initial commit / add all books

author: priyanka 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530
committer: priyanka 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530
commit: b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch)
tree: ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /61
download: Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.gz
Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.bz2
Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.zip
186 files changed, 2134 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/61/CH1/EX1.1/ex1_1.sce b/61/CH1/EX1.1/ex1_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7408db90e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH1/EX1.1/ex1_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//Ex-1.1(a)
+V_bias=10;
+R_limit=1000;
+r_d =10;
+//Voltages in Volts, Currents in Amperes, Resistances in Ohms
+//IDEAL MODEL
+disp('IDEAL MODEL')
+V_f=0;
+I_f=V_bias/R_limit;
+V_R_limit=I_f*R_limit;
+disp(V_f,'forward voltage in volts');
+disp(I_f,'forward current in amperes');
+disp(V_R_limit,'voltage across limiting resistor in volts');
+//PRACTICAL MODEL
+disp('PRACTICAL MODEL');
+V_f=0.7;
+I_f=(V_bias-V_f)/R_limit;
+V_R_limit=I_f*R_limit;
+disp(V_f,'forward voltage in volts');
+disp(I_f,'forward current in amperes');
+disp(V_R_limit,'voltage across limiting resistor in volts');
+//COMPLETE MODEL
+disp('COMPLETE MODEL')
+I_f=(V_bias-0.7)/(R_limit+r_d');
+V_f=0.7+I_f*r_d';
+V_R_limit=I_f*R_limit;
+disp(V_f,'forward voltage in volts');
+disp(I_f,'forward current in amperes');
+disp(V_R_limit,'voltage across limiting resistor in volts');
+//Ex1.1(b)
+V_bias=5;
+I_R=1*10^-6;
+//IDEAL MODEL
+disp('IDEAL MODEL');
+I_r=0;
+V_R=V_bias;
+V_R_limit=I_r*R_limit;
+disp(I_r,'reverse current in amperes')
+disp(V_R,'reverse voltage in volts')
+disp(V_R_limit,'voltage across limiting resistor in volts')
+//PRACTICAL MODEL
+disp('PRACTICAL MODEL')
+I_r=0;
+V_R=V_bias;
+V_R_limit=I_r*R_limit;
+disp(I_r,'reverse current in amperes')
+disp(V_R,'reverse voltage in volts')
+disp(V_R_limit,'voltage across limiting resistor in volts')
+//COMPLETE MODEL
+disp('COMPLETE MODEL')
+I_r=I_R;
+V_R_limit=I_r*R_limit;
+V_R=V_bias-V_R_limit;
+disp(I_r,'reverse current in amperes')
+disp(V_R,'reverse voltage in volts')
+disp(V_R_limit,'voltage across limiting resistor in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.1/ex10_1.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.1/ex10_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..34bdf2a4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.1/ex10_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//ex10.1
+//P out/P in=250;
+A_p_dB=gain_in_decibel_power(250)
+disp(A_p_dB,'Power gain when power gain is 250')
+A_p_dB=gain_in_decibel_power(100)
+disp(A_p_dB,'Power gain when power gain is 100')
+A_v_dB=gain_in_decibel_voltage(10)
+disp(A_v_dB,'Voltage gain when voltage gain is 10')
+A_v_dB=gain_in_decibel_power(0.5)
+disp(A_v_dB,'Power gain when voltage gain is 0.5')
+A_v_dB=gain_in_decibel_voltage(0.707)
+disp(A_v_dB,'Voltage gain when voltage gain is 0.707')
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.10/ex10_10.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.10/ex10_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6b1d997d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.10/ex10_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//ex10.10
+B_ac=125;
+C_be=20*10^-12;
+C_bc=2.4*10^-12;
+R1=22*10^3;
+R2=4.7*10^3;
+R_E=470;
+R_S=600;
+R_L=2.2*10^3;
+V_CC=10;
+V_B=(R2/(R1+R2))*V_CC;
+V_E=V_B-0.7;
+I_E=V_E/R_E;
+r_e=25*10^-3/I_E;
+//total resistance of input circuit is parallel combination of R1,R2,R_s,B_ac*r_e
+R_in_tot=B_ac*r_e*R1*R2*R_S/(B_ac*r_e*R1*R2+B_ac*r_e*R1*R_S+B_ac*r_e*R2*R_S+R1*R2*R_S);
+R_c=R_C*R_L/(R_C+R_L)
+A_v_mid=R_c/r_e;
+C_in_Miller=C_bc*(A_v_mid+1)
+C_in_tot=C_in_Miller+C_be;
+f_c=1/(2*%pi*R_in_tot*C_in_tot);
+disp(R_in_tot, 'total resistance of circuit in ohms')
+disp(C_in_tot,'total capacitance in farads')
+disp(f_c,'critical frequency in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.11/ex10_11.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.11/ex10_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a018405e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.11/ex10_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//ex10.11
+C_bc=2.4*10^-12;    //from previous question
+A_v=99;    //from previous question
+R_C=2.2*10^3;
+R_L=2.2*10^3;
+R_c=R_C*R_L/(R_C+R_L);
+C_out_Miller=C_bc*(A_v+1)/A_v;
+f_c=1/(2*%pi*R_c*C_bc);    //C_bc is almost equal to C_in_Miller
+disp(R_c,'equivalent resistance in ohms')
+disp(C_out_Miller,'equivalent capacitance in farads')
+disp(f_c,'critical frequency in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.12/ex10_12.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.12/ex10_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c52724a3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.12/ex10_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex10.12
+C_iss=6*10^-12;
+C_rss=2*10^-12;
+C_gd=C_rss;
+C_gs=C_iss-C_rss;
+disp(C_gd,'gate to drain capacitance in farads')
+disp(C_gs,'gate to source capacitance in farads')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.13/ex10_13.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.13/ex10_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1d867359f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.13/ex10_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//ex10.13;
+C_iss=8*10^-12;
+C_rss=3*10^-12;
+g_m=6500*10^-6;    //in Siemens
+R_D=1*10^3;
+R_L=10*10^6;
+R_s=50;
+C_gd=C_rss;
+C_gs=C_iss-C_rss;
+R_d=R_D*R_L/(R_D+R_L);
+A_v=g_m*R_d;
+C_in_Miller=C_gd*(A_v+1);
+C_in_tot=C_in_Miller+C_gs;
+f_c=1/(2*%pi*C_in_tot*R_s);
+disp(f_c,'critical frequency of input RC circuit in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.14/ex10_14.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.14/ex10_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..330837d2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.14/ex10_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex10.14
+C_gd=3*10^-12;    //from previous question
+A_v=6.5;    //from previous question
+R_d=1*10^3;    //from previous question
+C_out_Miller=C_gd*(A_v+1)/A_v;
+f_c=1/(2*%pi*R_d*C_out_Miller);
+disp(f_c,'critical frequency of the output circuit in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.15/ex10_15.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.15/ex10_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..57fdc3a0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.15/ex10_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex10.15
+f_cu=2000;
+f_cl=200;
+BW=f_cu-f_cl;
+disp(BW,'bandwidth in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.16/ex10_16.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.16/ex10_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a45cac9b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.16/ex10_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex10.16;
+f_T=175*10^6;    //in hertz
+A_v_mid=50;
+BW=f_T/A_v_mid;
+disp(BW,'bandwidth in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.17/ex10_17.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.17/ex10_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c291874f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.17/ex10_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex10.17
+f_cl=1*10^3;    //lower critical frequency of 2nd stage in hertz
+f_cu=100*10^3;    //upper critical frequency of 1st stage in hertz
+BW=f_cu-f_cl;
+disp(BW,'bandwidth in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.18/ex10_18.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.18/ex10_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b487c672d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.18/ex10_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//ex10.18
+n=2;    //n is the number of stages of amplifier
+f_cl=500;
+f_cu=80*10^3;
+f_cl_new=f_cl/(sqrt(2^(1/n)-1));
+f_cu_new=f_cu*(sqrt(2^(1/n)-1));
+BW=f_cu_new-f_cl_new;
+disp(BW,'bandwidth in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.2/ex10_2.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.2/ex10_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dc64deb7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.2/ex10_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//ex10.2
+//input voltage=10V
+//at -3dB voltage gain from table is 0.707
+v_out=0.707*10;
+disp(v_out,'output voltage in volts at -3dB gain')
+//at -6dB voltage gain from table is 0.5
+v_out=0.5*10;
+disp(v_out,'output voltage in volts at -6dB gain')
+//at -12dB voltage gain from table is 0.25
+v_out=0.25*10;
+disp(v_out,'output voltage in volts at -12dB gain')
+//at -24dB voltage gain from table is 0.0625
+v_out=0.0625*10;
+disp(v_out,'output voltage in volts at -24dB gain')
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1be6ab01f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//ex10.3
+R_in=1*10^3;
+C1=1*10^-6;
+A_v_mid=100;    //mid range voltage gain
+f_c=1/(2*%pi*R_in*C1);
+//at f_c, capacitive reactance is equal to resistance(X_C1=R_in)
+attenuation=0.707;
+//A_v is gain at lower critical frequency
+A_v=0.707*A_v_mid;
+disp(f_c,'lower critical frequency in hertz')
+disp(attenuation,'attenuation at lower critical frequency')
+disp(A_v,'gain at lower critical frequency')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.4/ex10_4.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.4/ex10_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d2cb49fb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.4/ex10_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//ex10.4
+A_v_mid=100;
+//At 1Hz frequency,voltage gain is 3 dB less than at midrange. At -3dB, the voltage is reduced by a factor of 0.707
+A_v=0.707*A_v_mid;
+disp(A_v,'actual voltage gain at 1Hz frequency')
+//At 100Hz frequency,voltage gain is 20 dB less than at critical frequency (f_c ). At -20dB, the voltage is reduced by a factor of 0.1
+A_v=0.1*A_v_mid;
+disp(A_v,'actual voltage gain at 100Hz frequency')
+//At 10Hz frequency,voltage gain is 40 dB less than at critical frequency (f_c). At -40dB, the voltage is reduced by a factor of 0.01
+A_v=0.01*A_v_mid;
+disp(A_v,'actual voltage gain at 10Hz frequency')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.5/ex10_5.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.5/ex10_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..55d75a41c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.5/ex10_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//ex10.5
+R_C=10*10^3;
+C3=0.1*10^-6;
+R_L=10*10^3;
+A_v_mid=50;
+f_c=1/(2*%pi*(R_L+R_C)*C3);
+disp(f_c,'lower critical frequency in hertz')
+//at midrange capacitive reactance is zero
+X_C3=0;
+attenuation=R_L/(R_L+R_C);    
+disp(attenuation,'attenuation at midrange frequency')
+//at critical frequency, capacitive reactance equals total resistance
+X_C3=R_L+R_C;
+attenuation=R_L/(sqrt((R_C+R_L)^2+X_C3^2));
+disp(attenuation,'attenuation at critical frequency')
+A_v=0.707*A_v_mid;
+disp(A_v,'gain at critical frequency')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.6/ex10_6.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.6/ex10_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..132c10c52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.6/ex10_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//ex10.6
+B_ac=100;
+r_e=12;
+R1=62*10^3;
+R2=22*10^3;
+R_S=1*10^3;
+R_E=1*10^3;
+C2=100*10^-6;
+//Base circuit impedance= parallel combination of R1, R2, R_S
+R_th=(R1*R2*R_S)/(R1*R2+R2*R_S+R_S*R1);
+//Resistance looking at emitter
+R_in_emitter=r_e+(R_th/B_ac);
+//resistance of equivalent bypass RC is parallel combination of R_E,R_in_emitter
+R=(R_in_emitter*R_E)/(R_E+R_in_emitter);
+f_c=1/(2*%pi*R*C2);
+disp(f_c,'critical frequency of bypass RC circuit in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.7/ex10_7.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.7/ex10_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3cdc8004b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.7/ex10_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//ex10.7
+V_GS=-10;
+I_GSS=25*10^-9;
+R_G=10*10^6;
+C1=0.001*10^-6;
+R_in_gate=abs((V_GS/I_GSS));
+R_in=(R_in_gate*R_G)/(R_G+R_in_gate);
+f_c=1/(2*%pi*R_in*C1);
+disp(f_c,'critical frequency in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.8/ex10_8.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.8/ex10_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ebbcfbd01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.8/ex10_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//ex10.8
+V_GS=-12;
+I_GSS=100*10^-9;
+R_G=10*10^6;
+R_D=10*10^3;
+C1=0.001*10^-6;
