diff options
| author | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
| commit | b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch) | |
| tree | ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /551/CH11 | |
| download | Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.gz Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.bz2 Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.zip | |
initial commit / add all books
Diffstat (limited to '551/CH11')
36 files changed, 1139 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.1/1.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.1/1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c62992869 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc
+
+%C=0.88; //Fraction of carbon in coal
+%H=0.042; //Fraction of Hydrogen in coal
+w_f=0.848; //gm
+w_fw=0.027; //gm
+w=1950; //gm
+w_e=380; //gm
+dt=3.06; //0C; Observed temperature rise
+tc=0.017; //0C
+dt1=dt+tc; //Corrected temperature rise
+Cal=6700; //J/gm; Calorific value of fuse wire
+
+Q_received=(w+w_e)*4.18*dt1; //Heat received by water
+
+Q_rejected=w_fw*Cal; //Heat given out by fuse wire
+
+Q_produced=Q_received - Q_rejected;
+
+HCV=Q_produced/w_f;
+disp("Higher calorific value=")
+disp(HCV)
+disp("kJ/kg")
+
+LCV=HCV - 2465*9*%H;
+disp("Lower Calorific value=")
+disp(LCV)
+disp("kJ/kg")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.11/11.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.11/11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a661229f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.11/11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc
+
+C=80;
+
+//Analysis of gas entering the economiser
+CO2_1=8.3;
+CO_1=0;
+O2_1=11.4;
+N2_1=80.3;
+
+//Analysis of gas leaving the economiser
+CO2_2=7.9;
+CO_2=0;
+O2_2=11.5;
+N2_2=80.6;
+
+A1=N2_1*C/33/(CO2_1 + CO_1); //Air supplied on the basis of conditions at entry to the economiser
+
+A2=N2_2*C/33/(CO2_2 + CO_2); //Air applied on the basis of conditions at exit
+
+leakage=A2-A1; //Air leakage
+disp("Air leakege =")
+disp(leakage)
+disp("kg of air per kg of fuel")
+
+W_fuel=0.85; //kg; Weight of fuel passing up the chimney
+
+c=1.05;
+T2=410;
+T1=0;
+
+W=A1+W_fuel; //Total weight of products
+Q1=W*c*(T2-T1); //Heat in flue gases per kg of coal
+Q2=leakage*1.005*(20-0); //Heat in leakage air
+
+t=(Q1+Q2)/(1.005*leakage + W*1.05);
+
+dT=T2-t;
+disp("Fall in temperature as a result of the air leakage into the economiser")
+disp(dT)
+disp("°C")
diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.12/12.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.12/12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0bab44308 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.12/12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc
+
+w_O2=3*32/46*100/23; //For complete combustion of 1 kg of C2H6O, oxygen required
+
+ratio=w_O2;
+disp("A:F ratio=")
+disp(ratio)
+
+w1=88; //kg
+w2=54; //kg
+
+w=w1+w2; //kg
+W=46; //kg
+
+w_CO2=w1/W*100;
+disp("CO2 produced by fuel")
+disp(w_CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+w_H2O=w2/W*100;
+disp("H2O produced by fuel")
+disp(w_H2O)
+disp("%")
diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.13/13.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.13/13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5b34a3206 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.13/13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// C2H2+xO2---->aCO2+bH2O +// 2C=aC; a=2 +// 2H=2bH; b=1 +// x=2.5 + +// C2H2+2.5O2+2.5*(79/21)N2 --> 2CO2+H2O+2.5*(79/21)N2 + +// 26 kg C2H2 + 80 kg O2 + 263.3 N2 → 88 kg CO2 + 18 kg H2O + 263.3 kg N2 +// 1 kg C2H2 + 3.076 kg O2 + 10.12 kg N2 → 3.38 kg CO2 + 0.69 kg H2O + 10.12 kg N2 + +Amount= 3.076 + 10.12; +disp("Hence amount of theoretical air required for combustion of 1 kg acetylene =") +disp(Amount) +disp("kg")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.14/14.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.14/14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a3915d8f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.14/14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc
+// C2H2+2.5O2+2.5*(79/21)N2 --> 2CO2+H2O+2.5*(79/21)N2
+
