ohm
+x1=r1*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+disp(" VCC = VBE(sat) + IR1(RC2+R1)")
+disp(x1,"Therefore, R1(k-ohm) = (VCC-VBE(sat) / IR1) - RC2 =")
+format(5)
+r2=(0.7+1.5)/(0.3*10^-3) // in ohm
+x1=r2*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+disp(x1," R2(k-ohm) = VBE(sat)-(-VBB) / IR2 =")
+disp("The speed up capacitor C1 is chosen such that R1C1 = 1 us and hence,")
+format(6)
+c1=(10^-6)/(7.833*10^3) // in F
+x1=c1*10^12 // in pF
+disp(x1," C1(pF) =") // answer in textbook is wrong
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.15/Example16_15.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.15/Example16_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eee33bb86 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.15/Example16_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 16.15.
+clc
+format(5)
+disp("Referring to fig.16.37.")
+vb1=(-12*15*10^3)/(115*10^3) // in volts
+disp(vb1," VB1(V) = -VBB*R2 / R2+R3 =")
+disp("Since VB1 is less than VBE(cut-off), i.e. 0.7 V for silicon transistor, Q1 is OFF.")
+disp("Therefore, IB1 = 0 and IC1 = 0")
+disp(" I2 = I4 + IC2")
+disp(" IC2 = I2 - I4")
+ic2=((12-0.3)/(2.2*10^3))-((0.3+12)/(115*10^3)) // in A
+x1=ic2*10^3 // in mA (Since Q2 is ON VC2(sat) = 0.3 V)
+disp(x1," IC2(mA) = [VCC-VC2(sat) / RC2] - [VC2(sat)-(-VBB) / R2+R3] =") // answer in textbook is wrong
+ib2=(5.35*10^-3)/20 // in A
+x1=ib2*10^3 // in mA
+disp(x1," IB2 > IC2 / hfe(min) >") // approximately 0.5 mA
+disp(" I1 = I3 + IC1")
+disp(" = I3, as IC1 = 0")
+disp(" I3 = IB2 + I6")
+disp(" I6 = VB2-(-VBB) / R4")
+disp(" VB2 = VBE2(on) = 0.7 V")
+format(6)
+i6=(0.7+12)/(100) // in mA
+disp(i6,"Therefore, I6(mA) =")
+i3=0.5+0.127 // in mA
+disp(i3," I3(mA) =")
+vc1=12-((0.627*10^-3)*(2.2*10^3))
+disp(vc1," VC1(V) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.16/Example16_16.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.16/Example16_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9f1f508fd --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.16/Example16_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Example 16.16.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("Referring to fig. 16.40.")
+disp(" UTP = VB2 = 5 V")
+ve=5-0.7 // in volts
+disp(ve,"Voltage across RE is VE(V) = VB2 - VBE =")
+disp(" IE = IC = 2 mA")
+re=4.3/2 // in k-ohm
+disp(re," RE(k-ohm) = VE / IE =")
+disp("Taking Q2 saturated, VCE(sat) = 0.2 V typically,")
+x=12-4.3-0.2 // in volts
+disp(x," IC*RC2 = VCC - VE - VCE(sat) =")
+rc2=7.5/(2) // in k-ohm
+disp(rc2," RC2(k-ohm) =")
+i2=0.1*2 // in mA
+disp(i2," I2(mA) = 0.1*IC2 =")
+r2=5/0.2 // in k-ohm
+disp(r2," R2(k-ohm) = VB2 / I2 =")
+ib2=(2*10^-3)/100 // in A
+x1=ib2*10^6 // in uA
+disp(x1," IB2(uA) = IC2 / hfe(min) =")
+disp(" I1 = I2 + IB2")
+disp("VCC-VB2 / RC1+R1 = I1 = 0.2*10^-3 + 20*10^-6")
+disp("12-5 / RC1+R1 = 0.22*10^-3")
+x=7/(0.22) // in k-ohm
+format(5)
+disp(x,"RC1 + R1 =")
+disp("When Q1 is ON, Vi = LTP = VB2 = 3 V")
+i1=3/25 // in mA
+format(6)
+disp(i1," I1(mA) = VB2 / R2 =")
+ic1=(3-0.7)/2.15 // in mA
+disp(ic1," IC1(mA) = IE = VB1-VBE / RE =")
+disp(" VCC = RC1*(IC1+I1) + I1*(R1+R2)")
+rc1=(12-((0.12*10^-3)*(56.8*10^3)))/(1.07*10^-3) // in ohm
+x1=rc1*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+format(5)
+disp(x1,"Therefore, RC1(k-ohm) =")
+r1=31.8-4.84
+format(6)
+disp(r1," R1(k-ohm) =")
+rb=(100*2.15)/10
+disp(" RB < hfe*RE")
+disp(rb," RB(k-ohm) = hfe*RE / 10 =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.2/Example16_2.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.2/Example16_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3553f4f26 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.2/Example16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 16.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("Given ton = 70 ns")
+C=(70*10^-9)/(0.1*600) // in faraday
+x1=C*10^12 // in pF
+disp(x1," C(pF) = ton / 0.1*Rs =") // approximately 1200 pF
+format(4)
+tre=2.3*(5.6*10^3)*(1200*10^-12) // in seconds
+x2=tre*10^6 //in us
+disp(x2," tre(useconds) = 2.3*RB*C =")
+format(6)
+f=1/(2*(15*10^-6)) //in Hz
+x3=f*10^-3 //in kHz
+disp(x3," f(kHz) = 1/2T = 1/2tre =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.3/Example16_3.jpg b/991/CH16/EX16.3/Example16_3.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..b69be2900 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.3/Example16_3.jpg diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.3/Example16_3.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.3/Example16_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..17ac88f96 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.3/Example16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 16.3.
+clc
+format(6)
+amp = 15;
+vi_t=3; // transition voltage
+t=0:0.1:2*%pi;
+vi=amp*sin(t);
+vo=vi+3; // output voltage
+disp (vi_t,'transition voltage:');
+for i=1:length(t)
+if(vo(i)<=0)
+vo(i)=0;
+end
+end
+subplot(2,2,1)
+plot2d1(t,vo,2,'011','',[0,0,7,18]);
+xtitle('Ouptut voltage in sin wave','t','vo');
+
+
+t=0:0.1:20;
+for i=1:int(length(t)/2)
+vo(i)=15+3;
+end
+for i=int(length(t)/2):length(t)
+vo(i)=0;
+end
+subplot(2,2,2)
+plot2d2(t,vo,2,'011','',[0,-5,21,20]);
+a = gca ();
+xtitle('Ouptut voltage in square wave','t','vo');
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.4/Example16_4.jpg b/991/CH16/EX16.4/Example16_4.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..6f60eaa6f --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.4/Example16_4.jpg diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.4/Example16_4.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.4/Example16_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a8b2b8b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.4/Example16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 16.4.
+clear ; clc; close ;
+t= 0:0.1:20;
+for i=1:length(t);
+if(t(i)<=5)
+x(i)=(15/5)*t(i);
+elseif(t(i)>=5&t(i)<=15)
+x(i)=-3.2*t(i)+30;
+elseif(t(i)>=15&t(i)<=20)
+x(i)=(15/5)*t(i)-60;
+end
+end
+for i=1:length(t)
+if(x(i)>3)
+y(i)=x(i);
+elseif(x(i)<=3)
+y(i)=3;
+end
+end
+plot2d(t,y,2,'011','',[0,0,20,16]);
+a=gca();
+xtitle('output voltage','t','Vo')
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.5/Example16_5.jpg b/991/CH16/EX16.5/Example16_5.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..231ec04f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.5/Example16_5.jpg diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.5/Example16_5.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.5/Example16_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..df4b066cc --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.5/Example16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Example 16.5.
+//let input wave be V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f*t)
+f=1; //Frequency is 1Hz
+T=1/f;
+V_p_in=10; //Peak input voltage
+V_th=0.7; //knee voltage of diode
+clf();
+//let n be double the number of cycles of output shown in graph
+for n=0:1:1
+ t=T.*n/2:0.0005:T.*(n+1)/2 //time for each half cycle
+ V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f.*t);
+ Vout=V_in;
+ if modulo(n,2)==0 then //positive half,D1 conducts till V_in=5V
+ a=bool2s(Vout<5);
+ b=bool2s(Vout>5);
+ y=a.*Vout+5*b; //output follows input till 5V then is constant at 5V
+ else //negative half, D2 conducts till V_in=-3V
+ a=bool2s(Vout<-3);
+ b=bool2s(Vout>-3);
+ y=-3*a+b.*Vout; //output follows input till -3V then stays constant at -3V
+ end
+ plot(t,y,'r')
+
+ plot(t,V_in,'-.')
+ end
+ hl=legend(['output','input']);
+ xtitle('Positive and Negative diode limiter','t','Vo')
+ disp('max output voltage is 5V')
+ disp('min output voltage is -3V')
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.8/Example16_8.jpg b/991/CH16/EX16.8/Example16_8.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..cea9c19a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.8/Example16_8.jpg diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.8/Example16_8.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.8/Example16_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f9138a330 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.8/Example16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 16.8.
+//Positive Clamping circuit
+//let input voltage be V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f*t)
+V_p_in=10;
+V_DC=(V_p_in); //DC level added to output
+disp(V_DC,'V_DC in volts= ')
+for n=0:1:1
+ t=n/2:0.0005:(n+1)/2;
+ V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*t);
+ Vout=V_DC+V_in;
+ plot(t,Vout)
+end
+xtitle('Positive clipper graph','t','Vo')
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.9/Example16_9.jpg b/991/CH16/EX16.9/Example16_9.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..3fbd70aff --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.9/Example16_9.jpg diff --git a/991/CH16/EX16.9/Example16_9.sce b/991/CH16/EX16.9/Example16_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..14cf0fc11 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH16/EX16.9/Example16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 16.9.
+//Negative Clamping circuit
+//let input voltage be V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f*t)
+V_p_in=12;
+V_DC=-(V_p_in); //DC level added to output
+disp(V_DC,'V_DC in volts= ')
+for n=0:1:1
+ t=n/2:0.0005:(n+1)/2;
+ V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*t);
+ Vout=V_DC+V_in;
+ plot(t,Vout)
+end
+xtitle('Negative clipper graph','t','Vo')
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH17/EX17.1/Example17_1.sce b/991/CH17/EX17.1/Example17_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e3b94b77c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH17/EX17.1/Example17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 17.1.
+clc
+format(5)
+disp("We know that")
+disp(" fo = 1 / (2.303*RE*CE*log10(1/1-eta))")
+disp("We know that etamin = 0.56")
+disp("For determining RE, we have")
+RE=(20-2.9)/(1.6) // in k-ohm
+disp(RE,"RE < VBB-VP/IP, i.e. RE(k-ohm) < 20-2.9/1.6*10^-3 =")
+RE=(20-1.118)/(3.5) // in k-ohm
+disp(RE,"RE > VBB-VV/IV, i.e. RE(k-ohm) < 20-1.118/3.5*10^-3 =") // answer in textbook is wrong
+disp("Therefore, RE is selected as 10 k-ohm")
+disp(" 1/500 = 2.303*10*10^3*CE*log10(1/1-0.56)")
+CE=1/(500*(2.303*10^4)*0.36) // in farady
+x1=CE*10^6 // in uF
+disp(x1,"Therefore, CE(uF) =")
+disp("So, CE is selected as 0.22 uF")
+disp("Let the required pluse voltage at B1 = 5V")
+disp("Let the peak pulse current, IE = 250 mA")
+R1=5/(250*10^-3) //in ohm
+disp(R1,"Therefore, R1(ohm) = VR1/IE =")
+disp("So, R1 is selected to be 22 ohm")
+disp("We select the voltage characteristics for VB1B2 = 4 V")
+disp("Therefore, VR2 = 20-(4+5) = 11 V")
+R2=11000/250
+disp(R2," R2(ohm) = 11*10^3/250 =")
+disp("So, R2 is selected as 100 ohm")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.1/Example18_1.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.1/Example18_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ef914803f --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.1/Example18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 18.1.
+clc
+format(7)
+im=325/(100+1000) // in A
+x1=im*10^3 // in mA
+disp(x1,"(a) Peak value of current, Im(mA) = Vm / rf+RL =")
+idc=295.45/%pi // in mA
+disp(idc," Average current, Id.c.(mA) = Im / pi =")
+format(8)
+irms=295.45/2 // in mA
+disp(irms," RMS value of current, Irms(mA) = Im / 2 =")
+format(6)
+pdc=((94.046*10^-3)^2)*1000 // in W
+disp(pdc,"(b) D.C. power output, Pd.c.(W) = (Id.c.)^2 * RL =")
+pac=((147.725*10^-3)^2)*1100 // in W
+disp(pac,"(c) AC input power, Pac = (Irms)^2 * (rf+RL)")
+eta=(8.845/24)*100 // in percentage
+disp(eta,"(d) Efficiency of rectification, eta(in percentage) = Pdc / Pac =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.10/Example18_10.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.10/Example18_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..478ab30fa --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.10/Example18_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 18.10
+clc
+format(6)
+rl=10/(200*10^-3) // in ohm
+lc=1.194/0.02
+disp(rl,"The effective load resistance RL(ohm) =")
+disp("We know that the ripple factor, gamma = 1.194 / LC")
+disp(lc,"i.e. LC =")
+disp("Critical value of L(mH) = RL / 3*omega = 50 / 3*2*pi*f = 53mH")
+disp("Taking L = 60 mH (about 20% higher), C will be about 1000 uF")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.11/Example18_11.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.11/Example18_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ee5a54481 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.11/Example18_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 18.11
+clc
+rl=(10/(200*10^-3)) // in ohm
+c2=11.4/0.02
+format(4)
+c=sqrt(570) // in uF
+disp(rl," RL(ohm) =")
+disp(" 0.02 = 5700 / L*C1*C2*50 = 114 / L*C1*C2")
+disp("If we assume L = 10 mH and C1 = C2 = C, we have")
+disp(" 0.02 = 114 / L*C^2 = 11.4 / C^2")
+disp(c2," C^2 =")
+disp(c,"therefore,C(uF) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.12/Example18_12.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.12/Example18_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6a51e84c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.12/Example18_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 18.12.
+clc
+format(5)
+disp("Refer fig. 18.18.")
+disp("Selection of zener diode")
+disp(" Vz = Vo = 10 V")
+disp(" Iz_max = 40 mA")
+pz=10*40*10^-3 // in W
+disp(pz," Pz(W) = Vz * Iz_max =")
+disp("Hence a 0.5Z 10 zener can be selected")
+disp("Value of load resistance, RL")
+rlmin=10/(50*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rlmin," RL_min(ohm) = Vo / IL_max =")
+rlmax=10/(30*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rlmax," RL_max(ohm) = Vo / IL_min =")
+disp("Value of input resistance, R")
+rmax=(30-10)/((30+40)*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rmax," Rmax(ohm) = Vin(max)-Vo / ILmin+IZmax =")
+rmin=(20-10)/((50+20)*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rmin," Rmax(ohm) = Vin(min)-Vo / ILmax+IZmin =")
+r=(286+143)/2
+disp(r," R(ohm) = Rmax+Rmin / 2 =") // answer in textbook is wrong
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.13/Example18_13.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.13/Example18_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..52c99c0fb --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.13/Example18_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 18.13.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("The minimum Zener current is IZ(min) = 5 mA when the input voltage is minimum")
+disp("Here the input voltage varies between 10 V +- 20% i.e. 8 V and 12 V")
+disp("Therefore, the input voltage Vi(min) = 8 V")
+disp("Therefore,")
+rl=5/(20*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rl," RL(ohm) = Vo / IL =")
+r=(8-5)/((5+20)*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(r,"Hence, the series resistance R(ohm) = Vi(min)-Vo / IZ(min)+IL =")
+disp("The various values are given in the Zener regulator shown in Fig. 18.19")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.14/Example18_14.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.14/Example18_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..493047101 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.14/Example18_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 18.14.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("Load current varies from 0 to 20 mA")
+disp(" IZ(min) = 10 mA, IZ(max) = 100 mA")
+disp("Here, Vz = Vo = 10 V (constant)")
+disp("Applying KVL to a closed loop circuit,")
+disp(" 20 = IR + 10")
+disp("or IR = 10")
+disp("Therefore, R = 10/I ohm, where I is the loop current in amperes")
+disp("(i) Let IZ = IZ(min) and IL = 0")
+disp(" The total current I = IL + IZ = 10 mA")
+r=10/(10*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(r," Therefore, R(ohm) =")
+disp("(ii) For IZ = IZ(max) = 100 mA and IL = 20 mA")
+i=20+100 // in mA
+disp(i," I(mA) = IL + IZ =")
+r=10/(120*10^-3)
+disp(r," Therefore, R(ohm) =")
+disp("(iii) The range of R varies from 83.33 ohm to 1000 ohm")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.15/Example18_15.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.15/Example18_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7668ef69f --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.15/Example18_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 18.15.
+clc
+format(6)
+rl=5/(10*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rl,"Here, load resistance is RL(ohm) = Vo / IL =")
+iz=400/5 // in mA
+disp(iz,"Maximum Zener Current Iz_max(mA) =")
+disp("The minimum input voltage required will be when Iz = 0. Under this condition,")
+disp(" I = IL = 10 mA")
+disp("Minimum input voltage Vi_min = Vo + IR")
+vi=10-2 // in V
+disp(vi,"Hence, Vi_min(V) =")
+disp("or 8 = 5 + (10*10^-3)R")
+rmax=3/(10*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rmax,"Therefore, Rmax(ohm) =")
+disp("Now, maximum input voltage, Vi_max = 5 + [(80+10)10^-3]R")
+rmin=7/(90*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rmin," Rmin(ohm) =")
+disp("The value of R is chosen between 77.77 ohm and 300 ohm")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.16/Example18_16.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.16/Example18_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..164fe929c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.16/Example18_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 18.16.
+clc
+format(7)
+il=(24/1200)*10^3 // in mA
+disp(il,"The load current, IL(mA) = Vo / RL =")
+iz=600/24 // in mA
+disp(iz,"Max. Zener current, Iz_max(mA) =")
+rmax=(32-24)/((20+25)*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rmax," Rmax(ohm) = Vi-Vo / IL_min+IZ_max =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.17/Example18_17.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.17/Example18_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..24bc84b6e --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.17/Example18_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +////Example 18.17.
+clc
+format(6)
+vi=15+3 // in V
+disp("Refer to fig.18.24. We know that")
+disp(vi," Vi_min(V) = Vo + 3V =")
+vi=18+1 // in V
+disp("Assuming the ripple voltage Vr = 2V(max), the input voltage is")
+disp(vi," Vi(V) = Vi(min) + Vr/2 =")
+vz=19/2 // in V
+disp(vz,"Then Vz(V) = Vi /2 = (use the zener diode 1N758 for 10V)")
+disp("Therefore, Vz = 10 V")
+disp(" Iz = 20 mA")
+r1=(19-10)/(20*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(r1," R1(ohm) = Vi-Vz / Iz =")
+disp("Let I2 = IB(max) = 50 uA")
+r2=((15-10)/(50*10^-6))*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+disp(r2," R2(k-ohm) = Vo-Vz / I2 =")
+r3=(10/(50*10^-6))*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+disp(r3," R3(k-ohm) = Vz / I2 =")
+disp("Select C1 = 50 uF")
+disp("Specification of transistor Q1")
+vce=19+1 // in V
+disp(vce," VCE_max(V) = Vi_max(V) = Vi + Vr/2 =")
+disp(" IE = IL = 50 mA")
+p=((19-15)*50) // in mW
+disp(p," P(mW) = VCE*IL = (Vi-Vo) * IL =")
+disp("Use the transistor 2N718 for Q1")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.18/Example18_18.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.18/Example18_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3222765ce --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.18/Example18_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +//Example 18.18. refer fig.18.27
+clc
+format(6)
+rlmin=20/(50*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp("Selection of Zener diode")
+disp(rlmin," RLmin(ohm) = Vo / ILmax =")
+vz=20/2 // in V
+disp(vz," Vz(V) = Vo / 2 =")
+disp("Hence, the zener diode 0.5Z10 is chosen.")
