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+//acida and bases//

+//example 2.3//

+//(a)//

+N1=0.1;//normality of acetic acid//

+a1=1.3;//percentage of ionization//

+H1=N1*a1/100;

+printf('the hydrogen ion concentration of solution is %fg.ion/lit',H1);

+//(b)//

+M1=10^-8;//molarity of hcl solution//

+a=100;//percentage of ionization//

+H=M1*a/100;

+

+pH=-log10(H);

+printf('\nthe pH of the Hcl solution is %f',pH);

+disp("Theoretically the pH should be 8,however,the value will be close to 7 because H+ ions of water also plays a role");

+//(c)//

+N2=0.05;//normality of Hcl//

+a2=100;//percentage of ionization//

+pH2=-log10(N2*a2/100);

+printf('\nthe pH of 0.05 Hcl solution is %f',pH2);

+M3=0.05;//molarity os H2SO4//

+N3=M3*2;//normality//

+a3=100;//percentage of ionization//

+pH3=-log10(N3*a3/100);

+printf('\n the pH of 0.05M H2SO4 solution is %f',pH3);