+//26 kg C2H2 + 160 kg O2 + 526.6 kg N2 → 88 kg CO2 + 18 kg H2O + 526.6 kg N2 + 80 kg O2
+
+//1 kg C2H2 + 6.15 kg O2 + 20.25 kg N2 → 3.38 kg CO2 + 0.69 kg H2O + 20.25 kg N2 + 3.07 kg O2
+
+m_CO2=3.38; //kg
+m_H2O=0.69; //kg
+m_O2=3.07; //kg
+m_N2=20.25; //kg
+m_total=m_CO2+m_H2O+m_O2+m_N2;
+
+CO2=m_CO2/m_total*100;
+H2O=m_H2O/m_total*100;
+O2=m_O2/m_total*100;
+N2=m_N2/m_total*100;
+
+disp("Hence the gravimetric analysis of the complete combustion is :")
+disp("CO2=")
+disp(CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("H2O=")
+disp(H2O)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("O2=")
+disp(O2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("N2=")
+disp(N2)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.15/15.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.15/15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c0b93cc09 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.15/15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+AF_mole=(12.5+12.5*(79/21))/1;
+AF_mass=AF_mole*28.97/(8*12+1*18);
+
+disp("Air fuel ratio =")
+disp(AF_mass)
+disp("kg air/kg fuel")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.16/16.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.16/16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7ac5bf175 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.16/16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc
+// C8H18+12.5*O2+12.5*(79/21)N2 --> 8CO2+9H2O+12.5*(79/21)*N2
+
+// C8H18 + (2) (12.5) O2 + (2) (12.5)*(79/21)N2-->8CO2 + 9H2O + (1) (12.5) O2 + (2) (12.5)*(79/21)*N2
+
+m_fuel=1*(8*12+1*18);
+m_air=2*12.5*(1+79/21)*28.97;
+
+disp("(i) Air-fuel ratio =")
+AF=m_air/m_fuel;
+disp(AF)
+
+disp("(ii) Dew point of the products")
+n=8+9+12.5+2*12.5*(79/21);
+
+x=9/n;
+p=100*x;
+
+//Hence
+t_dp=39.7; //0C
+
+disp("t_dp=")
+disp(t_dp)
+disp("°C")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.17/17.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.17/17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fbdea5958 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.17/17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc
+// C2H6 + 3.5O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
+// C2H6 + (0.9)*(3.5) O2 + (0.9)*(3.5)*(79/21)N2→a CO2 + b CO + 3H2O + (0.9)*(3.5)*(79/21)*N2
+
+// a+b=2
+// 2*a+b+3=0.9*3.5*2
+// a=1.3
+// b=0.7
+// C2H6 + (0.9)*(3.5) O2 + (0.9)*(3.5)*(79/21)*N2→ 1.3CO2 + 0.7CO + 3H2O + (0.9)*(3.5)*(79/21)N2
+
+n=1.3+0.7+0.9*3.5*(79/21);
+
+CO2=1.3/n*100;
+CO=0.7/n*100;
+N2=11.85/n*100;
+
+disp("Volumetric analysis of dry products of combustion is as follows ")
+
+disp("CO2 =")
+disp(CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("CO =")
+disp(CO)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("N2 =")
+disp(N2)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.18/18.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.18/18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..014b9ff04 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.18/18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc
+disp("(i) Combustion equation")
+
+// x CH4 + y O2 + z N2 → 10.0 CO2 + 0.53 CO + 2.37 O2 + a H2O + 87.1 N2
+
+z=87.1;
+y=z*(79/21);
+x=10+0.53;
+a=2*x;
+
+//10.53 CH4 + 23.16 O2 + 87.1 N2 → 10.0 CO2 + 0.53 CO + 2.37 O2 + 21.06 H2O + 87.1 N2
+
+disp("CH4 + 2.2 O2 + 8.27 N2 → 0.95 CO2 + 0.05 CO + 2H2O + 0.225 O2 + 8.27 N2")
+
+disp("(ii) Air-fuel ratio ")
+
+AF_mole=2.2+8.27;
+disp("air-fuel ratio on a mole basis =")
+disp(AF_mole)
+disp("moles air/mole fuel")
+
+AF_mass=AF_mole*28.97/(12+1*4);
+disp("air-fuel ratio on a mass basis =")
+disp(AF_mass)
+disp("air/kg fuel")
+
+// CH4 + 2O2 + 2*(79/21)N2 → CO2 + 2H2O + (2)*(79/21)N2
+AF_theor=(2+2*(79/21))*28.97/(12+1*4);
+disp("theoretical air-fuel ratio =")
+disp(AF_theor)
+disp("kg air/kg fuel")
+
+disp("(iii) Percent theoretical air =")
+%theo=AF_mass/AF_theor*100;
+disp(%theo)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.19/19.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.19/19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..59b39f195 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.19/19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc
+disp("(i) The stoichiometric A/F ratio")
+
+// 1 kg of coal contains 0.82 kg C and 0.10 kg H2.
