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| author | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
| commit | b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch) | |
| tree | ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /2825 | |
| download | Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.gz Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.bz2 Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.zip | |
initial commit / add all books
Diffstat (limited to '2825')
170 files changed, 2613 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2825/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/2825/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fde3ff67c --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex1_1 Pg-43
+clc
+disp("Refer to the figure 1.52")
+disp("Hold the resistor as shown in the figure such that tolerance is on your extreme right.")
+disp("Now the value of the resistor is equal to")
+disp(" Red Black Blue Gold")
+disp(" 2 0 6 (+/-)5%")
+red=2 //red value
+blk=0 //black value
+blu=6 //blue value
+gld=5 //gold value
+value_res=(red*10+blk)*10^blu //value of resistor
+printf("\n The value of resistor is %.0f ohm (+/-)%.0f%%",value_res,gld)
+per_val=0.05*value_res
+pos_value_res=value_res+per_val //positive range of resistor
+neg_value_res=value_res-per_val //negative range of resistor
+printf("\n The value of resistor is %.0f Mohm and %.0f Mohm",neg_value_res*1e-6,pos_value_res*1e-6)
diff --git a/2825/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/2825/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4d10de3dd --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Ex1_2 Pg-43
+clc
+disp("With the help of colour coding table, one finds")
+disp(" 1st_Band 2nd_Band 3rd_Band 4th_Band")
+printf(" Yellow Violet Orange Gold")
+disp(" 4 7 10^3 (+/-)5%")
+yel=4 //yellow value
+vio=7 //violet value
+org=1e3 //orange value
+gld=5 //gold value in %
+val_res=(yel*10+vio)*org
+printf("\n The value of resistor is %.2f kohm (+/-)%.0f%%",val_res*1e-3,gld)
+gld_ab=0.05 //absolute gold value
+per_val=gld_ab*val_res
+printf("\n Now, 5%% of 47k_ohm = %.0f ohm",per_val)
+range_high=val_res+per_val //higher range
+range_low=val_res-per_val //lower range
+printf("\n\n Thus resistance should be within the range %.2f kohm(+/-)%.2f Kohm,\n or between %.2f kohm and %.2f kohm.",val_res*1e-3,per_val*1e-3,range_low*1e-3,range_high*1e-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/2825/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0c512659b --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Ex1_3 Pg-44
+clc
+disp("The specification of the resistor from the color coding table is as follows")
+disp(" 1st_Band 2nd_Band 3rd_Band 4th_Band")
+printf(" Gray Blue Gold Silver")
+disp(" 8 6 10^(-1) (+/-)10%")
+gray=8 //gray value
+blu=6 //blue value
+gld=10^-1 //gold value
+sil=10 //silver value in %
+val_res=(gray*10+blu)*gld
+printf("\n The value of resistor is %.1f ohm (+/-)%.0f%%",val_res,sil)
+sil_ab=0.1 //absolute gold value
+per_val=sil_ab*val_res
+printf("\n Now, 10%% of 8.6 ohm = %.2f ohm",per_val)
+range_high=val_res+per_val //higher range
+range_low=val_res-per_val //lower range
+printf("\n\n Obviously resistance should lie within the range %.2f ohm(+/-)%.2f ohm,\n or between %.2f ohm and %.2f ohm.",val_res,per_val,range_high,range_low)
diff --git a/2825/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/2825/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ce46d7010 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex1_4 Pg-44
+clc
+disp("Refer to the figure 1.53")
+Vs=2 //supply voltage in V
+Rs=1 //resistance in ohm
+Is=Vs/Rs
+printf("\n Current Is = %.0f A \n",Is)
+disp(" Internal resistance remains the same but is now connected in parralel with the current sourceIS,as shown in Figure 1.51(a)")
+disp(" Now,we connect a load resistance R_L=1 ohm across the terminals of two representations ,and find I_L and V_L. From Figure 1.54(b) and using the current-divider concept,one obtains")
+RL=1 //load resistance in ohm
+IL=Is*(Rs/(Rs+RL)) //load current using current-divider
+VL=IL*RL //load voltage
+printf("\n Load voltage = %.0f V",VL)
+printf("\n Load current = %.0f A \n",IL)
+disp("From equation 53(b),using the voltage-divider concept,one obtains")
+VD_vl=Vs*(RL/(RL+Rs)) //load voltage using voltage divider
+VD_il=VL/RL //load current
+printf("\n Load voltage = %.0f V",VD_vl)
+printf("\n Load current = %.0f A \n",VD_il)
diff --git a/2825/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/2825/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..085e5a2d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Ex1_5 Pg-45
+clc
+disp("Refer to the figure 1.55")
+disp("(a) R_L varies from 1 ohm to 10 ohm.")
+disp("Currents for two extreme values of R_L are")
+Vs=10 //supply voltage
+RL1=1 //resistance RL1
+Rs=100 //source resistance
+IL1=(Vs/(RL1+Rs))
+RL2=10
+IL2=(Vs/(RL2+Rs))
+per_var_cur=((IL1-IL2)/IL1)*100
+printf("\n Percentage variation in current = %.2f %%\n",per_var_cur)//answer in the text book took a .3 decimal round off value
+disp(" Now,load voltage for the two extreme values of R_L are")
+VL1=IL1*RL
+VL2=IL2*RL2
+per_var_vol=((VL2-VL1)/VL2)*100
+printf("\n Percentage variation in current = %.2f %%\n",per_var_vol)
+
+disp("(b) R_L varies from 1 k-ohm to 10 k-ohm (Figure 1.55(b))")
+disp("Currents for the two extreme values R_L are")
+RL11=1000
+IL11=(Vs/(RL11+Rs))
+RL22=10000
+IL22=(Vs/(RL22+Rs)) //mistake in book value
+per_var_cur11=((IL11-IL22)/IL11)*100
+printf("\n Percentage variation in current = %.2f %%\n",per_var_cur11) //mistake in book value
diff --git a/2825/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/2825/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3e5fca2c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex10_1 Pg-490
+clc
+
+Rc=1*10^(6) //collector resisstor in ohm
+Re=2*10^(6) //emitter resistor in ohm
+Vin=1*10^(-3) //input voltage in V
+
+Acm=Rc/Re //Common moce voltage gain
+printf("Common moce voltage gain = %.1f \n",Acm)
+
+Vo=Acm*Vin //output voltage
+printf(" Output voltage = %.1f mV",Vo*1e3)
+
+disp("Thus a differential amplifier in common mode attenuates the input signal rather than amplifying it")
diff --git a/2825/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/2825/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6ffcbdde1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex10_2 Pg-491
+clc
+
+A=150 //voltage gain
+Acm=0.5 //common mode voltage gain
+Vin=1*10^(-3) //input voltage in V
+
+Vo=A*Vin //output voltage
+printf("Amplified output voltage = %.2f V \n",Vo)
+
+Vo=Acm*Vin //output voltage
+printf(" Attenuated output voltage = %.1f mV",Vo*1e3)
diff --git a/2825/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/2825/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..157c8f106 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Ex10_3 Pg-517
+clc
+
+R1=10*10^(3) //resistor R1 in ohm
+Rf=50*10^(3) //feedback resistor in ohm
+Vin=10*10^(-3) //input voltage in V
+Ro=5000 //load resistor in ohm
+
+disp("A'' = Vo/Vi = (-1)*Rf/R1*(1+1/A*(1+Rf/R1))^-1 ")
+A=5000
+Vo=Vin*(Rf/R1)/(1+1/A*(1+Rf/R1)) //output voltage
+printf("\n When gain A=%.0f",A)
+printf(" \n Amplified output voltage = %.1f mV \n",Vo*1e3)
+
+A=10000
+Vo=Vin*(Rf/R1)/(1+1/A*(1+Rf/R1))
+printf("\n When gain A=%.0f",A)
+printf(" \n Amplified output voltage = %.2f mV \n",Vo*1e3)
+
+A=5000
+Rout=Ro/(1+A*R1/Rf) //load resistance
+printf(" \n Ro'' = %.3f ohm \n",Rout)
+
+A=10000
+Rout=Ro/(1+A*R1/Rf) //load resistance
+printf(" \n Ro'' = %.3f ohm \n",Rout)
diff --git a/2825/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/2825/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6a861a5ea --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex10_4 Pg-518
+clc
+
+R1=1.5*10^(3) //resistor R1 in ohm
+Rf=75*10^(3) //feedback resistor in ohm
+Vin=10*10^(-3) //input voltage in V
+funi=1*10^(6) //unity frequency in Hz
+
+Acl=(-1)*Rf/R1 //closed loop gain
+printf("Magnitude of Closed loop gain = %.0f \n",abs(Acl))
+
+fcl=funi/abs(Acl) //closed loop frequency
+printf(" Closed loop frequency = %.0f kHz \n",fcl*1e-3)
+
+Vout=abs(Acl)*Vin //output voltage
+printf(" Output voltage = %.1f mV pp",Vout*1e3)
diff --git a/2825/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/2825/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7284a9fc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex10_5 Pg-518
+clc
+
+R1=2*10^(3) //resistor R1 in ohm
+Rf=0 //feedback resistor in ohm
+
+disp("(1) When resistor 100 k-ohm is in zero position")
+A=1+Rf/R1 //gain
+printf(" Gain = %.0f \n",A)
+
+Rf=100*10^(3)
+disp("(1) When resistor 100 k-ohm is in maximum position")
+A=1+Rf/R1 //gain
+printf(" Gain = %.0f",A)
diff --git a/2825/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/2825/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..87f9f7379 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex10_6 Pg-519
+clc
+
+R1=50*10^(3) //resistor R1 in ohm
+Rf=300*10^(3) //feedback resistor in ohm
+Vin=1 //input voltage in V
+
+disp("In the inverting mode,voltage gain is ")
+disp("A'' = Vo/Vi = (-1)*Rf/R1*(1+1/A*(1+Rf/R1))^-1 ")
+A=10000
+Vo=(-1)*Vin*(Rf/R1)/(1+1/A*(1+Rf/R1)) //output voltage
+printf(" \n Amplified output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vo)
diff --git a/2825/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/2825/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2e0feaf89 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex10_7 Pg-519
+clc
+
+Sr=15/1e-6 //slew rate in V/sec
+Vp=10 //peak output voltage
+
+fmax=Sr/(2*%pi*Vp) //Power Bandwidth