+C2=0.001*10^-6;
+R_in_gate=abs((V_GS/I_GSS));
+R_in=(R_in_gate*R_G)/(R_G+R_in_gate);
+R_L=R_in;    //according to question
+f_c_input=1/(2*%pi*R_in*C1);
+disp(f_c_input,'critical frequency of input RC circuit in hertz')
+f_c_output=1/(2*%pi*(R_D+R_L)*C2)
+disp(f_c_output,'critical frequency of output RC circuit in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH10/EX10.9/ex10_9.sce b/61/CH10/EX10.9/ex10_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1342b9621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH10/EX10.9/ex10_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//ex10.9
+B_ac=100;
+r_e=16;
+R1=62*10^3;
+R2=22*10^3;
+R_S=600;
+R_E=1*10^3;
+R_C=2.2*10^3;
+R_L=10*10^3;
+C1=0.1*10^-6;
+C2=10*10^-6;
+C3=0.1*10^-6;
+//input RC circuit
+R_in=(B_ac*r_e*R1*R2)/(B_ac*r_e*R1+B_ac*r_e*R2+R1*R2);
+f_c_input=1/(2*%pi*(R_S+R_in)*C1);
+disp(f_c_input,'input frequency in hertz')
+//For bypass circuit; Base circuit impedance= parallel combination of R1, R2, R_S
+R_th=(R1*R2*R_S)/(R1*R2+R2*R_S+R_S*R1);
+//Resistance looking at emitter
+R_in_emitter=r_e+(R_th/B_ac);
+//resistance of equivalent bypass RC is parallel combination of R_E,R_in_emitter
+R=(R_in_emitter*R_E)/(R_E+R_in_emitter);
+f_c_bypass=1/(2*%pi*R*C2);
+disp(f_c_bypass,'critical frequency of bypass RC circuit in hertz')
+f_c_output=1/(2*%pi*(R_C+R_L)*C3)
+disp(f_c_output,'output frequency circuit in hertz')
+R_c=R_C*R_L/(R_C+R_L);
+A_v_mid=R_c/r_e;
+attenuation=R_in/(R_in+R_S);
+A_v=attenuation*A_v_mid;    //overall voltage gain
+A_v_mid_dB=20*log10(A_v);    
+disp(A_v_mid_dB,'overall voltage gain in dB')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.sce b/61/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8c2f1af33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex11.1
+V_AK=20;    //VOLTAGE ACROSS ANODE
+I_A=1*10^-6;
+R_AK=V_AK/I_A;
+disp(R_AK,'RESISTANCE IN OHMS')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.sce b/61/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0c0f30be5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//ex11.2
+R_S=10^3;
+V_BIAS=110;
+V_BE=0.7;
+V_CE_sat=0.1;
+V_A=V_BE+V_CE_sat;    //VOLTAGE ACROSS ANODE
+V_R_s=V_BIAS-V_A;    //VOLTAGE ACROSS R_S
+I_A=V_R_s/R_S;
+disp(I_A,'Anode current in amperes')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.sce b/61/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9a7afaf3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//ex11.3
+n=0.6;
+V_BB=20;
+V_pn=0.7;
+V_P=n*V_BB+V_pn;
+disp(V_P,'peak point emitter voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.sce b/61/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e4906f68f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//ex11.4
+V_BB=30;
+V_P=14;
+I_P=20*10^-6;
+V_V=1;
+I_V=10*10^-3;
+x=(V_BB-V_P)/I_P;
+y=(V_BB-V_V)/I_V;
+disp('ohms',x,'R1 should be less than',)
+disp('ohms',y,'R1 should be more than')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH11/EX11.5/ex11_5.sce b/61/CH11/EX11.5/ex11_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b25bc7449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH11/EX11.5/ex11_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//ex11.5
+n2=1.3;    //cladding index
+n1=1.35;    //core index
+theta=acos(n2/n1);
+t=theta*180/%pi;
+disp(t,'critical angle in degrees')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e9642895e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex12.1
+A_ol=100000;    //open loop voltage gain
+A_cm=0.2;    //common mode gain
+CMRR=A_ol/A_cm;
+CMRR_dB=20*log10(CMRR);
+disp(CMRR,'CMRR')
+disp(CMRR_dB,'CMRR in decibels')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.10/ex12_10.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.10/ex12_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f40646f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.10/ex12_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//ex12.10
+A_v1=40;    //all gains are in decibels
+A_v2=32;
+A_v3=20;
+f_c1=2*10^3;
+f_c2=40*10^3;
+f_c3=150*10^3;
+f=f_c1;
+A_ol_mid=A_v1+A_v2+A_v3;
+theta_1=phase_shift(f,f_c1);
+theta_2=phase_shift(f,f_c2);
+theta_3=phase_shift(f,f_c3);
+theta_tot=theta_1+theta_2+theta_3;
+disp(A_ol_mid,'open loop midrange gain in decibels')
+disp(theta_tot,'total phase lag in degrees')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.11/ex12_11.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.11/ex12_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3315fd710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.11/ex12_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//ex12.11
+A_ol_mid=150000;    //open loop midrange gain
+B=0.002;    //feedback attenuation
+BW_ol=200;    //open loop bandwidth
+BW_cl=BW_ol*(1+B*A_ol_mid);
+disp(BW_cl,'closed loop bandwidth in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.12/ex12_12.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.12/ex12_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c13abd458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.12/ex12_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//ex12.12
+BW=3*10^6;    //unity gain bandwidth
+A_ol=100;    //open loop gain
+disp("non-inverting amplifier")
+R_f=220*10^3;
+R_i=3.3*10^3;
+A_cl=1+(R_f/R_i);    //closed loop gain
+BW_cl=BW/A_cl;
+disp(BW_cl,'closed loop bandwidth in hertz')
+disp("inverting amplifier")
+R_f=47*10^3;
+R_i=1*10^3;
+A_cl=-R_f/R_i;
+BW_cl=BW/(abs(A_cl));
+disp(BW_cl,'closed loop bandwidth in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c6af398ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//ex12.2
+del_t=1;    // in microseconds
+//lower limit is -9V and upper limit is 9V from the graph
+del_V_out=9-(-9);
+slew_rate=del_V_out/del_t;
+disp(slew_rate,'slew rate in volts per microseconds')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.3/ex12_3.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.3/ex12_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..502b246db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.3/ex12_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex12.3
+R_f=100*10^3;
+R_i=4.7*10^3;
+A_cl_NI=1+(R_f/R_i);
+disp(A_cl_NI,'closed loop voltage gain')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.4/ex12_4.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.4/ex12_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4bcada2a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.4/ex12_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex12.4
+R_i=2.2*10^3;
+A_cl=-100;    //closed loop voltage gain
+R_f=abs(A_cl)*R_i;
+disp(R_f,'value of R_f in ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.5/ex12_5.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.5/ex12_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b1f428b79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.5/ex12_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//ex12.5
+Z_in=2*10^6;
+Z_out=75;
+A_ol=200000;
+R_f=220*10^3;
+R_i=10*10^3;
+B=R_i/(R_i+R_f);    //B is attenuation
+Z_in_NI=(1+A_ol*B)*Z_in;
+Z_out_NI=Z_out/(1+A_ol*B);
+A_cl_NI=1+(R_f/R_i);
+disp(Z_in_NI,'input impedance in ohms')
+disp(Z_out_NI,'output impedance in ohms')
+disp(A_cl_NI,'closed loop voltage gain')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.6/ex12_6.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.6/ex12_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c275de239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.6/ex12_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//ex12.6
+B=1;    //voltage follower configuration
+A_ol=200000;
+Z_in=2*10^6;
+Z_out=75;
+Z_in_VF=(1+A_ol)*Z_in;
+Z_out_VF=Z_out/(1+A_ol);
+disp(Z_in_VF,'input impedance in ohms')
+disp(Z_out_VF,'output impedance in ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.7/ex12_7.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.7/ex12_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..55a16f6fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.7/ex12_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//ex12.7
+R_i=1*10^3;
+R_f=100*10^3;
+Z_in=4*10^6;
+Z_out=50;
+A_ol=50000;
+B=R_i/(R_i+R_f);    //attenuation
+Z_in_I=R_i;    //almost equal to R_i
+Z_out_I=Z_out/(1+(A_ol*B));
+A_cl_I=-R_f/R_i;
+disp(Z_in_I,'input impedance in ohms')
+disp(Z_out_I,'output impedance in ohms')
+disp(A_cl_I,'closed loop voltage gain')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.8/ex12_8.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.8/ex12_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..096e09d3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.8/ex12_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//ex12.8
+f_c_ol=100;
+A_ol_mid=100000;
+f=0;
+A_ol=open_loop_gain(A_ol_mid,f,f_c_ol)
+disp(A_ol,'open loop gain when f=0Hz');
+f=10;
+A_ol=open_loop_gain(A_ol_mid,f,f_c_ol)
+disp(A_ol,'open loop gain when f=10Hz')
+f=100;
+A_ol=open_loop_gain(A_ol_mid,f,f_c_ol)
+disp(A_ol,'open loop gain when f=100Hz')
+f=1000;
+A_ol=open_loop_gain(A_ol_mid,f,f_c_ol)
+disp(A_ol,'open loop gain when f=1000Hz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH12/EX12.9/ex12_9.sce b/61/CH12/EX12.9/ex12_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..150bc7841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH12/EX12.9/ex12_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//ex12.9
+f_c=100;
+f=1;
+theta=phase_shift(f,f_c);
+disp(theta,'phase lag when f=1Hz (in degrees)')
+f=10;
+theta=phase_shift(f,f_c);
+disp(theta,'phase lag when f=10Hz (in degrees)')
+f=100;
+theta=phase_shift(f,f_c);
+disp(theta,'phase lag when f=100Hz (in degrees)')
+f=1000;
+theta=phase_shift(f,f_c);
+disp(theta,'phase lag when f=1000Hz (in degrees)')
+f=10000;
+theta=phase_shift(f,f_c);
+disp(theta,'phase lag when f=10000Hz (in degrees)')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.jpg b/61/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..167c0e189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.sce b/61/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a73ef48d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//ex13.1
+R2=1*10^3;
+R1=8.2*10^3;
+V=15;
+V_REF=R2*V/(R1+R2);
+disp(V_REF,'V_REF in volts')
+V_max=12;    //maximum output level of op-amp
+V_min=-12;    //minimum output voltage of comparator
+f=1;    //assume frequency of input wave to be 1 hertz
+t=0:0.001:3;
+V_in=5*sin(2*%pi*f.*t)
+clf();
+subplot(121)
+xtitle('Input to comparator-1')
+plot(t,V_in)
+subplot(122)
+xtitle('Output of Comparator-1')
+a=bool2s(V_in>=V_REF)
+b=~a;
+y=V_max*a+V_min*b;
+plot(t,y)
+disp(V_max,'max output voltage in volts')
+disp(V_min,'min output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.2/ex13_2.sce b/61/CH13/EX13.2/ex13_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9e8ef12bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.2/ex13_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//ex13.2
+R1=100*10^3;
+R2=R1;
+V_out_max=5;
+V_UTP=R2*V_out_max/(R1+R2);
+V_LTP=-V_out_max*R2/(R1+R2);
+disp(V_UTP,'upper trigger point in volts')
+disp(V_LTP,'lower trigger point in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.3/ex13_3.jpg b/61/CH13/EX13.3/ex13_3.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1160b4fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.3/ex13_3.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.3/ex13_3.sce b/61/CH13/EX13.3/ex13_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6c00c70a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.3/ex13_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//ex13.3
+R1=100*10^3;
+R2=47*10^3;
+V_R1=4.7+0.7;    //one zener is always forward biased with forward voltage 0.7V 
+//V_R1 can be positive or negative
+I_R1=V_R1/R1;    
+I_R2=I_R1;
+V_R2=R2*I_R2;
+V_out=V_R1+V_R2;    //positive or negative
+V_UTP=R2*V_out/(R1+R2);
+V_LTP=-V_out*R2/(R1+R2);
+f=1;    //assume frequency of input as 1 Hertz
+t=0:0.001:1;
+T=1/f;
+V_in=5*sin(2*%pi*f.*t)
+subplot(121)
+xtitle('Input to comparator-2')
+plot(t,V_in)
+subplot(122)
+xtitle('Output of Comparator-2')
+t1=(1/(2*%pi*f))*asin((V_UTP/5))
+a=bool2s(t<t1)
+b=bool2s(t>((T/2)+t1))
+a=bool2s(a|b)
+b=~a;
+y=V_out*a-V_out*b;
+plot(t,y)
+disp(V_out,'max output voltage in volts')
+disp(-V_out,'min output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.4/ex13_4.sce b/61/CH13/EX13.4/ex13_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..26d780868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.4/ex13_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex13.4
+V_IN1=3;
+V_IN2=1;
+V_IN3=8;
+//all resistors are of equal value so weight of each input is 1
+V_OUT=-(V_IN1+V_IN2+V_IN3);
+disp(V_OUT,'output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.5/ex13_5.sce b/61/CH13/EX13.5/ex13_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0b3fec475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.5/ex13_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//ex13.5