+disp("Since, IR1 > IB2, IR1 > IC2/beta, IR2 > 10*10^-3 / 150")
+disp(" IR1 > 66.7 uA")
+disp("Let IR1 = IR2 = IR3 = 10 mA (neglecting IB2)")
+disp("Let IC2 = IE2 = 10 mA")
+disp("So, the current flowing through the Zener,")
+iz=10+10 // in mA
+disp(iz," Iz(mA) = IE2 + IR1 =")
+pz=10*20*10^-3 // in W
+disp(pz," Pz(W) = Vz*Iz =") // > 0.5 W
+disp("Hence selection of 0.5Z10 Zener diode is confirmed")
+disp("")
+disp("Selection of transistor Q1")
+ie1=10+10+50 // in mA
+disp(ie1," IE1(mA) = IR1 + IR2 + IL =")
+disp(" Vi(max) - Vo = 30 -20 = 10 V")
+disp("For transistor SL100, the rating are")
+disp(" IC(max) = 500 mA")
+disp(" VCE(max) = 50 V")
+disp(" hre = 50 - 280")
+disp("Hence, SL100 can be chosen for Q1")
+disp("")
+disp("Selection of transistor Q2")
+disp(" From the fig., VCE2(max) + Vz = (V0 + VBE1)")
+vce2=20.6-10 // in V
+disp(vce2," Therefore, VCE2_max(V) = (Vo + VBE1) - Vz =")
+disp("For transistor BC107, the rating are")
+disp(" VCEO(max) = 45 V")
+disp(" IC(max) = 200 mA")
+disp(" hFE = 125 - 300")
+disp("Hence, transistor BC107 is selected for Q2")
+disp("")
+disp("Selection of resistor R1, R2 and R3")
+vr1=20-10 // in V
+disp(vr1," VR1(V) = Vo - Vz =")
+r1=10/(10) // in k-ohm
+disp(r1," R1(k-ohm) = VR1 / IR1 =")
+vr2=20-10.6 // in V
+disp(vr2," VR2(V) = Vo - VR3 =")
+r2=9.4/(10*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(r2," R2(ohm) = VR2 / IR2 =")
+vr3=10+0.6 // in V
+disp(vr3," VR3(V) = Vz + VBE2(sat) =")
+r3=10.6/(10*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(r3," R3(ohm) = VR3 / IR3 =")
+disp("")
+disp("Selection of resistor R4")
+vb1=20+0.6 // in V
+disp(vb1," VB1(V) = VC2(V) = Vo + VBE1 =")
+ib1=70/50 // in mA
+disp(ib1," IB1(mA) = IC1 / beta =")
+ir4=11.4 // in mA
+disp(ir4," IR4(mA) = IB1 + IC2 =")
+format(5)
+r4max=(30-20.6)/(11.4*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(r4max," R4_max(ohm) = VR4(max) / IR4 = Vi(max)-VB1 / IR4 =")
+r4min=(22-20.6)/(11.4*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(r4min," R4_min(ohm) = VR4(min) / IR4 = Vi(min)-VB1 / IR4 =")
+format(6)
+r4=(825+123)/2 // in ohm
+disp(r4," R4(ohm) = R4(max)+R4(min) / 2 =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.19/Example18_19.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.19/Example18_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d9a63e216 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.19/Example18_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 18.19.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("The secondary output of step-down transformer is sqrt(2) times the output d.c. voltage required. Therefore, the step-down transformer is wound to have 230 V : 23 V")
+disp("Given data: D.C. output voltage = 9 V and Load current = 100 mA")
+disp("The current rating is 1.5 times the maximum loas current i.e. 150 mA")
+disp("A bridge rectifier or full wave rectifier is used to get the pulsating d.c. output.")
+rl=9/(100*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rl," RL(ohm) = Vdc / TL =")
+disp("A capacitor filter is used to remove the ripple and get a smooth output.")
+disp(" Ripple factor gamma = 1 / 4*sqrt(3)*f*C*RL")
+disp("Assume the ripple factor to be 0.03")
+c=(1/(4*sqrt(3)*50*0.03*90))*10^6 // in uF
+disp(c," C(uf) =") // = 1000 uF
+disp("The short circuit resistance Rsc connected with the series pass transistor is")
+format(4)
+rsc=0.7/(150*10^-3) // in ohm
+disp(rsc," Rsc(ohm) = VBE / Ilim_it =")
+disp("Assume 7.6 V Zener diode in series with 1.5 k-ohm")
+disp("The designed circuit is shown in fig.18.32.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.2/Example18_2.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.2/Example18_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90d3e4614 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.2/Example18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 18.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+icd=(24/500)*10^3 // in mA
+disp(icd,"Average value of load current, Id.c.(mA) = Vdc / RL =")
+im=%pi*48 // in mA
+disp(im,"Maximum value of load current, Im(mA) = pi * Idc =")
+disp("Therefore, maximum ac voltage required at the input,")
+vm=550*150.8*10^-3 // in V
+disp(vm," Vm(V) = Im * (rf+RL) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.3/Example18_3.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.3/Example18_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1a7a86a9f --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.3/Example18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 18.3.
+clc
+format(6)
+x1=230/5 // in V
+vm=sqrt(2) * 46 // in V
+vdc=65/%pi // in V
+im=65/300 // in A
+pm=0.217^2 * 300 // in W
+idc=20.7/300 // in A
+format(5)
+pdc=(0.069^2)*300 // in W
+disp(x1,"(a) The transformer secondary voltage(in V) =")
+format(4)
+disp(vm," Maximum value of secondary voltage, Vm(V) =")
+format(5)
+disp(vdc," Therefore, d.c. output voltage, Vd.c.(V) = Vm / pi =")
+disp("(b) PIV of a diode = Vm = 65 V")
+format(6)
+disp(im,"(c) Maximum value of load current, Im(A) = Vm / RL =")
+disp(" Therefore, maximum value of power delivered to the load,")
+format(5)
+disp(pm," Pm(W) = Im^2 * RL =")
+format(6)
+disp(idc,"(d) The average value of load current, Id.c.(A) = Vdc / RL")
+disp(" Therefore, average value of power delivered to the load,")
+format(5)
+disp(pdc," Pd.c.(W) = (Idc)^2 * RL =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.4/Example18_4.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.4/Example18_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..59f791555 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.4/Example18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 18.4.
+clc
+x1=230/5 // in V
+vrms=46/2 // in V
+vdc=(2*23*sqrt(2))/%pi // in V
+idc=(20.7/1000)*10^3 // in mA
+pdc=((20.7*10^-3)^2)*900 // in W
+piv=2*23*sqrt(2) // in V
+vrrms=sqrt(23^2 - 20.7^2) // in V
+f=2*60 // in Hz
+format(6)
+disp(x1,"The voltage across the two ends of secondary(in V) = 230 / 5 =")
+disp(vrms,"Voltage from center tapping to one end, Vrms(V) =")
+format(5)
+disp(vdc,"(a) d.c. voltage across the load, Vdc(V) = 2Vm / pi =")
+disp("(b) d.c. current flowing through the load,")
+disp(idc," Idc(mA) = Vdc / (rs+rf+RL) =")
+format(6)
+disp("(c) d.c. power delivered to the load,")
+disp(pdc," Pdc(W) = (Idc)^2 * RL =")
+format(4)
+disp(piv,"(d) PIV across each diode(in W) = 2Vm =")
+format(6)
+disp(vrrms,"(e) Ripple voltage, Vr,rms(V) = sqrt(Vrms^2 - Vdc^2) =")
+disp(f," Frequency of ripple voltage(in Hz) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.5/Example18_5.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.5/Example18_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7aea63ec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.5/Example18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 18.5.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("(a) We know that the maximum value of current flowing through the diode for normal operation should not exceed 80% of its rated current.")
+imax=0.8*400 // in mA
+disp(imax,"Therefore, Imax(mA) =")
+disp("The maximum value of the secondary voltage,")
+vm=sqrt(2)*100 // in V
+disp(vm," Vm(V) =")
+disp("Therefore, the value of load resistor that gives the largest d.c. power output")
+format(5)
+RL=141.4/(320*10^-3)
+disp(RL," RL(ohm) = Vm / Imax =")
+vdc=(2*141.4)/%pi
+disp(vdc,"(b) D.C.(load) voltage, Vdc(V) = (2*141.4)/pi =")
+format(6)
+idc=90/442
+disp(idc," D.C. load current, Idc(A) = Vdc / RL =")
+disp("(c) PIV of each diode = 2Vm = 282.8 V")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.6/Example18_6.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.6/Example18_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f1a6de678 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.6/Example18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 18.6.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("D.C. power delivered to the load,")
+disp(" Pdc = Vdc^2 / RL")
+vdc=sqrt(50*200)
+disp(vdc,"Therefore, Vdc(V) = sqrt(Pdc*RL) =")
+disp("The ripple factor, gamma = Vac / Vdc")
+disp("i.e. 0.01 = Vac / 100")
+disp("Therefore, the ac ripple voltage across the load, Vac = 1 V")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.7/Example18_7.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.7/Example18_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..97ba2622e --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.7/Example18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 18.7.
+clc
+Vrms=230/4 // in V
+vm=sqrt(2)*57.5 // in V
+vdc=(2*81.3)/%pi // in V
+pdc=52^2/1000 // in W
+format(5)
+disp("(a) The rms value of the transformer secondary voltage,")
+disp(Vrms," Vrms(V) =")
+disp(" The maximum value of the secondary voltage")
+disp(vm," Vm(V) =")
+format(4)
+disp(vdc,"Therefore, d.c. output voltage, Vdc(V) = 2Vm / pi =")
+format(6)
+disp("(b) D.C. power delivered to the load,")
+disp(pdc," Pd.c.(W) = (Vdc)^2 / RL =")
+disp("(c) PIV across each diode = Vm = 81.3 V")
+disp("(d) Output frequency = 2 x 50 = 100 Hz")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.8/Example18_8.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.8/Example18_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..530bb9448 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.8/Example18_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 18.8.
+clc
+format(7)
+L=0.0625/0.04 // in H
+disp("We know that the ripple factor for inductor filter is gamma = RL / 3*sqrt(2)*omega*L")
+disp(L,"Therefore, L(in Henry) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH18/EX18.9/Example18_9.sce b/991/CH18/EX18.9/Example18_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ad4585ea2 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH18/EX18.9/Example18_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 18.9.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("We know that the ripple factor for capacitor filter is")
+disp(" gamma = 1 / 4*sqrt(3)*f*C*RL")
+c=(0.722)/0.01 // in pF
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(pF) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH19/EX19.1/Example19_1.sce b/991/CH19/EX19.1/Example19_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2bb9339ac --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH19/EX19.1/Example19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 19.1.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("Given the sheet resistance Rs = 200 ohm/square")
+disp("Then the resistance R = 5 k-ohm = Rs*(l/w) = 200*(l/w)")
+x=5000/200
+disp(x,"Therefore, l/w = R/Rs =")
+disp("So, a 5 k-ohm resistor can be fabricated by using a pattern of 25mil x 1mil as shown in fig.19.24.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH19/EX19.2/Example19_2.sce b/991/CH19/EX19.2/Example19_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4d3b4af54 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH19/EX19.2/Example19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 19.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("Given the sheet resistance Rs = 30 ohm/square")
+disp("Then the resistance R = 1 k-ohm = Rs*(l/w) = 30*(l/w)")
+disp("Therefore, l/w = R/Rs = 1000/30 = 100/3")
+disp("So, a 5 k-ohm resistor can be fabricated by using a pattern of 100mil x 3mil as shown in fig.19.24.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH20/EX20.1/Example20_1.sce b/991/CH20/EX20.1/Example20_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0f14995ce --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH20/EX20.1/Example20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 20.1.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp(" CMRR = Ad / Acm = 10^5")
+acm=(10^5)/(10^5)
+disp(acm," Therefore, the common-mode gain, Acm = Ad / CMRR =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH20/EX20.2/Example20_2.sce b/991/CH20/EX20.2/Example20_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3ce1cd6b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH20/EX20.2/Example20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 20.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+sr=20/(4) // in V/us
+disp(" The slew rate, SR = dVo / dt")
+disp(sr," SR(in V/us) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH20/EX20.3/Example20_3.sce b/991/CH20/EX20.3/Example20_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ee99ec349 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH20/EX20.3/Example20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 20.3.
+clc
+format(5)
+disp("The 741C has typical slew rate of 0.5 V/us. Using Eq.(20.8), the slew rate is,")
+disp(" SR = 2*pi*f*Vm / 10^6 = 0.5 V/us")
+vm=50*(20*10^-3) // in volts
+disp(vm,"The maximum output voltage, Vm(V) = A*Vid =")
+disp("The maximum frequency of the input for which undistorted output is obtained is given by,")
+f=(0.5*10^6)/(2*%pi*1) // in kHz
+x1=f*10^-3
+disp(x1," fmax = SR*10^6 / 2*pi*Vm =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH20/EX20.4/Example20_4.sce b/991/CH20/EX20.4/Example20_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1734e724c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH20/EX20.4/Example20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 20.4.
+clc
+format(5)
+disp("The 741C has typical slew rate of 0.5 V/us. Using Eq.(20.8), the slew rate is,")
+disp(" SR = 2*pi*f*Vm / 10^6 = 0.5 V/us")
+vm=(0.5*10^6)/(2*%pi*(40*10^3)) // in volts
+disp(" = 3.98 V peak-to-peak",vm,"The maximum output voltage, Vm(V peak-to-peak) = SR*10^6 / 2*pi*f =")
+disp("The maximum peak-to-peak input voltage for undistorted output is,")
+vid=3.98/10 // in volts
+format(6)
+disp(vid," Vid(V peak-to-peak) = Vm/A =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH20/EX20.5/Example20_5.sce b/991/CH20/EX20.5/Example20_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..87056908b --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH20/EX20.5/Example20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 20.5. refer fig.20.10.
+clc
+format(6)
+af=-10/1
+disp(af," The closed-loop voltage gain Af = -RF / R1 =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH20/EX20.6/Example20_6.sce b/991/CH20/EX20.6/Example20_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..93cf57e13 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH20/EX20.6/Example20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 20.6. refer fig.20.11.
+clc
+format(6)
+af=1+(10/1)
+disp(af," The closed-loop voltage gain, AF = 1 + RF/R1 =")
+beta=1/(1+10)
+disp(beta," The feedback factor, beta = R1 / R1+RF =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH20/EX20.7/Example20_7.sce b/991/CH20/EX20.7/Example20_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..52c468008 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH20/EX20.7/Example20_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 20.7. refer fig. 20.16.
+clc
+format(6)
+v=-(2+3+4) // in volts
+disp("The output voltage is given by,")
+disp(v," Vo(V) = -Rf/R * (V1+V2+...+Vn) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH20/EX20.8/Example20_8.sce b/991/CH20/EX20.8/Example20_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e69bee383 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH20/EX20.8/Example20_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 20.8.
+clc
+format(5)
+disp("1. Given: fL = 1 kHz")
+disp("2. Since R and C values are not given, let assume C = 0.01 uF")
+r=1/(2*%pi*(10^3)*(0.01*10^-6))
+x1=r*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+disp(x1,"3. Therefore, R(k-ohm) = 1 / 2*pi*fL*C =")
+disp("4. Given pass band gain A = 1 + Rf/Ri = 2 i.e. the value of Rf = Ri")
+disp("Let Rf = Ri = 10 k-ohm. The high pass circuit values are shown in Fig.20.31")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH20/EX20.9/Example20_9.sce b/991/CH20/EX20.9/Example20_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7a2d9aaeb --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH20/EX20.9/Example20_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 20.9. refer fig.20.35(a).
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("(a) From Eq.(20.32), the time period, T = 2RC ln(R1+2R2 / R1)")
+disp(" T = 2RC ln(116*10^3 + 2*100*10^3/116*10^3)")
+disp(" T = 2RC ln(316*10^3/116*10^3)")
+disp(" T = 2RC (since ln(316*10^3/116*10^3) = 1)")
+disp("Given f = 1 kHz, T = 1/f = 1 ms")
+disp("That is, 2RC = 1*10^-3 sec")
+disp("Therefore, the time constant RC = 0.5*10^-3 sec")
+r=(0.5)/0.01 // in k-ohm
+disp(r,"(b) With C = 0.01 uF, R(k-ohm) = 0.5*10^-3/0.01*10^-6 =")
+disp("(c) Maximum value of differential input voltage is")
+x=2*14*(100/(100+116))
+disp(x," 2*Vsat*(R2 / R1+R2) = ")
+disp("Therefore, the peak values for the differential input voltage just exceed +-2 x 6.48 V")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH21/EX21.1/Example21_1.sce b/991/CH21/EX21.1/Example21_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..df9589b0d --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH21/EX21.1/Example21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 21.1.
+clc
+format(6)
+u=10*200 // in cm^2/V-s
+disp(u,"The electron mobility, un(cm^2/V-s) = sigma*RH =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH21/EX21.2/Example21_2.sce b/991/CH21/EX21.2/Example21_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..42b209f6d --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH21/EX21.2/Example21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 21.2.
+clc
+format(9)
+n=10/((50*10^-4)*(1.6*10^-19)) // m^-3
+disp("We know that the electron mobilty, un = sigma/nq")
+disp("Therefore, the electron concentration,")
+disp(n," n(m^-3) = sigma / uq =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH21/EX21.3/Example21_3.sce b/991/CH21/EX21.3/Example21_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..95a894c37 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH21/EX21.3/Example21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 21.3.
+clc
+format(7)
+n=(1.2*20)/(60*(1.6*10^-19)*(0.5*10^-3)) // in m^3
+disp("We know that the number of conduction electrons, i.e. electron density,")
+disp(n," n(m^3) = B*I/VH*q*w =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.1/Example24_1.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.1/Example24_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bb04bbe66 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.1/Example24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 24.1. convert decimal 12 to an octal number
+clc
+o=dec2oct(12)
+disp("The procedure is as follows.")
+disp("12 divided by 8 = quotient 1 with a remainder of 4")
+disp(" 1 divided by 8 = quotient 0 with a remainder of 1")
+disp(o,"Therefore, decimal 12 = octal")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.10/Example24_10.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.10/Example24_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..72d07837d --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.10/Example24_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 24.10
+clc
+disp("2''s compliment method")
+disp(" 1 0 0 0")
+disp(" 0 1 1 0 <-- 2''s complement")
+disp(" -------")
+disp(" 1 1 1 0 <-- no carry")
+disp("No carry results. Thus, the difference is negative and the answer is the 2''s compliment of 1110, i.e. 0010")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.11/Example24_11.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.11/Example24_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c6ef2fa51 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.11/Example24_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 24.11
+clc
+disp("(i) 1 0 0 1")
+disp(" + 0 1 0 0")
+disp(" ---------")
+disp(" 1 1 0 1 Invalid BCD number")
+disp(" + 0 1 1 0 Add 6")
+disp(" ---------")
+disp(" 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 Valid BCD number")
+disp("")
+disp("(ii) 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1")
+disp(" + 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0")
+disp(" ---------------")
+disp(" 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 Right group is invalid")
+disp(" + 0 1 1 0 Add 6")
+disp(" ---------------")
+disp(" 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Valid BCD number")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.12/Example24_12.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.12/Example24_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..74fd6ad7f --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.12/Example24_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 24.12.
