initial commit / add all books

22 files changed, 583 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.1/1.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.1/1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..38b4842b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.1/1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clc

+T0=293; //K

+T1=300; //K

+T2=370; //K

+cv=0.716;

+cp=1.005;

+R=0.287;

+p1=1; //bar

+p2=6.8; //bar

+m=1; //kg

+Wmax=-[cv*(T2-T1) - T0*[cp*log(T2/T1)-R*log(p2/p1)]];

+n=1/(1-(log(T2/T1)/log(p2/p1)));

+Wact=m*R*(T1-T2)/(n-1);

+

+I=Wmax - Wact;

+disp("Irreversibility = ")

+disp(I)

+disp("kJ/kg")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.10/10.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.10/10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a3628ee11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.10/10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+clc

+m_O2=1; //kg

+m_H2=1; //kg

+p=1*10^5; //Pa

+T_O2=450; //K

+T_H2=450; //K

+T0=290; //K

+R0=8.314;

+M_O2=32;

+M_H2=2;

+

+R_O2=R0/M_O2;

+v_O2=m_O2*R_O2*T_O2/p;

+

+R_H2=R0/M_H2;

+v_H2=m_H2*R_H2*T_H2/p;

+

+v_f=v_O2 + v_H2; //total volume after mixing

+

+dS_O2=R_O2*log(v_f/v_O2);

+dS_H2=R_H2*log(v_f/v_H2);

+

+dS_net=dS_O2 + dS_H2;

+

+//Let E be the loss in availability 

+E=T0*dS_net;

+disp("Loss in availability=")

+disp(E)

+disp("kJ")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.11/11.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.11/11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b71adc91b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.11/11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+clc

+T0=283; //K

+cp=4.18; //kJ/kgK

+m1=20; //kg

+T1=363; //K

+m2=30; //kg

+T2=303; //K

+T3=327; //K

+

+AE1=integrate('m1*cp*(1-T0/T)', 'T', T0, T1);

+AE2=integrate('m2*cp*(1-T0/T)', 'T', T0, T2);

+

+AE_total=AE1 + AE2; //before mixing

+

+//If T K is the final temperature after mixing

+T=(m1*T1+m2*T2)/(m1+m2);

+m_total=m1+m2;

+

+//Available energy of 50kg of water at 54 0C

+AE3=m_total*cp*[(T3-T0) - T0*log(T3/T0)];

+

+//Decrease in available energy due to mixing dAE

+dAE=AE_total - AE3;

+disp("dAE=")

+disp(dAE)

+disp("kJ")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.12/12.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.12/12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c5b047d6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.12/12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clc

+T_w1=323; //K

+T_w2=343; //K

+T_o1=513; //K

+T_o2=363; //K

+SG_oil=0.82;

+c_po=2.6; //kJ/kg K

+c_pw=4.18; //kJ/kg K

+T0=300; //K

+m_o=1; //kg

+

+//Heat lost by oil=Heat gained by water

+m_w=(m_o*c_po*(T_o1-T_o2))/(c_pw*(T_w2-T_w1));

+

+dS_w=m_w*c_pw*log(T_w2/T_w1);

+dS_o=m_o*c_po*log(T_o2/T_o1);

+

+dAE_w=m_w*[c_pw*(T_w2-T_w1)]-T0*dS_w;

+dAE_o=m_o*[c_po*(T_o2-T_o1)]-T0*dS_o;

+

+// Loss in availability E=

+E=dAE_w+dAE_o;

+disp("Loss in availability =")

+disp(E)

+disp("kJ")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.13/13.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.13/13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..53563554f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.13/13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+clc

+m_i=1; //kg

+T_i=273; //K

+m_w=12; //kg

+T_w=300; //K

+T0=288; //K

+c_pw=4.18; //kJ/kg K

+c_pi=2.1; //kJ/kg K

+L_i=333.5; //kJ/kg

+

+Tc=(m_w*c_pw*T_w + m_i*c_pw*T_i - L_i)/(m_w*c_pw + m_i*c_pw);

