initial commit / add all books

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diff --git a/2912/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/2912/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce
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+//chapter 7

+//example 7.1

+//Calculate the capacitance of capacitor and charge on the plates

+//page 187

+clear;

+clc;

+//given

+A=100; // in cm^2 (cross-sectional area)

+d=1; // in cm (seperation between plates)

+Eo=8.85E-12; // in F/m (absolute permittivity)

+V=100; // in V (potential difference)

+//calculate

+A=A*1E-4; // changing unit from cm^2 to m^2

+d=d*1E-2; // changing unit from cm to m

+C=Eo*A/d;// calculation of capacitance

+Q=C*V; // calculation of charge

+printf('\nThe capacitance of capacitor is \t C=%1.2E C',C);

+C=C*1E12; // changing unit of capacitance from F to pF

+printf('\n\t\t\t\t\t  =%.2f pF',C);

+printf('\n\nThe charge on the plates is \t\t Q=%1.2E C',Q);

+

diff --git a/2912/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/2912/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce
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+// chapter 7

+// example 7.10

+// determine the percentage of ionic polarisability in sodium crystal 

+// page 191-192

+clear;

+clc;

+// given

+n=1.5; // refractive index

+Er=5.6;// dielectric constant

+//calculate

+// since (Er-1)/(Er+2)=N*(alpha_e+alpha_i)/(3*E0)   Clausius-Mossotti equation

+// and  (n^2-1)/(n^2+2)=N*alpha_e/(3*E0) 

+// from above two equations, we get  ((n^2-1)/(n^2+2))*((Er+2)/(Er-1))=alpha_e/(alpha_e+alpha_i)

+// or alpha_i/ (alpha_e+alpha_i)= 1-((n^2-1)/(n^2+2))*((Er+2)/(Er-1))= (say P)

+// where P is fractional ionisational polarisability

+P=1-((n^2-1)/(n^2+2))*((Er+2)/(Er-1)); // calculation of fractional ionisational polarisability

+P=P*100; // calculation of percentage of  ionisational polarisability

+printf('\nThe percentage of  ionisational polarisability is \t%.1f percent',P);

diff --git a/2912/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/2912/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce
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+//chapter 7

+//example 7.2

+//Calculate the resultant voltage across the capacitor

+//page 187

+clear;

+clc;

+//given

+A=650; // in mm^2 (cross-sectional area)

+d=4; // in mm (seperation between plates)

+Eo=8.85E-12; // in F/m (absolute permittivity)

+Er=3.5; // di-electric constant of the material

+Q=2E-10; // in C (charge on plates)

+//calculate

+A=A*1E-6; // changing unit from mm^2 to m^2

+d=d*1E-3; // changing unit from mm to m

+C=Er*Eo*A/d;// calculation of capacitance

+V=Q/C; // calculation of charge

+printf('\nThe capacitance of capacitor is \t C=%1.2E C',C);

+C=C*1E12; // changing unit of capacitance from F to pF

+printf('\n\t\t\t\t\t  =%.2f pF',C);

+printf('\n\nThe resultant voltage across the capacitor is \t V=%.2f V',V);

+// NOTE: The answer is wrong due to calculation mistake. The mistake is that in the book Value of cross-sectional area and seperation

+//       between plates is considered in cm and di-electric constant has not been considered.

diff --git a/2912/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/2912/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce
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+//chapter 7

+//example 7.3

+//Calculate the radius of electron cloud and dispalcement

+//page 188

+clear;

+clc;

+//given

+N=2.7E25; // in 1/m^3 (density of atoms)

+E=1E6; // in V/m (electric field)

+Z=2; // atomic number of Helium 

+Eo=8.85E-12; // in F/m (absolute permittivity)

+Er=1.0000684; // (dielectric constant of the material)

+e=1.6E-19; // in C (charge of electron)

+pi=3.14; // value of pi used in the solution

+//calculate

+// since  alpha=Eo*(Er-1)/N=4*pi*Eo*r_0^3 

+// Therefore we have r_0^3=(Er-1)/(4*pi*N)

+r_0=((Er-1)/(4*pi*N))^(1/3);// calculation of radius of electron cloud

+printf('\nThe radius of electron cloud is \t r_0=%1.2E m',r_0);

+x=4*pi*Eo*E*r_0/(Z*e); // calculation of dispalcement

+printf('\n\nThe displacement is x=%1.2E m',x);

+// NOTE: The answer is wrong due to calculation mistake.

diff --git a/2912/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/2912/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce
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+//chapter 7

+//example 7.4

+//Calculate the dipole moment induced in each atom and atomic polarisability

+//page 188-189

+clear;

+clc;

+//given

+K=1.000134; // di-elecrtic constant of the neon gas at NTP

+E=90000; // in V/m (electric field)

+Eo=8.85E-12; // in C/N-m^2 (absolute premittivity)

+N_A=6.023E26; // in atoms/Kg-mole (Avogadro's number)

+V=22.4; // in m^3 (volume of gas at NTP

+//calculate

+n=N_A/V; // calculaton of density of atoms

+// Since P=n*p=(k-1)*Eo*E

+// therefore we have

+p=(K-1)*Eo*E/n; // calculation of dipole moment induced

+printf('\nThe dipole moment induced in each atom is \tp=%1.2E C-m',p);