+clc
+disp("(i) A + AB = A(1+B) distributive law")
+disp(" = A.1 law 2")
+disp(" = A law 4")
+disp('')
+disp("(ii) A + A''B = (A+A'')(A+B) distributive law")
+disp(" = 1.(A+B) law 6")
+disp(" = A + B law 4")
+disp('')
+disp("(iii) AB + A''C + BC = AB + A''C + BC1")
+disp(" = AB + A''C + BC(A+A'')")
+disp(" = AB + A''C + ABC + A''BC")
+disp(" = AB(1+C) + A''C(1+B)")
+disp(" = AB + A''C")
+disp("The above property, i.e AB + A''C + BC = AB + A''C, is called consensus theorem.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.13/Example24_13.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.13/Example24_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..93bb1648d --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.13/Example24_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Example 24.13
+clc
+disp("(a) A + AB + AB''C")
+disp("Step 1: Apply rule 10 of table 24.2,i.e A + AB = A. The expression simplifies to")
+disp(" A + AB''C")
+disp("Step 2: Apply distributive property")
+disp(" (A+A)(A+B''C)")
+disp(" = A(A+B''C)")
+disp("Step 3: Taking A as the common term,")
+disp(" A[1.(1+B''C)]")
+disp("Step 4: Apply rule 2 of Table 24.2, i.e. 1 + B''C = 1")
+disp(" A.1 = A")
+disp("Thus, the simplified expression is A")
+disp('')
+disp("(b) (A''+B)C + ABC")
+disp("Step 1: Apply distributive property")
+disp(" A''C + BC + ABC")
+disp("Step 2: Taking BC as common term,")
+disp(" A''C + BC(1+A)")
+disp("Step 3: Apply rule 2")
+disp(" A''C + BC.1")
+disp("Step 4: Taking C as the common term,")
+disp(" C(A''+B)")
+disp("Thus, the simplified expression is C(A''+B)")
+disp('')
+disp("(c) AB''C(BD+CDE) + AC''")
+disp("Step 1: Apply distribtive property")
+disp(" AB''BCD + AB''CCDE + AC''")
+disp("Step 2: Apply rules 8 and 7 to the first and second terms, respectivly,")
+disp(" 0 + AB''CDE + AC''")
+disp("Step 3: Taking A as the common term,")
+disp(" A(B''CDE+C'')]")
+disp("Step 4: Apply rule 11 i.e., B''CDE + C'' = B''DE + C''")
+disp(" A(B''DE+C'')")
+disp("Thus, the simplified expression is A(B''DE+C'')")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.14/Example24_14.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.14/Example24_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..73ad07d3e --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.14/Example24_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//example 24.14
+clc;
+disp('The kanaurgh map for given truth table will be :');
+disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB'''); //displaying the given kmap
+disp('C'' 1 0 0 1');
+disp('C 0 1 1 0');
+disp("The adjacent cells that can be combined together are cells 000 and 100 and the cells 011 and 111");
+disp("By combining the adjacent cells, we get")
+disp(" Y = (A''+A)B''C'' + (A''+A)BC")
+disp(" = B''C'' + BC")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.15/Example24_15.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.15/Example24_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0fbbd8687 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.15/Example24_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 24.15
+clc;
+disp('The kanaurgh map for given truth table will be :');
+disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB'''); //displaying the given kmap
+disp('C''D'' 1 0 0 1');
+disp('C''D 0 1 1 0');
+disp('CD 0 0 0 0');
+disp('CD'' 0 0 0 0');
+disp("In the above K-map, the following adjacent cells can be combined to form two pairs of adjacent 1s. Thus, the cell pairs are B''C''D'' and BC''D. The simplified function is Y = B''C''D'' + BC''D");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.2/Example24_2.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.2/Example24_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bfb874ad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.2/Example24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 24.2. convert octal number to decimal.
+clc
+d=oct2dec(["444"])
+disp(d,"(i) octal 444 = decimal")
+d1=oct2dec(["237"])
+disp(d1,"(ii) octal 237 = decimal")
+d2=oct2dec(["120"])
+disp(d2,"(iii) octal 120 = decimal")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.3/Example24_3.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.3/Example24_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..435417ee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.3/Example24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 24.3. convert decimal to hexadecimal number
+clc
+h=dec2hex([112])
+disp("The procedure is as follows,")
+disp("(i) 112 divided by 16 = quotient 7 with a remainder of 0")
+disp(" 7 divided by 16 = quotient 0 with a remainder of 7")
+disp(h,"decimal 112 = hex")
+disp("(ii) 253 divided by 16 = quotient 7 with a remainder of 13 i.e. D")
+disp(" 15 divided by 16 = quotient 0 with a remainder of 15 i.e. F")
+h=dec2hex([253])
+disp(h,"decimal 253 = hex")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.4/Example24_4.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.4/Example24_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f65270bcc --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.4/Example24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 24.4. convert hexadecimal number to decimal
+clc
+h=hex2dec(['4AB'])
+disp(h,"(i) hex 4AB = decimal")
+h=hex2dec(['23F'])
+disp(h,"(ii) hex 23F = decimal")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.5/Example24_5.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.5/Example24_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..414f5930a --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.5/Example24_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 24.5. multiply binary numbers
+clc
+h=bin2dec('1101')
+o=bin2dec('1100')
+p=h*o
+z=dec2bin(p)
+disp(z,"(i) 1101 x 1100 = ")
+h=bin2dec('1000')
+o=bin2dec('101')
+p=h*o
+z=dec2bin(p)
+disp(z,"(ii) 1000 x 101 = ")
+h=bin2dec('1111')
+o=bin2dec('1001')
+p=h*o
+z=dec2bin(p)
+disp(z,"(iii) 1111 x 1001 = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.6/Example24_6.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.6/Example24_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..daeb7ef1d --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.6/Example24_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 24.6. perform the binary divisions
+clc
+x=bin2dec('110')
+x1=bin2dec('10')
+x2=x/x1
+x3=dec2bin(x2)
+disp("(i) 110 / 10")
+disp(x3," = binary")
+disp(x2," = decimal")
+x=bin2dec('1111')
+x1=bin2dec('110')
+x2=x/x1
+x3=dec2bin(x2)
+disp("(ii) 1111 / 110")
+disp(x3," = binary")
+disp(x2," = decimal")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.7/Example24_7.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.7/Example24_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e6eebe405 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.7/Example24_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 24.7
+clc
+disp("1''s compliment method")
+disp(" 1 1 1 1")
+disp(" 0 1 0 1 <-- 1''s complement")
+disp(" ---------")
+disp(" (1) 1 1 0 1 <-- carry")
+disp(" 1 <-- add carry")
+disp(" ---------")
+disp(" 0 1 0 1")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.8/Example24_8.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.8/Example24_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a9af9d637 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.8/Example24_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 24.8
+clc
+disp("1''s compliment method")
+disp(" 1 0 0 0")
+disp(" 0 1 0 1 <-- 1''s complement")
+disp(" -------")
+disp(" 1 1 0 1")
+disp("No carry results and the answer is the 1''s complement of 1101 and opposite in sign, i.e. -0010.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH24/EX24.9/Example24_9.sce b/991/CH24/EX24.9/Example24_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dcad8f290 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH24/EX24.9/Example24_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 24.9
+clc
+disp("2''s compliment method")
+disp(" 1 1 1 1")
+disp(" 0 1 1 0 <-- 2''s complement")
+disp(" ---------")
+disp(" (1) 0 1 0 1")
+disp("The carry is discarded. Thus, the answer is 0101.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.1/Example3_1.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.1/Example3_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..970822eae --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.1/Example3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 3.1
+format(8)
+q=1.6*10^-19 //charge of electron
+V=5000 //potential difference
+m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron
+v=sqrt(2*q*V/m) //speed of electron
+disp(v,"Speed of the electron, v(m/s) =sqrt(2*q*V/m) =")
+ke=(q*V)/(1.6*10^-9) //kinetic energyin eV
+x1=ke*10^10
+disp(x1,"The kinetic energy(eV)= q x V =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.10/Example3_10.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.10/Example3_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..afa4d9b94 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.10/Example3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 3.10
+clc
+Va=600
+l=3.5
+d=0.8
+L=20
+Vd=20
+format(9)
+q=1.6*10^-19
+m=9.1*10^-31
+v=sqrt(2*q*Va/m)
+disp(v,"(i) The velocity of the electron, v(m/s)= ")
+format(10)
+a=(q/m)*(Vd/d)
+a1=a*10^2
+disp("(ii) ma = qE")
+disp(a1,"Thus, acceleration, a(m/s)= qE / m = (q/m)(Vd/d) =")
+format(5)
+D=(l*L*Vd)/(2*Va*d)
+disp(D,"(iii) The deflection on the screen, D(cm)= ILVd / 2Vad =")
+format(7)
+Ds=D/Vd
+disp(Ds, "(iv) Deflection sensitivity(cm/V)= D / Vd =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.11/Example3_11.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.11/Example3_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bb4fded9f --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.11/Example3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 3.11.
+clc
+q=1.6*10^-19
+m=9.1*10^-31
+Va=800
+l=2
+d=0.5
+L=20
+D=1
+format(9)
+v=sqrt(2*q*Va/m)
+disp(v,"(i) The velocity of the beam, v(m/s)= sqrt(2qVa / m) =")
+Vd=(D*2*d*Va)/(l*L)
+disp("(ii) The deflection of the beam, D = lLVd / 2dVa")
+disp(Vd,"Therefore, the voltage that must be applied to the plates, Vd(V) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.12/Example3_12.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.12/Example3_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7284c6d57 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.12/Example3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 3.12
+clc
+format(9)
+v=sqrt((2*(1.6*10^-19)*1000)/(9.1*10^-31))
+disp(v,"(i) Velocity of beam, v(m/s) = sqrt(2qVa/m) =")
+format(6)
+D=((2*10^-2)*(20*10^-2)*25)/(2*1000*(0.5*10^-2))
+disp("(ii) Deflection sensitivity = D/Vd")
+disp(D,"where D(cm) = l*L*Vd / 2*Va*d =")
+format(7)
+ds=D/25
+disp(ds,"Therefore, the deflection sensitivity(cm/V) = ")
+theta=atand(1/1800)
+disp("(iii) To find the angle of deflection, theta :")
+disp(" tan(theta) = D/L-l")
+disp(theta,"Therefore, theta(in degree) = tan^-1(D/L-l) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.13/Example3_13.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.13/Example3_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0266b2e19 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.13/Example3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 3.13.
+clc
+v0=3*10^5
+E=910
+theta=60
+m=9.109*10^-31
+q=1.6*10^-19
+format(8)
+disp("The electron starts moving in the +y direction, but, since acceleration is along the -y direction, its velocity isreduced to zero at time t=t''")
+v0y=v0*cosd(theta)
+disp(v0y,"v0y(m/s) = v0 * cos(theta) =")
+format(10)
+ay=(q*E)/m
+disp(ay,"ay(m/s^2) = qE / m =")
+format(6)
+tdash=v0y/ay
+x1=tdash*10^9
+disp(x1,"t''(ns) = v0y / ay =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.14/Example3_14.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.14/Example3_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3ef017d50 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.14/Example3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 3.14.
+clc
+format(5)
+D=(((2*10^-2)*(1*10^-4)*(20*10^-2))/sqrt(800))*sqrt((1.6*10^-19)/(2*9.1*10^-31))
+x1=D*10^2
+disp("The deflection of the spot,")
+disp(x1,"D(cm) = (IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.15/Example3_15.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.15/Example3_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..10fad5503 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.15/Example3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 3.15.
+clc
+disp("The magnetostatic deflection, D = (IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m)")
+disp("The electrostatic deflection, D = lLVd / 2dVa")
+disp("For returning the beam back to the centre, the electrostatic deflection and the magnetostatic deflection must be equal, i.e.,")
+disp("(IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m) = lLVd / 2dVa")
+disp("Therefore,")
+format(6)
+Vd=(1*10^-2*2*10^-4)*sqrt((2*800*1.6*10^-19)/(9.1*10^-31))
+disp(Vd,"Vd(V) = dB*sqrt(2*Va*q/m) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.2/Example3_2.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.2/Example3_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1892e8982 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.2/Example3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.2.
+format(6)
+me=1000*9.1*10^-31
+disp(me,"Mass of the charged particle(kg) = 1000 times the mass of an electron =")
+disp("The charge of the partical = 1.6*10^-19 C")
+q=1.6*10^-19 //charge of the particle
+V=1000 //potential difference
+format(8)
+v=sqrt(2*q*V/me)
+disp(v,"Therefore, The velocity, v(m/s) = sqrt(2*q*V/me) =")
+ke=(q*V)/(1.6*10^-19) // in eV
+disp(ke,"Kinetic energy(eV) = q x V =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8348ad627 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Example 3.3.
+clc
+format(6)
+d=6*10^-3
+q=1.6*10^-19
+m=9.1*10^-31
+vax=3*10^6
+E=350/d
+disp(E,"Therefore, E(V/m) = V / d =")
+format(10)
+ax=q*E/m
+disp(ax," ax(m/s^2) = qE / m =")
+disp("We know that,")
+disp(" x = vox*t + 0.5*a*t^2")
+disp(" vx = vox + ax*t")
+disp("(i) Consider x = 3*10^-3 m")
+disp("3*10^-3 = 3*10^6*t + 5.13*10^15*t^2")
+disp("Solving this equation,")
+format(9)
+t=poly(0,'t')
+p1=(5.13*10^15)*t^2+(3*10^6)*t-3*10^-3
+t1=roots(p1)
+ans1=t1(1)
+disp(ans1,"t(seconds)= ")
+format(8)
+vx=(3*10^6)+((1.026*10^16)*(5.264*10^-10))
+disp(vx,"vx(m/s)= ")
+disp("(ii) Consider x = 6*10^-6 m")
+disp("t^2+(5.85*10^-10)*t-(1.17*10^-18) = 0")
+disp("Solving this equation,")
+format(9)
+p2=t^2+(5.85*10^-10)*t-1.17*10^-18
+t2=roots(p2)
+ans2=t2(1)
+disp(ans2,"t(seconds)= ")
+vx1=(3*10^6)+((8.28*10^-10)*(1.026*10^16))
+disp(vx1,"vx(m/s)= ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d2e51d388 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 3.4.
+clc
+V=200
+m=9.1*10^-31
+format(8)
+v=sqrt(2*q*V/m)
+disp("(i)The electron starts from rest at plate A, therefore, the initial velocity is zero. The velocity of electron on reaching plate B is")
+disp(v,"v(m/s) = sqrt(2*q*V/m) =")
+iv=0 //initial velocity
+fv=8.38*10^6 //final velocity
+va=(iv+fv)/2 //average velocity of electron in transit
+disp("(ii)Time taken by the electron to travel from plate A to plate B can be calculated from the average velocity of the electron in transit.The average velocity is,")
+disp(va,"vaverage(m/s) = (Initial velocity + Final velocity) / 2 =")
+sp=3*10^-3 //separation between the plates
+time=sp/va
+disp("Therefore, time taken for travel is,")
+disp(time,"Time(seconds) = Separation between the plates / Average velocity =")
+ke=q*V
+disp("(iii)Kinetic energy of the electron on reaching the plate B is")
+disp(ke,"Kinetic energy(Joules) = q V =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.5/Example3_5.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.5/Example3_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ec8446fe --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.5/Example3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 3.5.
+clc
+format(9)
+vinitial=1*10^6
+q=1.6*10^-19
+V=300
+m=9.1*10^-31
+vfinal=10.33*10^6
+sp=8*10^-3 //separation between plates
+v=sqrt(vinitial^2+(2*q*V/m))
+disp("The speed acquired by electron due to the applied voltage is")
+disp(v,"v(m/s) = sqrt(vinitial^2+(2*q*V/m)) =")
+format(8)
+va=(vinitial+vfinal)/2
+disp("The average velocity,")
+disp(va,"vaverage(m/s)= (vinitial + vfinal) / 2 =")
+time=sp/va
+disp(time,"Therefore, time for travel(seconds)= seperation between plates / vaverage =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.6/Example3_6.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.6/Example3_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fde1389a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.6/Example3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 3.6.
+clc
+format(5)
+d=(5*10^11*1.76*10^11)*(((1*10^-9)^3)/6)
+x1=d*10^6
+disp("The electric field intensity,")
+disp("E = -5t / d*10*-9 = -5t / 10^-9*1*10^-2 = 5*10^11*t (for 0 < t < t1)")
+disp(" = 0 (for t1 < t < infinity)")
+disp("(i) The position of the electron after 1ns,")
+disp(x1," d(um) = (5*10^11)*(1.76*10^11)*((1*10^-9)^3/6) =")
+format(6)
+x2=0.8-(d*10^2)
+disp(x2,"(ii) The rest of the distance to be covered by the electron = 0.8cm - 14.7 um =")
+disp("Since, the potential difference drops to zero volt, after 1ns, the electron will travel the distance of 0.799 cm with a constant velocity of")
+vx=(5*10^11*1.76*10^11)*(((1*10^-9)^2)/2)
+disp(vx,"vx(m/s) = (5*10^11)*(q/m)*(t^2/2) =")
+format(9)
+x3=(x2/vx)*10^-2
+disp(x3,"Therefore, the time t2(seconds) = d / vx =")
+x4=(1*10^-9)+x3
+disp(x4,"The total time of transit of electron from cathode to anode(in seconds) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.7/Example3_7.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.7/Example3_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1bda7ccdf --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.7/Example3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 3.7.
+clc
+format(8)
+q=1.6*10^-19
+Va=40
+m=9.1*10^-31
+B=0.91
+ve=sqrt(2*q*Va/m)
+disp(ve,"The velocity of the electron is(m/s)= sqrt(2qVa/m) =")
+format(7)
+tt=(2*%pi*m)/(B*q)
+disp(tt,"The time taken for one revolution is T(seconds) = 2*pi*m / B*q =")
+format(9)
+p=tt*ve*(sqrt(3)/2) //cos(30)=sqrt(3)/2
+disp(p,"The pitch(meters) = T*v*cos(theta) =")
+disp(p,"Thus, the electron has travelled(meters)= ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.8/Example3_8.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.8/Example3_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ff6dfcf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.8/Example3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 3.8
+clc
+function [radians] = degrees2radians(degrees);
+radians = degrees*(%pi/180);
+endfunction
+radians=degrees2radians(25)
+q=1.6*10^-19
+m=9.1*10^-31
+V=50
+Q=3*q
+M=2*m
+format(8)
+v=sqrt(2*Q*V/M)
+disp("(i) The velocity of the charged particle before entering the field is,")
+disp(v,"v(m/s) = sqrt(2aV/m) * sqrt(2(3q)V/2m) = sqrt(6qV/2m) =")
+B=0.02
+format(6)
+r=(M*v*sin(radians))/(Q*B)
+r1=r*10^3
+disp("(ii) The radius of the helical path is")
+disp(r1,"r(mm) = Mvsine(theta) / QB = 2mvsine(theta) / 3qB =")
+format(9)
+T=(2*%pi*M)/(B*Q)
+disp("(iii) Time for one revolution,")
+disp(T,"T(seconds) = 2*pi*M / B*Q = 2*pi*(2m) / B(3q) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH3/EX3.9/Example3_9.sce b/991/CH3/EX3.9/Example3_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3c20aa362 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH3/EX3.9/Example3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 3.9.