+

+dS_w=m_w*c_pw*log(Tc/T_w);

+dS_i=m_i*c_pw*log(Tc/T_i) + L_i/T_i;

+

+dS_net=dS_w+dS_i;

+disp("Increase in entropy =")

+disp(dS_net)

+disp("kJ/K")

+

+dAE=T0*dS_net;

+disp("Increase in unavailable energy = ")

+disp(dAE)

+disp("kJ")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.14/14.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.14/14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e2a6bae2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.14/14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clc

+T1=673; //K

+T2=473; //K

+T0=303; //K

+T1a=T2;

+

+//dSa/dS=T1/T1a

+

+// W=(T1-T0)*dS; Work done by the power cycle when there was no temperature difference between the vapour condensing and vapour evaporating

+// Wa=(T1-T0)*dSa; Work done by the power cycle when the vapour condenses at 400°C and vapour evaporates at 200°C

+

+//Fraction of energy that becomes unavailable is given by (W-Wa)/W

+

+UAE=T0*(T1-T1a)/T1a/(T1-T0);

+disp("the fraction of energy that becomes unavailable =")

+disp(UAE)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.15/15.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.15/15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..917abae97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.15/15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clc

+T1=293; //K

+T2=353; //K

+Tf=1773; //K

+T0=288; //K

+c_pl=6.3; //kJ/kg K

+

+dAE=c_pl*(T2-T1) - T0*c_pl*log(T2/T1);

+

+n=(1-T0/Tf); //efficiency

+

+//W=heat supplied*efficiency

+//The possible work from a heat engine is a measure of the loss of availability, E

+E=c_pl*(T2-T1)*n;

+

+Effectiveness=dAE/E;

+disp("Effectiveness of the heating process =")

+disp(Effectiveness)

diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.16/16.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.16/16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e9626fd2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.16/16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+clc

+T0=293; //K

+T1=293; //K

+T2=373; //K

+T3=323; //K

+cp=1.005;

+

+disp("(i) The ratio of mass flow")

+//cp=Specific heat of air constant pressure

+//cp*T1 + x*cp*T2 = (1+x)*cp*T3

+x=(T3-T1)/(T2-T3);

+disp("x=")

+disp(x)

+

+

+disp("(ii) The effectiveness of heating process")

+ds_13=cp*log(T3/T1);

+ds_32=cp*log(T2/T3);

+A=cp*(T3-T1) - T1*ds_13; //Increase of availability of system

+B=x*[cp*(T2-T3)-T0*(ds_32)];// Loss of availability of surroundings

+

+Effectiveness=A/B;

+disp("Effectiveness of heating process=")

+disp(Effectiveness)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.17/17.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.17/17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..320bcdb4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.17/17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+clc

+m=2.5; //kg

+p1=6*10^5; //Pa

+r=2; //r=V2/V1

+cv=0.718; //kJ/kg K

+R=0.287; //kJ/kg K

+T1=363; //K

+p2=1*10^5; //Pa

+T2=278; //K

+V1=m*R*T1/p1;

+V2=2*V1;

+T0=278; //K

+p0=1*10^5; //Pa

+Q=0; //adiabatic process

+

+disp("(i)The maximum work")

+dS=m*cv*log(T2/T1) + m*R*log(V2/V1);

+Wmax=m*[cv*(T1-T2)] + T0*(cv*log(T2/T1) + R*log(V2/V1));

+disp("Wmax=")

+disp(Wmax)

+disp("kJ")

+

+

+disp("(ii)The change in availability")

+dA=Wmax+p0*(V1-V2);

+disp("Change in availability =")

+disp(dA)

+disp("kJ")

+

+

+disp("(iii) The irreversibility")

+

+I=T0*m*(cv*log(T2/T1)+R*log(V2/V1));

+

+disp("Irreversibility =")

+disp(I)

+disp("kJ")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.18/18.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.18/18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ab6588cc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.18/18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+clc

+m=1; //kg

+p1=7*10^5; //Pa

+T1=873; //K

+p2=1*10^5; //Pa

+T2=523; //K

+T0=288; //K

+Q=-9; //kJ/kg

+cp=1.005; //kJ/kg K

+R=0.287; //kJ/kg K

+disp("(i) The decrease in availability ")