+R_f=10*10^3;
+R1=1*10^3;
+R2=R1;
+R=R1;
+V_IN1=0.2;
+V_IN2=0.5;
+V_OUT=-(R_f/R)*(V_IN1+V_IN2);
+disp(V_OUT,'output voltage of the summing amplifier in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.6/ex13_6.sce b/61/CH13/EX13.6/ex13_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7b0769c55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.6/ex13_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//ex13.6
+R_f=25*10^3;
+R1=100*10^3;
+R2=R1;
+R3=R1;
+R4=R1;
+R=R1;
+V_IN1=1;
+V_IN2=2;
+V_IN3=3;
+V_IN4=4;
+V_OUT=-(R_f/R)*(V_IN1+V_IN2+V_IN3+V_IN4);
+disp(V_OUT,'output voltage in volts')
+V_IN_avg=(V_IN1+V_IN2+V_IN3+V_IN4)/4;
+if abs(V_OUT)==V_IN_avg then
+    disp('the amplifier produces an output whose magnitude is the mathematical average of the input voltages')
+end
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.7/ex13_7.sce b/61/CH13/EX13.7/ex13_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e0d1b1184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.7/ex13_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//ex13.4
+V_IN1=3;
+V_IN2=2;
+V_IN3=8;
+R_f=10*10^3;
+R1=47*10^3;
+R2=100*10^3;
+R3=10*10^3;
+weight_of_input1=R_f/R1;
+weight_of_input2=R_f/R2;
+weight_of_input3=R_f/R3;
+V_OUT=-(weight_of_input1*V_IN1+weight_of_input2*V_IN2+weight_of_input3*V_IN3);
+disp(weight_of_input1,'weight_of_input1')
+disp(weight_of_input2,'weight_of_input2')
+disp(weight_of_input3,'weight_of_input3')
+disp(V_OUT,'output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.8/ex13_8.jpg b/61/CH13/EX13.8/ex13_8.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b3790fc32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.8/ex13_8.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.8/ex13_8.sce b/61/CH13/EX13.8/ex13_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5e465162b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.8/ex13_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//ex13.8
+R_i=10*10^3;
+C=0.01*10^-6;
+V_in=2.5-(-2.5);
+PW=100*10^-6;    //pulse width
+T=2*PW;
+A=2.5;
+op_change_cap_charge=-V_in/(R_i*C);
+op_change_cap_discharge=V_in/(R_i*C);
+disp(op_change_cap_charge,'rate of change of output voltage with respect to time when capacitor is charging (in Volts per sec)')
+disp(op_change_cap_discharge,'rate of change of output voltage with respect to time when capacitor is discharging (in Volts per sec)')
+del_V_OUT=op_change_cap_discharge*PW;
+disp(-del_V_OUT,'when input is positive, the slope is negative, when input is negative , the slope is negative. So, the output is a triangular wave varying from zero to')
+subplot(121)
+xtitle('input voltage of op-amp differentiator')
+t=0:10^-7:2*T;
+a=bool2s(t>=T/2 & t<=T)
+b=bool2s(t>=1.5*T & t<=2*T)
+a=bool2s(a|b)
+b=~a;
+y=-A*b+A*a;
+plot(t,y)
+subplot(122)
+xtitle('output voltage of op-amp diferentiator')
+x=[];
+A=del_V_OUT;
+for t=0:10^-7:2*T 
+   tcor = t- floor(t/T)*T;
+    if tcor >= 0 & tcor < (T/2) then
+         x_temp = -A +(2*A/T)*tcor;
+      end; 
+      if tcor >= (T/2) & tcor <T then
+           x_temp = A - (2*A/T)*tcor;
+        end
+         x = [x, x_temp];
+     end;
+t=0:10^-7:2*T;
+plot(t,x)
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.9/ex13_9.jpg b/61/CH13/EX13.9/ex13_9.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f5638c000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.9/ex13_9.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH13/EX13.9/ex13_9.sce b/61/CH13/EX13.9/ex13_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..474c8257c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH13/EX13.9/ex13_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//ex13.9
+R_f=2.2*10^3;
+C=0.001*10^-6;
+Vc=5-(-5);
+A=5;
+time_const=R_f*C;
+T=10*10^-6;
+t=T/2;
+slope=Vc/t;
+V_out=slope*time_const;    //V_out is negative when input is positive and V_out is positive when input is negative
+disp(V_out,'output voltage in volts is a square wave with peak voltages positive and negative of')
+subplot(121)
+xtitle('input voltage for integrator op-amp')
+x=[];
+for t=0:10^-8:2*T
+   tcor = t- floor(t/T)*T;
+    if tcor >= 0 & tcor < (T/2) then
+         x_temp = -A +(4*A/T)*tcor;
+      end; 
+      if tcor >= (T/2) & tcor <T then
+           x_temp = 3*A - (4*A/T)*tcor;
+        end
+         x = [x, x_temp];
+     end;
+     t=0:10^-8:2*T;
+     plot(t,x)
+subplot(122)
+xtitle('output voltage of differentiator op-amp')
+a=bool2s(t>=T/2 & t<=T)
+b=bool2s(t>=1.5*T & t<=2*T)
+a=bool2s(a|b)
+b=~a;
+y=V_out*a-V_out*b;
+plot(t,y)
+disp(V_out,'max output voltage in volts')
+disp(-V_out,'min output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH14/EX14.1/ex14_1.sce b/61/CH14/EX14.1/ex14_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..65ad52b03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH14/EX14.1/ex14_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//ex14.1
+R1=25*10^3;
+R2=R1;
+A_cl=500;    //closed loop voltage gain
+R_G=2*R1/(A_cl-1);
+disp(R_G,'value of the external gain setting resistor in ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH14/EX14.10/ex14_10.sce b/61/CH14/EX14.10/ex14_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..52bed63f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH14/EX14.10/ex14_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//ex14.10
+I_EBO=40*10^-9;
+V_in=175.1*10^-3;
+R_f=68*10^3;
+V_OUT=-I_EBO*R_f*exp(V_in/0.025);
+disp(V_OUT,'output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH14/EX14.2/ex14_2.sce b/61/CH14/EX14.2/ex14_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..253d577f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH14/EX14.2/ex14_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//ex14.2
+R1=25.25*10^3;    //internal resistors
+R2=R1;
+R_G=510;
+A_v=(2*R1/R_G)+1;
+disp(A_v,'voltage gain')
+BW=60*10^3;
+disp(BW,'bandwidth from graph, in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH14/EX14.3/ex14_3.sce b/61/CH14/EX14.3/ex14_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8bbc0299c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH14/EX14.3/ex14_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+//ex14.3
+disp("cannot be shown in scilab")
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH14/EX14.4/ex14_4.sce b/61/CH14/EX14.4/ex14_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..023ab04ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH14/EX14.4/ex14_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//ex14.4
+R_f1=22*10^3;
+R_i1=2.2*10^3;
+R_f2=47*10^3;
+R_i2=10*10^3;
+A_v1=(R_f1/R_i1)+1;    //voltage gain of input stage
+A_v2=(R_f2/R_i2)+1;    //voltage gain of output stage
+A_v=A_v1*A_v2;
+disp(A_v,'total voltage gain of the isolation amplifier')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH14/EX14.5/ex14_5.sce b/61/CH14/EX14.5/ex14_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a349d722e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH14/EX14.5/ex14_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex14.5
+g_m=1000*10^-6;
+V_in=25*10^-3;
+I_out=g_m*V_in;
+disp(I_out,'output current in amperes')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH14/EX14.6/ex14_6.sce b/61/CH14/EX14.6/ex14_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2e114a8ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH14/EX14.6/ex14_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//ex14.6
+V_BIAS=9;
+V=V_BIAS;
+R_BIAS=33*10^3;
+R_L=10*10^3;
+K=16;    //in microSiemens per microAmpere
+I_BIAS=(V_BIAS-(-V)-1.4)/R_BIAS;
+g_m=K*I_BIAS;
+A_v=g_m*R_L;
+disp(A_v,'voltage gain')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH14/EX14.7/ex14_7.jpg b/61/CH14/EX14.7/ex14_7.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7c32dbefb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH14/EX14.7/ex14_7.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH14/EX14.7/ex14_7.sce b/61/CH14/EX14.7/ex14_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..33f41a2e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH14/EX14.7/ex14_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//ex14.7
+V_MOD_max=10;
+V_MOD_min=1;
+V=9;
+V_in=50*10^-3;
+R_BIAS=56*10^3;
+R_L=10*10^3;
+K=16;    //in microSiemens per microAmpere
+I_BIAS_max=(V_MOD_max-(-V)-1.4)/R_BIAS;
+g_m_max=K*I_BIAS_max;
+A_v_max=g_m_max*R_L;
+V_out_max=A_v_max*V_in;
+I_BIAS_min=(V_MOD_min-(-V)-1.4)/R_BIAS;
+g_m_min=K*I_BIAS_min;
+A_v_min=g_m_min*R_L;
+V_out_min=A_v_min*V_in;
+t=0:0.01:4;
+f=1;    //assume frequency 1 hertz
+y=((V_out_max/4-V_out_min/4)*sin(2*%pi*f.*t)+(V_out_min/2+V_out_max/2)/2).*sin(2*9*%pi*f.*t);
+plot(t,y)
+xtitle('OTA amplitude modulator')
+
diff --git a/61/CH14/EX14.8/ex14_8.sce b/61/CH14/EX14.8/ex14_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..749229663
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH14/EX14.8/ex14_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex14.8
+V_in=2;
+I_R=50*10^-9;
+R1=100*10^3;
+//voltage output for log amplifier
+V_OUT=-0.025*log(V_in/(I_R*R1));
+disp(V_OUT,'output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH14/EX14.9/ex14_9.sce b/61/CH14/EX14.9/ex14_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..60939dd6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH14/EX14.9/ex14_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex14.9
+V_in=3;
+I_EBO=40*10^-9;
+R1=68*10^3;
+//voltage output for log amplifier
+V_OUT=-0.025*log(V_in/(I_EBO*R1));
+disp(V_OUT,'output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH15/EX15.1/ex15_1.sce b/61/CH15/EX15.1/ex15_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..82cc2e4a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH15/EX15.1/ex15_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//EX15.1
+f0=15*10^3;    //center frequency in hertz
+BW=1*10^3;
+Q=f0/BW;
+if Q>10 then
+    disp(Q,'narrow band filter')
+end
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH15/EX15.2/ex15_2.sce b/61/CH15/EX15.2/ex15_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..df1c0a3fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH15/EX15.2/ex15_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex15.2
+R2=10*10^3;
+R1=0.586*R2;    //FOR BUTTERWORTH RESPONSE
+disp(R1,'R1 in ohms')
+disp('5.6kilo ohm will be ideally close to maximally flat butterworth response')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH15/EX15.3/ex15_3.sce b/61/CH15/EX15.3/ex15_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..97fc88c95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH15/EX15.3/ex15_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//ex15.3
+R_A=1*10^3;
+R2=1*10^3;
+R_B=R_A;
+R=R_A;
+C_A=0.022*10^-6;
+C_B=C_A;
+C=C_A;
+f_c=1/(2*%pi*R*C);    //critical frequency
+R1=0.586*R2;    //for butterworth response
+disp(f_c,'critical frequency in hertz')
+disp(R1,'value of R1 in ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH15/EX15.4/ex15_4.sce b/61/CH15/EX15.4/ex15_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..446ac71c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH15/EX15.4/ex15_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//ex15.4
+f_c=2860;
+R=1.8*10^3;
+C=1/(2*%pi*f_c*R);
+R2=R;
+R1=0.152*R2;    //BUTTERWORTH RESPONSE IN FIRST STAGE
+R4=R;
+R3=1.235*R4;    //BUTTERWORTH RESPONSE IN SECOND STAGE
+disp(C,'capacitance in farads');
+disp(R1,'R1 in ohms for butterworth response in first stage')
+disp(R3,'R3 in ohms for butterworth response in second stage')
diff --git a/61/CH15/EX15.5/ex15_5.sce b/61/CH15/EX15.5/ex15_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f493562a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH15/EX15.5/ex15_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//ex15.5
+f_c=10*10^3;    //critical frequency in hertz
+R=33*10^3;    //Assumption
+R2=R;
+C=1/(2*%pi*f_c*R);
+R1=0.586*R2;    //for butterworth response
+disp(C,'Capacitance in Farads')
+disp(R1,'R1 in ohms taking R2=33kilo-ohms')
+R1=3.3*10^3;    //Assumption
+R2=R1/0.586;    //butterworth response
+disp(R2,'R2 in ohms taking R1=3.3kilo-ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH15/EX15.6/ex15_6.sce b/61/CH15/EX15.6/ex15_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..33caceb3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH15/EX15.6/ex15_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//ex15.6
+R1=68*10^3;
+R2=180*10^3;
+R3=2.7*10^3;
+C=0.01*10^-6;
+f0=(sqrt((R1+R3)/(R1*R2*R3)))/(2*%pi*C);
+A0=R2/(2*R1);
+Q=%pi*f0*C*R2;
+BW=f0/Q;
+disp(f0,'center frequency in hertz')
+disp(A0,'maximum gain')
+disp(BW,'bandwidth in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH15/EX15.7/ex15_7.sce b/61/CH15/EX15.7/ex15_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e0f20b2b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH15/EX15.7/ex15_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//ex15.7