+clc
+disp("Given, T = 35.5/B *10^-12 s, B = 0.01 Wb/m^3, Va = 900V")
+disp("Therefore, T = 3.55*10^-9 s")
+T = 3.55*10^-9
+Va=900
+format(9)
+v=sqrt(2*(1.76*10^11)*900)
+disp(v,"Velocity, v(m/s) = sqrt(2qVa/m) =")
+format(6)
+r=(17.799*10^6)/(0.01*1.76*10^11)
+x1=r*10^3
+disp(x1,"Radius, r(mm) = mv/qB = v/(q/m)B =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.1/Example4_1.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.1/Example4_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b46ddafff --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.1/Example4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 4.1.
+clc
+un1=3800 //mobility of free electrons in pure germanium
+up1=1800 //mobility of free holes in pure germanium
+un2=1300 //mobility of free electrons in pure silicon
+up2=500 //mobility of free holes in pure silicon
+q=1.6*10^-19
+nig=2.5*10^13
+nis=1.5*10^10
+format(7)
+sigma1=q*nig*(un1+up1)
+disp("(i) The intrinsic conductivity for germanium,")
+disp(sigma1,"sigmai(S/cm) = q*ni*(un+up) = ")
+format(8)
+sigma2=q*nis*(un2+up2)
+disp("(ii) The intrinsic conductivity for silicon,")
+disp(sigma2,"sigmai(S/cm)= q*ni*(un+np) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.10/Example4_10.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.10/Example4_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a962de549 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.10/Example4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 4.10.
+clc
+format(8)
+ND=(4.2*10^28)/10^6
+disp(ND,"Density of added impurity atoms is, ND(atoms/m^3) = ")
+ni=2.5*10^19
+format(10)
+p=ni^2/ND
+disp("Also, n = ND")
+disp(p,"Therefore, p(m^-3) = ni^2 / n = ni^2 / ND =")
+disp("Here, as p << n, p may be neglected.")
+q=1.6*10^-19
+un=0.38
+sigma=q*ND*un
+disp(sigma,"Therefore, sigma(S/m) = q*ND*un =")
+format(9)
+rho=1/sigma
+disp(rho,"Therefore, resistivity, rho(ohm-m) = 1 / sigma =")
+format(5)
+L=5*10^-3
+A=5*10^-6
+R=(rho*L)/A^2
+R1=R*10^-3
+disp(R1,"Resistance, R(k.ohm) = rho*L / A =")
+I=10^-6
+V=R*I
+V1=V*10^3
+disp(V1,"Voltage drop, V(mV) = RI =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.11/Example4_11.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.11/Example4_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aa70a8d1d --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.11/Example4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 4.11.
+clc
+q=1.6*10^-19
+ni=2.5*10^13
+up=1800
+un=3800
+VT=0.026
+rho=6
+format(9)
+NA=1/(6*q*up)
+disp("(a) Resistivity, rho = 1 / sigma = 1 / NA*q*up = 6 ohm-cm")
+disp(NA,"Therefore, NA(1/cm^3) = 1 / 6*q*up =")
+ND=1/(4*q*un)
+disp(ND,"Similarly, ND(1/cm^3) = 1 / 4*q*un =")
+format(7)
+Va=VT*log((ND*NA)/ni^2)
+disp(Va,"Therefore, Va(V) = VT*ln(ND*NA / ni^2) =")
+disp(Va,"Hence, Eo(eV) = ")
+Va1=0.026*log((2*ND*2*NA)/ni^2)
+disp(Va1,"(b) Vo(V) = 0.026*ln(2*ND*2*NA / ni^2) =")
+disp(Va1,"Therefore, Eo(eV) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.12/Example4_12.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.12/Example4_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8aef7e063 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.12/Example4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 4.12.
+clc
+format(7)
+Ia=0.3*10^-6
+VF=0.15
+I=Ia*((%e^(40*VF))-1)
+I1=I*10^6
+disp("The current flowing through the PN diode under forward bias is,")
+disp(I1,"I(uA) = Io*(e^40*VF - 1) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.13/Example4_13.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.13/Example4_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bfaaeb57d --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.13/Example4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 4.13.
+clc
+format(7)
+VF=0.6
+T=298
+Io=10^-5
+eta=2
+VT=T/11600
+disp("The volt-equivalent of the temperature(T) is,")
+disp(VT,"VT(V) = T / 11600 = ")
+format(6)
+I=Io*((%e^((VF/(eta*VT))))-1)
+disp(I,"Therefore, the diode current, I(A) = Io*e^((VF/eta*VT)-1) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.14/Example4_14.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.14/Example4_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..52b39558b --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.14/Example4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 4.14
+clc
+format(5)
+disp("The diode current, I=Io*((e^((q*V)/(eta*k*T)))-1)")
+disp("Therefore, 0.6*10^-3 = Io*((e^((q*V)/(eta*k*T)))-1) = Io*(e^((q*V)/(eta*k*T)))")
+disp(" = Io*e^(400/25*eta) = Io*e^(16/eta) Eq.1")
+disp("Also, 20*10^-3 = Io*e^(500/25*eta) = Io*e^(20/eta) Eq.2")
+disp("Dividing Eq.2 by Eq.1, we get")
+disp("100/3 = e^(4/eta)")
+disp("Taking natural logarithms on both sides, we get")
+disp(" loge (100/3) = 4 / eta")
+disp(" 3.507 = 4 / eta")
+eta=4/log(100/3)
+disp(eta,"Therefore, eta = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.15/Example4_15.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.15/Example4_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..abca7a74c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.15/Example4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 4.15.
+clc
+format(5)
+disp("The current of PN junction diode is,")
+disp("I = Io*(e^(V/VT)-1)")
+disp("Therefore, -0.09*Io = Io*(e^(V/VT)-1)")
+disp("where VT = T/11600 = 26mV")
+disp(" -0.9 = e^(V/0.026) - 1")
+disp(" 0.1 = e^(V/0.026)")
+VT=0.026
+V=log(0.1)*VT
+disp(V,"Therefore, V(V) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.16/Example4_16.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.16/Example4_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2adfd7f26 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.16/Example4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4.16.
+clc
+format(6)
+I=5*10^-3
+T=300
+disp("Forward resistance of a PN junction diode, rf = (eta*VT)/I where VT = T/11600 and eta = 2 for silicon")
+disp("Therefore, rf = 2*(T/11600) / 5*10^-3")
+eta=2 //for silicon
+rf=600/(11600*5*10^-3)
+disp(rf," rf(ohm) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.17/Example4_17.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.17/Example4_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..041b65d63 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.17/Example4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 4.17.
+clc
+format(6)
+Io1=7.5*10^-6
+T1=27
+T2=127
+disp("The saturation current at 400 K is,")
+disp("Io2 = Io1 * 2^((T2-T1)/10)")
+disp(" = 7.5*10^-6 * 2^(127-27/10)")
+Io2=Io1*(2^((T2-T1)/10))
+I=Io2*10^3
+disp(I,"Io2(mA) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.2/Example4_2.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.2/Example4_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..161605c37 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.2/Example4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example. 4.2.
+clc
+disp("The Fermi level in an N-type material is given by")
+disp("Ef = Ec - k*T*ln(Nc/Nd)")
+disp("(Ec - Ef) = k*T*ln(Nc/Nd)")
+disp("At T = 300 K,")
+disp("0.3 = 300*k*ln(Nc/Nd) Eq.1")
+disp("Similarly,")
+disp("(Ec - Ef1) = 360*k*ln(Nc/Nd) Eq.2")
+disp("Eq.2 divided by Eq.1 gives,")
+disp("(Ec - Ef1)/0.3 = 360/300")
+disp("Therefore, (Ec - Ef1) = (360/300) x 0.3")
+q=(360/300)*0.3
+disp(q,"Ec - Ef1= ")
+disp("Hence, the new position of the Fermi level lies 0.36 eV below the conduction level")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.3/Example4_3.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.3/Example4_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..792afe668 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.3/Example4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 4.3.
+clc
+disp("The Fermi level in a P-type material is given by")
+disp("Ef = Ev + k*T*ln(Nv/Na)")
+disp("Therefore, (Ef - Ev) = k*T*ln(Nv/Na)")
+disp("At T=300 K, 0.3 = 300*k*ln(Nv-Na) Eq.1")
+disp("(a) At T=350 K, (Ef1 - Ev) = 350*k*ln(Nv/Na) Eq.2")
+disp("Hence, from the above Eq.2 and Eq.1,")
+disp("(Ef1 - Ev)/0.3 = 350/300")
+q1=(350/300)*0.3
+disp("eV",q1,"Therefore, (Ef1 - Ev) = (350/300)*0.3 = ")
+disp("(b) At T=400 K, (Ef2 - Ev) = 400*k*ln(Nv/Na) Eq.3")
+disp("Hence, from the above Eq.3 and Eq.1,")
+disp("(Ef2 - Ev)/0.3 = 400/300")
+q2=(400/300)*0.3
+disp(q2,"Therefore, (Ef2 - Ev) = (400/300)*0.3 = ") // in eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.4/Example4_4.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.4/Example4_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..30c5307d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.4/Example4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 4.4.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("In an N-type material, the concentration of donor atoms is given by")
+disp("ND = NC*e^(-(EC - EF)/k*T)")
+disp("Let initially ND = ND0, EF = EF0 and EC - EF0 = 0.2 eV")
+disp("Therefore, ND0 = NC*e^(-0.2/0.025) = NC*e^-8")
+disp("(a) When ND = 4ND0 and EF = EF1, then")
+disp("4*ND0 = NC*e^(-(EC-EF1)/0.025) = NC*e^-40(EC - EF1)")
+disp("Therefore, 4*NC*e^-8 = NC*e^-40(EC - EF1)")
+disp("Therefore, 4 = e^(-40*(EC - EF1)+8)")
+disp("Taking natural logarithm on both sides, we get")
+disp("ln 4 = -40(EC - EF1) + 8")
+q1=(8-log(4))/40
+disp(q1,"EC - EF1(in eV) = ")
+disp("(b) When ND=8*ND0 and EF = EF2, then")
+disp("ln 8 = -40*(EC - EF2) + 8")
+q2=(8-log(8))/40
+disp(q2,"EC - EF2(in eV) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.5/Example4_5.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.5/Example4_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0fd1b7653 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.5/Example4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 4.5.
+clc
+disp("In an P-type material, the concentration of acceptor atoms is given by")
+disp("NA = NV*e^(-(EF - EV)/k*T)")
+disp("Let initially NA = NA0, EF = EF0 and EF0 - EV = 0.4 eV")
+disp("Therefore, NA0 = NV*e^(-0.4/0.025) = NV*e^-16")
+disp("(a) When NA = 0.5*NA0 and EF = EF1, then")
+disp("0.5*NA0 = NV*e^(-(EF1-EV)/0.025) = NV*e^-40(EF1 - EV)")
+disp("Therefore, 0.5*NV*e^-16 = NV*e^-40(EF1 - EV)")
+disp("Therefore, 0.5 = e^(-40*(EF1 - EV)+16)")
+disp("Taking natural logarithm on both sides, we get")
+disp("ln (0.5) = -40(EF1 - EV) + 16")
+q1=(16-log(0.5))/40
+disp(q1,"EF1 - EV(in eV) = ")
+disp("(b) When NA=4*NA0 and EF = EF2, then")
+disp("ln 4 = -40*(EF2 - EV) + 16")
+q2=(16-log(4))/40
+disp(q2,"EF2 - EV(in eV) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.6/Example4_6.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.6/Example4_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c9db457a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.6/Example4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Example 4.6.
+clc
+ni=1.5*10^10
+un=1300
+up=500
+q=1.6*10^-19
+nos=5*10^22
+disp("(a) In intrensic condition, n=p=ni")
+disp("Hence, sigma_i = q*ni*(un+up)")
+format(8)
+sigma_i = q*ni*(un+up)
+disp(sigma_i,"sigma_i(S/cm) = ")
+disp("(b) Number of silicon atoms/cm^3 = 5*10^22")
+ND=5*10^22/10^8
+disp(ND,"Hence, ND(cm^-3) = ")
+disp("Further, n = ND")
+disp("Therefore, p = ni^2/n = ni^2/ND")
+p=ni^2/ND
+disp(p,"p(cm^-3) = ") // wrong answer in textbook
+disp("Thus p << n. Hence p may be neglected while calculating the conductivity.")
+disp("Hence, sigma = n*q*un = ND*q*un")
+sigma=ND*q*un
+disp(sigma,"sigma(S/cm) = ")
+NA=(5*10^22)/(5*10^7)
+disp(NA,"(c) NA(cm^-3) = ")
+disp("Further, p = NA")
+disp("Hence, n = ni^2/p = ni^2/NA")
+n=ni^2/NA
+disp(n,"n(cm^-3)= ")
+disp("Thus p >> n. Hence n may be neglected while calculating the conductivity.")
+disp("Hence, sigma = p*q*up = NA*q*up")
+sigma1=NA*q*up
+disp(sigma1,"sigma(S/cm) = ")
+disp("(d) With both types of impurities present simultaneously, the net acceptor impurity density is,")
+Na=NA-ND
+disp(Na,"Na(cm^-3) = NA - ND = ")
+disp("Hence, sigma = Na*q*up")
+sigma2=Na*q*up
+disp(sigma2,"sigma(S/cm) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.7/Example4_7.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.7/Example4_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4957f117b --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.7/Example4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Example 4.7.
+clc
+ni=2.5*10^13
+un=3800
+up=1800
+nog=4.4*10^22
+q=1.6*10^-19
+format(8)
+sigma=q*ni*(un+up)
+disp("(a) n = p = ni = 2.5*10^13 cm^-3")
+disp(sigma,"Therefore, conductivity(S/cm), sigma = q*ni*(un+np) =")
+format(6)
+rho=1/sigma
+disp(rho,"Hence, resistivity(ohm-cm) rho = 1 / sigma =")
+format(8)
+ND=(4.4*10^22)/10^7
+disp(ND,"(b) ND(cm^-3) = ")
+format(9)
+p=ni^2/ND
+disp("Also, n = ND")
+disp(p,"Therefore, p(holes/cm^3) = ni^2 / n = ni^2 / ND =")
+disp("Here, as n >> p, p can be neglected.")
+format(6)
+sigma1=ND*q*un
+disp(sigma1,"Therefore, conductivity(S/cm), sigma = n*q*un = ND*q*un =")
+rho1=1/sigma1
+disp(rho1,"Hence, resistivity(ohm-cm), rho = 1 / sigma =")
+format(8)
+NA=(4.4*10^22)/10^8
+disp(NA,"(c) NA(cm^-3) = ")
+disp("Also, p = NA")
+format(9)
+n=ni^2/NA
+disp(n,"Therefore, n(electrons/cm^3) = ni^2 / p = ni^2 / NA =")
+format(7)
+sigma2=NA*q*up
+disp("Here, as p >> n, n may be neglected. Then,")
+disp(sigma2,"Conductivity(S/cm), sigma = p*q*up = NA*q*up =")
+format(5)
+rho2=1/sigma2
+disp(rho2,"Hence, resistivity(ohm-cm), rho = 1 / sigma = ")
+format(9)
+disp("(d) with both p and n type impurities present,")
+disp(" ND = 4.4*10^15 cm^-3 and NA = 4.4*10^14 cm^-3")
+disp("Therefore, the net donor density ND'' is")
+Nd=ND-NA
+disp(Nd,"ND''(cm^-3) = (ND - NA) =")
+disp("Therefore, effective n = ND'' = 3.96*10^15 cm^-3")
+format(10)
+p1=ni^2/Nd
+disp(p1,"p(cm^-3) = ni^2 / N''D =")
+disp("Here again p(= ni^2 / N''D) is very small compared with N''D and may be neglected in calculating the effective conductivity.")
+format(6)
+sigma3=Nd*q*un
+disp(sigma3,"Therefore, conductivity(S/cm), sigma = ND''*q*un =")
+rho3=1/sigma3
+disp(rho3,"Hence, resistivity(ohm-cm), rho = 1 / sigma =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.8/Example4_8.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.8/Example4_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c2d042d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.8/Example4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 4.8
+clc
+un=1250
+up=475
+q=1.6*10^-19
+sigma_i=1/(25*10^4)
+format(9)
+ni=1/((25*10^4)*(1.6*10^-19)*(1250+475))
+disp(" sigma_i = qni(un+up) = 1 / 25*10^4")
+disp(ni,"Therefore, ni = sigma_i / q(un+up) =")
+format(7)
+ND=(4*10^10)-10^10
+disp(ND,"Net donor density, ND(= n)(in cm^-3) = ")
+p=ni^2/ND
+disp(p,"Hence, p(cm^-3) = ni^2 / ND =")
+format(8)
+sigma=(1.6*10^-19)*((1250*3*10^10)+(475*0.7*10^10))
+disp(sigma,"Hence, sigma = q*(n*un + p*up) =")
+format(11)
+J=6.532*4*10^-6
+disp(J,"Therefore, total conduction current density, J(A/cm^2) = sigma*E =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH4/EX4.9/Example4_9.sce b/991/CH4/EX4.9/Example4_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e62bec9db --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH4/EX4.9/Example4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 4.9.
+clc
+ni=1.5*10^10
+un=1300
+up=500
+q=1.6*10^-19
+sigma=300
+disp("(a) Concentration in N-type silicon")
+format(10)
+n=sigma/(q*un)
+disp("The conductivity of an N-type Silicon is sigma = q*n*un")
+disp(n,"Concentratoin of electrons, n(cm^-3) = sigma / q*un =")
+p=ni^2/n
+disp(p,"Hence, concentration of holes, p(cm^-3) = ni^2 / n =")
+disp("(b) Concentration in P-type silicon")
+p=sigma/(q*up)
+disp("The conductivity of a P-type Silicon is sigma = q*p*up")
+disp(p,"Hence, concentratoin of holes, p(cm^-3) = sigma / q*up =")
+n=ni^2/p
+disp(n,"and concentration of electrons, n(cm^-3) = ni^2 / p =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce b/991/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c16dc5bcb --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Exmaple 5.1.
+clc
+format(6)
+thetaM=4.26 //work function
+chi=4.01 //electron affinity
+thetaBN=thetaM-chi
+disp("The barrier height for N-type material is,")
+disp(thetaBN," Theta_BN(V) = Theta_M - Chi = ")
+thetaIN=thetaBN-((((1.38*10^-23)*300)/(1.6*10^-19)))*log((2.8*10^25)/(4*10^17))
+disp("The built-in potential is given by,")
+disp(thetaIN," Theta_IN(V) = Theta_BN - (kT/q)*ln(NC/ND) =") // answer in the textbook is wrong, even if we take log10 we get a answer 0.047.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.1/Example6_1.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.1/Example6_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a1aaf21f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.1/Example6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 6.1.
+clc
+format(5)
+IE=10
+IC=9.8
+disp("The emitter current is,")
+disp("IE = IB + IC")
+disp("10 = IB + 9.8")
+IB=IE-IC
+disp(IB,"Therefore, IB(mA) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.10/Example6_10.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.10/Example6_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..34b22ccda --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.10/Example6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 6.10
+clc
+format(7)
+IE=12
+beta=100
+IB=IE/(1+beta)
+disp(IB,"We know that base current, IB(mA) = IE / (1 + beta) = ")
+format(8)
+IC=IE-IB
+disp(IC,"and collector current, IC(mA) = IE - IB = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.11/Example6_11.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.11/Example6_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bb6853b36 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.11/Example6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 6.11
+clc
+format(6)
+IB=100*10^-6
+IC=2*10^-3
+beta=IC/IB
+disp("(a) To find beta of the transistor ")
+disp(beta,"beta = IC / IB =")
+alpha=beta/(beta+1)
+disp("(b) To find alpha of the transistor")
+disp(alpha,"alpha = beta / (1+beta) =")
+IE=IB+IC
+IE1=IE*10^3
+disp("(c) To find emitter current, IE")
+disp(IE1,"IE(mA) = IB + IC =") // answer in the textbook is wrong
+disp("(d) To find the new value of beta when delta_IB = 25uA and delta_IC = 0.6mA")
+delta_IB=25*10^-6
+delta_IC=0.6*10^-3
+IB1=IB+delta_IB
+IB11=IB1*10^6
+IC1=IC+delta_IC
+IC11=IC1*10^3
+disp(IB11,"Therefore, IB(uA) = ")
+disp(IC11," IC(mA) = ")
+beta1=IC1/IB1
+disp("New value of beta of the transistor,")
+disp(beta1,"beta = IC / IB = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.12/Example6_12.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.12/Example6_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..614f6e9b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.12/Example6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 6.12.