+printf("Power Bandwidth = %.0f kHz",fmax*1e-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/2825/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3369e0562 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex10_8 Pg-519
+clc
+
+A=5000 //voltage gain
+Ri=10000 //input resistor in ohm
+Ro=100 //load resistor in ohm
+Rf=0 //feedback resistor in ohm
+
+Rin=A*Ri/(1+Rf/Ri) //input resistance of buffer circuit
+printf("Input resistance of buffer circuit = %.0f*1e7 ohm \n",Rin*1e-7)
+
+Rout=Ro/A*(1+Rf/Ri) //output resistance of buffer circuit
+printf(" Output resistance of buffer circuit = %.2f ohm",Rout)
diff --git a/2825/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/2825/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a2c454cee --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Ex11_1 Pg-536
+clc
+
+Vcc=15 //supply voltage in V
+R1=2*10^(3) //resistor R1 in ohm
+R2=470 //resistor R2 in ohm
+Rc=680 //collector resistor in ohm
+Rl=2.7*10^(3) //load resistor in ohm
+Re=220 //emitter resistor
+
+Idc=Vcc/(Rc+Re) //saturation current
+printf("(1) Idc_sat = %.1f mA \n",Idc*1e3)
+
+DCload=Rc //Dc load resistance
+printf(" (2) DC load = %.0f ohm \n",DCload)
+
+ACload=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) //Ac load resistance
+printf(" (3) AC load = %.0f ohm \n",ACload)
+
+Vb=R2/(R1+R2)*Vcc //base voltage
+Icq=(Vb-0.7)/Re //collector current
+printf("(4) Icq = %.1f mA \n",Icq*1e3)
+//answer in the book is wrong
+
+Vc=Vcc-Icq*Rc //collector emitter voltage
+Vceq=Vc-Icq*Re
+printf("(5) Vceq = %.1f V \n",Vceq)
+//answer in the book is wrong
+
+Pac=Vcc^2/(8*Rl) //ac power
+Pdc=Vcc*Idc //dc power
+n=Pac/Pdc*100 //efficiency
+printf(" Efiiciency = %.0f %%",n)
diff --git a/2825/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/2825/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e1f754a9b --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Ex11_2 Pg-551
+clc
+
+Po=4 //power in watts
+n=80/100 //transformer efficiency in percentage
+Vcc=30 //supply voltage
+
+Pout=Po/n //effective power
+printf("Effective power to be transfered = %.0f W\n",Pout)
+
+disp("Impedance seen when ""looking into"" the whole winding of centertapped transformer ")
+Vp=Vcc //peak voltage
+Rload=Vp^2/(2*Pout)
+Rload_4=4*Rload //effective load
+printf("\n Effective load = %.0f ohm \n",Rload_4)
+
+disp("Transformer specification Po=4W,RL=16ohm,RL""=360ohm")
+
+Vce=2*Vcc //Maximum transistor voltage
+printf("\n Maximum transistor voltage = %.0f V\n",Vce)
+
+Ip=2*Pout/Vp //Maximum transistor current
+Ic=Ip
+printf("\n Maximum transistor current = %.0f mA \n",Ip*1e3)
+// answer in the book is different due to approximate value
+printf("\n Transformer specification Vce=60V,Ic=%.0f mA",Ic*1e3)
+// answer in the book is different due to approximate value
diff --git a/2825/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/2825/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5f6963339 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex11_3 Pg-564
+clc
+
+L=2*10^(-6) //inductance in H
+C=220*10^(-12) //capacitance in F
+
+f0=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C)) //resonant frequency (textbook answer is wrong)
+printf("Resonant frequency = %.1f MHz \n",f0*1e-6)
+
+Q=125 //quality factor
+BW=f0/Q //Bandwidth (textbook answer is wrong)
+printf(" Bandwidth = %.0f kHz",BW*1e-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/2825/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..192fa9a39 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Ex11_4 Pg-564
+clc
+
+Vcc=10 //supply volage in V
+Rc=3600 //collector resistor in ohm
+Re=680 //emitter resistor in ohm
+Ri=10000 //input resistor in ohm
+R2=2.2 //resistor R2 in ohm
+R1=10 //resistor R1 in ohm
+
+Vb=R2/(R1+R2)*Vcc //bias voltage
+printf("(1) Bias voltage = %.1f V \n",Vb)
+
+Ie=(Vb-0.7)/Re //emitter current
+printf(" Emitter current = %.2f mA\n",Ie*1e3)
+
+Vc=Vcc-Rc*Ie //Dc collector voltage
+printf(" DC collector voltage = %.2f V\n",Vc)
+
+Vceq=Vc-Ie*Re //DC collector to emitter voltage
+printf(" DC collector to emitter voltage = %.2f V\n",Vceq)
+
+Pd=Vceq*Ie //power dissipation
+printf(" Power dissipation = %.2f mW\n",Pd*1e3)
+
+printf("\n(2)If collector resistance Rc is replaced by tank circuit \n there is no voltage drop across it. \n")
+Vc=Vcc
+printf(" DC collector voltage = %.0f V\n",Vc)
+
+Vceq=Vc-Ie*Re //DC collector to emitter voltage
+printf(" DC collector to emitter voltage = %.2f V\n",Vceq)
+
+Pd=Vceq*Ie //power dissipation
+printf(" Power dissipation = %.2f mW\n",Pd*1e3)
diff --git a/2825/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/2825/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b1d3c35c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex11_5 Pg-565
+clc
+
+Vin=5 //input voltage
+Vp=Vin*sqrt(2) //peak voltage
+printf("The peak value(maximum amplication) of input signal \n")
+printf(" = %.2f V",Vp)
+
+Vin_pp=2*Vp //peak-to-peak value of input voltage
+printf("\n Peak-to-peak value of input voltage \n")
+printf(" = %.2f V",Vin_pp)
+
+Vbg=-1*(Vp-0.7) //base to ground voltage 0.7 is the voltage drop
+printf("\n Base to ground voltage = %.2f",Vbg)
diff --git a/2825/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/2825/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..104595d7c --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex12_1 Pg-587
+clc
+
+C1=0.001e-6 //capacitor c1 in farad
+C2=0.01e-6 //capacitor c2 in farad
+L=5e-6 //inductance in Henry
+
+disp("To maintain vibrations in a colpitts oscilator,")
+disp(" hfe >= C2/C1")
+hfe=C2/C1 //transistor current gain
+printf(" = %.f \n",hfe)
+
+printf("So the value of hfe of transistor used must be greater \n than 10. \n")
+disp("Frequency of oscillations produced")
+x=inv(C1)+inv(C2)
+y=inv(L)
+f=sqrt(x*y)
+printf(" = %.1f*1e7 Hz",f*1e-7)
+// answer in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2825/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/2825/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2b0962709 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex12_2 Pg-588
+clc
+
+RL=3.3*10^(3) //load resistor in ohm
+R=5.6*10^(3) //resistor R in ohm
+C=0.001*10^(-6) //capacitance in farad
+
+disp("For oscillations to be maintained in a RC oscillator, ")
+hfe=(23+(29*R/RL)+(4*RL/R)) //transistor current gain
+printf(" = %.f \n",hfe)
+
+disp("Frequency of oscillations,")
+f=1/(2*%pi*C*sqrt((4*R*RL)+(6*R^2)))
+//frequency of oscillation (textbook answer is wrong
+// because of the used of wrong value of C)
+printf(" = %.1f Hz",f)
diff --git a/2825/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/2825/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7fbe3a486 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Ex12_3 Pg-588
+clc
+
+L=0.33 //inductance in henry
+C=0.065*10^(-12) //capacitance in farad
+Cm=10^(-12) //capacitance in farad
+R=0.55*10^(3) //resistor R in ohm
+
+disp("Series resonant frequency, fs = 1/2*pi*sqrt(L*C)")
+fs=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C))
+printf(" = %.2f MHz \n",fs*1e-6)
+
+disp("Q of the crystal = 2*pi*fs*L/R")
+Q=(2*%pi*fs*L)/R //quality factor (textbook answer wrong)
+printf(" = %.0f \n",Q)
diff --git a/2825/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/2825/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..708ac32d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex12_4 Pg-602
+clc
+
+L=3 //inductance in henry
+Cs=0.05*10^(-12) //capacitance in farad
+Cm=10*10^(-12) //capacitance in farad
+R=2*10^(3) //resistor R in ohm
+
+disp("Series resonant frequency, fs = 1/2*pi*sqrt(LC)")
+fs=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*Cs))
+printf(" = %.0f KHz \n",fs*1e-3)
+
+disp("The equialent parallel capacitance, Cp = Cm*Cs/Cm+Cs")
+Cp=Cm*Cs/(Cm+Cs) //quality factor
+printf(" = %.4f pF \n",Cp*1e12)
+
+disp("Parallel resonant frequency, fp = 1/2*pi*sqrt(L*Cp)")
+fp=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*Cp))
+printf(" = %.0f kHz \n",fp*1e-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/2825/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..99e0e7c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex12_5 Pg-602
+clc
+
+disp("Fundamental frequency of oscillations of crystal")
+disp(" fr = K/t")
+disp("Let new thickness of the crystal be t''")
+disp(" fr''/fr = t''/t = 99/100")
+disp("So, new frequency fr'' = k/t''")
+disp("or fr'' = (99/100)*fr")
+disp("or reduction in frequency,")
+disp(" fr-fr'' = fr-(99/100)*fr")
+disp(" = fr(1/100)")
+disp(" or fr-fr''/fr = 1/100 ")
+disp(" Therefore, fr'' reduces by 1%")
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5dadf19d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ex14_1 Pg-695
+clc
+
+n1=1.545 //core refracrive index
+n2=1.510 //cladding refractive index
+d=3*10^(-6) //diamter of optical fiber in m
+
+a=d/2 //core radius in m
+del=(n1-n2)/n1 //fractional difference of refractive indices
+lamda_c=(2*%pi*a*n1*sqrt(2*del))/2.405 //cut-off wavelength
+printf("Cut-off wavelength = %.2f um",lamda_c*1e6)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..62b0ff629 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex14_10 Pg-698
+clc
+
+n1=1.48 //core refracrive index
+n2=1.47 //cladding refractive index
+lamda=850e-6 //cut-off wavelength
+V=2.405 //normalised frequency
+//In the book cut off wavelength in the question is 850 um but in
+// the calcution part it is taken as 850nm. Here I've taken 850um
+d=V*lamda/(%pi*sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)) //diamter of core
+a=d/2 //radius of core
+printf("Radius of core = %.2f mm \n",a*1e3)//answer in the book is wrong
+
+NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2) //numerical apperture
+printf(" Numerical apperture = %.4f \n",NA)
+
+AA_rad=asin(NA/n) //maximum Acceptance angle in rad
+AA=AA_rad*180/%pi //maximum entrance angle in degree
+printf(" Acceptance angle i0 = %.2f degree \n",AA)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b50ce7969 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex14_11 Pg-699
+clc
+
+L=500/1000 //length of fiber in m
+Pin=1*10^(-3) //input power in watt
+Pout=85/100*10^(-3) //output power in watt
+
+alpha=(10/L)*log10(Pin/Pout) //loss
+printf("Loss in the fiber = %.2f dB/Km",alpha)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3073eecf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex14_12 Pg-699
+clc
+
+L=10 //length of fiber in km
+alpha=2.5 //loss in the fiber per km
+Pin=500*10^(-6) //input power in watt
+
+tot_alpha=-1*alpha*L //total loss in the fiber
+Pout=Pin*10^(tot_alpha/10) //output power in watt
+printf("Output power = %.2f uW",Pout*1e6)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c1268a28e --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex14_13 Pg-700
+clc
+
+del=1/100 //fractional difference of refractive indices
+lamda=1.3*10^(-6) //cutoff wavelength in m
+n1=1.5 //refractive index
+d=6.6*10^(-6) //diameter of the core
+alpha=2 //loss in fiber
+
+disp(" We have for a GRIN , maximum value of normalized frequency for single mode operation is given by")
+disp(" V = 2.4*sqrt(1+2/alpha)")
+V=2.4*sqrt(1+2/alpha) //normalzed frequency
+
+disp(" For maximum core radiation , we have")
+r=V*lamda/(2*%pi*n1*sqrt(2*del)) //radius of the core
+printf(" r = %.1f um \n",r*1e6)
+
+rr=2*r //diameter of the core
+printf("\n Maximum core diameter which permit single mode operation \n = 2*r = %.1f um",rr*1e6)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..656027025 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex14_14 Pg-700
+clc
+
+del=1.5/100 //fractional difference of refractive indices
+lamda=0.85*10^(-6) //cutoff wavelength in m
+n1=1.48 //refractive index
+d=6.6*10^(-6) //diameter of the core
+V=2.4 //normalzed frequency
+
+
+disp(" For maximum core radiation , we have")
+r=V*lamda/(2*%pi*n1*sqrt(2*del))
+printf(" r = %.1f um \n",r*1e6)
+
+r=1.3*10^(-6) //actual radius=1.266 micrometer and assumed to 1.3 micometer
+rr=2*r //diameter of the core
+printf("\n Maximum core diameter which permit single mode operation \n = 2*r = %.1f um",rr*1e6)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aadd0c297 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex14_15 Pg-701
+clc
+
+alpha=3.5 //loss in fiber
+Pi=0.5//input power in milli watt
+L=4 //length of fiber in km
+
+disp("The attenuation of an optical fiber is given by")
+disp(" alpha = (10/L)*log(Pi/Po)")
+
+Po=Pi/(10^(alpha*L/10))
+printf("\n Output power = %.2f mW",Po*1e3)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0ef0e9024 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ex14_16 Pg-701
+clc
+
+n1=1.46 //core refracrive index
+r=4.5*10^(-6) //radius of the core
+del=0.25/100 //fractional difference of refractive indices
+Vc=2.405 //normalzed frequency
+
+disp("We have, cut-off wavelength expression")
+lamda=(2*%pi*r*n1*sqrt(2*del))/Vc
+printf(" = %.3f um",lamda*1e6)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d52345c03 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex14_2 Pg-695
+clc
+
+n1=1.53 //core refracrive index
+n2=1.5 //cladding refractive index
+lamda=10^(-6) //cut-off wavelength
+a=50*10^(-6) //core radius in m
+
+
+V=(2*%pi*a*sqrt(n1^2-n2^2))/lamda //normalised frequency
+printf("Normalised frequency = %.2f \n",V)
+
+ms=V^2/2 //total number of guided mode
+printf("Total number of guided mode = %.0f",ms)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ffbff4373 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Ex14_3 Pg-695
+clc
+
+n1=1.5//core refracrive index
+n2=1.46 //cladding refractive index
+
+tetha_rad=asin(n2/n1) //critical angle in radians
+tetha=tetha_rad*180/%pi //critical angle in degree
+printf("Critical angle = %.1f degree \n",tetha)
+
+tetha_m_rad=asin(sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)) //acceptance angle in radians
+tetha_m=tetha_m_rad*180/%pi
+printf(" Acceptance angle = %.1f degree \n",tetha_m)
+
+NA=sin(tetha_m_rad)
+printf(" Numerical Apperture = %.3f",NA)
+
+
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..61a5d1ea9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ex14_4 Pg-696
+clc
+
+NA=0.5 //numerical apperture
+n1=1.54 //core refractive index
+
+n2=sqrt(n1^2-NA^2) //cladding refractive index
+printf("(1) Cladding refractive index = %.3f \n",n2)
+
+RI=(n1-n2)/n1 //change in core cladding refractive index
+printf(" (2) RI of the core = %.4f",RI)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec700f704 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex14_5 Pg-696
+clc
+
+n1=1.5//core refracrive index
+n2=1.48 //cladding refractive index
+n=1
+
+NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2) //numerical apperture
+printf("(1) Numerical apperture = %.5f \n",NA)
+
+AA_rad=asin(NA/n) //maximum Acceptance angle in rad
+AA=AA_rad*180/%pi //maximum entrance angle in degree
+printf(" (2) The maximum entrance angle i0 = %.2f degree",AA)
+
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1d4d305c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex14_6 Pg-697
+clc
+
+n2=1.59 //cladding refractive index
+NA=0.2 //numerical apperture
+n0=1 //when fiber is in air
+
+n1=sqrt(n2^2+NA^2) //core refractive index
+printf("Core refractive index = %.3f \n",n1)
+
+n0=1.33 //water refractive index
+NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)/n0 //numerical apperture
+printf(" Numerical apperture = %.2f \n",NA)
+
+AA_rad=asin(NA/n) //maximum Acceptance angle in rad
+AA=AA_rad*180/%pi //maximum entrance angle in degree
+printf(" The maximum entrance angle i0 = %.2f degree",AA)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..812a5cd08 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex14_7 Pg-697
+clc
+
+NA=0.22 //numerical apperture
+del=0.012 //fractional difference of refractive indices
+
+n1=NA/(sqrt(2*del)) //core refractive index
+printf("Core refractive index = %.2f \n",n1)
+
+n2=n1-del*n1 //cladding refractive index
+printf(" Cladding refractive index = %.2f \n",n2)
+
+
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..512a21b6a --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Ex14_8 Pg-698
+clc
+
+n1=1.52 //core refracrive index
+n2=1.46 //cladding refractive index
+
+del=(n1-n2)/n1 //fractional difference of refractive indices
+
+NA=n1*sqrt(2*del) //numerical apperture
+printf("Numerical apperture = %.3f \n",NA)
+
+AA_rad=asin(NA/n) //maximum Acceptance angle in rad
+AA=AA_rad*180/%pi //maximum entrance angle in degree
+printf(" Acceptance angle i0 = %.2f degree \n",AA)
+
+tetha_rad=asin(n2/n1) //critical angle in radians
+tetha=tetha_rad*180/%pi //critical angle in degree
+printf(" Critical angle = %.1f degree \n",tetha)
diff --git a/2825/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce b/2825/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7c9e17b6c --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ex14_9 Pg-698
+clc
+
+n1=1.45 //core refracrive index
+NA=0.16//cladding refractive index
+lamda=0.9*10^(-6) //cut-off wavelength
+d=60/100 //core radius in m
+
+
+V=(%pi*d*NA)/lamda //normalised frequency
+printf("Normalised frequency = %.2f*1e5 \n",V*1e-5)
diff --git a/2825/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/2825/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d69056da3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex15_1 Pg-773
+clc
+
+Pc=10000 //carrier input power in watt
+m=30/100 //modulation of 30%
+
+disp("Total power = carrier power*(1+m^2/2)")
+Pt=Pc*(1+m^2/2) //total power
+printf(" = %.2f kW",Pt*1e-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/2825/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8fdf963fd --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex15_2 Pg-774
+clc
+
+Ic=100 //carrier current in A
+m=80/100 //modulation of 80%
+
+disp("Total current = carrier current*(1+m^2/2)")
+It=Ic*sqrt(1+m^2/2) //total power
+printf(" = %.1f A \n",It)
+
+change_I=It-Ic //change in current
+printf("Therefore, increase in current due to modulation = %.1f A",change_I)
diff --git a/2825/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/2825/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..82f9b4436 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Ex15_3 Pg-774
+clc
+
+Em=5 //modulated wave amplitude
+Ec=100 //carrier wave amplitude
+Fm=50 //frequency of modulated wave
+Fc=10*10^(3) //frequency of carrier wave
+
+disp("(1) Modulation Factor")
+m=Em/Ec //modulation factor
+per_m=m*100 //modulation factor in percentage
+printf(" m = %.0f %%",per_m)
+
+disp("(2) Amplitude of each sideband = m*Ec/2")
+Amp=m*Ec/2 //amplitude of each sideband
+printf(" = %.1f",Amp)
+
+USB=Fc+Fm //upper side band
+LSB=Fc-Fm //lower side band
+disp("(3) Frequenc of sidebands")
+printf(" USB = %.0f Hz \n",USB)
+printf(" LSB = %.0f Hz \n",LSB)
+
+disp("(4) Bandwidth of the wave")
+BW=2*Fm //Bandwidth
+printf(" BW = %.0f",BW)
diff --git a/2825/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/2825/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aa2a74f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex15_4 Pg-774
+clc
+
+Vmax=600 //peak to peak voltage
+Vmin=100 //valley to valley voltage
+
+disp("From figure 15.49, we have")
+m=(Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin) //modulation factor
+per_m=m*100 //modulation factor in percentage