+R4=10^3;
+C1=0.022*10^-6;
+R7=R4;
+C2=C1;
+R6=R4;
+R5=100*10^3;
+f_c=1/(2*%pi*R4*C1);    //critical frequency in hertz for each integrator
+f0=f_c    //center frequency
+Q=(1+(R5/R6))/3;
+BW=f0/Q;
+disp(f0,'center frequency in hertz')
+disp(Q,' value of Q')
+disp(BW,'bandwidth in hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH15/EX15.8/ex15_8.sce b/61/CH15/EX15.8/ex15_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7824d3779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH15/EX15.8/ex15_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//ex15.8
+R4=12*10^3;
+C1=0.22*10^-6;
+R7=R4;
+C2=C1;
+R6=3.3*10^3;
+Q=10;
+f0=1/(2*%pi*R7*C2);
+R5=(3*Q-1)*R6;
+disp(f0,'center frequency in hertz')
+disp(R5,'R5 in ohms')
+disp('Nearest value is 100 kilo-ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH16/EX16.1/ex16_1.sce b/61/CH16/EX16.1/ex16_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..aae0c16fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH16/EX16.1/ex16_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//ex16.1
+R1=10*10^3;
+R2=R1;
+R=R1;
+C1=0.01*10^-6;
+C2=C1;
+C=C1;
+R3=1*10^3;
+r_ds=500;
+f_r=1/(2*%pi*R*C);
+disp(f_r,'resonant frequency of the  Wein-bridge oscillator in Hertz')
+//closed loop gain A_v=3 to sustain oscillations
+A_v=3;
+//A_v=(R_f+R_i)+1 where R_i is composed of R3 and r_ds
+R_f=(A_v-1)*(R3+r_ds);
+disp(R_f,'value of R_f in ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH16/EX16.2/ex16_2.sce b/61/CH16/EX16.2/ex16_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c3a9f78d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH16/EX16.2/ex16_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//ex16.2
+A_cl=29;    //A_cl=R_f/R_i;
+R3=10*10^3;
+R_f=A_cl*R3;
+disp(R_f,'value of R_f in ohms')
+//let R1=R2=R3=R and C1=C2=C3=C
+R=R3;
+C3=0.001*10^-6;
+C=C3;
+f_r=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(6)*R*C);
+disp(f_r,'frequency of oscillation in Hertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH16/EX16.3/ex16_3.sce b/61/CH16/EX16.3/ex16_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6aea8c2b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH16/EX16.3/ex16_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//ex16.3
+C1=0.1*10^-6;
+C2=0.01*10^-6;
+L=50*10^-3;    //in Henry
+C_T=C1*C2/(C1+C2);    //total capacitance
+f_r=1/(2*%pi*sqrt((L*C_T)));
+disp(f_r,'frequency of oscillation in Hertz when Q>10')
+Q=8;    //when Q drops to 8
+f_r=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt((L*C_T))))*sqrt((Q^2/(1+Q^2)));
+disp(f_r,'frequency of oscillation in hertz when Q=8')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH16/EX16.4/ex16_4.sce b/61/CH16/EX16.4/ex16_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..580615957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH16/EX16.4/ex16_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//ex16.4
+R1=10*10^3;
+R2=33*10^3;
+R3=10*10^3;
+C=0.01*10^-6;
+f_r=(1/(4*R1*C))*(R2/R3);
+disp(f_r,'frequency of oscillation in hertz')
+//the value of R1 when frequency of oscillation is 20 kHz
+f=20*10^3;
+R1=(1/(4*f*C))*(R2/R3);
+disp(R1,'value of R1 in ohms to make frequency 20 kiloHertz')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH16/EX16.5/ex16_5.jpg b/61/CH16/EX16.5/ex16_5.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..628db8785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH16/EX16.5/ex16_5.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH16/EX16.5/ex16_5.sce b/61/CH16/EX16.5/ex16_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bc7286ca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH16/EX16.5/ex16_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//ex16.5
+V=15;
+C=0.0047*10^-6;
+R3=10*10^3;
+R4=R3;
+R2=10*10^3;
+R1=68*10^3;
+R_i=100*10^3;
+V_G=R4*V/(R3+R4);    //gate voltage at which PUT turns on
+V_p=V_G;    //neglecting 0.7V, this the peak voltage of sawtooth wave
+disp(V_p,'neglecting 0.7V, this the peak voltage of sawtooth wave in volts')
+V_F=1;    //minimum peak value of sawtooth wave
+V_pp=V_p-V_F;
+disp(V_pp,'peak to peak amplitude of the sawtooth wave in volts')
+V_IN=-V*R2/(R1+R2);
+f=(abs(V_IN)/(R_i*C))*(1/(V_pp));
+disp(f,'frequency of the sawtooth wave')
+T=1/f;
+xtitle('Sawtooth voltage controlled oscillator')
+x=[];
+for t=0:1*10^-5:4*10^-3 
+   tcor = t- floor(t/T)*T;
+           x_temp = (V_pp/T)*tcor + 1;
+         x = [x, x_temp];
+     end;
+     t=0:1*10^-5:4*10^-3
+     plot(t,x)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH16/EX16.6/ex16_6.sce b/61/CH16/EX16.6/ex16_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..056dc16c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH16/EX16.6/ex16_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//ex16.6
+R1=2.2*10^3;
+R2=4.7*10^3;
+C_ext=0.022*10^-6;
+f_r=1.44/((R1+2*R2)*C_ext);
+disp(f_r,'frequency of the 555 timer in hertz')
+duty_cycle=((R1+R2)/(R1+2*R2))*100;
+disp(duty_cycle,'duty cycle in percentage')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH17/EX17.1/ex17_1.sce b/61/CH17/EX17.1/ex17_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..048109a8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH17/EX17.1/ex17_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//Ex17.1
+Del_V_out=0.25;
+V_out=15;
+Del_V_in=5;    //All voltages in Volts
+line_regulation=((Del_V_out/V_out)/Del_V_in)*100;
+disp(line_regulation,'line regulation in %/V')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH17/EX17.2/ex17_2.sce b/61/CH17/EX17.2/ex17_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1246a2ea9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH17/EX17.2/ex17_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Ex17.2
+V_NL=12;    //No load output voltage in Volts
+V_FL=11.9;    //Full load output voltage in Volts
+I_F=10;    //Full load current in milli-Amperes
+load_regulation=((V_NL-V_FL)/V_FL)*100;
+load_reg=load_regulation/I_F;
+disp('load regulation as percentage change from no load to full load')
+disp(load_regulation)
+disp('load regulation as percentage change per milliampere')
+disp(load_reg);
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH17/EX17.3/ex17_3.sce b/61/CH17/EX17.3/ex17_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4d6061bac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH17/EX17.3/ex17_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//Ex17.3
+//All voltages are in Volts and Resistances in Ohms
+V_REF=5.1    //Zener voltage
+R2=10*10^3;
+R3=10*10^3;
+V_out=(1+(R2/R3))*V_REF;
+disp(V_out,'output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH17/EX17.4/ex17_4.sce b/61/CH17/EX17.4/ex17_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a5209c7ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH17/EX17.4/ex17_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//Ex-17.4
+R4=1;    //Resistance in Ohms
+I_L_max=0.7/R4;
+disp(I_L_max,'maximum current provided to load(in amperes)')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH17/EX17.5/ex17_5.sce b/61/CH17/EX17.5/ex17_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7dfe3136a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH17/EX17.5/ex17_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//Ex17.5
+V_IN=12.5;    //maximum input voltage in volts
+R1=22;    //In Ohms
+//Worst case of power dissipation is when V_OUT=0V
+V_OUT=0;
+V_R1=V_IN-V_OUT;    //Voltage across R1
+P_R1=(V_R1*V_R1)/R1;    //maximum power dissipated by R1
+disp(P_R1,'maximum power dissipated by R1 in WATTS')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH17/EX17.6/ex17_6.sce b/61/CH17/EX17.6/ex17_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a2b8ee7bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH17/EX17.6/ex17_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+//Ex17.6
+disp('SAME AS EX-2.8 in CHAPTER-2')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH17/EX17.7/ex17_7.sce b/61/CH17/EX17.7/ex17_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..731408a38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH17/EX17.7/ex17_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//Ex17.7
+I_max=700*10^-3;    //in Amperes
+R_ext=0.7/I_max;
+disp(R_ext,'value of resistor in Ohms for which max current is 700mA')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH17/EX17.8/ex17_8.sce b/61/CH17/EX17.8/ex17_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..92d1d0c7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH17/EX17.8/ex17_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Ex17.8
+V_OUT=24;    //Output voltage in Volts
+R_L=10;    //Load resistance in Ohms
+V_IN=30;    //Input voltage in Volts
+I_max=700*10^-3;    //maximum interal current in Amperes
+I_L=V_OUT/R_L;    //load current in amperes
+I_ext=I_L-I_max;    //current through the external pass transistor in Amperes
+P_ext_Qext=I_ext*(V_IN-V_OUT);    //power dissipated
+disp(P_ext_Qext,'power dissiated(in WATTS) by the external pass transistor')
+disp('For safety purpose, we choose a power transistor with rating more than this, say 15W')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH17/EX17.9/ex17_9.sce b/61/CH17/EX17.9/ex17_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e9f928543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH17/EX17.9/ex17_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//Ex17.9
+V_out=5;    //7805 gives output voltage of 5V
+I_L=1;    //constant current of 1A
+R1=V_out/I_L;
+disp(R1,'The value of current-setting resistor in ohms is')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH18/EX18.1/ex18_1.sce b/61/CH18/EX18.1/ex18_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..18752a615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH18/EX18.1/ex18_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//Ex18.1
+C=1000*10^-12;    //Switche capacitor value in farads
+R=1000;    //resistance in ohms
+T=R*C;    //Time period
+f=1/T;    //Frequency at which switch should operate
+disp(f,'Frequency at which each switch should operate(in hertz)' )
+disp('Duty cycle should be 50%')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f6ec0052f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//Ex2.1
+//Average value of half wave rectifier
+V_p=50;    //Peak value is 50V
+V_avg=V_p/%pi;
+disp(V_avg,'average value of half wave rectifier in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.jpg b/61/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..248d4f5c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..031ba3f42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//Ex2.10
+//let input wave be V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f*t) 
+f=1;    //Frequency is 1Hz
+T=1/f;
+R_1=100;    //Resistances in ohms
+R_L=1000;    //Load
+V_p_in=10;    //Peak input voltage
+V_th=0.7;    //knee voltage of diode
+clf();
+V_p_out=V_p_in*(R_L/(R_L+R_1));    //peak output voltage
+disp(V_p_out,'peak output voltage in volts')
+//let n be double the number of cycles of output shown in graph
+for n=0:1:6
+    t=T.*n/2:0.0005:T.*(n+1)/2    //time for each half cycle
+    V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f.*t);
+    Vout=V_in*(R_L/(R_L+R_1));
+    if modulo(n,2)==0 then    //positive half, diode reverse biased
+        y=Vout;
+    else                    //negative half, diode forward biased
+        a=bool2s(Vout<-0.7);    //puts zero to elements for which diode will conduct
+        b=bool2s(Vout>-0.7);
+        y=-V_th*a+b.*Vout;
+    end
+        plot(t,y)
+    end
+xtitle('Negative limiter graph')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.jpg b/61/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..846545011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..285b959f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//Ex2.11
+//let input wave be V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f*t) 
+f=1;    //Frequency is 1Hz
+T=1/f;
+V_p_in=10;    //Peak input voltage
+V_th=0.7;    //knee voltage of diode
+clf();
+//let n be double the number of cycles of output shown in graph
+for n=0:1:8
+    t=T.*n/2:0.0005:T.*(n+1)/2    //time for each half cycle
+    V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f.*t);
+    Vout=V_in;
+    if modulo(n,2)==0 then    //positive half,D1 conducts till V_in=5.7V
+        a=bool2s(Vout<5.7);    
+        b=bool2s(Vout>5.7);    
+        y=a.*Vout+5.7*b;    //output follows input till 5.7V then is constant at 5.7V
+    else                    //negative half, D2 conducts till V_in=-5.7V
+        a=bool2s(Vout<-5.7);    
+        b=bool2s(Vout>-5.7);
+        y=-5.7*a+b.*Vout;    //output follows input till -5.7V then stays constant at -5.7V
+    end
+        plot(t,y,'r')
+        
+        plot(t,V_in,'-.')