+dA=cp*(T1-T2) - T0*(R*log(p2/p1) - cp*log(T2/T1));

+disp("dA=")

+disp(dA)

+disp("kJ/kg")

+

+

+disp("(ii) The maximum work")

+Wmax=dA; //change in availability

+disp("Wmax")

+disp(Wmax)

+disp("kJ/kg")

+

+

+disp("The irreversibility")

+W=cp*(T1-T2) + Q;

+I=Wmax - W;

+disp("Irreversibility =")

+disp(I)

+disp("kJ/kg")

diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.19/19.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.19/19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7853806aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.19/19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+clc

+cp=1.005; //kJ/kg K

+cv=0.718; //kJ/kg K

+R=0.287; //kJ/kg K

+m=1; //kg

+T1=290; //K

+T0=290; //K

+T2=400; //K

+p1=1; //bar

+p0=1; //bar

+p2=6; //bar

+

+

+//Wrev=change in internal energy - T0*change in entropy

+disp("(i) The irreversibility")

+Wrev=-[cv*(T2-T1) - T0*[cp*log(T2/T1) - R*log(p2/p1)]];

+n=[1/(1-log(T2/T1)/log(p2/p1))];

+Wact=m*R*(T1-T2)/(n-1);

+

+I=Wrev-Wact;

+disp("Irreversibility=")

+disp(I)

+disp("kJ")

+

+

+disp("(ii)The effectiveness = ")

+effectiveness=Wrev/Wact*100;

+disp(effectiveness)

+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.2/2.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.2/2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..10291d25d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.2/2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+clc

+T1=1000; //K

+T2=500; //K

+T0=300; //K

+Q=7200; //kJ/min

+

+disp("(i) Net change of entropy :")

+dS_source=-Q/T1;

+dS_system=Q/T2;

+dS_net=dS_source+dS_system;

+disp("dS_net=")

+disp(dS_net)

+disp("kJ/min.K")

+

+

+disp("(ii) Decrease in available energy :")

+AE_source=(T1-T0)*(-dS_source); //Available energy with the source

+AE_system=(T2-T0)*dS_system; //Available energy with the system

+dAE=AE_source - AE_system; //Decrease in available energy

+disp("dAE=")

+disp(dAE)

+disp("kJ")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.20/20.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.20/20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2bf58487c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.20/20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+clc

+I=0.62; //kg/m^2

+N1=2500; //rpm

+w1=2*%pi*N1/60; //rad/s

+m=1.9; //kg;  Water equivalent of shaft bearings

+cp=4.18;

+T0=293; //K

+t0=20; //0C

+

+disp("(i)Rise in temperature of bearings")

+KE=1/2*I*w1^2/1000; //kJ

+dT=KE/(m*cp); //rise in temperature of bearings

+disp("dT=")

+disp(dT)

+disp("0C")

+

+t2=t0+dT;

+disp("Final temperature of the bearings =")

+disp(t2)

+disp("0C")

+

+T2=t2+273;

+

+disp("(ii)Final r.p.m. of the flywheel")

+AE=integrate('m*cp*(1-T0/T)', 'T', T0, T2);

+UE=KE - AE;

+

+disp("Available energy =")

+disp(AE)

+disp("kJ")

+

+UAE=KE-AE;

+disp("Unavailable energy =")

+disp(UAE)

+disp("kJ")

+

+w2=sqrt(AE*10^3*2/I);

+N2=w2*60/2/%pi;

+disp("Final rpm of the flywheel =")

+disp(N2)

+disp("rpm")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.21/21.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.21/21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e67c8626d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.21/21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+clc

+p1=8; //bar

+T1=453; //K

+p2=1.4; //bar

+T2=293; //K

+T0=T2;

+p0=1; //bar

+m=1; //kg

+C1=80; //m/s

+C2=40; //m/s

+cp=1.005; //kJ/kg K

+R=0.287; //kJ/kg K 

+disp("(i) Reversible work and actual work ")