+printf(" \n Modulation factor = %.1f %%",per_m )
diff --git a/2825/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/2825/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7f5b43b61 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Ex15_5 Pg-775
+clc
+
+disp("The standard equation of AM wave is")
+disp(" e = Ec*(1+m*sin(omega_m*t)*sin(omega_c*t)) -->eqn 1")
+disp("Given the equation")
+disp(" e = 20*(1+0.7*sin(6280*t)*sin(628000*t)) --eqn 2")
+disp("Comparing eqn 1 and eqn 2 one obtains")
+disp("(1) Modulation factor, m = 0.7")
+m=0.7 //modulation factor
+disp("(2) Carrier Amplitude, Ec = 20 V")
+Ec=20 //carrier wave amplitude in V
+disp("(3) omega_m = 6280")
+omega_m=6280 //modulating frequency
+Fm=omega_m/(2*%pi) //signal frequency
+printf(" Signal frequency = %.0f kHz \n\n",Fm*1e-3)
+
+omega_c=628000 //carrier frequency in Hz
+Fc=omega_c/(2*%pi)
+printf("(4) Signal frequency = %.0f kHz \n\n",Fc*1e-3)
+
+Emax=Ec+m*Ec //minimum amplitude of wave
+printf("(5) Emax = %.0f V \n\n",Emax)
+
+Emin=Ec-m*Ec //minimum amplitude of wave
+printf("(5) Emin = %.0f V\n\n",Emin)
+
+BW=2*Fm //Bandwidth
+printf("(6) BW = %.0f kHZ",BW*1e-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/2825/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9f8be3af8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex15_6 Pg-776
+clc
+
+Pc=10000 //carrier power in watt
+m=0.9 //modulation factor
+disp("We have")
+
+disp("Total power = carrier power*(1+m^2/2)")
+Pt=Pc*(1+m^2/2) //total power
+printf(" = %.0f kW \n\n",Pt*1e-3)
+
+printf("This will be the maximum power handeled by the transmitter.\n Now,increased unmodulated carrier power can be obtained by \n\n")
+m=40/100 //modulation in terms of percentage
+Pt=14000 //total power
+Pc=Pt/(1+m^2/2) //neew carrier power
+printf(" Pc = %.2f kW",Pc*1e-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/2825/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..35d15103b --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Ex15_7 Pg-776
+clc
+
+disp("Given the equation")
+printf("\n E = 100*sin(628000*t) + 25*sin(621720*t) \n - 25*cos(634280*t)) \n")
+ m=50/100 //modulation factor in percentage
+ Ec=100 //carrier wave amplitude in V
+ Em=10 //modulated wave amplitude in V
+Fc=100000 //carier frequency in Hz
+Fm=1000 //modulating frequency in Hz
+pi=3.14
+
+omega_c=2*pi*Fc //carier frequency
+omega_m=2*pi*Em //modulating frequency
+
+disp("Now,putting these equation in the standard equations for modulated voltage wave,")
+disp(" e = Ec*sin(omega_c*t)+m*Ec/2*cos(omega_c-omega_m)*t-m*Ec/2*cos(omega_c-omega_m)*t")
+USB=omega_c+omega_m //upper sideband
+LSB=omega_c-omega_m //lower sideband
+mEc=m*Ec/2
+printf("\n = 100*sin(628000*t) + %.0f*sin(%.0f*t) \n - %.0f*cos(%.0f*t))",mEc,USB,mEc,LSB)
diff --git a/2825/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/2825/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c25290b01 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex18_1 Pg-901
+clc
+
+Vs=12 //supply voltage in V
+Vd=2 //forward bias voltage in V
+Id=20*10^(-3) //forward bias current
+
+Rs=(Vs-Vd)/Id //source resistor
+printf("Source resistance = %.0f ohm \n",Rs)
+
+P=Id^2*Rs //power
+printf(" Wattage rating = %.1f mW",P*1e3)
+disp("Therefore a standard size 0.25 watt = 250mW resistor is required")
diff --git a/2825/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/2825/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..87cc92e38 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex18_2 Pg-945
+clc
+
+T=2000 //temperature in Kelvin
+f=5*10^(14) // frequency in Hz
+h=6.6*10^(-34) //planck constant
+k=1.38*10^(-23) //Boltzmann constant
+
+R=exp((h*f)/(k*T)) //ratio of spontaneous and stimulated emisson
+printf(" R = %.2f*1e5",R*1e-5)
diff --git a/2825/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/2825/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bf3eabb7c --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex18_3 Pg-946
+clc
+
+disp("Average wavelength of visible radiation = 550 nm")
+disp(" E1 - E2 = hc/lamda")
+h=6.6*10^(-34) //planck constant
+c=3*10^(8) //speed of light in sec
+lamda= 550*10^(-9) //wavelength in m
+E=h*c/lamda //difference in energy levels in Joules
+e=1.6*10^(-19) //electron charge in eV
+E_eV=E/e //difference in energy levels in electronVolt
+printf(" = %.1f*1e-19 J \n",E*1e19)
+printf(" = %.2f eV \n",E_eV)
+
+T=300 //temperature in Kelvin
+k=1.38*10^(-23) //Boltzmann constant
+disp("Average room temperature=300K and g1=g2,we have")
+N=exp((-E)/(k*T))
+printf(" N2/N1 = %.2f*1e-37",N*1e37)
+//answer in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2825/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce b/2825/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5678fff25 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Ex18_4 Pg-946
+clc
+
+w=0.3*10^(-6)*100 //width of silicon in cm
+alpha=4*10^(4)
+phi=10^(-2)
+e=1.6*10^(-19) //electron charge in eV
+
+disp("(1) Energy absorbed/sec is given by ")
+E=phi*(1-exp(alpha*w)) //energy absorbed(textbook answer is wrong)
+printf(" = %.1f mW \n",abs(E)*1e3)
+
+disp("(2) The portion of each photo energy that is converted into heat is obtained as hv-Eg/hv")
+Heat=(3-1.12)/3*100 //photon energy coverted to heat
+printf(" = %.0f %%",Heat)
+E1=(62/100)*0.0232 //energy dissipated/sec (textbook answer is wrong)
+printf("\n Obviously, the amount of energy dissipated/sec to lattice \n is %.1f mW \n",E1*1e3)
+
+disp("(3) Number of photons/sec from recombination is")
+num_photons=2.4/(e*1.12)
+printf(" = %.1f*1e19 photon/sec \n",num_photons*1e-19)
+//textbook answer is wrong
+
+disp("Therefore recombination radiation")
+RR=abs(E)-E1 //recombination radiation (textbok answer is wrong)
+printf(" = %.1f mW",RR*1e3)
diff --git a/2825/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce b/2825/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fa1236cae --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex18_5 Pg-947
+clc
+
+d=5*10^(-6) //thickness of silicon in m
+Dc=3.4*10^(-3) //diffusion coefficient in m^2sec^(-1)
+
+t=d^2/(2*Dc) //time taken to diffuse
+printf("Time taken to diffuse = %.1f*1e-9 sec",t*1e9)
diff --git a/2825/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce b/2825/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..942a6e663 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex18_6 Pg-947
+clc
+
+A=10^(-6) //diode area in m
+epsilon_r=11.7 //relative permitivity
+Nd=10^(21) //number of doping carriers
+V=10 //bias potential in V
+e=1.6*10^(-19) //electron charge in eV
+epsilon_0=8.85*10^(-12) //permitivity of free space
+
+Cj=A/2*sqrt(2*e*epsilon_r*epsilon_0*Nd)/sqrt(V)
+printf("Diode capacitance = %.f pF",Cj*1e12)
+//textbook answer is wrong
diff --git a/2825/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce b/2825/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7785e160d --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex18_7 Pg-947
+clc
+
+L=10^(-6) //length of cavity in m
+r2=0.5 //relative coefficient of semiconductor
+r1=1.5 //relative coefficient of semiconductor
+
+disp("No internal loss means di=0; we have")
+g=log10(1/(r1*r2))/(2*L) //gain of the laser (textbook answer is wrong)
+printf(" Gain g = %.2f*1e3 cm^(-1)",g*1e-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce b/2825/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ece678b3f --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex18_8 Pg-947
+clc
+
+L=100*10^(-6) //length of semiconductor in m
+A=10^(-7) //area of semiconductor in cm^2
+V=10 //applied voltage in V
+mew_n=1350 //mobility of electrons
+mew_p=480 //mobiltiy of protons
+tp=10^(-6) //lifetime of protons in sec
+
+tn=L/(mew_n*V) //lifetime of electrons in sec
+
+Gain=tp/tn*(1+(mew_p/mew_n)) //gain of photoconductor
+printf("Gain = %.2f*1e2",Gain*1e-2)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0b8f6ad78 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex19_1 Pg-957
+clc
+
+bin='101'; //binary input
+dec=bin2dec(bin) //decimal output
+disp("The decimal equivqlent of 101 is")
+disp(dec)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..146460f62 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex19_10 Pg-961
+clc
+
+bin='1111'; //binary input
+dec=bin2dec(bin) //decimal output
+disp("(1) Binary number -> 1111")
+disp("Here we have 4 bits")
+disp("The decimal equivqlent is")
+disp(dec)
+
+
+bin='1111111'; //binary input
+dec=bin2dec(bin) //decimal output
+disp("(2) Binary number -> 1111111")
+disp("Here we have 7 bits")
+disp("The decimal equivqlent is")
+disp(dec)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eb1004104 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex19_11 Pg-962
+clc
+
+oct='23'; //binary input
+dec=oct2dec(oct) //decimal output
+disp("The decimal equivqlent of 23 is")
+disp(dec)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2f804b54f --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex19_12 Pg-962
+clc
+
+oct='257'; //binary input
+dec=oct2dec(oct) //decimal output
+disp("The decimal equivalent of 257 is")
+disp(dec)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..37182261d --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex19_13 Pg-962
+clc
+
+dec=175; //binary input
+oct=dec2oct(dec) //decimal output
+disp("The octal equivslent of 175 is")
+disp(oct)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c0b674391 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Ex19_14 Pg-963
+clc
+
+disp("Conversion of decimal number 0.85 base to its octal equivalent ")
+a=[0.85] //0.75 value in textbook is wrong
+z=modulo(a,1)
+d=0
+for i=1:10//converting the values after the decimal point into octal
+ z=z*8