+clc
+format(6)
+alpha=0.98
+ICO=5*10^-6
+ICBO=ICO
+IB=100*10^-6
+IC=((alpha*IB)/(1-alpha))+(ICO/(1-alpha))
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp(IC1,"The collector current is, IC(mA) = ((alpha*IB)/(1-alpha))+(ICO/(1-alpha))")
+IE=IB+IC
+IE1=IE*10^3
+disp(IE1,"The emitter current is, IE(mA) = IB + IC = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.13/Example6_13.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.13/Example6_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f6fccdad9 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.13/Example6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 6.13.
+clc
+format(6)
+ICBO=10*10^-6
+hFE=50
+beta=hFE
+IB=0.25*10^-3
+IC=(beta*IB)+((1+beta)*ICBO)
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp("(a) To find the value of collector current when IB = 0.25mA")
+disp(IC1,"IC(mA) = (beta*IB) + ((1+beta)*ICBO)")
+T1=27
+T2=50
+format(5)
+I_CBO = ICBO * (2^((T2-T1)/10))
+I_CBO1=I_CBO*10^6
+disp("(b) To find the value of new collector current if temperature rises to 50 C")
+disp(I_CBO1,"I''CBO(beta=50)(in uA) = ICBO*(2^((T2-T1)/10)) = ")
+format(6)
+IC2=(beta*IB)+((1+beta)*I_CBO)
+IC3=IC2*10^3
+disp("Therefore, the collector current at 50 C is")
+disp(IC3,"IC(mA) = (beta*IB) + ((1+beta)*I''CBO) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.14/Example6_14.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.14/Example6_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..053e51f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.14/Example6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 6.14.
+clc
+format(6)
+delta_IC=0.99*10^-3
+delta_IE=1*10^-3
+alpha=delta_IC/delta_IE
+disp(alpha,"The current gain of the transistor is alpha = delta_IC/delta_IE = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.15/Example6_15.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.15/Example6_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..baa5c550d --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.15/Example6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 6.15
+clc
+format(5)
+beta_dc=100
+alpha_dc=beta_dc/(1+beta_dc)
+disp(alpha_dc,"The d.c. current gain of the transistor in CB mode is, alpha_dc = beta_dc/(1+beta_dc) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.16/Example6_16.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.16/Example6_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3aeb53a3e --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.16/Example6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 6.16.
+clc
+format(6)
+delta_IC=0.995*10^-3
+delta_IE=1*10^-3
+alpha=delta_IC/delta_IE
+disp(alpha,"Common base current gain is, alpha = delta_IC/delta_IE = ")
+beta=alpha/(1-alpha)
+disp(beta,"Common-emitter current gain is beta = alpha / (1-alpha) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.17/Example6_17.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.17/Example6_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..db1c3cbac --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.17/Example6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6.17.
+clc
+format(6)
+beta=49
+alpha=beta/(1+beta)
+disp("We know that, alpha = beta/(1+beta)")
+disp(alpha,"Therefore, the common base current gain is, alpha = ")
+disp("We also know that, alpha = IC / IE")
+IE=3*10^-3
+IC=alpha*IE
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp(IC1,"Therefore, IC(mA) = alpha * IE = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.18/Example6_18.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.18/Example6_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c7d3b64a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.18/Example6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 6.18.
+clc
+format(6)
+IB=15*10^-6
+beta=150
+IC=beta*IB
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp(IC1,"The collector current, IC(mA) = beta * IB = ")
+IE=IC+IB
+IE1=IE*10^3
+disp(IE1,"The emitter current, IE(mA) = IC + IB = ")
+format(7)
+alpha=beta/(1+beta)
+disp(alpha,"Common-base current gain, alpha = beta/(1+beta) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.19/Example6_19.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.19/Example6_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f40330cf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.19/Example6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 6.19.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("Referring to fig.6.18, the base current is,")
+VBB=4
+VBE=0.7
+RB=200*10^3
+IB=(VBB-VBE)/RB
+IB1=IB*10^6
+disp(IB1,"IB(uA) = (VBB - VBE) / RB = ")
+beta=200
+IC=beta*IB
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp(IC1,"The collector current is, IC(mA) = beta*IB = ")
+format(7)
+IE=IC+IB
+IE1=IE*10^3
+disp(IE1,"The emitter current is, IE(mA) = IC + IB = ")
+format(6)
+VCC=10
+RC=2*10^3
+VCE=VCC-(IC*RC)
+disp(VCE,"Therefore, VCE(V) = VCC - IC*RC = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.2/Example6_2.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.2/Example6_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aedb45279 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.2/Example6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 6.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+IE=6.28
+IC=6.20
+disp("The common-base d.c. current gain,")
+alpha=IC/IE
+disp(alpha,"alpha = IC/IE =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.20/Example6_20.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.20/Example6_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d65150a9f --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.20/Example6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6.20.
+clc
+format(6)
+alpha_dc=0.99
+ICBO=5*10^-6
+IB=20*10^-6
+IC=((alpha_dc*IB)/(1-alpha_dc))+(ICBO/(1-alpha_dc))
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp(IC1,"IC(mA) = ((alpha_dc*IB)/(1-alpha_dc)) + (ICBO/(1-alpha_dc)) = ")
+IE=IB+IC
+IE1=IE*10^3
+disp(IE1,"Therefore, IE(mA)= IB + IC = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.21/Example6_21.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.21/Example6_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8b2c14222 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.21/Example6_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 6.21.
+clc
+format(6)
+ICBO=0.2*10^-6
+ICEO=18*10^-6
+IB=30*10^-3
+disp("The leakage current ICBO = 0.2 uA")
+disp(" ICEO = 18 uA")
+disp("Assume that IB = 30 mA")
+disp("IE = IB + IC")
+disp("IC = IE - IB = (beta*IB)+((1+beta)*ICBO)")
+disp("We know that, ICEO = ICBO/(1-alpha) = (1+beta)*ICBO")
+beta=(ICEO/ICBO)-1
+disp(beta,"beta = (ICEO / ICBO)-1 = ")
+IC=(beta*IB)+((1+beta)*ICBO)
+disp(IC,"IC(A) = (beta*IB) + ((1+beta)*ICBO) = ")
+alpha_dc=1-(ICBO/ICEO)
+disp(alpha_dc,"alpha_dc = 1 - (ICBO / ICEO) = ")
+format(4)
+beta_dc=(IC-ICBO)/(IB-ICEO)
+disp(beta_dc,"beta_dc = (IC-ICBO) / (IB-ICEO) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.22/Example6_22.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.22/Example6_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d28d5f2a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.22/Example6_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 6.22.
+clc
+format(6)
+alpha_dc=0.99
+ICBO=50*10^-6
+IB=1*10^-3
+IC=((alpha_dc*IB)/(1-alpha_dc))+(ICBO/(1-alpha_dc))
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp("Assume that, IB = 1 mA")
+disp(IC1,"IC(mA) = ((alpha_dc*IB) / (1-alpha_dc)) + (ICBO/(1-alpha_dc)) = ")
+IE=IC+IB
+IE1=IE*10^3
+disp(IE1,"IE(mA) = IC + IB = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.23/Example6_23.jpg b/991/CH6/EX6.23/Example6_23.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..6ca399615 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.23/Example6_23.jpg diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.23/Example6_23.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.23/Example6_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ecaa068c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.23/Example6_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Example 6.23.refer fig.6.22(a)
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("(i) DC load line:")
+disp("Refer fig.6.22(a), we have VCC = VCE + IC*RC")
+disp("To draw the d.c. load line,we need two end points, viz. maximum VCE point(at IC = 0) and maximum IC point(at VCE = 0)")
+disp("Maximum VCE = VCC = 24V")
+IC=24/(8*10^3) //in Ampere
+x1=IC*10^3 //in mA
+disp(x1,"Maximum IC(mA) = VCC / RC =")
+disp("Therefore, the d.c. load line AB is drawn with the point B(OB = 24V) on the VCE axis and the point A(OA = 3mA) on the IC axis, as shown in fig.6.22(b)")
+disp("")
+disp("(ii) For fixing the optimum operating point Q, mark the middle of the d.c. load line AB and the corresponding VCE and IC values can be found")
+VCEQ=24/2
+disp(VCEQ,"Here, VCEQ(V) = VCC / 2 =") //in volts
+disp(" ICQ = 1.5 mA")
+disp("")
+disp("(iii) AC load line")
+disp("To draw the a.c. load line, we need two end points, viz. maximum VCE and maximum IC when signal is applied")
+Rac=(8*24)/(8+24) //in k-ohm
+disp(Rac,"AC load, R_a.c.(k-ohm) = RC || RL =")
+VCE=12+((1.5*10^-3)*(6*10^3)) //in Volts
+disp(VCE,"Therefore, maximum VCE(V) = VCEQ + ICQ*R_a.c. =")
+disp("This locates the point D(OD = 21V) on the VCE axis")
+IC=(1.5*10^-3)+(12/(6*10^3)) //in Ampere
+x3=IC*10^3 //in mA
+disp(x3,"Maximum IC(mA) = ICQ + VCEQ/R_a.c. =")
+disp("This locates the point C(OC = 3.5mA) on the IC axis. By joining points C and D a.c. load line CD is constructed. ")
+x=[24,0]
+y=[0,3]
+plot2d(x,y,style=2)
+x1=[21,0]
+y1=[0,3.5]
+plot2d(x1,y1,style=1)
+legend("d.c. load line AB","a.c. load line CD")
+title("Fig.6.22(b)")
+xlabel("VCE(V)")
+ylabel("IC(mA)")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.24/Example6_24.jpg b/991/CH6/EX6.24/Example6_24.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..5ce422c51 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.24/Example6_24.jpg diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.24/Example6_24.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.24/Example6_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..936d576cf --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.24/Example6_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Example 6.24. refer fig.6.23(a).
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("(i) DC load line:")
+disp("Refer fig.6.23(a), we have VCC = VCE + IC*(RC+RE)")
+disp("To draw the d.c. load line,we need two end points, viz. maximum VCE point(at IC = 0) and maximum IC point(at VCE = 0)")
+disp("Maximum VCE = VCC = 12V, which locates the point B(OB = 12V) of the d.c. load line")
+IC=12/(2*10^3) //in Ampere
+x1=IC*10^3 //in mA
+disp(x1,"Maximum IC(mA) = VCC / (RC+RE) =")
+disp("This locates the point A(OA = 6mA) of the d.c. load line. Fig.6.23(b) shows the d.c. load line AB, with (12V,6mA)")
+disp("")
+disp("(ii) Operating point Q")
+disp("The voltage across R2 is V2 = (R2/R1+R2)*VCC")
+V2=((4*10^3)/(12*10^3))*12 //in V
+disp(V2,"Therefore, V2(V) =")
+disp(" V2 = VBE + IE*RE")
+IE=(4-0.7)/(1*10^3) //in Ampere
+x2=IE*10^3 //in mA
+disp(x2,"Therefore, IE(mA) = V2-VBE / RE =")
+IC=x2 //in mA
+disp(IC," IC(mA) = IE(mA) = ")
+VCE=12-((3.3*10^-3)*(2*10^3)) //in volts
+disp(VCE,"VCE(V) = VCC - IC(RC+RE) =")
+disp("Therefore, the operating point Q is at 5.4V and 3.3mA, which is shown on the d.c. load line")
+disp("")
+disp("(iii) AC load line")
+disp("To draw the a.c. load line, we need two end points, viz. maximum VCE and maximum IC when signal is applied")
+Rac=1.5/2.5 //in k-ohm
+disp(Rac,"AC load, Ra.c.(k-ohm) = RC || RL =")
+VCE=5.4+((3.3*10^-3)*(0.6*10^3)) //in Volts
+disp(VCE,"Therefore, maximum VCE(V) = VCEQ + ICQ*Ra.c. =")
+disp("This locates the point C(OC = 6.24V) on the VCE axis")
+IC=(3.3*10^-3)+(5.4/(0.6*10^3)) //in Ampere
+x3=IC*10^3 //in mA
+disp(x3,"Maximum IC(mA) = ICQ + VCEQ/Ra.c. =")
+disp("This locates the point D(OD = 12.3mA) on the IC axis. By joining points C and D a.c. load line CD is constructed. ")
+x=[7.38,0]
+y=[0,12.3]
+plot2d(x,y,style=2)
+x1=[12,0]
+y1=[0,6]
+plot2d(x1,y1,style=1)
+legend("a.c. load line CD","d.c. load line AB")
+title("Fig.6.23(b)")
+xlabel("VCE(V) -->")
+ylabel("IC(mA) -->")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.25/Example6_25.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.25/Example6_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e47a3fe0c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.25/Example6_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 6.25.
+clc
+format(6)
+ICQ=1*10^-3
+VCEQ=6
+VCC=10
+beta=100
+VBE=0.7
+RC=(VCC-VCEQ)/ICQ
+RC1=RC*10^-3
+RC2=round(RC1)
+disp(RC2,"The collector resistance is, RC(k-ohm) = (VCC - VCEQ) / ICQ = ")
+IBQ=ICQ/beta
+IBQ1=IBQ*10^6
+disp(IBQ1,"The base current is, IBQ(uA) = ICQ / beta = ")
+RB=(VCC-VBE)/IBQ
+RB1=RB*10^-6
+disp(RB1,"The base resistance is, RB(M-ohm) = (VCC - VBE(on)) / IBQ = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.26/Example6_26.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.26/Example6_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d44477198 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.26/Example6_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 6.26.
+clc
+format(6)
+beta=100
+VBE=0.7
+VCC=10
+RB=20*10^3
+RC=0.4*10^3
+RE=0.6*10^3
+VBB=5
+disp("Referring to fig.6.25, Kirchhoff voltage law equation is,")
+disp("VBB = IB*RB + VBE(on) + IE*RE")
+disp("Also, IE = IB + IC = IB + beta*IB = (1 + beta)*IB")
+IB=(VBB-VBE)/(RB+((1+beta)*RE))
+IB1=IB*10^6
+disp(IB1,"The base current, IB(uA) = (VBB - VBE(on)) / (RB + ((1+beta)*RE)) = ")
+IC=beta*IB
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp(IC1,"Therefore, IC(mA) = beta*IB = ")
+IE=IC+IB
+IE1=IE*10^3
+disp(IE1,"IE(mA) = IC + IB")
+VCE=VCC-(IC*RC)-(IE*RE)
+disp(VCE,"VCE(V) = VCC - (IC*RC) - (IE*RE) = ")
+disp("The Q point is at")
+disp(VCE,"VCEQ(V) = ")
+disp(IC1,"and ICQ(mA) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.27/Example6_27.jpg b/991/CH6/EX6.27/Example6_27.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..c552b5b02 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.27/Example6_27.jpg diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.27/Example6_27.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.27/Example6_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..59df18fa9 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.27/Example6_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 6.27. refer fig.6.26.
+clc
+format(6)
+disp("(i) DC load line:")
+disp(" VCE = VCC - IC*RC")
+disp("When IC = 0, VCE = VCC = 6V")
+IC=6/(3*10^3) //in Ampere
+x1=IC*10^3 //in mA
+disp(x1,"When VCE = 0, IC(mA) = VCC/RC =")
+disp("")
+disp("(ii) Operating point Q:")
+disp(" For silicon transistor, VBE = 0.7V")
+disp(" VCC = IB*RB + VBE")
+IB=(6-0.7)/(530*10^3)
+x2=IB*10^6
+disp(x2,"Therefore, IB(uA) = VCC-VBE / RB =")
+IC=100*10*10^-6 // in Ampere
+x3=IC*10^3 // in mA
+disp(x3,"Therefore, IC(mA) = beta*IB =")
+VCE=6-((1*10^-3)*(3*10^3)) // in volts
+disp(VCE," VCE(V) = VCC - IC*RC =")
+disp("Therefore operating point is VCEQ = 3 V and ICQ = 1 mA")
+disp("")
+disp("(iii) Stability factor: S = 1 + beta = 1 + 100 = 101")
+x=[6,0]
+y=[0,2]
+plot2d(x,y,style=1)
+xtitle("DC load line","VCE (V) --->","IC (mA) --->")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.28/Example6_28.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.28/Example6_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cb876706b --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.28/Example6_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 6.28.
+clc
+format(6)
+VCC=12
+beta=100
+VBE=0.7
+disp("Refer fig.6.26. We know that for a silicon transistor, VBE = 0.7 V")
+disp("(a) To determine RB :")
+VCE=7
+IC=1*10^-3
+RC=(VCC-VCE)/IC
+RC1=RC*10^-3
+disp(RC1,"RC(k-ohm) = (VCC - VCE) / IC = ")
+IB=IC/beta
+IB1=IB*10^6
+disp(IB1,"IB(uA) = IC / beta = ")
+RB=(VCC-VBE-(IC*RC))/IB
+RB1=RB*10^-3
+disp(RB1,"RB(k-ohm) = (VCC - VBE - (IC*RC)) / IB = ")
+S=(1+beta)/(1+(beta*(RC/(RC+RB))))
+format(5)
+disp(S,"(b) Stability factor, S =(1 + beta) / (1 + (beta*(RC / (RC+RB)))) = ")
+beta1=50
+format(6)
+disp("(c) VCC = (beta*IB*RC) + (IB*RB) + VBE")
+disp(" = IB * ((beta*RC) + RB) + VBE")
+IB=(VCC-VBE)/((beta1*RC)+RB)
+IB1=IB*10^6
+disp(IB1,"IB(uA) = (VCC-VBE) / ((beta*RC)+RB) = ")
+IC=beta1*IB
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp(IC1,"IC(mA) = beta*IB = ")
+VCE=VCC-(IC*RC)
+disp(VCE,"VCE = VCC - (IC*RC) = ")
+disp("Therefore the coordinates of new operating point are :")
+disp(VCE,"VCEQ(V) = ")
+disp(IC1,"ICQ(mA) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.29/Example6_29.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.29/Example6_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..21e00b41c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.29/Example6_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 6.29.
+clc
+format(6)
+VCC=12
+RC=250
+IB=0.25*10^-3
+beta=100
+VCEQ=8
+RB=VCEQ/IB
+RB1=RB*10^-3
+disp(RB1,"RB(k-ohm) = VCEQ / IB = ")
+S=(1+beta)/(1+(beta*(RC/(RC+RB))))
+disp(S,"Stability factor, S = (1+beta) / 1 + (beta*(RC/RC+RB)) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.3/Example6_3.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.3/Example6_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de1e48559 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.3/Example6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6.3.
+clc
+format(6)
+alpha=0.967
+IE=10
+disp("The common-base d.c. current gain (alpha) is,")
+disp("alpha = 0.967 = IC/IE = IC/10")
+IC=alpha*IE
+disp(IC,"Therefore, IC(mA) = ")
+disp("The emitter current, IE = IB + IC")
+IB=IE-IC
+disp(IB,"Therefore, IB(mA) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.30/Example6_30.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.30/Example6_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a0ccb52e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.30/Example6_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Example 6.30. Refer fig. 6.27.
