updated the code

6 files changed, 156 insertions, 154 deletions

diff --git a/68/CH5/EX5.10/ex10.sce b/68/CH5/EX5.10/ex10.sce
index 0adcdcaed..cd259fb52 100755
--- a/68/CH5/EX5.10/ex10.sce
+++ b/68/CH5/EX5.10/ex10.sce
@@ -1,25 +1,23 @@
-// Exampe 5.10 : Analyse the circuit to find node voltages and branch currents

-V_CC=15; // (V)

-R_C=5000; // (ohm)

-R_B1=100*10^3; // (ohm)

-R_B2=50*10^3; // (ohm)

-R_E=3000; // (ohm)

-V_BE=0.7; // (V)

-B=100; // beta value

-V_BB=V_CC*R_B2/(R_B1+R_B2);

-disp(V_BB,"V_BB (V)")

-R_BB=R_B1*R_B2/(R_B1+R_B2);

-disp(R_BB,"R_BB (ohm)")

-I_B=I_E/(B+1);

-disp(I_B,"Base current (A)")

-I_E=(V_BB-V_BE)/(R_E +(R_BB/(B+1)))

-disp(I_E,"Emiter current (A)")

-I_B=I_E/(B+1)

-disp(I_B,"Base current (A)")

-V_B=V_BE+I_E*R_E;

-disp(V_B,"Base voltage (V)")

-a=B/(B+1); // alpha value

-I_C=a*I_E

-disp(I_C,"Collector current (A)")

-V_C=V_CC-I_C*R_C;

+// Exampe 5.10 : Analyse the circuit to find node voltages and branch currents
+V_CC=15; // (V)
+R_C=5000; // (ohm)
+R_B1=100*10^3; // (ohm)
+R_B2=50*10^3; // (ohm)
+R_E=3000; // (ohm)
+V_BE=0.7; // (V)
+B=100; // beta value
+V_BB=V_CC*R_B2/(R_B1+R_B2);
+disp(V_BB,"V_BB (V)")
+R_BB=R_B1*R_B2/(R_B1+R_B2);
+disp(R_BB,"R_BB (ohm)")
+I_E=(V_BB-V_BE)/(R_E +(R_BB/(B+1)));
+disp(I_E,"Emiter current (A)")
+I_B=I_E/(B+1)
+disp(I_B,"Base current (A)")
+V_B=V_BE+I_E*R_E;
+disp(V_B,"Base voltage (V)")
+a=B/(B+1); // alpha value
+I_C=a*I_E
+disp(I_C,"Collector current (A)")
+V_C=V_CC-I_C*R_C;
 disp(V_C,"Collector voltage (V))")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/68/CH5/EX5.11/ex11.sce b/68/CH5/EX5.11/ex11.sce
index 4bf98abe1..809c8e884 100755
--- a/68/CH5/EX5.11/ex11.sce
+++ b/68/CH5/EX5.11/ex11.sce
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
-// Example 5.11 :Analyse the circuit to find node voltages and branch currents

-V_CC=15; // (V)

-R_C1=5000; // (ohm)

-R_B1=100*10^3; // (ohm)

-R_B2=50*10^3; // (ohm)

-R_E=3000; // (ohm)

-V_BE=0.7; // (V)

-R_E2=2000; // (ohm)

-R_C2=2700; // (ohm)

-V_EB=0.7; // (V)

-B=100; // beta value

-V_BB=V_CC*R_B2/(R_B1+R_B2);

-R_BB=R_B1*R_B2/(R_B1+R_B2);

-I_E1=(V_BB-V_BE)/(R_E +(R_BB/(B+1)))

-disp(I_E1,"I_E1 (A)")

-I_B1=I_E1/(B+1)

-disp(I_B1,"I_B1 (A)")

-V_B1=V_BE+I_E*R_E;

-disp(V_B1,"V_B1 (V)")

-a=B/(B+1); // alpha value

-// beta and alpha values are same for the two transistors

-I_C1=a*I_E

-disp(I_C1,"IC1 (A)")

-V_C1=V_CC-I_C1*R_C1;

-disp(V_C1,"V_C1 (V))")

-V_E2=V_C1+V_EB;