+alpha=p/E; // calculation of atomic polarisability

+printf('\n\nThe atomic polarisability of neon is \t=%1.2E c-m^2/V',alpha);

+// NOTE: The answer of atomic polarisability is wrong due to printing error

diff --git a/2912/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/2912/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce
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+//chapter 7

+//example 7.5

+//Calculate the electronic polarisability of sulphur

+//page 189

+clear;

+clc;

+//given

+Er=3.75; // di-elecrtic constant of sulphur at 27 degree Celcius

+gama=1/3; // internal field constant

+p=2050; // in Kg/m^3 (density)

+M_A=32; // in amu (atomic weight of sulphur)

+Eo=8.85E-12; // in F/m (absolute permittivity)

+N=6.022E23; // Avogadro's number

+//calculate

+// Since ((Er-1)/(Er+2))*(M_A/p)=(N/(3*Eo))*alpha_e

+// therefore we have

+alpha_e=((Er-1)/(Er+2))*(M_A/p)*(3*Eo/N); // calculation of electronic polarisability of sulphur

+printf('\nThe electronic polarisability of sulphur is \t=%1.2E Fm^2',alpha_e);

+// NOTE: There is slight variation in the answer due to round off

diff --git a/2912/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/2912/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce
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+//chapter 7

+//example 7.6

+//Calculate the electronic polarisability of Helium atoms

+//page 189-190

+clear;

+clc;

+//given

+Er=1.0000684; // di-elecrtic constant of Helium gas at NTP

+Eo=8.85E-12; // in F/m (absolute permittivity)

+N=2.7E25; // number of atomsper unit volume

+//calculate

+// Since Er-1=(N/Eo)*alpha_e

+// therefore we have

+alpha_e=Eo*(Er-1)/N; // calculation of electronic polarisability of Helium

+printf('\nThe electronic polarisability of Helium gas is \t=%1.2E Fm^2',alpha_e);

+// NOTE: There is slight variation in the answer due to round off

diff --git a/2912/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/2912/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce
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+//chapter 7

+//example 7.7

+//Calculate the dielectric constant of the material

+//page 190

+clear;

+clc;

+//given

+N=3E28; // in atoms/m^3 (density of atoms)

+alpha_e=1E-40; // in F-m^2 (electronic polarisability)

+Eo=8.85E-12; // in F/m (absolute permittivity)

+//calculate

+// Since (Er-1)/(Er+2)=N*alpha_e/(3*Eo)

+// therefore we have

+Er=(2*(N*alpha_e/(3*Eo))+1)/(1-(N*alpha_e/(3*Eo)));

+ // calculation of dielectric constant of the material

+printf('\nThe dielectric constant of the material is \tEr=%.3f F/m',Er);

+// NOTE: The answer in the book is wrong due to calculation mistake

diff --git a/2912/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/2912/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..94a3be024
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+++ b/2912/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce
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+//chapter 7

+//example 7.8

+//Calculate the atomic polarisability of sulphur

+//page 190

+clear;

+clc;

+//given

+Er=4; // relative permittivity of sulphur

+Eo=8.85E-12; // in F/m (absolute permittivity)

+NA=2.08E3; // in Kg/m^3 (density of atoms in sulphur)

+//calculate

+// Since ((Er-1)/(Er+2))*(M_A/p)=(N/(3*Eo))*alpha_e

+// therefore we have

+alpha_e=((Er-1)/(Er+2))*(3*Eo/NA); // calculation of electronic polarisability of sulphur

+printf('\nThe electronic polarisability of sulphur is \t=%1.2E Fm^2',alpha_e);

+// NOTE: The answer in the book is wrong due to calculation mistake. Also one point to be mentioned is that wrong formula has been used in the solution but i have used the formula as used in the solution.

diff --git a/2912/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/2912/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce
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+// chapter 7

+// example 7.9

+// calculate polarisability due to permanent dipole moment and due to deformation of the molecules

+// page 190-191

+clear;

+clc;

+// given

+alpha1=2.5E-39; // in C^2-m/N (dielectric constant at 300K)

+alpha2=2.0E-39; // in C^2-m/N (dielectric constant at 400K)

+T1=300; // in K(first temperature)

+T2=400; // in K(second temperature)

+//calculate

+// since alpha=alpha_d+alpha0 and alpha0=Beta/T

+// therefore alpha=alpha_d+(Beta/T)

+// since alpha1=alpha_d+(Beta/T1)  and alpha2=alpha_d+(Beta/T2)

+// therefore alpha1-apha2=Beta*((1/T1)-(1/T2))

+// or Beta= (alpha1-apha2)/ ((1/T1)-(1/T2))

+Beta= (alpha1-alpha2)/ ((1/T1)-(1/T2)); // calculation of Beta

+alpha_d=alpha1-(Beta/T1); // calculation of polarisability due to defromation

+alpha0_1=Beta/T1; // calculation of polarisability due to permanent dipole moment at 300K

+alpha0_2=Beta/T2;  // calculation of polarisability due to permanent dipole moment at 400K

+printf('\nThe polarisability due to permanent dipole moment at 300K is \t %1.2E C^2-m/N',alpha0_1);

+printf('\nThe polarisability due to permanent dipole moment at 400K is \t %1.2E C^2-m/N',alpha0_2);

+printf('\n\nThe polarisability due to deformation of the molecules is \t %1.2E C^2-m/N',alpha_d);