+// Let the oxygen required for complete combustion = x moles
+// the nitrogen supplied with the oxygen = x*79/21=3.76*x
+// 0.82/12*C+0.10/2*H2 + x CO2 + 3.76x N2 → a CO2 + b H2O + 3.76 x N2
+a=0.82/12; // Carbon balance
+b=0.10/2; //Hydrogen balance
+x=(2*a+b)/2; // Oxygen balance
+
+Stoichiometric_AF_ratio=2.976/0.233;
+disp("Stoichiometric AF ratio =")
+disp(Stoichiometric_AF_ratio)
+
+n=a+b+3.76*x;
+
+CO2=0.068/n*100;
+H2=0.05/n*100;
+N2=3.76*0.093/n*100;
+
+disp("the analysis of the products is")
+disp("CO2 =")
+disp(CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("H2 =")
+disp(H2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("N2 =")
+disp(N2)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.2/2.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.2/2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a1be2da55 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc
+p1=75.882; //cm of Hg
+T1=286; //K
+V1=0.08; //m^3
+p2=76; //cm of Hg
+T2=288; //K
+
+V2=p1*V1*T2/p2/T1;
+
+m=28; //kg
+c=4.18;
+t2=23.5; //0C
+t1=10; //0C
+
+Q_received=m*c*(t2-t1);
+
+HCV=Q_received/V2;
+disp("Higher calorific value =")
+disp(HCV)
+disp("kJ/m^3")
+
+amt=0.06/0.08; //Amount of vapour formed per m^3 of gas burnt
+LCV=HCV-2465*amt;
+disp("Lower calorific value =")
+disp(LCV)
+disp("kJ/kg")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.20/20.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.20/20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f61a72615 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.20/20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +clc
+
+// C + O2 → CO2
+// 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
+// S + O2 → SO2
+
+O2_req=2.636; //kg
+
+AF=O2_req/0.233;
+disp("The stoichiometric A/F ratio =")
+disp(AF)
+
+disp("(i) Actual A/F ratio =")
+AF_act=AF+0.3*AF;
+disp(AF_act)
+
+disp("(ii) Wet and dry analyses of products of combustion by volume")
+
+// As per actual A/F ratio, N2 supplied = 0.767 * 14.7 = 11.27 kg
+// Also O2 supplied = 0.233 * 14.7 = 3.42 kg
+
+// In the products then, we have
+// N2 = 11.27 + 0.01 = 11.28 kg
+// excess O2 = 3.42 – 2.636 = 0.78 kg
+
+n_wet=0.5208;
+n_dry=0.5008;
+
+disp("Analysis of wet products is as follows :")
+
+disp("CO2 =")
+CO2=0.0734/n_wet*100;
+disp(CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("H2O =")
+H2O=0.0200/n_wet*100;
+disp(H2O)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("SO2 =")
+SO2=0.0002/n_wet*100;
+disp(SO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("O2 =")
+O2=0.0244/n_wet*100;
+disp(O2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("N2 =")
+N2=0.4028/n_wet*100;
+disp(N2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("Analysis of dry products is as follows :")
+
+disp("CO2 =")
+CO2=0.0734/n_dry*100;
+disp(CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("SO2 =")
+SO2=0.0002/n_dry*100;
+disp(SO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("O2 =")
+O2=0.0244/n_dry*100;
+disp(O2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("N2 =")
+N2=0.4028/n_dry*100;
+disp(N2)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.21/21.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.21/21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d83ed8f02 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.21/21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +clc
+
+// 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
+// 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
+// CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
+// C4H8 + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 4H2O
+
+n_O2=0.853; //total moles of O2
+
+disp("(i) Stoichiometric A/F ratio =")
+AF=n_O2/0.21;
+disp(AF)
+
+disp("(ii) Wet and dry analyses of the products of combustion if the actual mixture is 30% weak :")
+AF_act=AF+0.3*AF;
+n_N2=0.79*AF_act;
+O2_excess=0.21*AF_act-n_O2;
+
+n_wet=5.899;
+n_dry=4.915;
+