-disp(V_E2,"V_E2(V)")

-I_E2=(V_CC-V_E2)/R_E2;

-disp(I_E2,"I_E2 (A)")

-I_C2=a*I_E2;

-disp(I_C2,"I_C2 (A)")

-V_C2=I_C2*R_C2;

-disp(V_C2,"V_C2 (V)")

-I_B2=I_E2/(B+1);

+// Example 5.11 :Analyse the circuit to find node voltages and branch currents
+V_CC=15; // (V)
+R_C1=5000; // (ohm)
+R_B1=100*10^3; // (ohm)
+R_B2=50*10^3; // (ohm)
+R_E=3000; // (ohm)
+V_BE=0.7; // (V)
+R_E2=2000; // (ohm)
+R_C2=2700; // (ohm)
+V_EB=0.7; // (V)
+B=100; // beta value
+V_BB=V_CC*R_B2/(R_B1+R_B2);
+R_BB=R_B1*R_B2/(R_B1+R_B2);
+I_E1=(V_BB-V_BE)/(R_E +(R_BB/(B+1)))
+disp(I_E1,"I_E1 (A)")
+I_B1=I_E1/(B+1)
+disp(I_B1,"I_B1 (A)")
+V_B1=V_BE+I_E1*R_E;
+disp(V_B1,"V_B1 (V)")
+a=B/(B+1); // alpha value
+// beta and alpha values are same for the two transistors
+I_C1=a*I_E1
+disp(I_C1,"IC1 (A)")
+V_C1=V_CC-I_C1*R_C1;
+disp(V_C1,"V_C1 (V))")
+V_E2=V_C1+V_EB;
+disp(V_E2,"V_E2(V)")
+I_E2=(V_CC-V_E2)/R_E2;
+disp(I_E2,"I_E2 (A)")
+I_C2=a*I_E2;
+disp(I_C2,"I_C2 (A)")
+V_C2=I_C2*R_C2;
+disp(V_C2,"V_C2 (V)")
+I_B2=I_E2/(B+1);
 disp(I_B2,"I_B2 (A)")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/68/CH5/EX5.14/ex14.sce b/68/CH5/EX5.14/ex14.sce
index d5c455ad7..bc350d8ed 100755
--- a/68/CH5/EX5.14/ex14.sce
+++ b/68/CH5/EX5.14/ex14.sce
@@ -1,28 +1,29 @@
-// Example 5.14 : Analysis of transistor amplifier

-V_CC=10; // (V)

-R_C=3000; // (ohm)

-R_BB=100*10^3; // (ohm)

-V_BB=3; // (V)

-V_BE=0.7; // (V)

-V_T=25*10^-3; // (V)

-I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_BB;

-disp(I_B,"Base current (A)")

-I_C=B*I_B;

-disp(I_C,"Collector current (A)")

-V_C=V_CC-I_C*R_C;

-disp(V_C,"Collecor voltage (V)")

-I_E=B*I_C/(B+1);

-r_e=V_T/I_E;

-disp(r_e,"r_e (ohm)")

-g_m=I_C/V_T;

-disp(g_m,"g_m (mho)")

-r_pi=B/g_m;

-disp(r_pi,"r_pi (ohm)")

-// v_i is input voltage let us assume it to be 1 V

-v_i=1;

-v_be=v_i*r_pi/(r_pi+R_BB)

-disp(v_be,"v_be")

-v_o=-g_m*R_C*v_be;

-disp(v_o,"Output voltage (V)")

-A_v=v_o/v_i;