+       end
+       hl=legend(['output','input']);
+    xtitle('Positive and Negative diode limiter')
+    disp('max output voltage is 5.7V')
+    disp('min output voltage is -5.7V')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.jpg b/61/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..86e1b3983
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fdff6af05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//Ex2.12
+//Positive diode limiter
+//Let input wave be V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f*t)
+f=1;    //let frequency be 1Hz
+T=1/f;
+V_p_in=18;    //peak input voltage is 18V
+V_supply=12;
+R2=100;
+R3=220;    //resistances in ohms
+V_bias=V_supply*(R3/(R2+R3));
+V=V_bias+0.7;    //waveform clipped at V
+clf();
+//let n be double the number of cycles of output wave shown in graph
+for n=0:1:8
+    t=n*T/2:0.0005:T.*(n+1)/2;
+    V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f.*t);
+    Vout=V_in;
+    if modulo(n,2)==0 then    //positive half, diode conucts till V
+        a=bool2s(Vout<V);
+        b=bool2s(Vout>V);
+        y=a.*Vout+V*b;
+    else                    //negative half cycle, output follows input
+      y=Vout;
+    end
+    plot(t,y)
+end
+xtitle('Positive diode limiter graph')
+disp(V,'diode limiting the voltage at this voltage')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.jpg b/61/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d5ae8b1bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..27acca902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Ex2.13
+//Negative Clamping circuit
+//let input voltage be V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f*t)
+f=1;    //let frequency be 1Hz
+T=1/f;
+V_p_in=24;
+V_DC=-(V_p_in-0.7);    //DC level added to output
+disp(V_DC,'V_DC in volts= ')
+for n=0:1:8
+    t=n*T/2:0.0005:T.*(n+1)/2;
+    V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f.*t);
+    Vout=V_DC+V_in;
+    plot(t,Vout)
+end
+xtitle('Negative clipper graph')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.2.a/ex2_2a.jpg b/61/CH2/EX2.2.a/ex2_2a.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..73c34ff00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.2.a/ex2_2a.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.2.a/ex2_2a.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.2.a/ex2_2a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9e48e7e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.2.a/ex2_2a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//Example-2.2(a)
+//let V_in=5*sin(2*%pi*f.*t) be input wave ,hence frequency=1Hz
+f=1;
+V_p_in=5;
+V_pout=V_p_in-0.7;;
+disp(V_pout,'half wave rectifier output in volts')
+t_d=(asin(0.7/V_p_in))/(2*%pi*f)
+//t_d is the time till which diode will be reverse biased ie, till it reaches knee voltage
+T=1/f;
+clf();
+//let n be double the number of cycles of output shown in graph
+for n=0:1:8
+    t=T.*n/2:0.0005:T.*(n+1)/2    //time for each half cycle
+    if  modulo(n,2)==0 then    //positive half cycle, diode is forward biased
+        V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f.*t)
+        Vout=V_in-0.7           //0.7 is knee voltage of diode
+        a=bool2s(Vout>0)        //replace elements of Vout by 0 till input is 0.7
+        y=a.*Vout
+    else                        //negative half cycle, diode is reverse biased
+        [p,q]=size(t);
+        y=zeros(p,q);
+    end
+    plot(t,y)
+end
+xtitle('half wave rectifier output')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.2.b/ex2_2b.JPG b/61/CH2/EX2.2.b/ex2_2b.JPG
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..905b4b7ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.2.b/ex2_2b.JPG
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.2.b/ex2_2b.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.2.b/ex2_2b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a62751546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.2.b/ex2_2b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//Example-2.2(b)
+//let V_in=100*sin(2*%pi*f.*t) be input wave ,hence frequency=1Hz
+f=1;
+T=1/f;
+V_p_in=100;
+V_pout=(V_p_in-0.7);
+disp(V_pout,'output of half wave rectifier in volts')
+t_d=(asin(0.7/V_p_in))/(2*%pi*f)    
+//t_d is the time till which diode will be reverse biased ie, till it reaches knee voltage
+clf();
+//let n be double the number of cycles of output shown in graph
+for n=0:1:7
+    t=T.*n/2:0.0005:T.*(n+1)/2    // time for each half cycle
+    if  modulo(n,2)==0 then    //positive half cycle
+        V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f.*t)
+        Vout=V_in-0.7           //0.7 is knee voltage of diode
+        a=bool2s(Vout>0)        //replace elements of Vout by 0 till input is 0.7
+        y=a.*Vout
+    else                        //negative half cycle
+        [p,q]=size(t);
+        y=zeros(p,q);
+    end
+    plot(t,y)
+end
+xtitle('half wave rectifier output')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..50fb497b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//Ex2.3
+V_p_in=156;    //Peak input voltage
+V_p_pri=156;    //Peak voltage of primary of transformer
+n=1/2;    //Turn ratio is 2:1
+V_p_sec=n*V_p_pri;
+V_p_out=(V_p_sec-0.7);
+disp(V_p_out,'peak output voltage of half wave rectifier in volts')    //Peak output voltage
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1ad0cb0f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//Ex2.4
+//Average value of output of full wave rectifier
+V_p=15;    //Peak voltage
+V_avg=(2*V_p)/%pi;
+disp(V_avg,'Average value of output of full wave rectifier in volts')    //Result
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.jpg b/61/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f225c8217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..46cd06042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//Ex2.5
+//Assume frequency of input to be 1Hz
+f=1;
+T=1/f;
+V_p_pri=100;    //Peak voltage across primary winding
+n=1/2;           //tun ratio is 2:1
+V_p_sec=n*V_p_pri;
+V_sec=V_p_sec/2;    //voltage across each secondary is half the total voltage
+clf();
+subplot(121)
+xtitle('voltage across each secondary')
+t=0:0.0005:2;
+x=V_sec*sin(2*%pi*f.*t);
+plot(t,x)
+subplot(122)
+xtitle('voltage across load')
+//let n be double the number of cycles of output shown in graph
+for n=0:1:4
+    t=n.*T/2:0.0005:(n+1).*(T/2);
+V_pout=V_sec-0.7;
+V=V_pout*sin(2*%pi*f.*t)
+a=bool2s(V*(-1)^n>0);
+y=(-1)^n.*a.*V;
+plot(t,y)
+end
+disp(V_pout,'full wave rectifier output voltage')
+PIV=2*V_pout+0.7;
+disp(PIV,'PIV in volts')
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..08c581126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Ex-2.6
+V_rms=12;    //rms secondary voltage
+V_p_sec=sqrt(2)*V_rms;    //peak secondary voltage
+V_th=0.7;                //knee voltage of diode
+V_p_out=V_p_sec-2*V_th;    //in one cycle, 2 diodes conduct
+PIV=V_p_out+V_th;        //applying KVL
+disp('Peak output voltage in volts= ');
+disp(V_p_out);
+disp('PIV across each diode in volts= ');
+disp(PIV)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e468b4f10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Ex2.7
+R_l=2200;    //load resistance in Ohm
+C=50*10^-6;    //capacitance in Farad
+V_rms=115;    //rms of primary
+V_p_pri=sqrt(2)*V_rms;    //peak voltage across primary
+n=0.1;    //turn ratio is 10:1
+V_p_sec=n*V_p_pri;    //primary voltage across secondary
+V_p_rect=V_p_sec-1.4    //unfiltered peak rectified voltage
+//we subtract 1.4 because in each cycle 2 diodes conduct & 2 do not
+f=120;    //frequency of full wave rectified voltage
+V_r_pp=(1/(f*R_l*C))*V_p_rect;    //peak to peak ripple voltage
+V_DC=(1-(1/(2*f*R_l*C)))*V_p_rect;
+r=V_r_pp/V_DC;
+disp(r,'Ripple factor')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ccd94677f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Ex2.8
+V_REF=1.25;    //in volts
+V_R1=V_REF;
+R1=220;    //in ohms
+I_ADJ=50*10^-6    //in amperes
+// MAX VALUE OF R2=5000 Ohms
+//V_out=V_REF*(1+(R2/R1))+I_ADJ*R2
+R2_min=0;
+V_out_min=V_REF*(1+(R2_min/R1))+I_ADJ*R2_min;
+R2_max=5000;
+V_out_max=V_REF*(1+(R2_max/R1))+I_ADJ*R2_max;
+disp(V_out_min,'minimum output voltage in volts');
+disp(V_out_max,'maximum output voltage in volts');
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce b/61/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..361e93fdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//Ex2.9
+V_NL=5.18    //No load output voltage
+V_FL=5.15    //Full load output voltage
+load_reg=((V_NL-V_FL)/V_FL)*100    //In percentage
+disp('load regulation percent= ')
+disp(load_reg)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.sce b/61/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dbd78d193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex3.1
+del_V_Z=50*10^-3;    //in volts, from graph
+del_I_Z=5*10^-3;    //in amperes, from rgraph
+Z_Z=del_V_Z/del_I_Z;
+disp(Z_Z,'zener impedance in ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce b/61/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7e827eeee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//ex3.2
+I_ZT=37*10^-3;    //IN AMPERES
+V_ZT=6.8;    //IN VOLTS
+Z_ZT=3.5;    //IN OHMS
+I_Z=50*10^-3;    //IN AMPERES
+DEL_I_Z=I_Z-I_ZT;
+DEL_V_Z=DEL_I_Z*Z_ZT;
+V_Z=V_ZT+DEL_V_Z;
+disp(V_Z,'voltage across zener terminals (in volts) when current is 50 mA')
+I_Z=25*10^-3;    //IN AMPERES
+DEL_I_Z=I_Z-I_ZT;
+DEL_V_Z=DEL_I_Z*Z_ZT;
+V_Z=V_ZT+DEL_V_Z;
+disp(V_Z,'voltage across zener terminals (in volts) when current is 25 mA')
+
diff --git a/61/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce b/61/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b3394d3ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//ex3.3
+V_Z=8.2;    //8.2 volt zener diode
+TC=0.0005;    //Temperature coefficient (per degree celsius)
+T1=60;    //Temperatures in celsius
+T2=25;
+DEL_T=T1-T2;
+del_V_Z=V_Z*TC*DEL_T;
+voltage=V_Z+del_V_Z;
+disp(voltage,'zener voltage at 60 degree celsius')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce b/61/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c173ae4e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//ex3.4
+P_D_max=400*10^-3;    //power in watts
+df=3.2*10^-3    //derating factor in watts per celsius
+del_T=(90-50);    //in celsius, temperature difference
+P_D_derated=P_D_max-df*del_T;
+disp(P_D_derated,'maximum power dissipated at 90 degree celsius')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH3/EX3.5/ex3_5.sce b/61/CH3/EX3.5/ex3_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2ad6ac387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH3/EX3.5/ex3_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//ex3.5
+V_Z=5.1;
+I_ZT=49*10^-3;
+I_ZK=1*10^-3;
+Z_Z=7;
+R=100;
+P_D_max=1;
+//At I_ZK, output voltage
+V_out=V_Z-(I_ZT-I_ZK)*Z_Z;
+V_IN_min=I_ZK*R+V_out;
+I_ZM=P_D_max/V_Z;
+//at I_ZM, output voltage
+V_out=V_Z+(I_ZM-I_ZT)*Z_Z;
+V_IN_max=I_ZM*R+V_out;
+disp(V_IN_max,'maximum input voltage in volts that can be regulated by the zener diode')
+disp(V_IN_min,'minimum input voltage in volts that can be regulated by the zener diode')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH3/EX3.6/ex3_6.sce b/61/CH3/EX3.6/ex3_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..286a9d6ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH3/EX3.6/ex3_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//ex3.6
+V_Z=12;
+V_IN=24;
+I_ZK=1*10^-3;
+I_ZM=50*10^-3;
+Z_Z=0;
+R=470;
+//when I_L=0, I_Z is max and is equal to the total circuit current I_T
+I_T=(V_IN-V_Z)/R;
+I_Z_max=I_T;
+if I_Z_max<I_ZM then
+    I_L_min=0;
+end
+I_L_max=I_T-I_ZK;
+R_L_min=V_Z/I_L_max;
+disp(R_L_min,'minimum value of load resistance in ohms')
+disp(I_L_min,'minimum curent in amperes')
+disp(I_L_max,'maximum curent in amperes')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH3/EX3.7/ex3_7.sce b/61/CH3/EX3.7/ex3_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5fca7cb5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH3/EX3.7/ex3_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//ex3.7
+V_IN=24;
+V_Z=15;
+I_ZK=0.25*10^-3;
+I_ZT=17*10^-3;
+Z_ZT=14;
+P_D_max=1;
+//output voltage at I_ZK
+V_out_1=V_Z-(I_ZT-I_ZK)*Z_ZT;
+disp(V_out_1,'output voltage in volts at I_ZK')
+I_ZM=P_D_max/V_Z;
+//output voltage at I_ZM
+V_out_2=V_Z+(I_ZM-I_ZT)*Z_ZT;
+disp(V_out_2,'output voltage in volts a I_ZM')
+R=(V_IN-V_out_2)/I_ZM;
+disp(R,'value of R in ohms for maximum zener current, no load')
+disp('closest practical value is 130 ohms')
+R=130;
+//for minimum load resistance(max load current) zener current is minimum (I_ZK)
+I_T=(V_IN-V_out_1)/R;
+I_L=I_T-I_ZK;
+R_L_min=V_out_1/I_L;
+disp(R_L_min,'minimum load resistance in ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.jpg b/61/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..05d21f0c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.sce b/61/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..67b48d3e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//Ex3.8
+//let input wave be V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f*t) 
+f=1;    //Frequency is 1Hz
+T=1/f;
+V_p_in=10;    //Peak input voltage
+V_th=0.7;    //forward biased zener
+V_Z1=5.1;
+V_Z2=3.3;
+clf();
+subplot(121)
+//let n be double the number of cycles of output shown in graph
+for n=0:1:4
+    t=T.*n/2:0.0005:T.*(n+1)/2    //time for each half cycle
+    V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f.*t);
+    Vout=V_in;
+    if modulo(n,2)==0 then    //positive half, conducts till V_in=5.8V
+        a=bool2s(Vout<(V_Z1+V_th));    
+        b=bool2s(Vout>(V_Z1+V_th));    
+        y=a.*Vout+(V_Z1+V_th)*b;    //output follows input till 5.8V then is constant at 5.8V
+    else                    //negative half, conducts till V_in=-4V
+        a=bool2s(Vout<-(V_Z2+V_th));    
+        b=bool2s(Vout>-(V_Z2+V_th));
+        y=-(V_Z2+V_th)*a+b.*Vout;    //output follows input till -4V then stays constant at -4V
+    end
+        plot(t,y)
+    end
+xtitle('zener limiting circuit-1')
+disp((V_Z1+V_th),'max voltage in volts')
+disp(-(V_Z2+V_th),'min voltage in volts')
+subplot(122)
+xtitle('zener limiting circuit-2')
+V_p_in=20;
+V_Z1=6.2;
+V_Z2=15;
+//let n be double the number of cycles of output shown in graph
+for n=0:1:4
+    t=T.*n/2:0.0005:T.*(n+1)/2    //time for each half cycle
+    V_in=V_p_in*sin(2*%pi*f.*t);
+    Vout=V_in;
+    if modulo(n,2)==0 then    //positive half, conducts till V_in=6.9V
+        a=bool2s(Vout<(V_Z1+V_th));    
+        b=bool2s(Vout>(V_Z1+V_th));    
+        y=a.*Vout+(V_Z1+V_th)*b;    //output follows input till 6.9V then is constant at 6.9V
+    else                    //negative half, conducts till V_in=-15.7V
+        a=bool2s(Vout<-(V_Z2+V_th));    
+        b=bool2s(Vout>-(V_Z2+V_th));