+clc
+format(5)
+VCC=16
+RC=3*10^3
+RE=2*10^3
+R1=56*10^3
+R2=20*10^3
+alpha=0.985
+VBE=0.3
+disp("For a germanium transistor, VBE=0.3V. As alpha=0.985")
+beta=alpha/(1-alpha)
+beta1=round(beta)
+disp(beta1,"beta = alpha / ( 1 - alpha) = ")
+disp("(a) To find the coordinates of the operating point")
+disp("Referring to fig. 6.29,")
+VT=(R2/(R1+R2))*VCC
+disp(VT,"Thevenin voltage, VT(V) = (R2 / (R1+R2)) * VCC = ")
+format(7)
+RB=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)
+RB1=RB*10^-3
+disp(RB1,"Thevenin resistance, RB(k-ohm) = (R1 * R2) / (R1 + R2) =")
+disp("The loop equation around the base circuit is,")
+disp("VT = ( IB * RB) + VBE + ((IB + IC)*RE)")
+disp("VT = ((IC / beta) * RB) + VBE + (((IC / beta) + IC)*RE)")
+format(5)
+IC=(VT-VBE)/((RB/beta)+(RE/beta)+RE)
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp(IC1,"Therefore, IC(mA) = ")
+disp("Since IB is very small, IC ~ IE = 1.73 mA")
+IE=IC
+VCE=VCC-(IC*RC)-(IE*RE)
+disp(VCE,"Therefore, VCE(V) = VCC - (IC*RC) - (IE*RE) = ")
+disp("Therefore, the coordinates of the operating point are :")
+disp(IC1,"IC(mA) = ")
+disp(VCE,"VCE(V) = ")
+disp("(b) To find the stability factor S")
+disp("S = (1+beta)*((1+(RB/RE))/(1+beta+(RB/RE)))")
+format(6)
+S = (1+beta)*((1+(RB/RE))/(1+beta+(RB/RE)))
+disp(S,"S = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.31/Example6_31.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.31/Example6_31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..41e22d23d --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.31/Example6_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Example 6.31.
+clc
+format(4)
+VCE=12
+IC=2*10^-3
+VCC=24
+VBE=0.7
+beta=50
+RC=4.7*10^3
+S=5.1
+disp("(a) To determine RE,")
+disp("VCE = VCC - (IC*RC) - (IE*RE)")
+RE = (VCC - (IC*RC) - VCE)/IC //IC=IE
+RE1=RE*10^-3
+disp(RE1,"Therefore, RE(k-ohm) = ")
+disp("")
+disp("(b) To determine R1 and R2,")
+disp("Stability factor, S = (1+beta)/(1+beta(RE+(RE+RB))), where RB = (R1*R2)/(R1+R2)")
+RB=((RE*beta)/(((1+beta)/S)-1))-RE
+RB1=(RB*10^-3)
+disp(RB1,"Therefore, RB(k-ohm) = ((RE*beta) / (((1+beta)/S)-1)) - RE =")
+disp("Also, for a good voltage divider, the value of resistor R2 = 0.1*beta*RE")
+R2=0.1*beta*RE
+R2_1=R2*10^-3
+disp(R2_1,"Therefore, R2(k-ohm) = ")
+disp("RB = (R1*R2) / (R1+R2)")
+R1=(5.9*10^3*R2)/(R2-(5.9*10^3)) //RB=5.9
+R1_1=round(R1*10^-3)
+disp(R1_1,"Therefore, R1(k-ohm) = R2 / ((R2/RB)-1)")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.32/Example6_32.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.32/Example6_32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a73ec0a85 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.32/Example6_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Example 6.32. refer fig.6.30.
+clc
+format(5)
+R1=56*10^3
+R2=12.2*10^3
+RC=2*10^3
+RE=400
+VCC=10
+VBE=0.7
+beta=150
+disp("From the Thevenin equivalent circuit shown in fig.6.30(b),")
+RTH=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)
+RTH1=round(RTH*10^-3)
+disp(RTH1,"RTH(k-ohm) = R1 || R2 =")
+VTH=(R2/(R1+R2))*VCC
+disp(VTH,"VTH(V) = (R2 / (R1+R2)) * VCC =")
+disp("By kirchhoff voltage law equation,")
+IBQ=(VTH-VBE)/(RTH+((1+beta)*RE))
+IBQ1=IBQ*10^6
+disp(IBQ1,"IBQ(uA) = (VTH-VBE(on)) / (RTH + ((1+beta)*RE)) = ")
+ICQ=beta*IBQ
+ICQ1=ICQ*10^3
+disp(ICQ1,"Therefore, ICQ(mA) = beta * IBQ = ")
+format(6)
+IEQ=IBQ+ICQ
+IEQ1=IEQ*10^3
+disp(IEQ1,"IEQ(mA) = IBQ + ICQ")
+VCEQ=VCC-(ICQ*RC)-(IEQ*RE)
+disp(VCEQ,"VCEQ(V) = VCC - (ICQ*RC) - (IEQ*RE)")
+disp("The Q point is at :")
+disp(VCEQ,"VCEQ(V) = ")
+format(5)
+disp(ICQ1,"ICQ(mA) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.33/Example6_33.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.33/Example6_33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..61d56f216 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.33/Example6_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Example 6.33. refer from fig.6.31.
+clc
+VCC=22
+RC=2*10^3
+beta=60
+VBE=0.6
+R1=100*10^3
+R2=5*10^3
+RE=100
+disp("For the given circuit")
+disp(" VCC = R1*(I1+IB) + I1*R2")
+disp(" I1 = (VCC - IB*R1) / (R1 + R2) Eq.1")
+disp("Further, VCC = R1*[I1+IB] + VBE + IE*RE")
+disp("As, IE = IC + IB")
+disp(" = beta*IB + IB = (1 + beta)*IB")
+disp("Hence, VCC = R1*[I1 + IB] + VBE + (1 + beta)*IB*RE")
+disp("Substituting for I1 from Eq.1,")
+disp(" VCC = R1*[[(VCC - IB*R1)/R1+R2] - IB] + VBE + (1 + beta)*IB*RE")
+disp(" VCC = R1*[(VCC + IB*R2)/R1+R2] + VBE + (1 + beta)*IB*RE")
+format(6)
+a=VCC-VBE-((R1*VCC)/(R1+R2))
+c=(((R1*R2)/(R1+R2))+((1+beta)*RE))
+IB=a/c
+IB1=IB*10^6
+disp("Substituting for VCC, R1, R2, VBE, beta and RE, ")
+disp(IB1," IB(uA) =")
+format(5)
+IC=beta*IB
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp(IC1," IC(mA) =")
+disp("Applying KVL to collector circuit,")
+disp(" VCC = IC*RC + VCE + IE*RE = IC*RC + VCE + (1+beta)*IB*RE")
+disp("Hence, VCE = VCC - IC*RC - (1+beta)*IB*RE")
+format(7)
+VCE = VCC - (IC*RC) - ((1+beta)*IB*RE)
+disp(VCE," VCE(V) = ")
+disp("To find stability factor, (S):")
+disp("Stability factor for voltage divider bias is")
+format(5)
+RB=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)
+S=(1+beta)/(1+(beta*(RE/(RE+RB))))
+disp(S," S =(1+beta)/(1+(beta*(RE/(RE+RB)))) = where RB = R1 || R2")
diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.34/Example6_34.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.34/Example6_34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ea3210639 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.34/Example6_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 6.34.
+clc
+format(6)
+VCC=10
+RC=2*10^3
+beta=50
+RB=100*10^3
+VBE=0.7 //collector to base resistor
+disp("To determine quiescent point")
+disp("the collector to base transistor circuit")
+disp(" VCC = (beta*IB*RC) + IB*RB + VBE")
+disp("Therefore, IB = (VCC - VBE) / (RB + (beta*RC))")
+IB=(VCC-VBE)/(RB+(beta*RC))
+IB1=IB*10^6
+disp(IB1," IB(uA) =")
+IC=beta*IB
+IC1=IC*10^3
+disp(IC1,"Hence, IC(mA) = beta * IB = ")
+VCE=VCC-(IC*RC)
+disp(VCE," VCE(V) = VCC - IC*RC =")
+disp("Therefore,the co-ordinates of the new operating point are:")
+disp(VCE,"VCEQ(V) = ")
+disp(IC1,"ICQ(mA) = ")
+disp("To find the stability factor S")
+S=(1+beta)/(1+(beta*[RC/(RC+RB)]))
+disp(S,"S = (1+beta) / (1 + (beta*[RC/(RC+RB)])) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.4/Example6_4.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.4/Example6_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d6ffdca92 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.4/Example6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6.4.
+clc
+format(6)
+IE=10
+alpha=0.98
+disp("The common-base d.c. current gain, alpha = IC/IE")
+IC=alpha*IE
+disp(IC,"Therefore, IC(mA) = ")
+disp("The emitter current, IE = IB + IC")
+IB=IE-IC
+disp(IB,"Therefore, IB(mA) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.5/Example6_5.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.5/Example6_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5f0b93fe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.5/Example6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6.5.
+clc
+format(6)
+alpha=0.97
+disp("If alpha=0.97, beta = alpha/(1 - alpha)")
+beta=alpha/(1-alpha)
+disp(beta,"beta = ")
+beta1=200
+disp("If beta=200, alpha = beta/(beta + 1)")
+alpha1 =beta1/(beta1+1)
+disp(alpha1,"alpha = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.6/Example6_6.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.6/Example6_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0941bf3c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.6/Example6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6.6.
+clc
+format(6)
+beta=100
+IC=40
+disp("beta = 100 = IC / IB")
+IB=IC/beta
+disp(IB,"Therefore, IB(mA) = ")
+disp("IE = IB + IC")
+IE=IB+IC
+disp(IE,"IE(mA) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.7/Example6_7.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.7/Example6_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0010800c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.7/Example6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 6.7.
+clc
+format(6)
+beta=150
+IE=10
+alpha=beta/(beta+1)
+disp(alpha,"The common-base current gain, alpha = beta / (beta + 1) = ")
+disp("Also, alpha = IC / IE")
+format(5)
+IC=alpha*IE
+disp(IC,"Therefore, IC(mA) = ")
+disp("the emitter current, IE = IB + IC")
+IB=IE-IC
+disp(IB,"Therefore, IB(mA) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.8/Example6_8.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.8/Example6_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8fd6b4545 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.8/Example6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6.8.
+clc
+format(5)
+beta=170
+IC=80
+disp("We know that (beta), beta = 170 = IC / IB")
+IB=IC/beta
+disp(IB,"Therefore, IB(mA) = ")
+format(6)
+IE=IB+IC
+disp(IE,"and IE(mA) = IB + IC = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH6/EX6.9/Example6_9.sce b/991/CH6/EX6.9/Example6_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aae3652c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH6/EX6.9/Example6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 6.9.
+clc
+format(7)
+IB=0.125
+beta=200
+disp("beta = 200 = IC / IB")
+IC=beta*IB
+disp(IC,"Therefore, IC(mA) = ")
+IE=IB+IC
+disp(IE,"and IE(mA) = IB + IC = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce b/991/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e90daea50 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 7.1.
+clc
+format(6)
+VGS=12
+IG=10^-9
+GSR=VGS/IG
+GSR1=GSR*10^-6
+disp("VGS = 12 V, IG = 10^-9 A")
+disp(GSR1,"Therefore, gate-to-source resistance(M-ohm) = VGS / IG = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH7/EX7.10/Example7_10.sce b/991/CH7/EX7.10/Example7_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..073ce3b89 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH7/EX7.10/Example7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 7.10. refer fig.7.18.
+clc
+format(6)
+VTN=-2
+KN=0.1*10^-3
+VDD=5
+RS=5*10^3
+VGS=0
+disp("Assuming that the MOSFET is baised in the saturation region. Then the d.c. drain current is")
+disp(" ID = KN*(VGS-VTN)^2 = KN*(-VTN)^2")
+ID=KN*(-VTN)^2
+ID1=ID*10^3
+disp(ID1," ID(mA) =")
+disp("The d.c. drain-to-source voltage is")
+VDS=VDD-(ID*RS)
+disp(VDS," VDS(V) = VDD - ID*RS =")
+VDSsat=VGS-VTN
+disp(VDSsat,"Then, VDSsat(V) = VGS - VTN =")
+disp("Since VDS > VDSsat, the MOSFET is biased in the saturation region")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce b/991/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..61a5ed529 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 7.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+delta_VGS=0.1
+delta_ID=0.3*10^-3
+disp("delta_VGS = 4 - 3.9 = 0.1 V")
+disp("delta_ID = 1.6 - 1.3 = 0.3 mA")
+gm=delta_ID/delta_VGS
+gm1=gm*10^3
+disp(gm1,"Therefore, transconductance, gm(m-mho) = delta_ID / delta_VGS = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce b/991/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dbb3f291c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 7.3
+clc
+format(5)
+VGSoff=-6
+IDSS=8
+ID=4
+disp("ID = IDSS*[1 - (VGS/VGS_off)]^2")
+VGS=(1-sqrt(ID/IDSS))*VGSoff
+disp(VGS,"Therefore, VGS(V) = ")
+VP=abs(VGSoff)
+disp(VP,"VP(V) = |VGS_off| = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce b/991/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..76df97f1c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 7.4.
+clc
+format(6)
+VGS=-2
+VP=-5
+IDSS=8*10^-3
+disp("The minimum value of VDS for pinch-off to occur for VGS = -2 V is")
+VDSmin=VGS-VP
+disp(VDSmin,"VDSmin(V) = VGS - VP = ")
+IDS=IDSS*[1-(VGS/VP)]^2
+IDS1=IDS*10^3
+disp(IDS1,"IDS(mA) = IDSS * [1-(VGS/VP)]^2 = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH7/EX7.5/Example7_5.sce b/991/CH7/EX7.5/Example7_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3a71772d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH7/EX7.5/Example7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 7.5.
+clc
+format(6)
+IDSS=10*10^-3
+VGS=-3
+ID=4*10^-3
+VDD=20
+disp("The value of drain current at Q-point,")
+IDQ=IDSS/2
+IDQ1=IDQ*10^3
+disp(IDQ1,"IDQ(mA) = IDSS / 2 =")
+disp("and the value of drain-to-source at Q-point,")
+VDSQ=VDD/2
+disp(VDSQ,"VDSQ(V) = VDD / 2 =")
+disp("Therefore, the operating point is at:")
+disp(VDSQ,"VDS(V) = ")
+disp(IDQ1,"ID(mA) = ")
+disp("Also, the drain-to-source voltage,")
+disp(" VDS = VDD - ID*RD")
+RD=(VDD-VDSQ)/ID
+RD1=RD*10^-3
+disp(RD1,"Therefore, RD(k-ohm) =")
+disp("The source voltage or voltage across the source resistor RS is")
+VS=-VGS
+disp(" VS = -VGS = -3 V")
+disp("Also,VS = ID*RS ")
+RS=VS/ID
+disp(RS,"Therefore, RS(ohm) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH7/EX7.6/Example7_6.sce b/991/CH7/EX7.6/Example7_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..14e88f02f --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH7/EX7.6/Example7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 7.6.
+clc
+format(6)
+IDSS=40*10^-3
+VP=-10
+VGSQ=-5
+disp("We know that, ID = IDSS * [1 - (VGS/VP)]^2")
+disp("Substituting the given values, we get")
+ID = IDSS*[1-(VGSQ/VP)]^2
+ID1=ID*10^3
+disp(ID1," ID(mA) =")
+RS=abs(VGSQ/ID)
+disp(RS,"Therefore, RS(ohm) = |VGSQ / ID| =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH7/EX7.7/Example7_7.sce b/991/CH7/EX7.7/Example7_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..75a3a30c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH7/EX7.7/Example7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Example 7.7. Refer fig.7.13.
+clc
+format(5)
+VDD=24
+R2=8.57*10^6
+R1=12*10^6
+VP=-2
+IDSS=4*10^-3
+RD=910
+RS=3*10^3
+disp("From fig.7.13.,")
+VGG=round(VDD*(R2/(R1+R2)))
+disp(VGG," VGG(V) = VDD*(R2 / (R1+R2)) =")
+disp("Also, ID = IDSS*(1-(VGS/VP))^2")
+disp(" = IDSS*(1-((VGG-(ID*RS))/VP))^2, where VGS = VGG - ID*RS")
+disp("Expressing ID and IDSS in mA, we have")
+disp(" 9ID^2 - 73ID +144 = 0 ")
+x=poly(0,'x')
+p1=roots((9*x^2) - (73*x) +144)
+ans1=p1(1)
+p1=roots((9*x^2) - (73*x) +144)
+ans2=p1(2)
+disp(ans2,"or",ans1,"Therefore, ID(mA) = ")
+disp("As ID = 4.72mA > 4mA = IDSS, this value is inappropriate. So, IDQ=3.39 mA is selected.")
+disp("Therefore,")
+IDQ=3.39*10^-3
+VGSQ=VGG-(IDQ*RS)
+disp(VGSQ," VGSQ(V) = VGG - (IDQ*RS) =")
+format(7)
+VDSQ=VDD-(IDQ*(RD+RS))
+disp(VDSQ,"and VDSQ(V) = VDD - (IDQ*(RD+RS)) =")
+VDGQ = VDSQ - VGSQ
+disp(VDGQ,"Then, VDGQ(V) = VDSQ - VGSQ")
+disp("which is grater than |VP| = 2 V. Hence, the FET is in the pinch-off region.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH7/EX7.8/Example7_8.sce b/991/CH7/EX7.8/Example7_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6fa45a5f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH7/EX7.8/Example7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Example 7.8. refer fig.7.16.
+clc
+format(6)
+IDSS=10*10^-3
+VP=-3.5
+Rth=120*10^3 //R1+R2=120 k-ohm
+ID=5*10^-3
+VDS=5
+RS=0.5*10^3
+disp("Assume that the JFET is biased in the saturation region. Then the dc drain current is given by")
+disp(" ID = IDSS*(1-(VGS/VP))^2")
+VGS=VP*(1-(sqrt(ID/IDSS)))
+disp(VGS,"Therefore, VGS(V) =") // textbook answer is wrong
+disp("The voltage at the source terminal is")
+VS=(ID*RS)-5
+disp(VS," VS(V) = (ID*RS) - 5 =")
+disp("The gate voltage is")
+VG=VGS+VS
+disp(VG," VG(V) = VGS + VS =")
+disp("The gate voltage is")
+disp(" VG = ((R2 / (R1 + R2))*10) - 5")
+R2=(Rth*(VG+5))/10
+R2_1=R2*10^-3
+disp(R2_1,"Therefore, R2(k-ohm) =") // textbook answer is wrong
+R1=Rth-R2
+R1_1=R1*10^-3
+disp(R1_1,"and R1(k-ohm) =") // textbook answer is wrong
+disp("The drain-to-source voltage is")
+disp("VDS = 5 - ID*RD - ID*RS - (-5)")
+RD=(10-VDS-(ID*RS))/ID
+RD1=RD*10^-3
+disp(RD1," RD(k-ohm) = ")
+format(5)
+x=VGS-VP
+disp(x,"VGS - VP = ") // textbook has taken a different value hence the wrong answer in textbook
+disp("Here, since VDS > (VGS-VP), the JFET is biased in the saturation region, which satisfies the initial assumption")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH7/EX7.9/Example7_9.sce b/991/CH7/EX7.9/Example7_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..57ee45310 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH7/EX7.9/Example7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Example 7.9. refer fig.7.17.
+clc
+format(6)
+KN=1*10^-3
+lamda=0.01
+Ri=100*10^3
+IDt=4*10^-3
+IDQ=1.5*10^-3
+VTN=1.5
+VDD=12
+VDSQ=7
+disp("To determine VDSi")
+disp("We have,")
+disp(" IDt = KN*(VGst - VTN)^2")
+disp("where the subscript t indicates transition point values.")