+// Example 5.14 : Analysis of transistor amplifier
+V_CC=10; // (V)
+B=100;
+R_C=3000; // (ohm)
+R_BB=100*10^3; // (ohm)
+V_BB=3; // (V)
+V_BE=0.7; // (V)
+V_T=25*10^-3; // (V)
+I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_BB;
+disp(I_B,"Base current (A)")
+I_C=B*I_B;
+disp(I_C,"Collector current (A)")
+V_C=V_CC-I_C*R_C;
+disp(V_C,"Collecor voltage (V)")
+I_E=B*I_C/(B+1);
+r_e=V_T/I_E;
+disp(r_e,"r_e (ohm)")
+g_m=I_C/V_T;
+disp(g_m,"g_m (mho)")
+r_pi=B/g_m;
+disp(r_pi,"r_pi (ohm)")
+// v_i is input voltage let us assume it to be 1 V
+v_i=1;
+v_be=v_i*r_pi/(r_pi+R_BB)
+disp(v_be,"v_be")
+v_o=-g_m*R_C*v_be;
+disp(v_o,"Output voltage (V)")
+A_v=v_o/v_i;
 disp(A_v,"Voltage gain")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/68/CH5/EX5.18/ex18.sce b/68/CH5/EX5.18/ex18.sce
index d556d5680..bf511e347 100755
--- a/68/CH5/EX5.18/ex18.sce
+++ b/68/CH5/EX5.18/ex18.sce
@@ -1,29 +1,30 @@
-//Example 5.18 : Midband gain and 3dB frequency

-// Transistor is biased at I_C=1mA

-V_CC=10; // (V)

-V_EE=10; // (V)

-I=0.001; // (A)

-R_B=100000; // (ohm)

-R_C=8000; // (ohm)

-R_sig=5000; //(ohm)

-R_L=5000; // (ohm)

-B=100; // beta value

-V_A=100; // (V)

-C_u=1*10^-12; // (F)

-f_T=800*10^6; // (Hz)

-I_C=0.001; // (A)

-r_x=50; // (ohm)

-// Values of hybrid pi model parameters

-g_m=I_C/V_T;

-r_pi=B/g_m;

-r_o=V_A/I_C;

-w_T=2*%pi*f_T;

-CpiplusCu=g_m/w_T; // C_u+C_pi

-C_pi=CpiplusCu-C_u;

-R_l=r_o*R_C*R_L/(r_o*R_C+R_C*R_L+R_L*r_o) // R_l=R_L'

-A_M=R_B*r_pi*g_m*R_l/((R_B+R_sig)*(r_pi+r_x+(R_B*R_sig/(R_B+R_sig))));

-disp(A_M,"Midband gain (V/V)")

-R_seff=(r_pi*(r_x+R_B*R_sig/(R_B+R_sig)))/(r_pi+r_x+R_B*R_sig/(R_B+R_sig)); // Effective source resistance R_seff=R'_sig

-C_in=C_pi+C_u*(1+R_l*g_m);

-f_H=1/(2*%pi*C_in*R_seff);

+//Example 5.18 : Midband gain and 3dB frequency
+// Transistor is biased at I_C=1mA
+V_CC=10; // (V)
+V_T=25*10^-3;
+V_EE=10; // (V)
+I=0.001; // (A)
+R_B=100000; // (ohm)
+R_C=8000; // (ohm)
+R_sig=5000; //(ohm)
+R_L=5000; // (ohm)
+B=100; // beta value
+V_A=100; // (V)
+C_u=1*10^-12; // (F)
+f_T=800*10^6; // (Hz)
+I_C=0.001; // (A)
+r_x=50; // (ohm)
+// Values of hybrid pi model parameters
+g_m=I_C/V_T;
+r_pi=B/g_m;
+r_o=V_A/I_C;
+w_T=2*%pi*f_T;
+CpiplusCu=g_m/w_T; // C_u+C_pi
+C_pi=CpiplusCu-C_u;
+R_l=r_o*R_C*R_L/(r_o*R_C+R_C*R_L+R_L*r_o) // R_l=R_L'
+A_M=R_B*r_pi*g_m*R_l/((R_B+R_sig)*(r_pi+r_x+(R_B*R_sig/(R_B+R_sig))));
+disp(A_M,"Midband gain (V/V)")
+R_seff=(r_pi*(r_x+R_B*R_sig/(R_B+R_sig)))/(r_pi+r_x+R_B*R_sig/(R_B+R_sig)); // Effective source resistance R_seff=R'_sig
+C_in=C_pi+C_u*(1+R_l*g_m);
+f_H=1/(2*%pi*C_in*R_seff);
 disp(f_H,"3dB frequency (Hz)")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/68/CH5/EX5.8/ex8.sce b/68/CH5/EX5.8/ex8.sce
index b19f04f0b..8dd183758 100755
--- a/68/CH5/EX5.8/ex8.sce
+++ b/68/CH5/EX5.8/ex8.sce
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
-// Example 5.8 : Analyse the circuit to find node voltages and branch currents