+disp("Analysis by volume of wet products is as follows :")
+
+disp("CO2 =")
+CO2=0.490/n_wet*100;
+disp(CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("H2O =")
+H2O=0.984/n_wet*100;
+disp(H2O)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("O2 =")
+O2=O2_excess/n_wet*100;
+disp(O2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("N2 =")
+N2=n_N2/n_wet*100;
+disp(N2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("Analysis by volume of dry products is as follows :")
+
+disp("CO2 =")
+CO2=0.490/n_dry*100;
+disp(CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("O2 =")
+O2=O2_excess/n_dry*100;
+disp(O2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("N2 =")
+N2=n_N2/n_dry*100;
+disp(N2)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.22/22.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.22/22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..932968eab --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.22/22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +clc
+
+// C2H6O + 3O2 + 3*79/21 N2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O + 3*79/21 N2
+
+O2_req=3*32/46;
+
+AF=O2_req/0.233;
+disp("Stoichiometric A/F ratio =")
+disp(AF)
+
+mix=0.8; //mixture strength
+
+AF_actual=AF/mix;
+disp("Actual A/F ratio =")
+disp(AF_actual)
+
+// C2H6O + 1.25*(3 O2 + 3*79/21 N2) → 2CO2 + 3H2O + 0.25*3O2 + 1.25*3*79/21 N2
+
+n=2+3+0.75+14.1;
+
+disp("Hence wet analysis is")
+
+disp("CO2 =")
+CO2=2/n*100;
+disp(CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("H2O =")
+H2O=3/n*100;
+disp(H2O)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("O2 =")
+O2=0.75/n*100;
+disp(O2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("N2 =")
+N2=14.1/n*100;
+disp(N2)
+disp("%")
+
+nd=2+0.75+14.1; //total dry moles
+
+disp("Hence dry analysis is : ")
+
+disp("CO2 =")
+CO2=2/nd*100;
+disp(CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("O2 =")
+O2=0.75/nd*100;
+disp(O2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("N2 =")
+N2=14.1/nd*100;
+disp(N2)
+disp("%")
+
+mix=1.3;
+AF_act=AF/mix;
+disp("Actual A/F ratio =")
+disp(AF_act)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.23/23.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.23/23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b5947cf35 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.23/23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc
+// C2H6O + 3O2 + 3*79/21 N2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O + 3*79/21 N2
+R0=8.314*10^3; //kJ/kg K
+m=46; //kg
+
+disp("(i) Volume of reactants per kg of fuel ")
+
+n=1+3+3*79/21;
+T=323; //K
+p=1.013*10^5; //Pa
+
+V=n*R0*T/p;
+
+disp("Vr=")
+Vr=V/m;
+disp(Vr)
+disp("m^3")
+
+disp("(ii) Volume of products per kg of fuel")
+
+n=2+3+3*79/21;
+T=403; //K
+p=1*10^5; //Pa
+
+V=n*R0*T/p;
+
+Vp=V/m;
+disp("Vp=")
+disp(Vp)
+disp("m^3")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.24/24.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.24/24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e4dbc8e34 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.24/24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc
+
+// 0.506H2 + 0.1CO + 0.26CH4 + 0.04C4H8 + 0.004O2 + 0.03CO2 + 0.06N2 + 0.21 × 7O2 + 0.79 × 7N2 → a CO2 + b H2O + c O2 + d N2
+
+a=0.1*0.26+4*0.04+0.03;
+b=(2*0.506+4*0.26+8*0.04)/2;
+c=(0.1+2*0.004+2*0.03+0.21*7*2-2*a-b)/2;
+d=(2*0.06+2*0.79*7)/2;
+
+n=0.55+0.411+5.59;
+
+disp("analysis by volume is")
+disp("CO2=")
+CO2=0.55/n*100;
+disp(CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("O2=")
+O2=0.411/n*100;
+disp(O2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("N2 =")
+N2=5.59/n*100;
+disp(N2)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.25/25.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.25/25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5234e1e93 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.25/25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+// C_aH_bO_cN_dS_e