+ q=floor(z)
+ d=d+q/(10^i)
+ if z>=1 then
+ z=z-q
+ end
+end
+s=d
+printf("\n = %.6f",s);
+
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.15/Ex19_15.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.15/Ex19_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e041c8e77 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.15/Ex19_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex19_15 Pg-963
+clc
+
+oct='34' //octal input
+dec=oct2dec(oct) //decimal output
+bin=dec2bin(dec) //binary output
+disp("The binary equivalent of octal 34 is")
+disp(bin)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.16/Ex19_16.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.16/Ex19_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e5afc1db8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.16/Ex19_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex19_16 Pg-963
+clc
+
+oct='357' //octal input
+dec=oct2dec(oct) //decimal output
+bin=dec2bin(dec) //binary output
+disp("The binary equivalent of octal 34 is")
+disp(bin)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.17/Ex19_17.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.17/Ex19_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..106e5cbb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.17/Ex19_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex19_17 Pg-963
+clc
+
+//Integer part
+bin='1011'; //binary input
+dec_I=bin2dec(bin) //decimal output
+oct_I=dec2oct(dec_I) //octal output
+
+//Decimal part
+bin='11010'; //binary input
+dec_D=bin2dec(bin) //decimal output
+oct_D=dec2oct(dec_D) //octal output
+oct=oct_I + oct_D //final octal output
+b = strcat([ oct_I, oct_D ], '.' ) // combining intger and decimal part
+disp("The octal equivqlent of 1011.01101 is")
+disp(b)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.18/Ex19_18.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.18/Ex19_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9c7ecfdd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.18/Ex19_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex19_18 Pg-965
+clc
+
+hex='9AF' //hexadecimal input
+dec=hex2dec(hex) //decimal output
+bin=dec2bin(dec) //binary output
+disp("The binary equivalent of 9AF is")
+disp(bin)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.19/Ex19_19.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.19/Ex19_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..986b87028 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.19/Ex19_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex19_19 Pg-965
+clc
+
+hex='C5E2' //hexadecimal input
+dec=hex2dec(hex) //decimal output
+bin=dec2bin(dec) //binary output
+disp("The binary equivalent of C5E2 is")
+disp(bin)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b6d3ef1cb --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex19_2 Pg-958
+clc
+
+bin='11101'; //binary input
+dec=bin2dec(bin) //decimal output
+disp("The decimal equivqlent of 11101 is")
+disp(dec)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.20/Ex19_20.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.20/Ex19_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cd827aed5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.20/Ex19_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex19_20 Pg-957
+clc
+
+bin='10001100'; //binary input
+dec=bin2dec(bin) //decimal output
+hex=dec2hex(dec) //hexadecimal output
+disp("The hexadecimal equivqlent of 10001100 is")
+disp(hex)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.21/Ex19_21.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.21/Ex19_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..37ad01343 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.21/Ex19_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex19_21 Pg-965
+clc
+
+//Integer part
+hex='F8E6'; //binary input
+dec_I=hex2dec(hex) //decimal output
+
+//Decimal part
+a=3
+b=9
+dec=dec_I+a*16^(-1)+b*16^(-2) //decimal output
+disp("The decimal equivalent of F8E6.39 is")
+printf("\n %.4f",dec)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.22/Ex19_22.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.22/Ex19_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e3f06ae52 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.22/Ex19_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex19_22 Pg-966
+clc
+
+dec=2479 //decimal input
+hex=dec2hex(dec) //hexadecimal output
+disp("The Hexadecimal equivalent of 2479 is")
+disp(hex)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.23/Ex19_23.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.23/Ex19_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f265c3027 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.23/Ex19_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex19_23 Pg-966
+clc
+
+dec=65535 //decimal input
+hex=dec2hex(dec) //hexadecimal output
+disp("The Hexadecimal equivalent of 65535 is")
+disp(hex)
+
+bin=dec2bin(dec) //binary output
+disp("The Binary equivalent of 65535 is ")
+disp(bin)
+
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.24/Ex19_24.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.24/Ex19_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1101cc5d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.24/Ex19_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex19_24 Pg-969
+clc
+
+x=bin2dec('11100') //1st input
+y=bin2dec('11010') //2nd input
+z=x+y //binary addition
+add=dec2bin(z)
+disp(" 11100 + 11010 = ")
+disp(add)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.25/Ex19_25.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.25/Ex19_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d17eea571 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.25/Ex19_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex19_25 Pg-970
+clc
+
+x=bin2dec('1101') //1st input
+y=bin2dec('1010') //2nd input
+z=x-y //subtraction
+sub=dec2bin(z,4)
+disp(" 1101 - 1010 = ")
+disp(sub)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.26/Ex19_26.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.26/Ex19_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aa507e426 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.26/Ex19_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex19_26 Pg-970
+clc
+
+
+x=200 //1st input
+y=125 //2nd input
+z=x-y //subtraction
+disp("For decimal system 200 - 125 = ")
+disp(z)
+
+a=dec2hex(z) //hexadeciaml output of 200-125
+disp("For hexadecimal system C8 - 7D is")
+disp(a)
+
+b=dec2bin(z,8) //binary output of 200-125
+disp("For binary system 11001000 - 01111101 is")
+disp(b)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.27/Ex19_27.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.27/Ex19_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..261286399 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.27/Ex19_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Ex19_27 Pg-997
+clc
+
+disp("(A+B)(A+C) = AA + AC + AB + BC ")
+//by distributive law
+disp(" = A + AC + AB +BC")
+//by theorem(6)
+disp(" = A(1 + C) + AB + BC")
+//by distributive law
+disp(" = A.1 + AB + BC ")
+//by theorem(3)
+disp(" = A(B + 1) + BC")
+//by distributive law
+disp(" = A + BC")
+disp("Therefore (A+B)(A+C) = A + BC")
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.28/Ex19_28.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.28/Ex19_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..be5c49acf --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.28/Ex19_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex19_28 Pg-998
+clc
+
+disp("AB + A(B + C) + B(B + C) = AB + AB + AC + BB + BC")
+//using distributive law
+disp(" = AB + AC + B +BC ")
+//using law 6
+disp(" = AB + AC + B(1 + C) ")
+//taking common B from B + BC
+disp(" = AB + AC + B")
+//using law 7
+disp(" = B(A + 1) + AC")
+//taking common B from AB + B
+disp(" = B + AC")
+//using law 7
+disp("Therefore AB + A(B + C) + B(B + C) = B + AC")
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..afea2d2bd --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex19_3 Pg-958
+clc
+
+a=1
+b=0
+c=1
+dec=a*2^(-1)+b*2^(-2)+c*2^(-3) //decimal output
+disp("The decimal equivqlent of 0.101 is")
+disp(dec)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.30/Ex19_30.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.30/Ex19_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..152941c23 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.30/Ex19_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex19_30 Pg-998
+clc
+
+// question in the textbook is wrong7
+disp("LHS : (A + B + C)(A + B + C) ")
+disp(" = AA + AB + AC + BA + BB +BC + CA + CB + CC")
+//using distributive law
+disp(" = A + AB + AC + BA + B +BC + CA + CB + C")
+//using law 6
+disp(" = A + AB + AC +BC + CB + C")
+//using law 5
+disp(" = A(B + 1) + AC + B + C(B + 1)")
+//taking A common from A+AB and C from CB+C
+disp(" = A + AC + B + C")
+//using law 3
+disp(" = A + B + C(A + 1)")
+//taking common C from AC+C
+disp(" = A + B + C")
+//using law 3
+disp("Therefore (A'' + B + C)(A'' + B'' + C) = A'' + C")
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.31/Ex19_31.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.31/Ex19_31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dd37109ea --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.31/Ex19_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex19_31 Pg-999
+clc
+
+disp("LHS : (A+ C)(A'' + B) ")
+disp(" = AA'' + AB + CA'' + BC") //using distributive law
+disp(" = 0 + AB + CA'' + BC") //using law 8
+disp(" = AB + (A + A'')BC + CA''") //using law 7
+disp(" = AB + ABC + A''BC + CA''")