+VGSt=sqrt(IDt/KN)+VTN
+disp(VGSt," VGSt(V) =")
+disp("Therefore,")
+VDSt=VGSt-VTN
+disp(VDSt," VDSt(V) = VGSt - VTN =")
+disp("If the Q-point is in the middle of the saturation region, then VDSQ = 7 V, which gives 10 V peak-to-peak symmetrical output voltage.")
+disp("From fig.7.17,")
+disp(" VDSQ = VDD - IDQ*RD")
+format(5)
+RD=(VDD-VDSQ)/IDQ
+RD1=RD*10^-3
+disp(RD1,"Therefore, RD(k-ohm) = (VDD - VDSQ) / IDQ =")
+disp("Then, IDQ = KN*(VGSQ-VTN)^2")
+VGSQ=(sqrt(IDQ/KN))+VTN
+disp(VGSQ,"Therefore, VGSQ(V) =")
+disp("Then, VGSQ = 2.73 = (R2/(R1+R2))*VDD")
+disp(" = (1/R1)*(R2/(R1+R2))*VDD")
+disp(" = (Ri/R1)*VDD")
+disp("By Solving, we get ")
+format(6)
+R1=1200/2.73
+disp(R1," R1(k-ohm) =")
+format(7)
+R2=R1/((12/2.73)-1)
+disp(R2," R2(k-ohm) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH8/EX8.1/Example8_1.sce b/991/CH8/EX8.1/Example8_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..17e786b1c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH8/EX8.1/Example8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Example 8.1.
+clc
+format(6)
+Vm=220
+V1=110
+RL=100
+disp("We have,")
+disp(" V1 = Vm*sin(theta)")
+disp("Therefore,")
+x=asind(V1/Vm)
+disp(x," Firing angel, theta =")
+ca=180-x
+disp(ca," Conduction angle = 180 - theta =")
+disp("Average voltage, Vav = (Vm/2pi) * (1+cos(theta))")
+Vav = (Vm/(2*%pi))*(1+cosd(x))
+disp(Vav," Vav(V) =")
+format(7)
+Iav=Vav/RL
+disp(Iav,"Average current, Iav(A) = Vav / RL =")
+po=Vav*Iav
+disp(po,"Power output(W) = Vav*Iav =")
+disp("As, V1 = Vm*sin(theta) = Vm*sin(omega*t),")
+disp(" omega*t = theta = 30 = pi/6")
+disp(" (2*pi)*(50*t) = pi/6")
+disp("Therefore, the time during which the SCR remains OFF is")
+format(6)
+t=1/(2*6*50)
+t1=t*10^3
+disp(t1," t(ms) = ")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH8/EX8.2/Example8_2.sce b/991/CH8/EX8.2/Example8_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4feca5b1a --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH8/EX8.2/Example8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 8.2.
+clc
+format(6)
+Vdc=150
+Vm=230*sqrt(2)
+RL=10
+disp("For an SCR full wave rectifier,")
+disp(" Vdc = (Vm/pi)*(1+cos(theta))")
+x=acosd(((Vdc*%pi)/Vm)-1)
+disp(x,"Therefore, theta =")
+disp("For 50Hz, T = 20 ms for 360")
+format(5)
+t = (20/360)*x
+disp(t,"Therefore t(ms) = (20*10^3/360)*63.34 = ")
+Iav=Vdc/RL
+disp(Iav,"Load current, Iav(A) = Vav / RL =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH8/EX8.3/Example8_3.sce b/991/CH8/EX8.3/Example8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ff82085a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH8/EX8.3/Example8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 8.3.
+clc
+format(6)
+Vm=400
+PIV=sqrt(3)*Vm
+disp("As the supply voltage is 400 sin 314t, Vm = 400 V")
+disp(PIV,"Peak inverse voltage(PIV)(V) = sqrt(3)*Vm =")
+RMS=20
+ff=1.11
+Iav=round(RMS/ff)
+disp("RMS value of current = 20 V")
+disp(Iav,"Average value of current, Iav(A) = RMS value/form factor =")
+pr=PIV*Iav
+pr1=pr*10^-3
+disp(pr1,"Power rating of the SCR(kW) = PIV * Iav =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..400142acf --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 9.1.
+clc
+format(7)
+disp(" Exact analysis :")
+AI=(-50)/(1+((25*10^-6)*(10^3)))
+disp(AI,"Current gain, AI = -hfe / 1+hoe*RL =")
+Ri=1000-((50*2*10^-4)/((25*10^-6)+(1/1000))) //in ohm
+disp(Ri,"Input resistance, Ri(ohm) = hie - (hfe*hre / hoe+(1/RL)) =")
+Av=(-48.78)*(1000/990.24)
+disp(Av,"Voltage gain, Av = AI*(RL/Ri) =")
+disp("Output resistance, Ro")
+format(10)
+Yo=(25*10^-6)-((100*10^-4)/(1000+800)) //in mho
+disp(Yo," Yo(mho) = hoe - (hfe*hre / hie+Rs) =")
+format(6)
+Ro=1/Yo //in ohm
+x1=Ro*10^-3
+disp(x1," Ro(k-ohm) = 1/Yo =")
+disp(" Approximate analysis")
+disp(" AI = -hfe = -50")
+disp(" Ri = hie = 1 k-ohm")
+Av=-(50*1000)/1000
+disp(Av," Av = - hfe*RL / hie =")
+disp(" Ro = infinity")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.10/Example9_10.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.10/Example9_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bcadf9611 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.10/Example9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 9.10. refer fig.9.54
+clc
+disp("We know that IB = VCC-VBE / RB+(1+beta)*RE")
+format(5)
+IB=((15-0.7)/((75*10^3)+(101*910)))*10^6
+disp(IB,"Therefore, IB(uA) =") // in uA
+disp("IE = (1+beta)*IB = 8.57 mA")
+disp("The dynamic resistance is")
+re=0.026/(8.57*10^-3)
+disp(re," re(ohm) =") // in ohm
+disp("The input impedance of the amplifier is")
+zb=(101*(3.03+910))*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+disp(zb," Zb(k-ohm) = (1+beta)(re+RE) =")
+disp("The input impedance of the amplifier stage is")
+format(6)
+Zi=((75*92.2*10^6)/((75*10^3)+(92.2*10^3)))*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+disp(Zi," Zi(k-ohm) = RB || Zb =")
+disp("The voltage gain of the amplifier is")
+av=910/(3.03+910)
+disp(av,"Av = RE / re+RE =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.11/Example9_11.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.11/Example9_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8c30b517a --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.11/Example9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 9.11.refer fig.9.55
+clc
+format(6)
+VCC=10
+RB=470*10^3
+RE=3.3*10^3
+beta=100
+RS=1*10^3
+RL=50
+re=22.4
+VBE=0.7
+IB = (VCC-VBE) / (RB + ((1+beta)*RE))
+x1=IB*10^6
+disp(x1,"From fig.9.55, IB(uA) = (VCC-VBE) / (RB + (1+beta)*RE)")
+format(5)
+IE=(1+beta)*IB
+x2=IE*10^3
+disp(x2," IE(mA) = (1+beta)*IB =")
+rL=(RE*RL)/(RE+RL)
+disp(rL,"The load resistance of the emitter follower is rL(ohm) = RE || RL =") // answer in textbook is wrong
+x=(1+beta)*(re+rL)
+Zi=(RB*x)/(RB+x)
+x3=Zi*10^-3
+disp(x3," Zi(k-ohm) = RB || (1+beta)(re+rL) =")
+y=(50/(22.4+50))*((7.13*10^3)/((1*10^3)+(7.3*10^3))) // answer in textbook is wrong
+disp(y," VL / VS = (rL/re+rL)(Zi/Rs+Zi) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.12/Example9_12.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.12/Example9_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d73590dee --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.12/Example9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Example 9.12. refer fig 9.56
+clc
+RS=50
+RE=2*10^3
+Ro=1*10^3
+RL=4*10^3
+VEE=6
+VBE=0.7
+RC=1000
+VS=10*10^-3
+format(5)
+IE=(VEE-VBE)/RE
+x1=IE*10^3
+disp("We know that, IE = VEE-VBE / RE")
+disp(x1,"Therefore, IE(mA) =")
+re=0.026/IE
+disp(re," Zb(ohm) = re(ohm) =")
+Zi=(re*RE)/(re+RE)
+disp(Zi," Zi(ohm) = re || RE =")
+format(6)
+Av=RC/re
+disp(Av," Av = RC / re =")
+x=Av*(re/(re+RS))*(RL/(RL+RC))
+disp(x," VL / VS = Av*(re/re+RS)*(RL/RL+RS) =")
+VL=x*VS
+x2=VL*10^3
+disp(x2," VL(in mV (rms)) = Av*VS =")
+iL=VL/RL
+format(5)
+x3=iL*10^6
+disp(x3," iL( in uA (rms)) = VL / RL =")
+alpha=1
+format(6)
+y=alpha*(RS/(RS+re))*(RC/(RC+RL))
+disp(y," iL / iS = alpha*(RS/RS+re)*(RC/RC+RL) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.13/Example9_13.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.13/Example9_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cacb6de78 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.13/Example9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 9.13.refer fig.9.57.
+clc
+RC=12*10^3
+RL=15*10^3
+RS=10
+RE=22*10^3
+VEE=24
+VBE=0.3
+disp("The emitter current of the common base amplifier is")
+format(8)
+IE=(VEE-VBE)/RE
+disp(IE," IE(A) = VEE-VBE / RE =")
+format(6)
+re=0.026/IE
+disp(re," re(ohm) = 0.026 / IE =")
+format(5)
+Av=RC/re
+disp(Av," Av = RC /re =")
+format(8)
+x=497*(24.14/(24.14+10))*((15*10^3)/((12*10^3)+(15*10^3)))
+disp(x," VL/VS = Av*(re/re+RS)*(RL/RL+RC) =")
+format(6)
+Ai=3.413
+y=Ai*(RS/(RS+re))*(RC/(RC+RL))
+disp(y," iL/iS = Ai*(RS/RS+re)*(RC/RC+RL) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.14/Example9_14.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.14/Example9_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f61318e24 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.14/Example9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Example 9.14. refer fig.9.58.
+clc
+rc=1.5*10^6
+RE=4.7*10^3
+Ro=2.2*10^3
+RS=20
+RL=10*10^3
+VS=20*10^-3
+VEE=9
+VBE=0.7
+IE=(VEE-VBE)/RE
+format(6)
+x1=IE*10^3
+disp(x1,"We know that, IE(mA) = VEE-VBE / RE =")
+format(5)
+re=0.026/IE
+disp(re," re(ohm) = 0.026 / IE =")
+Zi=(RE*re)/(RE+re)
+disp(Zi," Zi(ohm) = RE || re =")
+Zo=(Ro*rc)/(Ro+rc)
+x2=Zo*10^-3
+disp(x2," Zo(k-ohm) = RC || re =")
+format(6)
+Av=Zo/Zi
+disp(Av," Av = Zo/Zi = RC||rc/RE||re =")
+format(5)
+x=Av*(Zi/(RS+Zi))*(RL/(RL+Zo))
+disp(x," VL/VS = Av*(Zi/RS+Zi)*(RL/RL+Zo) =")
+format(6)
+y=x*VS
+disp(y," VL(rms) = Av*VS(rms) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.15/Example9_15.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.15/Example9_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..85d0a8f77 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.15/Example9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Example 9.15.refer fig.9.59.
+clc
+beta=100
+VCC=10
+R2=4.7*10^3
+R1=27*10^3
+RE=680
+RC=3.3*10^3
+RS=600
+RL=15*10^3
+disp("Referring to fig.9.59(a),")
+format(5)
+VB=(10*4.7*10^3)/((27*10^3)+(4.7*10^3))
+disp(VB," VB(V) = (R2 / R1+R2)*VCC =") // answer in textbook is wrong
+VE=1.39-0.7
+disp(VE," VE(V) = 1.39 - 0.7 =")
+format(4)
+IE=VE/RE
+x1=IE*10^3
+disp(x1," IE(mA) = VE / RE =")
+re=0.026/IE
+disp(re," re(ohm) = 0.026/IE =")
+x=beta*(re+RE)
+format(5)
+Zi=(R1*R2*x)/((R2*x)+(R1*x)+(R1+R2)) // answer in textbook is wrong
+x2=Zi*10^-3
+disp(x2," Zi(k-ohm) = R1 || R2 || beta*(re+RE) =")
+format(4)
+y=(-RC/(RE+re))*(Zi/(RS+Zi))*(RL/(RC+RL))
+disp(y,"The overall voltage gain is VL/VS = (-RC/RE+re)*(Zi/RS+Zi)*(RL/RC+RL) =")
+disp("Referring to fig.9.59(b),")
+format(5)
+u=beta*re
+Zi=(R1*R2*u)/((R2*u)+(R1*u)+(R1*R2))
+x3=Zi*10^-3
+disp(x3," Zi(k-ohm) = R1 || R2 || betare =")
+z=(-RC/re)*(Zi/(RS+Zi))*(RL/(RC+RL)) // answer in textbook is wrong
+disp(z," VL/VS = (-RC/re)*(Zi/RS+Zi)*(RL/RC+RL) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.16/Example9_16.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.16/Example9_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5d150fd92 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.16/Example9_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Example 9.16. refer fig.9.53(b).
+clc
+RB1=7.5*10^3
+RB2=6.8*10^3
+RB3=3.3*10^3
+RE=1.3*10^3
+RC=2.2*10^3
+beta1=120
+beta2=120
+VCC=18
+VBE1=0.7
+format(6)
+disp("From the circuit given in Fig.9.53(b),")
+disp(" IE2 = IE1 and hence, IC2 = IC1")
+disp("Since, beta1 = beta2")
+disp(" IB1 = IC1/beta1 = IC2/beta = IB2")
+disp("By voltage division,")
+VB1=(RB3*VCC)/(RB3+RB2+RB1)
+disp(VB1," VB1(V) = (RB3*VCC)/(RB3+RB2+RB1) =")
+format(5)
+IE1=(VB1-VBE1)/RE
+x1=IE1*10^3
+disp(x1," IE1(mA) = VE1/RE = (VB1-VBE1)/RE =")
+format(6)
+re1=(26*10^-3)/IE1
+disp(re1," re1(ohm) = 26mV/IE1 =")
+re2=re1
+disp(re2," re2(ohm) = (since IE2 = IE1)")
+disp("Voltage gain of the first stage,")
+disp(" Av1 = -re1/re1 = -1")
+disp("Voltage gain of the second stage,")
+format(7)
+Av2=RC/re2
+disp(Av2," Av2 = RC / re2 =")
+disp("Overall voltage gain,")
+Av1=-1
+Av=Av1*Av2
+disp(Av," Av = Av1*Av2 =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.17/Example9_17.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.17/Example9_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63573ac94 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.17/Example9_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 9.17. refer fig.10.66(b).
+clc
+format(6)
+RD=5*10^3
+RG=10*10^6
+u=50
+rd=35*10^3
+disp("The voltage gain,")
+Av=(-u*RD)/(RD+rd)
+disp(Av," Av = Vo/Vi = -u*RD / RD+rd =")
+disp("The minus sign indicates a 180 degree phase shift between Vi and Vo")
+Zi=RG*10^-6
+disp(Zi,"Input impedance Zi(M-ohm) = RG =")
+Zo=RD*10^-3
+disp(Zo,"Output impedance Zo(k-ohm) = RD =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.18/Example9_18.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.18/Example9_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c2ec152c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.18/Example9_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 9.18. refer fig.9.67(b)
+clc
+format(6)
+RS=4*10^3
+RG=10*10^6
+u=50
+rd=35*10^3
+disp("The voltage gain,")
+Av=(u*RS)/(((1+u)*RS)+rd)
+disp(Av," Av = Vo/Vi = u*RS / (u+1)*RS+rd =")
+disp("The positive value indicates that Vo and Vi are in-phase and further note that Av < 1 for CD amplifier.")
+disp("Input impedance, Zi = RG = 10 M-ohm")
+x=rd/u
+Zo=(x*RS)/(RS+x)
+disp(Zo,"Output impedance, Zo(ohm) = 1/gm || RS = (rd/u) || RS =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.19/Example9_19.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.19/Example9_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5a8061fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.19/Example9_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 9.19. refer fig.9.68(b)
+clc
+format(5)
+RD=2*10^3
+RS=1*10^3
+gm=1.43*10^-3
+rd=35*10^3
+disp("The voltage gain,")
+Av=(((gm*rd)+1)*RD)/(RD+rd)
+disp(Av," Av = Vo/Vi = (gm*rd + 1)*RD / (RD+rd) =")
+x=1/gm
+Zi=(RS*x)/(RS+x)
+x1=Zi*10^-3
+disp(x1,"Input impedance, Zi(k-ohm) = RS || 1/gm =")
+disp("Output impedance, Zo ~ RD = 2 k-ohm")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..edaecbecc --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Example 9.2.
+clc
+RC=2*10^3
+hie=1300
+hre=2*10^-4
+hfe=55
+hoe=22*10^-6
+disp("(i) For RE = 200 ohm,")
+format(7)
+RE=200
+x=hoe*(RE+RC)
+disp(x," hoe*(RE + RC) =")
+disp("Since hoe*(RE+RC) < 0.1, the approximate model is permissible.")
+format(6)
+AI=-hfe
+disp(" AI = -hfe = -55")
+Ri=hie+((1+hfe)*RE)
+x1=Ri*10^-3
+disp(x1," Ri(k-ohm) = hie + (1+hfe)*RE =")
+Av=AI*(RC/Ri)
+disp(Av," Av = AI * (RC/Ri) =")
+disp("Output resistance, Ro = infinity")
+disp("Output terminal resistance, RoT = Ro || RC = 2 k-ohm")
+disp("(ii) For RE = 400 ohm")
+format(7)
+RE=400
+x2=hoe*(RE+RC)
+disp(x2," hoe*(RE + RC) =")
+disp("Since hoe*(RE+RC) < 0.1, the approximate model is permissible.")
+format(6)
+AI=-hfe
+disp(" AI = -hfe = -55")
+Ri=hie+((1+hfe)*RE)
+x3=Ri*10^-3
+disp(x3," Ri(k-ohm) = hie + (1+hfe)*RE =")
+format(5)
+Av=AI*(RC/Ri)
+disp(Av," Av = AI * (RC/Ri) =")
+disp("Output resistance, Ro = infinity")
+disp("Output terminal resistance, RoT = Ro || RC = 2 k-ohm")
+disp("(iii) For RE = 1000 ohm")
+disp("Since hoe*(RE+RC) < 0.1, the approximate model is permissible.")
+format(6)
+AI=-hfe
+disp(" AI = -hfe = -55")
+Ri=1300+((1+55)*1000)
+x3=Ri*10^-3
+disp(x3," Ri(k-ohm) = hie + (1+hfe)*RE =")
+Av=AI*(RC/Ri)
+disp(Av," Av = AI * (RC/Ri) =")
+disp("Output resistance, Ro = infinity")
+disp("Output terminal resistance, RoT = Ro || RC = 2 k-ohm")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.20/Example9_20.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.20/Example9_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7a2150b40 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.20/Example9_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 9.20.
+clc
+disp(" In the first set,")
+Vid=100-(-100) //in uV
+disp(Vid," Vid = Vd(uV) = V1 = V2 =")
+Vc=(1/2)*(100+(-100)) // in uV
+disp(Vc," Vc(uV) = 1/2(V1+V2) =")
+disp(" Vo = Ad*Vid * [1 + 1/CMRR * Vc/Vid]")
+disp(" = Ad*200 * [1 + 1/1000 * 0/200] = 200*Ad uV Eq.1")
+disp(" In the second set,")
+Vd=1100-900 // in uV
+disp(Vd," Vd(uV) = V1 - V2 =")
+Vc=(1/2)*(1100+900)
+disp(Vc," Vc(uV) = 1/2(V1+V2) =")
+disp("Hence, Vo = Ad*Vid * [1 + 1/CMRR * Vc/Vid]")
+disp(" = Ad*200 * [1 + 1/1000 * 1000/200] = 201*Ad uV Eq.2")
+disp("Comparing Eq.1 and 2, the output voltages for the two sets of input signals result in a 0.5% difference.")