+
+a=60/12;
+b=20;
+c=5/16;
+d=10/14;
+e=5/32;
+
+// C_5 H_20 O_0.3125 N_0.7143 S_0.1562 + x O2 + x*(79/21)N2 → p CO2 + q H2O + r SO2 + s N2
+p=5;
+q=20/2;
+r=0.1562;
+x=(2*p+q+2*r-0.3125)/2;
+s=(0.7143+2*x*79/21)/2;
+
+air=(9.92*32+x*79/21*28)/100;
+disp("Stoichiometric air required =")
+disp(air)
+disp("kg/kg of fuel")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.26/26.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.26/26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5433e3d82 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.26/26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc
+
+disp("(i) Stoichiometric air fuel ratio ")
+// C_aH_bO_cN_d
+
+a=84/12;
+b=10;
+c=3.5/16;
+d=1.5/14;
+
+// C7 H10 O0.218 N0.107 + x O2 + x*(79/21)N2 → p CO2 + q H2O + r N2
+
+p=7;
+q=10/2;
+x=(2*p+q-c)/2;
+r=(d+2*x*(79/21))/2;
+
+AF=(x*32+x*79/21*28)/100;
+disp("Stoichiometric A/F ratio =")
+disp(AF)
+
+disp("(ii) Percentage composition of dry flue gases by volume with 20 per cent excess air :")
+
+// C7H10O0.218N0.107 + (1.2)(9.39) O2 + (1.2)(9.39)*(79/21)N2 → 7CO2 + 5H2O + (0.2)(9.39) O2 + (1.2)(35.4) N2
+
+n=7+0.2*9.39+1.2*35.4;
+
+disp("Percentage composition of dry flue gases by volume is as follows :")
+disp("CO2 =")
+CO2=7/n*100;
+disp(CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("O2 =")
+O2=1.878/n*100;
+disp(O2)
+disp("%")
+
+disp("N2 =")
+N2=42.48/n*100;
+disp(N2)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.27/27.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.27/27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f4fcfff7e --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.27/27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+// a C + b H + c O2 + (79/21)*c N2 = 8CO2 + 0.5CO + 6.3O2 + x H2O + 85.2N2
+
+a=8+0.5;
+c=85.2/(79/21);
+x=2*(c-8-0.5/2-6.3);
+b=2*x;
+
+disp("(i) Air-fuel ratio =")
+AF=(c*32+(79/21)*c*28)/(a*12+b*1);
+disp(AF)
+disp("kg of air/kg of fuel")
+
+disp("(ii) Per cent theoretical air required for combustion ")
+mf_C=12*a/(12*a+b);
+mf_H2=b*1/(12*a+b);
+air=mf_C*8/3*100/23.3 + mf_H2*8*100/23.3; //air required for complete combustion
+percent=AF/air*100;
+disp("Per cent theoretical air required for combustion =")
+disp(percent)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.28/28.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.28/28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6936cf1a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.28/28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+disp("(i) By a carbon balance")
+
+// a C8H18 + 78.1N2 + 78.1*(21/79)O2 → 8.9CO2 + 8.2CO + 4.3H2 + 0.5CH4 + 78.1N2 + x H2O
+a=(8.9+8.2+0.5)/8;
+
+AF1=(78.1*28+78.1*21/79*32)/a/(8*12+1*18);
+disp("Air fuel ratio =")
+disp(AF1)
+
+
+disp("(ii) By a hydrogen-oxygen balance ")
+
+// a C8H18 + b O2 + b*(79/21)N2 → 8.9CO2 + 8.2CO + 4.3H2 + 0.5CH4 + b*(79/21)N2 + x*H2O
+
+a=(8.9+8.2+0.5)/8;
+x=(18*a-4.3*2-4*0.5)/2;
+b=(8.9*2+8.2+x)/2;
+
+AF2=(b*32+b*(79/21)*28)/a/(8*12+1*18);
+disp("Air fuel ratio =")
+disp(AF2)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.29/29.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.29/29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0e25824b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.29/29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+// X(0.88/12 C + 0.12/2 H2) + Y O2 + 79/21*Y N2 → 0.12CO2 + a O2 + (0.88 – a) N2 + b H2O
+
+X=0.12/(0.88/12);
+b=0.06*X;
+a=0.0513;
+Y=0.2203;
+Air_supplied=0.2203*32/0.233;
+
+AF=Air_supplied/X;
+disp("A/F ratio =")
+disp(AF)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.3/3.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.3/3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e251cfca0 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+C=0.85; //Weight of Carbon present
+H2=0.06; //Weight of Hydrogen present
+O2=0.06; //Weight of Oxygen present
+