+        y=-(V_Z2+V_th)*a+b.*Vout;    //output follows input till -15.7V then stays constant at -15.7V
+    end
+        plot(t,y)
+    end
+    disp((V_Z1+V_th),'max voltage in volts')
+disp(-(V_Z2+V_th),'min voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce b/61/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a0c021c5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex4.1
+I_C=3.65*10^-3;    //collector current in amperes
+I_B=50*10^-6;    //base current in amperes
+B_DC=I_C/I_B;
+I_E=I_B+I_C;
+disp(B_DC,'B_DC')
+disp(I_E,'emitter current in amperes')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.sce b/61/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c982d1714
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//ex4.2
+V_BE=0.7;
+B_DC=150;
+V_BB=5;
+V_CC=10;
+R_B=10*10^3;
+R_C=100;
+I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B;
+I_C=B_DC*I_B;
+I_E=I_C+I_B;
+V_CE=V_CC-I_C*R_C;
+V_CB=V_CE-V_BE;
+disp(I_B,'base current in amperes')
+disp(I_C,'collector current in amperes')
+disp(I_E,'emitter current in amperes')
+disp(V_CE,'collector to emitter voltage in volts')
+disp(V_CB,'collector to base voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce b/61/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d50d6c749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+//ex4.3
+disp('cant be shown')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce b/61/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..11bf7b5ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//ex4.4
+V_CE_sat=0.2;
+V_BE=0.7;
+V_BB=3;
+V_CC=10;
+B_DC=50;
+R_B=10*10^3;
+R_C=1*10^3;
+I_C_sat=(V_CC-V_CE_sat)/R_C;
+I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B;
+I_C=B_DC*I_B;
+if I_C>I_C_sat then
+    disp('transistor in saturation')
+else
+    disp('transistor not in saturation')
+end
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.sce b/61/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4eb9bf9bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex4.5
+P_D_max=250*10^-3;    //max power rating of transistor in watts
+V_CE=6;
+I_C=P_D_max/V_CE;
+disp(I_C,'collector current that can be handled by the transistor(in amperes)')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce b/61/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d5901912c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//ex4.6
+P_D_max=800*10^-3;
+V_BE=0.7;
+V_CE_max=15;
+I_C_max=100*10^-3;
+V_BB=5;
+B_DC=100;
+R_B=22*10^3;
+R_C=10^3;
+I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B;
+I_C=B_DC*I_B;
+V_R_C=I_C*R_C;    //voltage drop across R_C
+V_CC_max=V_CE_max+V_R_C;
+P_D=I_C*V_CE_max;
+if P_D<P_D_max then
+    disp(V_CC_max,'V_CC in volts')
+    disp('V_CE_max will be exceeded first becauseentire supply voltage V_CC will be dropped across the transistor')
+end
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.sce b/61/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..274fffd99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//ex4.7
+df=5*10^-3;    //derating factor in watts per degree celsius
+T1=70;
+T2=25;
+P_D_max=1;    //in watts
+del_P_D=df*(T1-T2);
+P_D=P_D_max-del_P_D;
+disp(P_D,'Power dissipated max at a temperature of 70 degree celsius(in watts)')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.sce b/61/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cb55b4971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//ex4.8
+R_C=1*10^3;
+r_e=50;
+V_b=100*10^-3;
+A_v=R_C/r_e;
+V_out=A_v*V_b;
+disp(A_v,'voltage gain')
+disp(V_out,'ac output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.sce b/61/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4f44dbd25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//ex4.9
+V_CC=10;
+B_DC=200;
+R_C=10^3;
+V_IN=0;
+V_CE=V_CC;
+disp(V_CE,'when V_IN=0, transistor acts as open switch(cut-off) and collector emitter voltage in volts is')
+//now when V_CE_sat is neglected
+I_C_sat=V_CC/R_C;
+I_B_min=I_C_sat/B_DC;
+disp(I_B_min,'minimum value of base current in amperes to saturate transistor')
+V_IN=5;
+V_BE=0.7;
+V_R_B=V_IN-V_BE;    //voltage across base resiatance
+R_B_max=V_R_B/I_B_min;
+disp(R_B_max,'maximum value of base resistance in ohms when input voltage is 5V')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.sce b/61/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..42ee6351b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//ex5.1
+V_BB=10;
+V_CC=20;
+B_DC=200;
+R_B=47*10^3;
+R_C=330;
+V_BE=0.7;
+I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B;
+I_C=B_DC*I_B;    //Q POINT
+V_CE=V_CC-I_C*R_C;    //Q POINT
+I_C_sat=V_CC/R_C;
+I_c_peak=I_C_sat-I_C;
+I_b_peak=I_c_peak/B_DC;
+disp(I_C,'q point of I_C in amperes')
+disp(V_CE,'Q point of V_CE in volts')
+disp(I_b_peak,'peak base current in amperes')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.sce b/61/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b53a0238a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex5.2
+B_DC=125;
+R_E=10^3;
+R_IN_base=B_DC*R_E;
+disp(R_IN_base,'DC input resistance in ohms, looking in at the base of transistor')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce b/61/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f8a02ae52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//ex5.3
+B_DC=100;
+R1=10*10^3;
+R2=5.6*10^3;
+R_C=1*10^3;
+R_E=560;
+V_CC=10;
+V_BE=0.7
+R_IN_base=B_DC*R_E;
+//We can neglect R_IN_base as it is equal to 10*R2
+disp(R_IN_base,'input resistance seen from base, which can be neglected as it is 10 times R2')
+V_B=(R2/(R1+R2))*V_CC;
+V_E=V_B-V_BE;
+I_E=V_E/R_E;
+I_C=I_E;
+V_CE=V_CC-I_C*(R_C+R_E);
+disp(V_CE,'V_CE in volts')
+disp(I_C,'I_C in amperes')
+disp('Since V_CE>0V, transistor is not in saturation')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce b/61/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e5f43834c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//ex5.4
+V_EE=10;
+V_BE=0.7;
+B_DC=150;
+R1=22*10^3;
+R2=10*10^3;
+R_C=2.2*10^3;
+R_E=1*10^3;
+R_IN_base=B_DC*R_E;    //R_IN_base>10*R2,so it can be neglected
+disp(R_IN_base,'input resistance in ohms as seen from base. it can be neglected as it is greater than 10 times R2')
+V_B=(R1/(R1+R2))*V_EE;
+V_E=V_B+V_BE;
+I_E=(V_EE-V_E)/R_E;
+I_C=I_E;
+V_C=I_C*R_C;
+V_EC=V_E-V_C;
+disp(I_C,'I_C collector current in amperes')
+disp(V_EC,'V_EC emitter-collector voltage in Volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.sce b/61/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ab099df21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//ex5.5
+R1=68*10^3;
+R2=47*10^3;
+R_C=1.8*10^3;
+R_E=2.2*10^3;
+V_CC=-6;
+V_BE=0.7;
+B_DC=75;
+R_IN_base=B_DC*R_E;
+disp('input resistance as seen from base is not greater than 10 times R2 so it should be taken into account')
+//R_IN_base  in parallel with R2
+V_B=((R2*R_IN_base)/(R2+R_IN_base)/(R1+(R2*R_IN_base)/(R2+R_IN_base)))*V_CC;
+V_E=V_B+V_BE;
+I_E=V_E/R_E;
+I_C=I_E;
+V_C=V_CC-I_C*R_C;
+V_CE=V_C-V_E;
+disp(I_C,'collector current in amperes')
+disp(V_CE,'collector emitter voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.sce b/61/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..13bb43221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//ex5.6
+V_CC=12;
+R_B=100*10^3;
+R_C=560;
+//FOR B_DC=85 AND V_BE=0.7V
+B_DC=85;
+V_BE=0.7;
+I_C_1=B_DC*(V_CC-V_BE)/R_B;
+V_CE_1=V_CC-I_C_1*R_C;
+//FOR B_DC=100 AND V_BE=0.6V
+B_DC=100;
+V_BE=0.6;
+I_C_2=B_DC*(V_CC-V_BE)/R_B;
+V_CE_2=V_CC-I_C_2*R_C;
+%_del_I_C=((I_C_2-I_C_1)/I_C_1)*100;
+%_del_V_CE=((V_CE_2-V_CE_1)/V_CE_1)*100;
+disp(%_del_I_C,'percent change in collector current')
+disp(%_del_V_CE,'percent change in collector emitter voltage')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH5/EX5.7/ex5_7.sce b/61/CH5/EX5.7/ex5_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b1a157570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH5/EX5.7/ex5_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//ex5.7
+V_CC=20;
+R_C=4.7*10^3;
+R_E=10*10^3;
+V_EE=-20;
+R_B=100*10^3;
+//FOR B_DC=85 AND V_BE=0.7V
+B_DC=85;
+V_BE=0.7;
+I_C_1=(-V_EE-V_BE)/(R_E+(R_B/B_DC));
+V_C=V_CC-I_C_1*R_C;
+I_E=I_C_1;
+V_E=V_EE+I_E*R_E;
+V_CE_1=V_C-V_E;
+disp(I_C_1)
+disp(V_CE_1)
+//FOR B_DC=100 AND V_BE=0.6V
+B_DC=100;
+V_BE=0.6;
+I_C_2=(-V_EE-V_BE)/(R_E+(R_B/B_DC));
+V_C=V_CC-I_C_2*R_C;
+I_E=I_C_2;
+V_E=V_EE+I_E*R_E;
+V_CE_2=V_C-V_E;
+disp(I_C_2)
+disp(V_CE_2)
+%_del_I_C=((I_C_2-I_C_1)/I_C_1)*100;
+%_del_V_CE=((V_CE_2-V_CE_1)/V_CE_1)*100;
+disp(%_del_I_C,'percent change in collector currrent')
+disp(%_del_V_CE,'percent change in collector emitter voltage')
+//plz note that the answers differ because of the number of places after the decimal that scilab generates
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH5/EX5.8/ex5_8.sce b/61/CH5/EX5.8/ex5_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3cace425f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH5/EX5.8/ex5_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//ex5.8
+V_CC=10;
+B_DC=100;
+R_C=10*10^3;
+R_B=100*10^3;
+V_BE=0.7;
+I_C=(V_CC-V_BE)/(R_C+(R_B/B_DC));
+V_CE=V_CC-I_C*R_C;
+disp(I_C,'Q point of collector current in amperes')
+disp(V_CE,'Q point of collector-emitter voltage in volts' )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a1d962f74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+//ex6.1
+disp('graph question, cannot be solved in scilab')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..909ba74b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//ex6.10
+V_CC=12;
+V_BE=0.7;
+R_C=10^3;
+r_e_ce=5;    //for common emitter amplifier
+R1=10*10^3;
+R2=22*10^3;
+R_E=22;
+R_L=8;
+B_DC=100;
+B_ac=100;
+V_B=((R2*B_DC^2*R_E/(R2+B_DC^2*R_E))/(R1+(R2*B_DC^2*R_E/(R2+B_DC^2*R_E))))*V_CC;
+V_E=V_B-2*V_BE;
+I_E=V_E/R_E;
+r_e=25*10^-3/I_E;    //for darlington emitter-follower
+P_R_E=I_E^2*R_E;    //power dissipated by R_E
+P_Q2=(V_CC-V_E)*I_E    //power dissipated by transistor Q2
+R_e=R_E*R_L/(R_E+R_L);    //ac emitter resistance of darlington emitter follower
+R_in_tot=R1*R2*B_ac^2*(R_e+r_e)/(R1*R2+R1*B_ac^2*(r_e+R_e)+R2*B_ac^2*(r_e+R_e));    //total input resistance of darlington
+R_c=R_C*R_in_tot/(R_C+R_in_tot);    //effective ac resistance
+A_v_CE=R_c/r_e_ce;
+disp(A_v_CE,'voltage gain of common emitter amplifier')
+A_v_EF=R_e/(r_e+R_e);
+disp(A_v_EF,'voltage gain of darlington emitter follower')
+A_v=A_v_CE*A_v_EF;
+disp(A_v,'overall voltage gain')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..34133837d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//ex6.11
+B_DC=250;
+R_C=2.2*10^3;
+R_E=1*10^3;
+R_L=10*10^3;
+R1=56*10^3;
+R2=12*10^3;
+V_BE=0.7;
+V_CC=10;
+//since B_DC*R_E>>R2
+V_B=(R2/(R1+R2))*V_CC;
+V_E=V_B-V_BE;
+I_E=V_E/R_E;
+r_e=25*10^-3/I_E;
+R_in=r_e;    //input resistance
+R_c=R_C*R_L/(R_C+R_L);    //ac collector resistance
+A_v=R_c/r_e;
+//current gain is almost 1
+//power gain is approximately equal to voltage gain
+A_p=A_v;
+A_i=1;
+disp(R_in,'input resistance in ohms')
+disp(A_v,'voltage gain')
+disp(A_i,'current gain')
+disp(A_p,'power gain')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f374cccca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//ex6.12
+A_v1=10;
+A_v2=15;
+A_v3=20;
+A_v=A_v1*A_v2*A_v3;    //overall voltage gain
+disp(A_v,'overall voltage gain')
+A_v1_dB=gain_in_decibel_voltage(A_v1);
+A_v2_dB=gain_in_decibel_voltage(A_v2);
+A_v3_dB=gain_in_decibel_voltage(A_v3);
+A_v_dB=A_v1_dB+A_v2_dB+A_v3_dB;
+disp(A_v_dB,'total voltage gain in decibels')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a7e38829c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//ex6.2
+I_E=2*10^-3;
+r_e=25*10^-3/I_E;
+disp(r_e,'ac emitter resistance in ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..95dff4a1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//ex6.3
+I_E=3.8*10^-3;
+B_ac=160;
+R1=22*10^3;
+R2=6.8*10^3;
+R_s=300;
+V_s=10*10^-3;
+r_e=25*10^-3/I_E;
+R_in_base=B_ac*r_e;
+R_in_tot=(R1*R2*R_in_base)/(R_in_base*R1+R_in_base*R2+R1*R2);
+V_b=(R_in_tot/(R_in_tot+R_s))*V_s;
+disp(V_b,'voltage at the base of the transistor in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3aa47d644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//ex6.4
+R_E=560;
+f=2*10^3;    //minimum value of frequency in hertz
+X_C=R_E/10;    //minimum value of capacitive reactance
+C2=1/(2*%pi*X_C*f);
+disp(C2,'value of bypass capacitor in farads')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.5/ex6_5.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.5/ex6_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..832290197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.5/ex6_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+ //ex6.5
+r_e=6.58;    //from ex6.3
+R_C=1*10^3;
+R_E=560;
+A_v=R_C/(R_E+r_e);
+disp(A_v,'gain without bypass capacitor')
+A_v=R_C/r_e;
+disp(A_v,'gain in the presence of bypass capacitor')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..245d7f8da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//ex6.6
+R_C=10^3;
+R_L=5*10^3;
+r_e=6.58;
+R_c=(R_C*R_L)/(R_C+R_L);
+disp(R_c,'ac collector resistor in ohms')
+A_v=R_c/r_e;
+disp(A_v,'gain with load')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..536ecbf43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex6.7
+R_C=3.3*10^3;
+R_E1=330;
+A_v=R_C/R_E1;
+disp(A_v,'approximate voltage gain as R_E2 is bypassed by C2')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.jpg b/61/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.jpg
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cd4e5344f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.jpg
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d20cad2fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//ex6.8
+B_DC=150;
+B_ac=175;
+V_CC=10;
+V_s=10*10^-3;
+R_s=600;
+R1=47*10^3;
+R2=10*10^3;
+R_E1=470;
+R_E2=470;
+R_C=4.7*10^3;
+R_L=47*10^3;
+R_IN_base=B_DC*(R_E1+R_E2);
+//since R_IN_base is ten times more than R2,it can be neglected in DC voltage calculation
+V_B=(R2/(R2+R1))*V_CC;
+V_E=V_B-0.7;
+I_E=V_E/(R_E1+R_E2);
+I_C=I_E;
+V_C=V_CC-I_C*R_C;
+disp(V_C,'dc collector voltage in volts')
+r_e=25*10^-3/I_E;
+//base resistance
+R_in_base=B_ac*(r_e+R_E1);
+//total input resistance
+R_in_tot=(R1*R2*R_in_base)/(R1*R2+R_in_base*R1+R_in_base*R2);
+attenuation=R_in_tot/(R_s+R_in_tot);
+//ac collector resistance
+R_c=R_C*R_L/(R_C+R_L);
+//voltage gain from base to collector
+A_v=R_c/R_E1;
+//overall voltage gain A_V
+A_V=A_v*attenuation;
+//rms voltage at collector V_c
+V_c=A_V*V_s;
+Max_V_c_p=V_C+sqrt(2)*V_c;
+Min_V_c_p=V_C-sqrt(2)*V_c;
+V_out_p=sqrt(2)*V_c;
+//assume frequency to be 1Hz
+f=1;
+t=0:0.0005:4;
+y=V_C+V_c*sin(2*%pi*f.*t);
+clf();
+subplot(121)
+xtitle('Collector Voltage')
+plot(t,y)
+subplot(122)
+xtitle('source and output ac voltage')
+x=-V_s*sin(2*f*%pi.*t);
+z=V_out_p*sin(2*%pi*f.*t);
+plot(t,x,'r')
+plot(t,z,'-.')