+A1=cp*(T1-T0)-T0*(cp*log(T1/T0)-R*log(p1/p0))+C1^2/2/10^3; //Availability at the inlet

+A2=cp*(T2-T0)-T0*(cp*log(T2/T0)-R*log(p2/p0))+C2^2/2/10^3; //Availability at the exit

+

+W_rev=A1-A2;

+disp("W_rev =")

+disp(W_rev)

+disp("kJ/kg")

+

+W_act=cp*(T1-T2) + (C1^2-C2^2)/2/10^3;

+disp("W_act =")

+disp(W_act)

+disp("kJ/kg")

+

+disp("(ii) Irreversibilty and effectiveness =")

+

+I=W_rev-W_act;

+disp("Irreversibilty =")

+disp(I)

+disp("kJ/kg")

+

+Effectiveness=W_act/W_rev*100;

+disp("Effectiveness =")

+disp(Effectiveness)

+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.22/22.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.22/22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d4bafff0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.22/22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+clc

+p1=20; //bar

+t1=400; //0C

+p2=4; //bar

+t2=250; //0C

+t0=20; //0C

+T0=t0+273;

+h1=3247.6; //kJ/kg

+s1=7.127; //kJ/kg K

+

+//let h2'=h2a and s2'=s2a

+h2a=2964.3; //kJ/kg

+s2a=7.379; //kJ/kg K

+

+s2=s1;

+s1a=s1;

+

+//By interpolation, we get

+h2=2840.8; //kJ/kg

+

+

+disp("(i) Isentropic efficiency")

+n_isen=(h1-h2a)/(h1-h2);

+disp(" Isentropic efficiency =")

+disp(n_isen)

+

+

+disp("(ii) Loss of availability")

+A=h1-h2a + T0*(s2a-s1a);

+disp(" Loss of availability=")

+disp(A)

+disp("kJ/kg")

+

+

+disp("(iii)Effectiveness")

+Effectiveness=(h1-h2a)/A;

+disp("Effectiveness =")

+disp(Effectiveness)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.3/3.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.3/3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..07181e31f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.3/3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+clc

+m=8; //kg

+T1=650; //K

+p1=5.5*10^5; //Pa

+p0=1*10^5; //Pa

+T0=300; //K

+cp=1.005; //kJ/kg.K

+cv=0.718;

+R=0.287;

+//p1*v1/T1=p0*v0/T0

+//Let r=v1/v0=1/2.54

+r=1/2.54;

+

+

+disp("(i) Change in available energy(for bringing the system to dead state)=")

+ds=cv*log(T1/T0) + R*log(r);

+dAE=m*[cv*(T1-T0) - T0*[ds]];

+//dAE is the change in available energy in kJ

+

+V1=m*R*10^3*T1/p1;

+V0=V1/r;

+disp("Loss of availability, L=")

+L=p0*(V0 - V1)/10^3;

+disp(L)

+disp("kJ")

+

+

+disp("(ii) Available Energy and Effectiveness")

+Q=m*cp*(T1-T0);

+ds=m*cp*log(T1/T0);

+Unavailable_energy=T0*ds;

+Available_energy = Q - Unavailable_energy;

+disp("Available energy = ")

+disp(Available_energy)

+disp("kJ")

+

+Effectiveness=Available_energy/dAE;

+disp("Effectiveness = ")

+disp(Effectiveness)

diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.4/4.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.4/4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5e5a21224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.4/4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clc

+c_pg=1; //kJ/kgK

+h_fg=1940.7; //kJ/kg

+Ts=473; //K ; Temperature of saturation of steam

+T1=1273; //K ; Initial temperature of gases

+T2=773; //K ; Final temperature of gases

+T0=293; //K ; atmospheric temperature

+

+//Heat lost by gases=Heat gained by 1 kg saturated water when it is converted to steam at 200 0C

+

+m_g=h_fg/c_pg/(T1-T2);

+dS_g=m_g*c_pg*log(T2/T1);

+dS_w=h_fg/Ts;