+w_required=C*8/3 + H2*8; //Weight of O2 required
+w_needed=w_required-O2; //Weight of O2 to be supplied
+
+w_air=w_needed*100/23;
+disp("Weight of air needed=")
+disp(w_air)
+disp("kg")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.30/30.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.30/30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7dce1cf71 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.30/30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+// X*(x/12 C + y/2 H2) + Y O2 + 79/21*Y/N2 → 0.15CO2 + 0.03CO + 0.03CH4 + 0.01H2 + 0.02O2 + a H2O + 0.76N2
+
+Y=0.76/(79/21);
+a=2*(Y-0.15-0.03/2-0.02);
+Xx=12*(0.15+0.03+0.03);
+Xy=2*(2*0.03+0.01+a);
+ratio=Xx/Xy;
+
+disp("Ratio of C to H2 in fuel =")
+disp(ratio)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.31/31.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.31/31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f04ab401f --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.31/31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+h_fg0=2441.8; //kJ/kg
+m=3*18;
+dH0_liq=-3301000; //kJ/mole
+
+dH0_vap=dH0_liq+m*h_fg0;
+disp("dH0_vapour =")
+disp(dH0_vap)
+disp("kJ/mole")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.32/32.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.32/32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..65a8fc3b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.32/32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+
+// C6H6 + 7.5O2 → 6CO2 + 3H2O (vapour)
+dH0=-3169100; //kJ
+n_R=1+7.5;
+n_P=6+3;
+R0=8.314;
+T0=298; //K
+
+dU0=(dH0-(n_P-n_R)*R0*T0)/(6*12+1*6);
+disp("dU0 =")
+disp(dU0)
+disp("kJ/kg")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.33/33.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.33/33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ab319035c --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.33/33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+// CO+1/2 O2 → CO2
+H_R0=1*9705+1/2*9696; //kJ
+H_RT=1*94080+1/2*99790; //kJ
+H_P0=1*10760; //kJ
+H_PT=1*149100; //kJ
+
+dH_T=-(285200+(143975-14553)-(149100-10760));
+disp("dH_T =")
+disp(dH_T)
+disp("kJ/mole")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.34/34.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.34/34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b3de1135a --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.34/34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+disp("(i) Higher heating value at constant pressure")
+m=4*18;
+h_fg=2443; //kJ/kg
+LHVp=2044009; //kJ/kg
+R0=8.3143; //kJ/kg K
+T=298; //K
+
+HHVp=LHVp+m*h_fg;
+disp("HHVp =")
+disp(HHVp)
+disp("kJ/kg")
+
+disp("(ii) Higher heating value at constant volume")
+dn=3-(1+5);
+
+HHVv=HHVp+dn*R0*T;
+disp("HHVv =")
+disp(HHVv)
+disp("kJ/kg")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.35/35.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.35/35.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..236015966 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.35/35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+HHV=5494977; //kJ/kg
+m=9*18;
+u_fg=2305; //kJ/kg
+LHVv=HHV-m*u_fg;
+disp("LHVv =")
+disp(LHVv)
+disp("kJ/kg")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.36/36.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.36/36.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7c1af694a --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.36/36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc
+disp("(i) Air and benzene vapour ")
+
+// C6H6(g) + 7.5O2(g) + 7.5*(79/21)N2(g) = 6CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) + 7.5*(79/21)*N2(g)
+
+LHVp=3169500; //kJ/mole
+
+LHVv=LHVp/((12*6+6*1)+(7.5*32)+7.5*(79/21)*28)
+disp("LHVv per kg of mixture =")
+disp(LHVv)
+disp("kJ/kg")
+
+m=54; //kg/kg mole of fuel
+h_fg=2442; //kJ/kg
+
+HHVp=(LHVp+m*h_fg)/(78+240+790);
+disp("HHVp per kg of mixture =")
+disp(HHVp)
+disp("kJ/kg")