+//using distributive law
+disp(" = AB + ABC + A''C(B + 1)")
+//taking common A'C from A'BC + CA'
+disp(" = AB + ABC + A''C") //using law 3
+disp(" = AB(C + 1)+ A''C")
+//taking common AB from AB + ABC
+disp(" = AB + A''C") //using law 3
+disp("Therefore (A+ C)(A'' + B) = AB + A''C")
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6026653ce --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex19_4 Pg-958
+clc
+
+a=1
+b=1
+c=0
+d=1
+dec=a*2^(-1)+b*2^(-2)+c*2^(-3)+d*2^(-4) //decimal output
+disp("The decimal equivqlent of 0.1101 is")
+disp(dec)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..670e3e987 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Ex19_5 Pg-958
+clc
+
+//Integer part
+bin='10101'; //binary input
+dec_I=bin2dec(bin) //decimal output
+
+//Decimal part
+a=1
+b=0
+c=1
+dec_D=a*2^(-1)+b*2^(-2)+c*2^(-3)
+dec=dec_I+dec_D //decimal output
+disp("The decimal equivqlent of 10101.101 is")
+disp(dec)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ccf84a3f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex19_6 Pg-959
+clc
+
+dec=9 //decimal input
+bin=dec2bin(dec) //binary output
+disp("The binary equivalent of 9 is")
+disp(bin)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1be1350b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex19_7 Pg-959
+clc
+
+dec=31 //decimal input
+bin=dec2bin(dec) //binary output
+disp("The binary equivalent of 31 is")
+disp(bin)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ba5606108 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex19_8 Pg-959
+clc
+
+dec=13 //decimal input
+bin=dec2bin(dec) //binary output
+disp("The binary equivalent of 13 is")
+disp(bin)
diff --git a/2825/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce b/2825/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e2ba68790 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Ex19_9 Pg-960 +clc +disp("Conversion of decimal number 31.65 base to its binary equivalent ") +a=31.65; +z=modulo(a,1) +x=floor(a);//separating the decimal from the integer part +b=0; +c=0; +d=0; +while(x>0) //taking integer part into a matrix and convert to equivalent binary +y=modulo(x,2); +b=b+(10^c)*y; +x=x/2; +x=floor(x); +c=c+1; +end +for i=1:10;//converting the values after the decimal point into binary + z=z*2; + q=floor(z); + d=d+q/(10^i); + if z>=1 then + z=z-1; + end +end +s=b+d; +printf("\n =%.6f",s); + diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..332b4e3c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex2_1 Pg-87
+clc
+disp("Conductivity of pure silicon crystal is given by")
+disp(" sigma = ni*e*(ue + uh)")
+uh=480 //mobility in cm^2/Volt-sec
+ue=1350 //mobility of electrons in cm^2/Volt-sec
+e=1.6*10^(-19) //electron charge
+ni=1.072*10^10 //density of electron hole
+sigma_i=ni*e*(uh+ue) //conductivity of silicon
+printf("\n Conductivity of pure silicon crystal = %.8f ohm^(-1)/cm \n",sigma_i)
+disp("Resistivity of silicon is given by")
+rho=1/sigma_i //resistivity of silicon
+printf("\n Resistivity of pure silicon crystal = %.0f ohm-cm \n",rho)
diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c6add5430 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex2_10 Pg-91
+clc
+
+e=1.6*10^(-19) //electron charge
+un=700 //mobility of silicon
+n=10^17 //concentration of phosphorous atoms
+sigma=e*un*n //conductivity
+printf("Conductivity = %.1f (ohm-cm)^-1",sigma)
+res=sigma^(-1) //resistivity
+printf("\n Resistivity = %.4f ohm-cm",res)
+Rh=-(e*n)^(-1) //hall coefficient
+printf("\n Hall coefficient = %.1f cm^3/C",Rh)
+Ix=10^-3
+Bz=10^(-5)
+x=10^(-2)
+Vh=(Ix*Bz*Rh)/x
+printf("\n Hall Volage = %.1f uV",Vh*10^6)
diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d9d62f262 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Ex2_11 Pg-91
+clc
+
+disp("(a) Hall coefficient is")
+disp(" Rh = Eh/(Jx*B)")
+Vh=21.4*10^(-3) //hall voltage
+b=1.7*10^(-2) //breadth
+Eh=Vh/b //electric field
+t=0.052*10^(-3) //thickness
+I=200*10^(-6) //current
+Jx=I/(b*t) //current density
+B=0.5 //magnetic field
+Rh=Eh/(Jx*B)
+printf("\n Hall coefficient = %.6f m^3/C \n\n",Rh)
+
+disp("(b) Electrons per unit volume,")
+e=1.6*10^(-19) //electron charge
+n=1/(Rh*e) //electrons per unit volume
+printf("\n\n Electrons per unit volume = %.0f electrons/m^3 \n\n",n)
+V=195*10^(-3) //voltage
+I=200*10^(-6) //current
+R=V/I //resistance
+disp("Since R=(l/(A*sigma) = (l/(A*e*n*R))")
+l=2.65*10^(-2) //length
+w=1.7*10^(-2) //width
+t=0.052*10^(-3) //thicknes
+A=t*w //area
+sigma=l/(A*e*n*R) //conductivity
+printf("\n\n Conductivity = %.3f m^3/Vs",sigma)
diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..25c035d7e --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex2_12 Pg-92
+clc
+
+C=3*10^8 //speed of light in m/s
+h=6.6*10^(-34) //plank's constant in J
+Eg=1.98*1.6*10^(-19) //band gap
+lamda=(C*h)/Eg //wavelength
+printf("Wavelength = %.0f nm \n",lamda*10^9)
+disp(" Since lamda is in the red region of the visible light and hence the colour of emitted radiation is RED")
diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c050c3bd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex2_2 Pg-87
+clc
+disp("sigma = u*e*n")
+u=1200 //mobility
+e=1.6*10^(-19) //electron charge
+n=10^13 //phosphorous concentration
+sigma=u*e*n //conductivity
+printf("\n Conductivity of pure silicon crystal = %.5f ohm^(-1)/cm \n",sigma)
+rho=1/sigma //resistivity
+printf("\n Resistivity of pure phosphorous = %.0f ohm-cm \n",rho)
diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_4.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2a2cf61e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex2_4 Pg-88
+clc
+disp("(n_i)^2 = n*p = n_p*N_a")
+ni=2.5*10^19 //density of electron hole
+Na=1.1*10^20 //acceptor density
+np=(ni^2)/Na
+N=np/ni
+printf("\n The ratio of n_p/n_i = %.4f",N)
diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eebd33564 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex2_4 Pg-88
+clc
+clear
+
+disp("(n_i)^2 = n*p = n_p*N_a")
+ni=2.5*10^19 //density of electron hole per m^3
+Na=1.1*10^20 //acceptor density in atoms/m^3
+np=(ni^2)/Na //number of holes
+N=np/ni //The ratio of np/ni
+printf("\n The ratio of n_p/n_i = %.2f",N)
diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e08120f5f --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex2_5 Pg-88
+clc
+disp("sigma_n = u_n*e*N_d")
+e=1.6*1e-19 //electron charge
+sigma=5 //conductivity in mho/cm
+un=3850 //mobility of electrons
+Nd=sigma/(e*un) //concentration
+printf("Number density of donor atoms = %.1f*1e16 per cm^3",Nd*1e-16)
+//the answer in the book is wrong the correct answer is 0.8*1e16 per cm^3
diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e586e58a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex2_6 Pg-88
+clc
+printf("We know forbidden energy gap between conduction and valence \n bands for a semiconductor is nearly 1 eV. For Ge and Si,energy \n gap is 0.785 eV and 1.21 eV respectively at 0K. Energy gap \n decreases with increase in temperature which is represented \n by the expression . Obviously, Si and Ge will remain \n semiconductors at 1000K ambient temperature. \n\n")
+
+disp("Eg(T) = 1.21 - 3.6*10^(-4)*T (For Si)")
+T=1000 //temperature
+Eg(T) = 1.21 - 3.6*10^(-4)*T
+printf("\n Eg(1000) = 1.21 - 3.6*10^(-4)*1000 = %.2f eV",Eg(T))
diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d435aa62a --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex2_7 Pg-88
+clc
+disp("Relaxation time in terms of mobility is given by")
+disp(" t=m*u/e")
+printf("\n\n Taking effective mass of electron an holes in consideration,\n relaxation time is given by \n")
+disp(" t=m_star*u/e")
+disp("(a) foe electrons,m_star = 0.259*m_0")
+m0=9.1*10^(-31)
+ue=0.135 //mobility of electrons
+e=1.6*10^(-19) //electron charge
+t_e=(0.259*m0*ue)/e
+printf("\n Average relaxation time of eletrons = %.2f*1e-13 secs\n ",t_e*1e13)
+
+uh=0.048 //mobility of holes
+disp("(b) For holes in the valance band,m=0.537*m_0")
+t_h=(0.537*m0*uh)/e
+printf("\n Average relaxation time of eletrons = %.2f*1e-13 secs\n ",t_h*1e13)
diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ced8f592b --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Ex2_8 Pg-89
+clc
+
+disp("Conductivity of an intrinsic material is given by ")
+disp(" sigma = e*ni*un*(1+up/un)")
+sigma_i=100/60
+ni=2.5*10^19 //concentration of intrinsic carrier in m^3
+up_un=0.5
+e=1.6*10^(-19) //electron charge
+un=(sigma_i/(e*ni*(1+(up_un)))) //concentration of electrons
+up=un/2 //holes concentratin
+
+disp(" Let n be eletron concentration and p be hole con-centration for doped sample. Sincethe sample is electrically neutral,we have")
+disp(" Nd + p = Na + n")
+disp(" Where Nd is donor concentration and Na is acceptor concentration,assumed to be fully ionized. From mass action law,we have np =ni^2*S0")
+disp(" Nd + (ni^2)/n = Na + n")
+disp("or n^2 + (Na-Nd)*n-ni^2 = 0")
+disp("or n=0.5*([Nd-N])(+/-) sqrt(Nd-Na)^2 + 4*ni^2)")
+disp(" n is positive and hence we can drop negative sign before the radical")
+
+Nd=10^20 //number density of donor atoms /m^3
+Na=5*10^19 //number of acceptor atoms in /m^3
+n=0.5*((Nd-Na)+ sqrt((Nd-Na)^2 + 4*ni^2)) //electron concentration for doped sample
+p=ni^2/n //hole concentration for doped sample
+conduct_doped=e*(n*un+p*up) //conductivity of doped sample(value in textbook is wrong)
+printf("\n Conductivity of doped sample = %.2f S/m \n",conduct_doped)
+
+disp(" We have assumed that carrier mobilities in the doped signal sample are the same as those in the intrinsic material.This assumption is justified by the low doping level, and Coulomb scaterring Applied by the ionized impurities is weak at 300K.")