+disp("Thought the difference voltage Vd = 200 uV in both the cases, the output is not the same and hence the effect of common mode voltage Vc has same influence in the output voltage and it decreases with increase in CMRR.")
+disp("When CMRR = 10000, a similar analysis as that of case (i) gives")
+disp(" Vo = Ad*200 * [1 + 1/10000 * 1000/200] = 200.1*Ad uV")
+disp("Here the output voltages differ by 0.05%. Hence as the CMRR increases, the difference between the output voltages decreases.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.21/Example9_21.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.21/Example9_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eaa15d189 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.21/Example9_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Example 9.21. refer fig.9.87.
+clc
+format(6)
+VEE=15
+VBE=0.7
+REE=65*10^3
+disp("The emitter current can be found by writing a loop equation starting at the base of Q1")
+disp(" VBE + 2*IE*REE - VEE = 0")
+IE = (VEE - VBE)/(2*REE)
+IE1=IE*10^6
+disp(IE1," IE(uA) = (VEE - VBE)/2*REE =")
+alphaF=100/101
+IC=(alphaF*IE)
+IC1=IC*10^6
+disp(IC1," IC(uA) = alpha_F*IE =")
+betaF=100
+IB=IC/betaF
+IB1=IB*10^6
+disp(IB1," IB(uA) = IC / beta_F =")
+VCC=VEE
+RC=REE
+VC=VCC-(IC*RC)
+disp(VC," VC(V) = VCC - IC*RC =")
+VE=-0.7
+VCE=VC - VE
+disp(VCE," VCE(V) = VC - VE =")
+disp("Both transistor of the differential amplifier are based at a Q-point(108.9 uA, 8.621 V) with IB = 1.089 uA and VC = 7.921 V")
+disp("As VEE >> VBE, IE can be approximated by")
+format(7)
+IE=(VEE/(2*REE))*10^6
+disp(IE," IE(uA) = VEE / 2*REE =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.22/Example9_22.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.22/Example9_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b4f965652 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.22/Example9_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 9.22. refer fig.9.88
+clc
+format(6)
+VDD=12
+VSS=VDD
+ISS=175*10^-6
+RD=65*10^3
+Kn=3*10^-3
+VTN=1
+IDS=ISS/2
+IDS1=IDS*10^6
+disp(IDS1," IDS(uA) = ISS / 2 =")
+VGS=VTN+sqrt(ISS/Kn)
+disp(VGS," VGS(V) = VTH + sqrt(ISS/Kn) =")
+format(5)
+VDS=VDD-(IDS*RD)+VGS
+disp(VDS," VDS(V) = VDD - (IDS*RD) + VGS =")
+disp("Checking for saturation,")
+format(6)
+x=VGS-VTN
+disp(x," VGS - VTN =")
+disp("and VDS >= 0.2. Thus, both transistors in the differential amplifier are baised at Q-point of :")
+disp(IDS1)
+format(5)
+disp(VDS)
+disp("Requiring saturation of M1 for non zero VIC,")
+disp(" VGD = VIC - (VDD - IDS*RD) <= VTN")
+disp(" VIC <= VDD - ID*RD + VTN")
+VIC = VDD - IDS*RD + VTN
+disp(VIC," VIC(V) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.23/Example9_23.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.23/Example9_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f1973f13c --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.23/Example9_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Example 9.23. refer fig.9.89
+clc
+VS1=60*10^-3
+VS2=40*10^-3
+hie=3.2*10^3
+hfe=100
+VEE=12
+VCC=VEE
+VBE=0.7
+beta=hfe
+RE=5.6*10^3
+RS=120
+RC=4.5*10^3
+Rc=4.5*10^-5
+format(6)
+IE=(VEE-VBE)/((2*RE)+(RS/beta))
+IE1=IE*10^3
+disp("beta = hfe = 100")
+disp(IE1," IE(mA) = (VEE-VBE) / ((2*RE)+(RS/beta))")
+IC=IE
+disp("IC ~ IE = 1.009 mA")
+disp(IE1," Therefore ICQ(mA) =")
+format(5)
+VCE=VCC+VBE-(IC*Rc)
+disp(VCE," VCE(V) = VCC + VBE - IC*RC =") // answer in textbook is wrong
+disp(VCE,"and VCEQ(V) =") // answer in textbook is wrong
+disp("The differential gain is")
+format(7)
+Ad=(hfe*RC)/(RS+hie)
+disp(Ad," Ad = hfe*RC / RS+hie =")
+disp("Common mode gain is,")
+format(7)
+AC=(hfe*RC)/(((2*RE)*(1+hfe))+RS+hie)
+disp(AC," AC = (hfe*Re) / (((2*RE)*(1+hfe)) + RS + hie) =")
+format(8)
+CMRR = Ad / AC
+disp(CMRR,"CMRR = Ad / AC =")
+format(7)
+CMRR1=20*log10(135.54/0.3966)
+disp(CMRR1,"CMRR(dB) = 20log|Ad/AC| =")
+disp("The output voltage is Vo = Ad*Vd + AC*VC. Here,")
+Vd=VS1-VS2
+Vd1=Vd*10^3
+disp(Vd1," Ad [mV(peak-peak)] = VS1 - VS2 =")
+VC=(VS1+VS2)/2
+VC1=VC*10^3
+disp(VC1,"Then, VC [mV(peak-peak)]= (VS1+VS2) / 2 =")
+format(5)
+Vo = Ad*Vd + AC*VC
+disp(Vo,"Therefore, Vo [V(peak-peak)] =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.24/Example9_24.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.24/Example9_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..87d8e4931 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.24/Example9_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Example 9.24. refer fig.9.90(a)
+clc
+hie=400
+hre=2.1*10^-4
+hfe=40
+hoe=25*10^-6
+RL=5*10^3
+RC=3*10^3
+disp("From the circuit 9.90(a),")
+format(6)
+Rth=(RL*RC)/(RL+RC)
+RLd=hoe*(Rth)
+disp(RLd," RL = hoe*(RL || RC) =")
+disp("For equivalent circuit refer fig.9.90(b).")
+Ri=(hie*100*10^3)/(hie+(100*10^3))
+disp(Ri," Input resistance, Ri = hie || 100k =")
+R1=50*10^3
+format(7)
+Ro=(R1*RC*RL)/((RC*RL)+(R1*RL)+(R1*RC))
+disp(Ro," Output resistance, Ro = 50k || 3k || 5k =")
+disp(" Vo/VS = (Vo/Vi) * (Vi/VS)")
+disp(" Vo/Vi = (-hfe*RL) / hie")
+x=(-hfe*Ro)/hie
+disp(x,"Therefore, Vo/Vi = -hfe*Ro / hie =")
+disp("In the equivalent circuit,")
+disp(" Vi = (VS*Ri) / (Ri+RS)")
+RS=1*10^3
+y=Ri/(Ri+RS)
+disp(y," Vi/VS = Ri/(Ri+RS) =")
+format(6)
+Avs=abs(x*y)
+disp(Avs,"Hence, Avs = Vo/VS = (Vo/Vi)*(Vi/VS) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ee4d14d96 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Example 9.3.
+clc
+RS=900
+RL=2000
+hie=1200
+hre=2*10^-4
+hfe=60
+hoe=25*10^-6
+disp("Conversion formulae :")
+hic=hie
+disp(" hic = hie = 1200 ohm,")
+hfc=-(1+hfe)
+disp(hfc," hfc = -(1+hfe) =")
+disp("hre = 1, hoc = hoe = 25 uA/V")
+hoc=hoe
+hre=1
+disp("Exact analysis :")
+format(7)
+AI=-hfc/(1+(hoc*RL))
+disp(AI,"Current gain, AI = -hfe / (1 + (hoc*RL)) =")
+format(8)
+Ri=hic + (hre*AI*RL)
+x1=Ri*10^-3
+disp(x1,"Input impedance, Ri(k-ohm) = hic + hrc*AI*RL =")
+format(7)
+Av=(AI*RL)/Ri
+disp(Av,"Voltage gain, Av = AI*RL / Ri =")
+Yo=hoc-((hfc*hre)/(hic+RS))
+disp("Output resistance, Ro :")
+disp(Yo," Yo(mho) = 1/Ro = hoc - (hfc*hrc/hic+Rs) =")
+Ro=1/Yo
+disp(Ro," Ro(ohm) =")
+disp("Approximate analysis :")
+AI=1+hfe
+disp(AI,"Current gain, AI = 1 + hfe =")
+Ri=hie+((1+hfe)*RL)
+x2=Ri*10^-3
+disp(x2,"Input impedance, Ri(k-ohm) = hie + (1+hfe)RL =")
+Av=1-(hie/Ri)
+disp(Av,"Voltage gain, Av = 1 - hie/Ri =")
+disp("Output resistance, Ro:")
+format(6)
+Yo=(1+hfe)/(hie+RS)
+disp(Yo," Yo(mho) = (1+hfe) / (hie+RS) =")
+Ro=1/Yo
+disp(Ro," Ro(ohm) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..25bb76bef --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Example 9.4.refer fig.9.14.
+clc
+hic=1.4*10^3
+hfc=-100
+hrc=1
+hoc=20*10^-6
+R1=20*10^3
+RS=1*10^3
+R2=20*10^3
+RE=10*10^3
+RL=40*10^3
+disp("Current gain, AI = -hfc / 1+hoc*RL''")
+RLd=(RE*RL)/(RE+RL)
+x1=RLd*10^-3
+disp(x1,"where, RL''(k-ohm) = RE || RL =")
+format(5)
+AI = -hfc / (1+(hoc*RLd))
+disp(AI,"Therefore, AI =")
+Ri=hic+(hrc*AI*RLd)
+x2=Ri*10^-3
+disp(x2,"Input resistance, Ri(k-ohm) = hic + hrc*AI*RL'' =")
+format(6)
+Av=(AI*RLd)/Ri
+disp(Av,"Voltage gain, Av = AI*RL'' / Ri =")
+disp("Output resistance, Ro = 1 / Yo")
+disp(" Yo = hoc - (hfc*hrc)/(hic+RS'')")
+format(4)
+RSd=(RS*R1*R2)/((R1*R2)+(RS*R2)+(RS*R1))
+x3=RSd*10^-3
+disp(x3,"where, RS''(k-ohm) = RS || R1 || R2 =")
+format(6)
+Yo = hoc - ((hfc*hrc)/(hic+RSd))
+disp(Yo," Yo =") // answer in textbook is wrong
+Ro=1/0.0435
+disp(Ro," Ro(ohm) =")
+Rod=(Ro*RLd)/(Ro+RLd)
+disp(Rod," Ro''(ohm) = Ro || RLdash =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.5/Example9_5.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.5/Example9_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90edf5d24 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.5/Example9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//Example 9.5.
+clc
+Rs=1200
+RL=1000
+hib=22
+hrb=3*10^-4
+hfb=-0.98
+hob=0.5*10^-6
+format(5)
+disp(" Exact analysis")
+AI=-hfb/(1+(hob*RL))
+disp(AI,"Current gain, AI = -hfb / (1 + hob*RL) =")
+Ri=hib+(hrb*AI*RL)
+disp(Ri,"Input impedance, Ri(ohm) = hib + hrb*AI*RL =")
+format(7)
+Av=(AI*RL)/Ri
+disp(Av,"Voltage gain, Av = AI*RL / Ri =")
+format(6)
+Avs=(Av*Ri)/(Ri+Rs)
+disp(Avs,"Overall current gain, Avc = Av*Ri / Ri+Rs =")
+AIS=(AI*Rs)/(Ri+Rs)
+disp(AIS,"Overall current gain, AIS = AI*Rs / Ri+Rs =")
+format(7)
+Yo=hob-((hfb*hrb)/(hib+Rs))
+x1=Yo*10^6
+disp(x1,"Output admittance, Yo(u-mho) = hob * (hfb*hrb / hib+Rs) =")
+format(8)
+Ro=1/Yo
+x2=Ro*10^-6
+disp(x2," Ro(M-ohm) = 1 / Yo =")
+format(6)
+AP=Av*AI
+disp(AP,"Power gain, AP = Av*AI =")
+disp("")
+disp("Approximate analysis")
+AI=-hfb
+disp(AI,"Current gain, AI = -hfb =")
+Ri=hib
+disp(Ri,"Input impedance, Ri(ohm) = hib =")
+disp("Voltage gain, Av = hfe*RL / hie")
+disp("From Table 9.3, hfb = -hfe / 1+hfe")
+hfe = -hfb / (1+hfb)
+disp(hfe,"Reaaranging this equation, hfe = -hfb / 1+hfb =")
+disp("From Table 9.3, hib = hie / 1+hfe")
+hie=hib*(1+hfe)
+disp(hie," hie(ohm) = hib(1+hfe) =")
+Av=hfe*RL / hie
+disp(Av," Av =")
+disp("Output impedance, Ro = infinity")
+Avs=(Av*Ri)/(Ri+Rs)
+disp(Avs,"Overall voltage gain, Avs = Av*Ri / Ri+Rs =")
+AIS=(AI*Rs)/(Ri+Rs)
+disp(AIS,"Overall current gain, AIS = AI*Rs / Ri+Rs =")
+AP=Av*AI
+disp(AP,"Power gain, AP = Av*AI =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de53c6999 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Example 9.6.refer fig.9.16.
+clc
+hib=24
+hfb=-0.98
+hob=0.49*10^-6
+hrb=2.9*10^-4
+RS=600
+RE=6*10^3
+RC=12*10^3
+RL=14*10^3
+disp("Current gain, AI = -hfb / 1+hob*RL''")
+format(5)
+RLd=(RC*RL)/(RC+RL)
+x1=RLd*10^-3
+disp(x1,"where, RL''(k-ohm) = RC || RL =")
+format(6)
+AI=-hfb / (1+hob*RLd)
+disp(AI," AI =")
+disp("Input impedance Ri :")
+Ri=hib+(hrb*AI*RLd)
+disp(Ri," Ri(ohm) = hib + hrb*AI*RL'' =")
+disp("Voltage gain Av :")
+format(7)
+Av=(AI*RLd)/Ri
+disp(Av," Av = (AI*RL'') / Ri =")
+disp("Output Resistance Ro :")
+disp("The output admittance")
+format(6)
+RSd=(RS*RE)/(RS+RE)
+Yo=hob-((hfb*hrb)/(hib+RSd))
+x4=Yo*10^6
+disp(x4," Yo(u-mho) = 1 / Ro = hob - (hfb*hrb / hib+RS'') = where RS'' = RS || RE")
+Ro=1/Yo
+x2=Ro*10^-6
+disp(x2," Ro(M-ohm) = 1 / Yo =")
+format(5)
+RSd=(Ro*RLd)/(Ro+RLd)
+x3=RSd*10^-3
+disp(x3," RS''(k-ohm) = Ro || RL'' =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c9179c583 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Example 9.7.refer fig.9.39
+clc
+hfe=60
+hie=500
+IC=3*10^-3
+RB=220*10^3
+RC=5.1*10^3
+VCC=12
+VBE=0.6
+format(5)
+disp(" RB = 200 k-ohm >> hie = 500 ohm")
+disp("From h-parameter model")
+beta=hfe
+Zo=RC
+Av=(-hfe*RC)/hie
+disp(" Zi = hie = 500 ohm")
+disp(" Zo = RC = 5.1 k-ohm")
+disp(Av," Av = (-hfe*RC) / hie =")
+disp(" AI = -hfe = -60")
+disp("From re model")
+disp(" Zi = beta*re where re = 26mV / Ie")
+Ib=(VCC - VBE)/RB
+x1=Ib*10^6
+disp(x1,"From the circuit, Ib(uA) = (VCC - VBE) / RB =")
+format(6)
+Ie=beta*(51.8*10^-6)
+x2=Ie*10^3
+disp(x2," Ie(mA) = Ic = beta*Ib =")
+format(5)
+re = (26) / (3.108)
+disp(re," re(ohm) = 26mV / Ie =")
+format(6)
+Zi = beta*8.37
+disp(Zi," Zi(ohm) = beta*re =")
+disp(" Zo = RC = 5.1 k-ohm")
+Av=int(-RC/re)
+disp(Av," Av = -RC / re =")
+disp(" AI = -beta = -60")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ee20f01eb --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//Example 9.8. refer fig.9.47
+clc
+hie=3.2*10^3
+hfe=100
+R1=40*10^3
+R2=4.7*10^3
+RC=4*10^3
+VCC=16
+VBE=0.6
+RE=1.2*10^3
+beta=100
+disp("h-parameter analysis :")
+disp("Zi = RB || hie")
+format(4)
+RB=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)
+x1=RB*10^-3
+disp(x1," RB = R1 || R2 = 40 k-ohm || 4.7 k-ohm =")
+format(5)
+Zi=(RB*hie)/(RB+hie)
+x2=Zi*10^-3
+disp(x2," Zi = 4.2 k-ohm || 3.2 k-ohm =")
+disp(" Zo = RC = 4 k-ohm")
+Av=(-hfe*RC)/hie
+disp(Av," Av = -hfe*RC / hie =")
+format(6)
+AI=(-hfe*RB)/(RB+hie)
+disp(AI," AI = -hfe*RB / RB+hie =")
+disp("Using r model :")
+disp("To find IB,")
+VB=(R2*VCC)/(R1+R2)
+disp(VB," VB = R2*VCC / R1+R2")
+disp("Using Thevenin equivalent for input part,")
+IB=1.082/(125.4*10^3)
+x3=IB*10^6
+disp(x3,"IB(uA) = (VB-VBE) / (RB+((1+beta)*RE))")
+format(5)
+IC=beta*IB
+x4=IC*10^3
+disp(x4," IC(mA) = beta*IB =")
+disp(x4," IE(mA) ~ IC(mA) =")
+IE = IC
+format(6)
+re=(26*10^-3)/(0.86*10^-3)
+disp(re," re(ohm) = 26mV / IE =")
+format(5)
+Zi=(RB*beta*re)/(RB+(beta*re))
+x5=Zi*10^-3
+disp(x5," Zi(k-ohm) = RB || beta*re")
+disp(" Zo = RC = 4 k-ohm")
+format(6)
+Av=-RC/re
+disp(Av," Av = -RC / re =")
+format(7)
+AI=(-100*(4.2*10^3))/((4.2*10^3)+(100*30.23))
+disp(AI," AI = (-beta*RB) / (RB+(beta*re)) =")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/991/CH9/EX9.9/Example9_9.sce b/991/CH9/EX9.9/Example9_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec901f8c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/991/CH9/EX9.9/Example9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 9.9. refer fig 9.52.
+clc
+format(6)
+VBE=0.6
+VEE=8
+VCC=10
+RE=4*10^3
+RC=3*10^3
+IE=(VEE-VBE)/RE
+x1=IE*10^3
+disp(x1," |IE|(mA) = VEE-VBE / RE =")
+re=(26*10^-3)/IE
+disp(re," re(ohm) = 26mV / IE =")
+Zi=(RE*re)/(RE+re)
+disp(Zi," Zi(ohm) = RE || re =")
+Zo=RC*10^-3
+disp(Zo," Zo(k-ohm) = RC =")
+format(7)
+Av=3000/14.05
+disp(Av," Av = RC / re =")
+disp(" AI = 1")
\ No newline at end of file |