+
+disp("(ii) Air and octane vapour ")
+LHVp=5116200; //kJ/mole of C8H18
+
+// C8H18(g) + 12.5O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(g) + 12.5*(79/21)N2(g)
+
+LHVp1=LHVp/((12*8+18*1)+12.5*32+12.5*79/21*28);
+disp("LHVp per kg of mixture =")
+disp(LHVp1)
+disp("kJ/kg")
+
+m=9*18;
+HHVp=LHVp+m*h_fg;
+HHVp1=HHVp/(114+400+1317);
+disp("HHVp per kg of mixture =")
+disp(HHVp1)
+disp("kJ/kg")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.37/37.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.37/37.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a8006f03d --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.37/37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc
+m_CO2=44/12*0.88; //kg
+m_H2O=18/2*0.12; //kg
+u_fg=2304; //kJ/kg
+h_fg=2442; //kJ/kg
+HHVv=45670; //kJ/kg
+R0=8.3143; //kJ/kg K
+T=298; //K
+disp("(i) (LHV)v =")
+LHVv=HHVv-m_H2O*u_fg;
+disp(LHVv)
+disp("kJ/kg")
+
+disp("(ii) (HHV)p, (LHV)p")
+
+//1 mole fuel+x/32 O2-->3.23/44 CO2 + 1.08/18 H2O
+
+x=32*(m_CO2/44+m_H2O/18/2);
+
+// 1 kg fuel + 3.31 kg O2 = 3.23CO2 + 1.08H2O
+
+dn=(m_CO2/44-x/32);
+
+HHVp=HHVv-dn*R0*T;
+disp("HHVp =")
+disp(HHVp)
+disp("kJ/kg")
+
+LHVp=HHVp-m_H2O*h_fg;
+disp("LHVp =")
+disp(LHVp)
+disp("kJ/kg")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.4/4.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.4/4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..02aa2ae55 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +clc
+C=0.848; //kg
+H2=0.152; //kg
+O2_used=C*8/3 + H2*8;
+
+
+disp("(i) Minimum weight of air needed for combustion")
+w_min=O2_used*100/23;
+disp("Minimum weight of air needed for combustion=")
+disp(w_min)
+disp("kg")
+
+w_excess=w_min*0.15; //Excess air supplied
+
+w_O2=w_excess*23/100; //Weight of O2 in excess air
+
+w_total=w_min + w_excess; //Total air supplied for combustion
+w_N2=w_total*77/100; //Weight of N2 in flue gases
+
+
+disp("(ii) the volumetric composition of the products of combustion")
+
+//For CO2
+x1=3.109;
+y1=44;
+z1=x1/y1;
+
+//For O2
+x2=w_O2;
+y2=32;
+z2=x2/y2;
+
+//For N2
+x3=w_N2;
+y3=28;
+z3=x3/y3;
+
+z=z1+z2+z3;
+
+//For CO2
+%V1=z1/z*100;
+disp("%volume of CO2 =")
+disp(%V1)
+disp("%")
+
+//For O2
+%V2=z2/z*100;
+disp("%volume of O2 =")
+disp(%V2)
+disp("%")
+
+//For CO2
+%V3=z3/z*100;
+disp("%volume of N2 =")
+disp(%V3)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.5/5.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.5/5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..92f8d7f8e --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.5/5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +clc
+C=0.78;
+H2=0.06;
+O2=0.03;
+
+w_O2=C*8/3 + H2*8;
+w_min=(w_O2-O2)*100/23; //Minimum wt. of air needed for combustion
+
+disp("(i) Weight of dry flue gases per kg of fuel")
+
+//For CO2
+x1=0.104;
+y1=44;
+z1=x1*y1;
+
+//For CO
+x2=0.002;
+y2=28;
+z2=x2*y2;
+
+//For N2
+x3=0.816;
+y3=28;
+z3=x3*y3;
+
+//For O2
+x4=0.078;
+y4=32;
+z4=x4*y4;
+
+z=z1+z2+z3+z4;
+
+W_CO2=z1/z; //Weight per kg of flue gas
+W_CO=z2/z; //Weight per kg of flue gas
+W_N2=z3/z; //Weight per kg of flue gas
+W_O2=z4/z; //Weight per kg of flue gas
+
+amt=3/11*W_CO2 + 3/7*W_CO;
+
+W=C/amt; //Weight of dry flue gas per kg of fuel
+disp("Weight of dry flue gas per kg of fuel = ")
+disp(W)
+disp("kg")
+
+disp("(ii) Weight of excess air per kg of fuel")
+m_O2=W_O2-4/7*W_CO; //Weight of excess oxygen per kg of flue gas
+m_excess=W*m_O2; //Weight of excess O2 per kg of fuel
+
+w_excess=m_excess*100/23; //Weight of excess air per kg of fuel
+disp("Weight of excess air per kg of fuel=")
+disp(w_excess)
+disp("kg")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.6/6.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.6/6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd617e13a --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.6/6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+v_CO=0.05;
+v_CO2=0.10;
+v_H2=0.50;