+h1=legend(['source voltage';'output voltage'])
+ 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH6/EX6.9/ex6_9.sce b/61/CH6/EX6.9/ex6_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9ebe514f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH6/EX6.9/ex6_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//ex6.9
+R_E=10^3;
+R_L=10^3;
+R1=18*10^3;
+R2=18*10^3;
+B_ac=175;
+V_CC=10;
+V_BE=0.7;
+V_in=1;
+//ac emitter resistance R_e
+R_e=(R_E*R_L)/(R_E+R_L);
+//resistance from base R_in_base
+R_in_base=B_ac*R_e;
+//total input resiatance R_in_tot
+R_in_tot=(R1*R2*R_in_base)/(R1*R2+R1*R_in_base+R2*R_in_base);
+disp(R_in_tot,'total input resistance in ohms')
+V_E=((R2/(R1+R2))*V_CC)-V_BE;
+I_E=V_E/R_E;
+r_e=25*10^-3/I_E;
+A_v=R_e/(r_e+R_e);
+disp(A_v,'voltage gain')
+//ac emitter current I_e
+//V_e=A_v*V_b=1V
+V_e=1;
+I_e=V_e/R_e;
+I_in=V_in/R_in_tot;
+A_i=I_e/I_in;    //current gain
+disp(A_i,'current gain')
+A_p=A_i;    //power gain
+//since R_L=R_E, one half of the total power is disspated to R_L
+A_p_load=A_p/2;
+disp(A_p_load,'power gain delivered to load')
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..286a86ee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//ex7.1
+V_GS_off=-4;
+I_DSS=12*10^-3;
+R_D=560;
+V_P=-1*V_GS_off;
+V_DS=V_P;
+I_D=I_DSS;
+V_R_D=I_D*R_D;    //voltage across resistor
+V_DD=V_DS+V_R_D;
+disp(V_DD,'The value of V_DD required to put the device in the constant current area of operation of JFET')
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.10/ex7_10.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.10/ex7_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ccdd70db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.10/ex7_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//ex7.10
+R_S=680;
+I_D=0;
+V_GS=I_D*R_S;    //FOR I_D=0A
+disp(V_GS,'V_GS in Volts, at I_D=0A')
+I_DSS=4*10^-3;
+I_D=I_DSS;
+V_GS=I_D*R_S;    //FOR I_D=4mA
+disp(V_GS,'V_GS in Volts, at I_D=4mA')
+disp('Plotting load line using the values of V_GS at I_D=0 and 4mA, we find the intersection of load line with transfer characteristic to get Q-point values of V_GS=-1.5V and I_D=2.25mA')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.11/ex7_11.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.11/ex7_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..85fb96df8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.11/ex7_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//ex7.11
+V_DD=12;
+V_D=7;
+R_D=3.3*10^3;
+R_S=2.2*10^3;
+R_1=6.8*10^6;
+R_2=1*10^6;
+I_D=(V_DD-V_D)/R_D;
+V_S=I_D*R_S;
+V_G=(R_2/(R_1+R_2))*V_DD;
+V_GS=V_G-V_S;
+disp(I_D,'Drain current in amperes')
+disp(V_GS,'Gate to source voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.12/ex7_12.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.12/ex7_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..951db7754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.12/ex7_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//ex7.12
+R_1=2.2*10^6;
+R_2=R_1;
+V_DD=8;
+R_S=3.3*10^3;
+V_GS=(R_2/(R_1+R_2))*V_DD;    //FOR I_D=0A
+V_G=V_GS;
+disp(V_GS,'V_GS in Volts, at I_D=0A')
+I_D=(V_G-0)/R_S;    //FOR V_GS=0V
+disp(I_D,'I_D in Amperes,at V_GS=0V')
+disp('Plotting load line using the value of V_GS=4V at I_D=0 and I_D=1.2mA at V_GS=0V, we find the intersection of load line with transfer characteristic to get Q-point values of V_GS=-1.8V and I_D=1.8mA')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.13/ex7_13.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.13/ex7_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8c2c93d4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.13/ex7_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//ex7.13
+I_DSS=10*10^-3;
+V_GS_off=-8;
+V_GS=-3;
+I_D=value_of_I_D(10*10^-3,-3,-8)
+disp(I_D,'Drain current when V_GS=-3V in Amperes')
+V_GS=3;
+I_D=value_of_I_D(10*10^-3,3,-8)
+disp(I_D,'Drain current when V_GS=3V in Amperes')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.14/ex7_14.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.14/ex7_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c554b7087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.14/ex7_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//EX7.14
+I_D_on=500*10^-3;
+V_GS=10;
+V_GS_th=1;
+K=value_of_K(500*10^-3,10,1)
+V_GS=5;
+I_D=K*(V_GS-V_GS_th)^2;
+disp(I_D,'Drain current')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.15/ex7_15.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.15/ex7_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..856bdffb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.15/ex7_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex7.15
+I_DSS=12*10^-3;
+V_DD=18;
+R_D=620;
+I_D=I_DSS;
+V_DS=V_DD-I_D*R_D;
+disp(V_DS,'Drain to sorce voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.16/ex7_16.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.16/ex7_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..58b6c0505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.16/ex7_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//ex7.16
+I_D_on=200*10^-3;
+V_DD=24;
+R_D=200;
+V_GS=4;
+V_GS_th=2;
+R_1=100*10^3;
+R_2=15*10^3;
+K=value_of_K(200*10^-3,4,2)
+V_GS=(R_2/(R_1+R_2))*V_DD;
+I_D=K*(V_GS-V_GS_th)^2;
+V_DS=V_DD-I_D*R_D;
+disp(V_DS,'Drain to Source voltage in Volts')
+disp(V_GS,'Gate to Source voltage in Volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.17/ex7_17.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.17/ex7_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..62653025f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.17/ex7_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//EX7.17
+V_GS_on=3;
+V_GS=8.5;    //DISPLAYED ON METER
+V_DS=V_GS;
+V_DD=15;
+R_D=4.7*10^3;
+I_D=(V_DD-V_DS)/R_D;
+disp(I_D,'Drain current in Amperes')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dfa71c032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+//ex7.2
+disp('The p-channel JFET requires a positive gate to source voltage. The more positive the voltage, the lesser the drain current. Any further increase in V_GS keeps the JFET cut off, so I_D remains 0')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.3/ex7_3.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.3/ex7_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4950f6718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.3/ex7_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//ex7.3
+I_DSS=9*10^-3;
+V_GS_off=-8;
+V_GS=0;
+I_D=value_of_I_D(9*10^-3,0,-8);
+disp(I_D,'Value of I_D for V_GS=0V')
+I_D=value_of_I_D(9*10^-3,-1,-8);
+disp(I_D,'Value of I_D for V_GS=-1V')
+I_D=value_of_I_D(9*10^-3,-4,-8);
+disp(I_D,'Value of I_D for V_GS=-4V')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..061a8cd62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//ex7.4
+I_DSS=3*10^-3;
+V_GS_off=-6;
+y_fs_max=5000*10^-6;
+V_GS=-4;
+g_m0=y_fs_max;
+g_m=g_m0*(1-(V_GS/V_GS_off));
+I_D=value_of_I_D(3*10^-3,-4,-6)
+disp(g_m,'forward transconductance in Siemens')
+disp(I_D,'value of I D in amperes')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.5/ex7_5.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.5/ex7_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8cc26deea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.5/ex7_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+V_GS=-20;
+I_GSS=-2*10^-9;
+R_IN=abs((-20/(2*10^-9)))
+disp(R_IN,'Input Resistance in Ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.6/ex7_6.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.6/ex7_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..550c86780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.6/ex7_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//ex7.5
+V_DD=15;
+V_G=0;
+I_D=5*10^-3;
+R_D=1*10^3;
+R_G=10*10^6;
+R_S=220;
+V_S=I_D*R_S;
+V_D=V_DD-I_D*R_D;
+V_DS=V_D-V_S;
+V_GS=V_G-V_S;
+disp(V_DS,'Drain to source voltage in volts');
+disp(V_GS,'Gate to source voltage in volts');
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.7/ex7_7.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.7/ex7_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ba89b2708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.7/ex7_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex7.6
+I_D=6.25*10^-3;
+V_GS=-5;
+R_G=abs((V_GS/I_D))
+disp(R_G,'Gate resistance in Ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.8/ex7_8.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.8/ex7_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c9631f6cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.8/ex7_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//EX7.8
+I_DSS=25*10^-3;
+V_GS_off=15;
+V_GS=5;
+I_D=value_of_I_D(25*10^-3,5,15)
+R_S=abs((V_GS/I_D))
+disp(I_D,'Drain current in Amperes')
+disp(R_S,'Source resistance in Ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH7/EX7.9/ex7_9.sce b/61/CH7/EX7.9/ex7_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4e5bc2662
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH7/EX7.9/ex7_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//ex7.9
+I_DSS=12*10^-3;
+V_GS_off=-3;
+V_DD=12;
+V_D=6;
+I_D=I_DSS/2;    //MIDPOINT BIAS
+V_GS=V_GS_off/3.4;    //MIDPOINT BIAS
+R_S=abs((V_GS/I_D))
+R_D=(V_DD-V_D)/I_D
+disp(R_S,'Source Resistance in Ohms')
+disp(R_D,'Drain Resistance in Ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH8/EX8.1/ex8_1.sce b/61/CH8/EX8.1/ex8_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..28a52a661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH8/EX8.1/ex8_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex8.1
+g_m=4*10^-3;
+R_d=1.5*10^3;
+A_v=g_m*R_d;
+disp(A_v,'Voltage gain')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH8/EX8.10/ex8_10.sce b/61/CH8/EX8.10/ex8_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a65a00a2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH8/EX8.10/ex8_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//ex8.10
+V_DD=-15;    //p=channel MOSFET
+g_m=2000*10^-6;    //minimum value from datasheets
+R_D=10*10^3;
+R_L=10*10^3;
+R_S=4.7*10^3;
+R_d=(R_D*R_L)/(R_D+R_L);    //effective drain resistance
+A_v=g_m*R_d;
+R_in_source=1/g_m;
+R_in=(R_in_source*R_S)/(R_in_source+R_S);    //signal souce sees R_S in parallel with input resistance at source terminal(R_in_source)
+disp(A_v,'minimum voltage gain')
+disp(R_in,'Input resistance seen from signal source in ohms')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH8/EX8.2/ex8_2.sce b/61/CH8/EX8.2/ex8_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a0fa36ecf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH8/EX8.2/ex8_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//ex8.2
+r_ds=10*10^3;
+R_d=1.5*10^3;    //from previous question
+g_m=4*10^-3;    //from previous question
+A_v=g_m*((R_d*r_ds)/(R_d+r_ds));
+disp(A_v,'Voltage gain')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH8/EX8.3/ex8_3.sce b/61/CH8/EX8.3/ex8_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..350adfd47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH8/EX8.3/ex8_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//ex8.3
+R_s=560;
+R_d=1.5*10^3;
+g_m=4*10^-3;
+A_v=(g_m*R_d)/(1+(g_m*R_s))
+disp(A_v,'Voltage gain')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.sce b/61/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c20278c93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//ex8.4
+V_DD=12;
+V_in=100*10^-3;
+R_D=3.3*10^3;
+I_DSS=12*10^-3;
+V_GS_off=-3;
+R_S=910;
+a=(R_S^2)/(V_GS_off^2);    //we take V_GS_off positive so that we take current negative
+b=(-1)*(((2*R_S)/(V_GS_off))-(1/I_DSS));
+c=1;
+p1=poly([c b a],'x','c')
+A=roots(p1)