+disp("Applied electric field")
+
+F_cm=2 //applied electric field in V/cm
+F_m=2*100 //applied electric field in V/m
+J=conduct_doped*F_m //total conduction current density
+J_cm=J/1000 //cm^2 to m^2s
+
+printf("Total conduction current density = %.0f A/m^2",J)
+printf("\n = %.2f A/cm^2",J_cm)
diff --git a/2825/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/2825/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..425608792 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Ex2_9 Pg-91
+clc
+
+disp("For P-type,Nd=0. By charge neutrality and mass action law,")
+
+disp(" p + Nd = p = +na = (ni)^2/n")
+
+disp("or n^2 + Na*n - (ni)^2 = 0")
+
+disp("Solving the quadratic equation for n and discharging the extraneous negative root,one obtains")
+
+disp(" n = 0.5*(-Na + sqrt(Na^2 + 4*ni^2))")
+
+disp("Knowing n,one obtains from mass action law p = ni^2/n")
+
+disp("For N-type doping,Na=0. By analogous procedure,")
+
+disp(" p = 0.5*(-Nd +sqrt(Nd^2 + 4*Ni^2)); n=ni^2/p")
diff --git a/2825/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/2825/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..def430e13 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ex21_1 Pg-1067
+clc
+
+disp("Refer to figure 21.10")
+
+R=5000 //resistor R in ohm
+C=0.1*10^(-6) //capacitance in farad
+tau=1.1 //time constant
+
+tON=tau*R*C //pulse width in sec
+printf(" Pulse width = %.2f msec",tON*1e3)
diff --git a/2825/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/2825/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2887a44c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ex21_2 Pg-1068
+clc
+
+disp("Refer to figure 21.12")
+R1=20000 //timing resistor R1 in ohm
+R2=R1 //timing resistor R2 in ohm
+C=0.1*10^(-6) //capacitance in farad
+tau=0.69 //time constant
+
+tHIGH=tau*(R1+R2)*C //time output that will remain high
+printf(" Time output = %.2f msec",tHIGH*1e3)
diff --git a/2825/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/2825/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..74480c981 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex21_3 Pg-1069
+clc
+
+disp("Refer to figure 21.12")
+R2=20000 //timing resistor R2 in ohm
+C=0.1*10^(-6) //capacitance in farad
+tau=0.69 //time constant
+
+tLOW=tau*(R2)*C //time output that will remain high
+printf(" Time output = %.2f msec",tLOW*1e3)
diff --git a/2825/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce b/2825/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4c0a1f63c --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex21_4 Pg-1069
+clc
+
+R1=20000 //timing resistor R1 in ohm
+R2=R1 //timing resistor R2 in ohm
+C=0.1*10^(-6) //capacitance in farad
+
+f0=1.45/((R1+2*R2)*C) //output frequency
+printf("Output frequency = %.2f Hz",f0)
diff --git a/2825/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce b/2825/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3eefe89f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex21_5 Pg-1069
+clc
+
+disp("Refer to figure 21.12")
+R1=20000 //timing resistor R1 in ohm
+R2=R1 //timing resistor R2 in ohm
+
+D=(R1+R2)/(R1+2*R2)*100 //duty cylce
+printf(" Duty cycle = %.1f %%",D)
diff --git a/2825/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce b/2825/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..77d04f8fc --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ex21_6 Pg-1070
+clc
+
+C=0.01*10^(-6) //capacitance in farad
+f0=2000 //frequency in Hz
+
+Req=1.45/(f0*C) //equivalent resistance or R1+R2
+disp(" Because a square wavw has duty cycle of 50% each resistor must be the same")
+R1=Req/2
+R2=R1
+printf(" R1 = R2 = %.2f kohm",R2*1e-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce b/2825/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cd3781734 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex21_7 Pg-1073
+clc
+
+R=260000 //resistor R in ohm
+C=25*10^(-6) //capacitance in farad
+tau=1.1 //time constant
+
+t_delay=tau*R*C //pulse width in sec
+printf(" Pulse width = %.2f sec",t_delay)
diff --git a/2825/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce b/2825/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de382b609 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex21_8 Pg-1076
+clc
+
+dec=253 //decimal number
+bin=dec2bin(dec) //binary value of 253
+disp("Binary value of 253 =")
+disp(bin)
+disp("In TTL for 1s it is represented in 5V and 0s as 0V")
+disp("Therefore 253 in TTL voltage terms is")
+disp("5V,5V,5V,5V,5V,5V,0V,5V")
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc3f1ec48 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex3_1 Pg-127
+clc
+
+disp("Refer to the diagram 3.11(b)")
+disp("Using ohm''s law")
+disp("Vt = Vd1 + Vr1")
+Vd1=0.7 //voltage drop in V
+Vt=12 //supply voltage in V
+R1=1.2*10^3 //resistor R1 in ohm
+Vr1=Vt-Vd1 //voltage across R1 in V
+It=Vr1/R1 //current in A
+disp("Ohm''s law")
+printf("\n Current I_t = %.2f mA",It*10^3)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0e4f1d176 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex3_10 Pg-186
+clc
+
+ disp("We know that I = I0*(exp(V/n*Vt)-1)")
+ disp("Dividing on both sides by area A, one obtains")
+ disp(" I/A = I0/A*(exp(V/n*Vt)-1)")
+ disp("or J = J0*(exp(V/n*Vt)-1)")
+n=1 //constant
+T=300 //temperature in K
+Vt=T/11600
+J=10^5 //forward current density
+J0=250*10^(-3) //saturation current density
+V=Vt*log(J/J0)
+printf("\n The voltage applied across the junction =%.4f V",V)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..428e8b064 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Ex3_11 Pg-186
+clc
+
+Vmin=0.7 //minimum voltage across diode in V
+V=5 //supply voltage in V
+V_R1=V-Vmin //voltage across resistor R in V
+Imin=10^(-3) //minimum current
+R1=V_R1/Imin
+
+printf("Maximum value of R =%.1f kohm \n ",R1*1e-3)
+
+I=5*10^(-3) //current through resistance in A
+V_R2=V-Vmin //voltage across resistor R in V
+R2=V_R2/I
+printf("\n\n Minimum value of R =%.0f ohm ",R2)
+
+Vb=6 //supply voltage
+Vb_res=Vb-Vmin //voltage across resistor
+P=I*Vb_res //power dissipated across resistor
+printf("\n\n Power dissipated across R =%.1f W",P*10^3)
+
+P_diode=I*Vmin //power dissipated across diode
+printf("\n power dissipated across diode =%.1f mW",P_diode*1e3)
+R=10^3 //resistor in ohm
+V_R=R*Imin //voltage drop across resistor R in V
+Vb=V_R+Vmin
+printf("\n\n The minimum voltage across diode = %.1f V",Vb)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1ca4c1100 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Ex3_12 Pg-188
+clc
+
+disp("Refer to the figure 3.51")
+Id1=2*10^(-3) //diode current in I
+Vd1=0.5 //diode voltage in V
+Rf1=Vd1/Id1 //Dc resistance
+disp("At Id=2mA and Vd=0.5V")
+printf("\n Rf = %.0f ohm \n\n",Rf1)
+
+Id2=20*10^(-3) //diode current in I
+Vd2=0.75 //diode voltage in V
+Rf2=Vd2/Id2 //Dc resistance
+disp("At Id=20mA and Vd=0.75V")
+printf("\n Rf = %.1f ohm \n\n",Rf2)
+
+Id3=2*10^(-6) //diode current in I
+Vd3=10 //diode voltage in V
+Rf3=Vd3/Id3 //Dc resistance
+disp("At Id=2*10^(-6)A and Vd=10V")
+printf("\n Rf = %.0f Mohm \n\n",Rf3*10^-6)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9ad7da55a --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Ex3_13 Pg-188
+clc
+
+disp("Refer to the figure 3.52")
+disp("(a) Assuming the diode D to be ideal ")
+disp(" Ignoring diode D,voltage across R2 is given as (By applying potential divider concept)")
+R1=45 //resistor R1
+R2=5 //resistor R2
+Vaa=10 //supply voltage