+v_CH4=0.25;
+v_N2=0.10;
+
+V_fuel=1;
+
+V_O2=v_CO/2+v_H2/2+2*v_CH4; //Volume of O2 needed
+
+V_air=V_O2*100/21; //Volume of air required
+
+V_N2=V_air*79/100; //Volume of nitrogen in the air
+
+V=v_CO + v_CO2 + v_CH4 + v_N2 + V_N2; //Dry combustion products
+
+O2=6;
+V_excess=O2*V/(21-O2);
+
+V_total=V_air+V_excess;
+
+ratio=V_total/V_fuel;
+disp("Air fuel ratio=")
+disp(ratio)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.7/7.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.7/7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0b9b8fa26 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.7/7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +clc
+
+C=0.85;
+H2=0.15;
+
+//For CO2
+x1=0.115;
+y1=44;
+z1=x1*y1;
+
+//For CO
+x2=0.012;
+y2=28;
+z2=x2*y2;
+
+//For O2
+x3=0.009;
+y3=32;
+z3=x3*y3;
+
+//For N2
+x4=0.86;
+y4=28;
+z4=x4*y4;
+
+z=z1+z2+z3+z4;
+
+W_CO2=z1/z; //Weight per kg of flue gas
+W_CO=z2/z; //Weight per kg of flue gas
+W_O2=z3/z; //Weight per kg of flue gas
+W_N2=4/z; //Weight per kg of flue gas
+
+W_C=3/11*W_CO2 + 3/7*W_CO; //Weight of carbon per kg of flue gas
+
+W=C/W_C; //Weight of dry flue gas per kg of fuel
+
+Vapour=1.35; //kg; Vapour of combustion
+
+W_total=W+Vapour; //Total weight of gas
+
+W_air=W_total-1; //Air supplied
+
+ratio=W_air/1;
+disp("Ratio of air to petrol =")
+disp(ratio)
+
+S_air=[C*8/3 + H2*8]*100/23; //Stoichiometric air
+
+W_excess=W_air-S_air; //Excess air
+
+%Excess=W_excess/S_air*100; //Percentage excess air
+disp("Percentage excess air")
+disp(%Excess)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.8/8.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.8/8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf055cb4d --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.8/8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +clc
+C=0.86;
+H2=0.08;
+S=0.03;
+O2=0.02;
+
+W_O2=C*8/3 + H2*8 + S*1;
+
+A=W_O2-O2; //Weight of oxygen to be supplied per kg of fuel
+
+W_min=A*100/23;
+r_correct=1/W_min/1; //“correct” fuel-air ratio
+r_actual=1/12;
+
+
+disp("(i) Mixture strength")
+s=r_actual/r_correct*100; //Mixture strength
+
+richness=s-100;
+disp("richness=")
+disp(richness)
+disp("%")
+disp("This show that mixture is 6.5% rich.")
+
+D=1/r_correct-1/r_actual;
+
+CO=0.313; //kg
+CO2=2.662; //kg
+N2=9.24; //kg
+SO2=0.06; //kg
+
+disp("(ii) The percentage composition of dry flue gases")
+
+//For CO
+x1=0.313; //kg
+y1=28;
+z1=x1/y1;
+
+//For CO2
+x2=2.662; //kg
+y2=44;
+z2=x2/y2;
+
+//For N2
+x3=9.24; //kg
+y3=28;
+z3=x3/y3;
+
+//For SO2
+x4=0.06; //kg
+y4=64;
+z4=x4/y4;
+
+z=z1+z2+z3+z4;
+
+//Let percentage volume be denoted by V
+
+V_CO=z1/z*100;
+disp("Percentage volume of CO=")
+disp(V_CO)
+disp("%")
+
+V_CO2=z2/z*100;
+disp("Percentage volume of CO2=")
+disp(V_CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+V_N2=z3/z*100;
+disp("Percentage volume of N2=")
+disp(V_N2)
+disp("%")
+
+
+V_SO2=z4/z*100;
+disp("Percentage volume of SO2=")
+disp(V_SO2)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/551/CH11/EX11.9/9.sce b/551/CH11/EX11.9/9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d664959d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/551/CH11/EX11.9/9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +clc
+
+A=992/284*100/23; //Air required for complete combustion
+
+B=13; //kg/kg of fuel; Air actually supplied
+
+D=A-B; //Deficiency of air
+
+W_CO2=0.466*11/3;
+W_CO=0.379*7/3;
+W_H2O=22/142*9;
+W_N2=13*0.77;
+
+//For CO2
+x1=W_CO2
+y1=44;
+z1=x1/y1;
+
+//For CO
+x2=W_CO;
+y2=28;
+z2=x2/y2;
+
+//For H2O
+x3=W_H2O;
+y3=18;
+z3=x3/y3;
+
+//For N2
+x4=W_N2;
+y4=28;
+z4=x4/y4;
+
+z=z1+z2+z3+z4;
+
+%CO2=z1/z*100;
+disp("Percentage of CO2=")
+disp(%CO2)
+disp("%")
+
+%CO=z2/z*100;
+disp("Percentage of CO=")
+disp(%CO)
+disp("%")
+
+%H2O=z3/z*100;
+disp("Percentage of H2O=")
+disp(%H2O)
+disp("%")
+
+%N2=z4/z*100;
+disp("Percentage of N2=")
+disp(%N2)
+disp("%")
\ No newline at end of file |