+I_D=(-1)*A(1);    //make the value of current positive
+V_D=V_DD-I_D*R_D;
+V_GS=-I_D*R_S;
+g_m0=(2*I_DSS)/(abs(V_GS_off));
+g_m=g_m0*(1-(V_GS/V_GS_off));
+V_out=g_m*R_D*V_in;    //rms value
+v_out=V_out*1.414*2;    //peak to peak dc value
+disp(v_out,'output dc voltage (peak to peak) in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH8/EX8.5/ex8_5.sce b/61/CH8/EX8.5/ex8_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..67fbe2d76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH8/EX8.5/ex8_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//ex8.5
+R_D=3.3*10^3;
+R_L=4.7*10^3;
+R_d=(R_D*R_L)/(R_D+R_L);    //Equivalent drain resistance
+g_m=3.25*10^-3;    //from previous question
+V_in=100*10^-3;    //previous question
+V_out=g_m*R_d*V_in;
+disp(V_out,'Output voltage rms value in Volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH8/EX8.6/ex8_6.sce b/61/CH8/EX8.6/ex8_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4eb3cfa37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH8/EX8.6/ex8_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex8.6
+I_GSS=30*10^-9;
+V_GS=10;
+R_G=10*10^6;
+R_IN_gate=V_GS/I_GSS;
+R_in=(R_IN_gate*R_G)/(R_IN_gate+R_G);    //parallel combination
+disp(R_in,'Input resistance in ohms, as seen by signal source')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH8/EX8.7/ex8_7.sce b/61/CH8/EX8.7/ex8_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..87d42a97f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH8/EX8.7/ex8_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//ex8.7
+I_DSS=200*10^-3;
+g_m=200*10^-3;
+V_in=500*10^-3;
+V_DD=15;
+R_D=33;
+R_L=8.2*10^3;
+I_D=I_DSS;    //Amplifier is zero biased
+V_D=V_DD-I_D*R_D;
+R_d=(R_D*R_L)/(R_D+R_L);
+V_out=g_m*R_d*V_in;
+disp(V_D,'DC output voltage in Volts')
+disp(V_out,'AC output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH8/EX8.8/ex8_8.SCE b/61/CH8/EX8.8/ex8_8.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e61a00635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH8/EX8.8/ex8_8.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//ex8.8
+disp('Part A: Q point: V_GS=-2V I_D=2.5mA. At V_GS=-1V, I_D=3.4mA, At V_GS=-3V, I_D=1.8mA. So peak to peak drain current is the difference of the two drain currents=1.6mA')
+disp('Part B: Q point: V_GS=0V I_D=4mA. At V_GS=1V, I_D=5.3mA, At V_GS=-1V, I_D=2.5mA. So peak to peak drain current is the difference of the two drain currents=2.8mA')
+disp('Part C: Q point: V_GS=8V I_D=2.5mA. At V_GS=9V, I_D=3.9mA, At V_GS=7V, I_D=1.7mA. So peak to peak drain current is the difference of the two drain currents=2.2mA')
+
diff --git a/61/CH8/EX8.9/ex8_9.sce b/61/CH8/EX8.9/ex8_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..34f5d8b54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH8/EX8.9/ex8_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//ex8.9
+R_1=47*10^3;
+R_2=8.2*10^3;
+R_D=3.3*10^3;
+R_L=33*10^3;
+I_D_on=200*10^-3;
+V_GS=4;
+V_GS_th=2;
+g_m=23*10^-3;
+V_in=25*10^-3;
+V_DD=15;
+V_GS=(R_2/(R_1+R_2))*V_DD;
+K=value_of_K(200*10^-3,4,2);
+I_D=K*(V_GS-V_GS_th)^2;
+V_DS=V_DD-I_D*R_D;
+R_d=(R_D*R_L)/(R_D+R_L);
+V_out=g_m*V_in*R_d;
+disp(V_DS,'Drain to source voltage in volts(V_DS)')
+disp(I_D,'Drain current (I_D) inAmperes')
+disp(V_GS,'Gate to source voltage (V_GS) in volts')
+disp(V_out,'AC output voltage in volts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH9/EX9.1/ex9_1.sce b/61/CH9/EX9.1/ex9_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d8c9df192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH9/EX9.1/ex9_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//ex9.1
+V_CC=15;
+R_C=1*10^3;
+R_1=20*10^3;
+R_2=5.1*10^3;
+R_3=5.1*10^3;
+R_4=15*10^3;
+R_E_1=47;
+R_E_2=330;
+R_E_3=16;
+R_L=16;    //SPEAKER IS THE LOAD;
+B_ac_Q1=200;
+B_ac_Q2=B_ac_Q1;
+B_ac_Q3=50;
+//R_c1=R_C||[R_3||R_4||B_acQ2*B_ac_Q3*(R_E_3||R_L)] is ac collector resistance
+R=(R_E_3*R_L)/(R_E_3+R_L);
+R=B_ac_Q2*B_ac_Q3*R;
+R=(R*R_4)/(R+R_4);
+R=(R*R_3)/(R+R_3);
+R_c1=(R*R_C)/(R_C+R);    //ac collector resistance
+//V_B=((R_2||(B_acQ1*(R_E_1+R_E_2)))/(R_1+(R_2||B_acQ1*(R_E_1+R_E_2))))*V_CC;
+//This is the base voltage;
+//LET R=(R_2||(B_acQ1*(R_E_1+R_E_2)))
+R=(R_2*B_ac_Q1*(R_E_1+R_E_2))/(R_2+B_ac_Q1*(R_E_1+R_E_2));
+V_B=R*V_CC/(R_1+R);
+I_E=(V_B-0.7)/(R_E_1+R_E_2);
+r_e_Q1=25*10^-3/I_E;
+A_v1=(-1)*(R_c1)/(R_E_1+r_e_Q1);    //voltage gain of 1st stage
+//total input resistance of 1st stage is R_in_tot_1=R_1||R_2||B_ac_Q1*(R_E_1+r_e_Q1);
+R_in_tot_1=(R_1*(R_2*B_ac_Q1*(R_E_1+r_e_Q1)/(R_2+B_ac_Q1*(R_E_1+r_e_Q1))))/(R_1+(R_2*B_ac_Q1*(R_E_1+r_e_Q1)/(R_2+B_ac_Q1*(R_E_1+r_e_Q1))));
+A_v2=1;    //gain of darlington voltage-follower
+A_v_tot=A_v1*A_v2;    //total gain
+A_p=(A_v_tot^2)*(R_in_tot_1/R_L);    //power gain
+disp(A_v_tot,'Voltage gain')
+disp(A_p,'Power gain')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH9/EX9.2/ex9_2.sce b/61/CH9/EX9.2/ex9_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f85b98f2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH9/EX9.2/ex9_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//ex9.2
+V_in=176*10^-3;
+R_in=2.9*10^3;    //total input resistance from previous question
+A_p=42429;    //power gain from previous question
+V_CC=15;
+I_CC=0.6;    //emitter current
+P_in=V_in^2/R_in;
+P_out=P_in*A_p;
+P_DC=I_CC*V_CC;
+eff=P_out/P_DC;
+disp(eff,'efficiency')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH9/EX9.3/ex9_3.sce b/61/CH9/EX9.3/ex9_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0142433e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH9/EX9.3/ex9_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex9.3
+V_CC=20;
+R_L=16;
+V_out_peak=V_CC;
+I_out_peak=V_CC/R_L;
+disp(V_out_peak,'ideal maximum peak output voltage in volts')
+disp(I_out_peak,'ideal maximum current in amperes')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH9/EX9.4/ex9_4.sce b/61/CH9/EX9.4/ex9_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ea6b8ace3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH9/EX9.4/ex9_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex9.4
+V_CC=20;
+R_L=16;
+V_out_peak=V_CC/2;
+I_out_peak=V_out_peak/R_L;
+disp(V_out_peak,'ideal maximum output peak voltage in volts')
+disp(I_out_peak,'ideal maximum current in amperes')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH9/EX9.5/ex9_5.sce b/61/CH9/EX9.5/ex9_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6cc985552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH9/EX9.5/ex9_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//ex9.5
+V_CC=20;
+R_L=8;
+B_ac=50;
+r_e=6;
+V_out_peak=V_CC/2;
+V_CEQ=V_out_peak;
+I_out_peak=V_CEQ/R_L;
+I_c_sat=I_out_peak;
+P_out=0.25*I_c_sat*V_CC;
+P_DC=(I_c_sat*V_CC)/%pi;
+R_in=B_ac*(r_e+R_L);
+disp(P_out,'maximum ac output power in Watts');
+disp(P_DC,'maximum DC output power in Watts');
+disp(R_in,'input resistance in ohms');
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH9/EX9.6/ex9_6.sce b/61/CH9/EX9.6/ex9_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7e31204e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH9/EX9.6/ex9_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//ex9.6
+V_DD=24;
+V_in=100*10^-3;
+R1=440;
+R2=5.1*10^3;
+R3=100*10^3;
+R4=10^3;
+R5=100;
+R7=15*10^3;
+R_L=33;
+V_TH_Q1=2;
+V_TH_Q2=-2;
+I_R1=(V_DD-(-V_DD))/(R1+R2+R3);
+V_B=V_DD-I_R1*(R1+R2);    //BASE VOLTAGE
+V_E=V_B+0.7;    //EMITTER VOLTAGE
+I_E=(V_DD-V_E)/(R4+R5);    //EMITTER CURRENT
+V_R6=V_TH_Q1-V_TH_Q2;    //VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS R6
+I_R6=I_E;    
+R6=V_R6/I_R6;
+r_e=25*10^-3/I_E;    //UNBYPASSED EMITTER RESISTANCE
+A_v=R7/(R5+r_e);    //VOLTAGE GAIN
+V_out=A_v*V_in;
+P_L=V_out^2/R_L;
+disp(R6,'value of resistance R6 in ohms fot AB operation')
+disp(P_L,'power across load in watts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH9/EX9.7/ex9_7.sce b/61/CH9/EX9.7/ex9_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..32d197d01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH9/EX9.7/ex9_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//ex9.7
+f=200*10^3;    //frequency in hertz
+I_c_sat=100*10^-3;
+V_ce_sat=0.2;
+t_on=1*10^-6;
+T=1/f;    //time period of signal
+P_D_avg=(t_on/T)*I_c_sat*V_ce_sat;
+disp(P_D_avg,'average power dissipation in Watts')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/CH9/EX9.8/ex9_8.sce b/61/CH9/EX9.8/ex9_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c01a44154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/CH9/EX9.8/ex9_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//ex9.8
+P_D_avg=4*10^-3;    //from previous question
+V_CC=24;
+R_c=100;
+P_out=(0.5*V_CC^2)/R_c;
+n=(P_out)/(P_out+P_D_avg);    //n is efficiency
+disp(n,'efficiency')
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/DEPENDENCIES/gain_in_decibel_power.sci b/61/DEPENDENCIES/gain_in_decibel_power.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7e229817c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/DEPENDENCIES/gain_in_decibel_power.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function A_p_dB=gain_in_decibel_power(A_p)
+    A_p_dB=10*log10(A_p)
+endfunction
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/DEPENDENCIES/gain_in_decibel_voltage.sci b/61/DEPENDENCIES/gain_in_decibel_voltage.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..80f71b3bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/DEPENDENCIES/gain_in_decibel_voltage.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function A_v_dB=gain_in_decibel_voltage(A_v)
+    A_v_dB=20*log10(A_v)
+endfunction
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/DEPENDENCIES/open_loop_gain.sci b/61/DEPENDENCIES/open_loop_gain.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..30829b639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/DEPENDENCIES/open_loop_gain.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function A_ol=open_loop_gain(A_ol_mid,f,f_c_ol)
+    A_ol=A_ol_mid/(sqrt(1+(f/f_c_ol)^2))
+endfunction
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/DEPENDENCIES/phase_shift.sci b/61/DEPENDENCIES/phase_shift.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3c9a653cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/DEPENDENCIES/phase_shift.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+function theta=phase_shift(f,f_c)
+    theta_rad=-atan((f/f_c))
+    theta=theta_rad*180/%pi;
+endfunction
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/DEPENDENCIES/value_of_I_D.sci b/61/DEPENDENCIES/value_of_I_D.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..622186ffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/DEPENDENCIES/value_of_I_D.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//value of I_D
+function [i_d]= value_of_I_D(I_DSS,V_GS,V_GS_off)
+    i_d=I_DSS*(1-(V_GS/V_GS_off))^2;
+endfunction
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61/DEPENDENCIES/value_of_K.sci b/61/DEPENDENCIES/value_of_K.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..200c4db02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61/DEPENDENCIES/value_of_K.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//VALUE OF K
+function [k]=value_of_K(I_D_on,V_GS,V_GS_th)
+          k=I_D_on/((V_GS-V_GS_th)^2)
+endfunction
+\ No newline at end of file
author	priyanka	2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530
committer	priyanka	2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530
commit	b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch)
tree	ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /61
download	Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.gz Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.bz2 Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.zip