+

+dS_net=dS_g + dS_w;

+disp("Net change in entropy = ")

+disp(dS_net)

+disp("kJ/K")

+

+E=T0*dS_net; //Increase in unavailable energy due to hea transfer

+disp("Increase in unavailable energy =")

+disp(E)

+disp("kJ")

diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.5/5.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.5/5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..27fff3edd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.5/5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+clc

+m_g=3; //kg

+p1=2.5; //bar

+T1=1200; //K; Temperature of infinite source

+T1a=400; //K; Initial temperature

+Q=600; //kJ

+cv=0.81; //kJ/kg.K

+T0=290; //K; Surrounding Temperature

+//final temperature = T2a

+

+T2a=Q/m_g/cv + T1a;

+AE=(T1-T0)*Q/T1; //Available energy with the source

+dS=m_g*cv*log(T2a/T1a); //Change in entropy of the gas

+

+UAE=T0*dS; //Unavailability of the gas 

+A=Q-UAE; //Available energy with the gas

+

+loss=AE-A;

+disp("Loss in available energy due to heat transfer =")

+disp(loss)

+disp("kJ")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.6/6.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.6/6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..58e4bf7a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.6/6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clc

+m=60; //kg

+T1=333; //K

+T0=279; //K

+p=1; //atm

+cp=4.187;

+

+//dW=-m*cp*(1-T0/T)dT

+//Wmax=Available energy

+Wmax=integrate('m*cp*(1-T0/T)', 'T', T0, T1);

+Q1=m*cp*(T1-T0);

+

+//Let unavailable energy=E

+E=Q1-Wmax;

+disp("unavailable energy = ")

+disp(E)

+disp("kJ")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.7/7.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.7/7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c4952d0b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.7/7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clc

+m=15; //kg

+T1=340; //K

+T0=300; //K

+cp=4.187; //kJ/kgK

+//Work added during churning = Increase in enthalpy of water

+W=m*cp*(T1-T0);

+ds=cp*log(T1/T0);

+AE=m*[cp*(T1-T0)-T0*ds];

+AE_loss=W-AE; //Loss in availability

+disp("Loss in availability")

+disp(AE_loss)

+disp("kJ")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.8/8.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.8/8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..69cefbca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.8/8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+clc

+m=5; //kg

+T1=550; //K

+p1=4*10^5; //Pa

+T2=290; //K

+T0=T2;

+p2=1*10^5; //Pa

+p0=p2;

+cp=1.005; //kJ/kg K

+cv=0.718; //kJ/kg K

+R=0.287; //kJ/kg K

+

+disp("(i) Availability of the system :")

+ds=cp*log(T1/T0) - R*log(p1/p0);

+Availability=m*[cv*(T1-T0) - T0*ds];

+disp("Availability of the system =")

+disp(Availability)

+disp("kJ")

+

+

+disp("(ii) Available energy and Effectiveness")

+Q=m*cp*(T1-T0);

+dS=m*cp*log(T1/T0);

+E=T0*dS; //Unavailable energy

+AE=Q-E;

+disp("Available Energy = ")

+disp(AE)

+disp("kJ")

+

+disp("Effectiveness=")

+Effectiveness=AE/Availability;

+disp(Effectiveness)

diff --git a/551/CH6/EX6.9/9.sce b/551/CH6/EX6.9/9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..db49907de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/551/CH6/EX6.9/9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+clc

+R=0.287; //kJ/kgK

+cp=1.005; //kJ/kgK

+m=25/60; //kg/s

+p1=1; //bar

+p2=2; //bar

+T1=288; //K

+T0=T1;

+T2=373; //K

+

+W_act=cp*(T2-T1); //W_actual

+W_total= m*W_act;

+

+disp("Total actual power required =")

+disp(W_total)

+disp("kW")

+

+ds=cp*log(T2/T1) - R*log(p2/p1);

+Wmin=cp*(T2-T1) - T0*(ds);

+

+disp("Minimuumm work required = ")

+W=m*Wmin;

+disp(W)

+disp("kW")
\ No newline at end of file