-V_CC= 10; // (V)

-R_C=2000; // (ohm)

-V_BB=5; // (V)

-R_B=100*10^3; // (ohm)

-B=100; // beta value

-I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B;

-disp(I_B,"Base current (A)")

-I_C=B*I_B;

-disp(I_C,"Collector current (A)")

-V_C=V_CC-I_C*R_C;

-disp(V_C,"Collector voltage (V)")

-V_B=0.7 ; // V_B=V_BE

-disp(V_B,"Base voltage (V)")

-I_E=(B+1)*I_B;

+// Example 5.8 : Analyse the circuit to find node voltages and branch currents
+V_CC= 10; // (V)
+R_C=2000; // (ohm)
+V_BB=5; // (V)
+V_BE=0.7;
+R_B=100*10^3; // (ohm)
+B=100; // beta value
+I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B;
+disp(I_B,"Base current (A)")
+I_C=B*I_B;
+disp(I_C,"Collector current (A)")
+V_C=V_CC-I_C*R_C;
+disp(V_C,"Collector voltage (V)")
+V_B=V_BE ; // V_B=V_BE
+disp(V_B,"Base voltage (V)")
+I_E=(B+1)*I_B;
 disp(I_E,"Emitter current (A)")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/68/CH6/EX6.2/ex2.sce b/68/CH6/EX6.2/ex2.sce
index c4555eddf..ba863c478 100755
--- a/68/CH6/EX6.2/ex2.sce
+++ b/68/CH6/EX6.2/ex2.sce
@@ -1,27 +1,28 @@
-// Example 6.2 : Comparison between NMOS transistor and npn transistor

-

-disp("For NMOS transistor")

-I_D=100*10^-6; // (A)

-V_a=5; // V'_A=V_a (A)

-L=0.4; // (um)

-K_n=267*4/0.4*10^-6; // K_n=u_n*C_ox*(W/L) (A/V^2)

-V_OV=sqrt(2*I_D/K_n);

-g_m=sqrt(2*K_n*I_D)

-disp(g_m,"g_m (A/V)")

-disp("R_in is infinite")

-r_o=V_a*L/I_D;

-disp(r_o,"r_o (ohm)")

-A_O=g_m*r_o;

-disp(A_O,"A_O (V/V)")

-disp("For npn transistor")

-I_C=0.1*10^-3; // collector current 

-B_o=100; // beta value

-V_A=35; // (V)

-g_m=I_C/V_T;

-disp(g_m,"g_m (A/V)")

-R_in=B_o/g_m;

-disp(R_in,"R_in (ohm)")

-r_o=V_A/I_C;

-disp(r_o,"r_o (ohm)")

-A_O=g_m*r_o;

+// Example 6.2 : Comparison between NMOS transistor and npn transistor
+
+disp("For NMOS transistor")
+I_D=100*10^-6; // (A)
+V_a=5; // V'_A=V_a (A)
+L=0.4; // (um)
+V_T=0.025;
+K_n=267*4/0.4*10^-6; // K_n=u_n*C_ox*(W/L) (A/V^2)
+V_OV=sqrt(2*I_D/K_n);
+g_m=sqrt(2*K_n*I_D)
+disp(g_m,"g_m (A/V)")
+disp("R_in is infinite")
+r_o=V_a*L/I_D;
+disp(r_o,"r_o (ohm)")
+A_O=g_m*r_o;
+disp(A_O,"A_O (V/V)")
+disp("For npn transistor")
+I_C=0.1*10^-3; // collector current 
+B_o=100; // beta value
+V_A=35; // (V)
+g_m=I_C/V_T;
+disp(g_m,"g_m (A/V)")
+R_in=B_o/g_m;
+disp(R_in,"R_in (ohm)")
+r_o=V_A/I_C;
+disp(r_o,"r_o (ohm)")
+A_O=g_m*r_o;
 disp(A_O,"A_O (V/V)")
\ No newline at end of file