+Vab=Vaa*(R2/(R1+R2))
+printf("\n Vab= %.0f V \n",Vab)
+
+disp(" Thus,diode D is forward biased.It conducts,offering zero resistance Hence no current would flow through the parallel bransh R2.The circuit equivalent to that shown in figure 3.53(a)")
+ID=Vaa/R1 //diode current
+printf("\n Current through diode = %.0f mA \n\n",ID*10^3)
+
+disp("(b)Assuming the diode to be real")
+disp(" Voltage Vab is much larger than Vt hencethe diode conducts.It is replaced by its equivalent as shown in figure 3.53(b).To determine current Id through the diode we first find the Thevenin''s equivalent of the circuit on the left of AB.Vth=open circuit voltage across AB")
+Vth=Vaa*(R2/(R1+R2))
+printf("\n Vth=%.0f V \n",Vth)
+Rth=R1*R2/(R1+R2)
+printf("\n Rth=%.0f ohm \n",Rth) //textbook value is wrong
+ disp("Thus,the equivalent circuit becomes as shown in figure 3.53(c)")
+ Vt=0.3 //load voltage
+ tf=25 //load resistance
+ Id=(Vth-Vt)/(Rth+tf)
+ printf("\n Current through diode =%.1f mA \n\n",Id*10^3)
+
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f08f12a89 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex3_14 Pg-190
+clc
+
+disp(" Diodes D2 and D3 are reverse-biased. Therefore, these are like open-switches. Diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased. These are replaced by their equivalent circuits,as shown in figure 3.54. Since the diodes are silicon V=0.7V. ")
+Vt=0.7 //voltage drop
+Vaa=20 //supply voltage in V
+net_emf=Vaa-Vt-Vt //net emf
+R1=5
+R2=90
+R3=5 //R1,R2,R3 are resistances
+tot_res=R1+R2+R3 //total resistance
+disp("Therefore, current through 90 ohm resistor is")
+I=net_emf/tot_res
+printf("\n Current I =%.0f mA",I*10^3)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..86672d1c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex3_15 Pg-190
+clc
+
+disp("(a) When the diode is forward biased figure 3.55(b),it offers zero resistance. It is like shorted switch.This shorted switch across AB also short-circuits the resistance R2.Obviously,a parallel combination of the diode and R2 is equivalent to a resistance of zero ohms.")
+R1=100 //reisitor R1 in ohm
+R=R1
+Vaa=10 //supply voltage in V
+I=Vaa/R
+printf("\n Current drawn from battery =%.1f A \n\n",I)
+
+disp("(a) When the diode is reverse biased figure 3.55(b).It is like open switch.Obviously,it then does not make any difference whether the diode is connected or not.")
+R2=100 //resistor R2 in ohm
+tot_R=R1+R2
+I1=Vaa/tot_R
+
+printf("\n Current drawn from battery =%.2f A \n\n",I1)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..251fc801b --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Ex3_16 Pg-191
+clc
+
+Vz=9 //breakdown voltage in V
+per=0.1 //10% tolerance
+Tol=Vz*per
+printf("Tolerance =%.1f V",Tol)
+tol_high=Vz+Tol
+tol_low=Vz-Tol //ranges in tolerance
+printf("\n Range of breakdown voltage= %.1f to %.1f V",tol_low,tol_high)
+// in the textbook the value 8.2 is wrong the correct value is 8.1
+T1=25 //temperature T1 in degree celcius
+T2=75 //temperature T2 in degree celcius
+diff_temp=T2-T1 //chnage in temperature
+Vzener=2*10^(-3) //zener voltage
+fall_break_vol=Vzener*diff_temp //fall in breakdown voltage
+new_break_vol=Vz-fall_break_vol //new break don voltage
+printf("\n New break don voltage =%.1f V",new_break_vol)
+
+range_high=tol_low-fall_break_vol
+range_low=tol_high-fall_break_vol
+printf("\n Range of breakdown voltage= %.1f to %.1f V",range_high,range_low)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..695a877b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex3_17 Pg-192
+clc
+ C=20 //capacitance in pF
+ V=5 //supply voltage in V
+ K=C*sqrt(V)
+C_V1=K/sqrt(V+1)
+printf("Capacitance for 1V increase =%.1f pF",C_V1)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a0daf2ce0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Ex3_18 Pg-192
+clc
+
+printf("(a) The two diodes are connected in series and hence the \n current I flows in D1 and D2. Obviously,it is in forward \n direction through D2 and in reverse direction through D1.\n Since D2 diode is forward biased,V2 will be very small and\n hence V1=(5-V2) will be very much larger than Vt=0.026V.\n This means the current will be equal to reverse saturation \n current I0. Now,we consider diode D2.We have \n\n")
+disp(" I = I0*(exp(V/Vt)-1)")
+disp("Putting I=I0 and V=V2, we have")
+disp(" I0 = I0*(exp(V2/Vt)-1)")
+disp(" exp(V2/Vt)-1 = 1")
+Vt=0.026 //threshold voltage
+V2=Vt*log(2)
+V=5 //supply voltage in V
+V1=V-V2 //value in textbook incorrect
+printf("\n V2 = %.3f V",V2)
+printf("\n V2 = %.3f V\n ",V1)
+disp("Effect of temperature : V2=Vt*ln(2) = kT*ln(2)")
+disp("So V2 will increase with temperature ")
+disp("(b) If Vz is 4.9V then D1 will breakdown. This means V1=4.9V")
+Vz=4.9 //breakdown voltage
+V2=V-Vz
+disp("Now using I0=5*10^(-6)A and V2=0.1V,one obtains")
+I0=5*10^(-6) //current in ampere
+I=I0*(exp(V2/Vt)-1)
+printf("\n Current I=%.0f microA",I*10^6)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8fdfac09f --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex3_19 Pg-193
+clc
+
+disp("We have Iv=40*iD")
+Iv=1 //luminous intensity
+iD=Iv/(40*10^(-3)) //LED current
+printf("LED current = %.0f mA",iD)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..45c637ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex3_2 Pg-182
+clc
+J=10^5 //forward current density
+Js=250*10^(-3) //saturation current density
+e=1.6*10^(-19) //electron charge
+T=300 //temperature
+k=1.38*10^(-23) //Boltzmann constant
+V=(log(J/Js)*k*T)/e //voltage applied across junction
+printf("The voltage applied across the junction =%.2f V",V)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d473c4727 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex3_20 Pg-193
+clc
+
+disp("(a) At Id=10mA,")
+V=25 //voltage in mV
+Id=10 //current in mA
+Rac=V/Id
+//AC resistance (value in textbook is wrong)
+printf("\n AC resistance Rac=%.1f ohm",Rac)
+
+Id=20 //current in mA
+Rac=V/Id
+//AC resistance (value in textbook is wrong)
+printf("\n AC resistance Rac=%.2f ohm",Rac)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7711c9800 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex3_21 Pg-194
+clc
+
+disp("We know that")
+disp(" r_ac = dV/dI - 1/(dI/dV) = 1/((I0/KT)exp(V/KT))")
+k=8.62*10^(-5)
+T=300 //temperaturein K
+kT=k*T
+I0=10^(-6) //saturation current
+V=150*10^(-3) //voltage forward biased
+r_ac = 1/((I0/kT)*exp(V/kT))
+ //value of exp(0.15/0.02586)=330.45 and not the textbook value of 332.66
+
+printf("\n The AC resistance = %.2f ohm",r_ac) //text book value wrong
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..febbd4aef --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex3_3 Pg-182
+clc
+
+I=2*10^6 //forward current density
+Is=30 //saturation current density
+ekt=40
+V=(1/40)*log(I/Is) //Applied forward voltage
+printf("Applied forward voltage = %.3f V",V)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9df394953 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex3_4 Pg-182
+clc
+
+disp(" I = Is*exp(eV/kT) = Is*exp(40V)")
+disp(" Re = del_V/del_I = 1/40I")
+disp(" Dividing throughtout by volume, one obtains the equation in the form of current density as")
+disp(" J = Js*(exp(eV/kT)-1)")
+J=10^5 //forward current density
+Js=250*10^(-3) //saturation current density
+e=1.6*10^(-19) //electron charge
+T=300 //temperature
+k=1.38*10^(-23) //Boltzmann constant
+V=(log(J/Js)*k*T)/e //voltage applied across junction
+printf("\n The voltage applied across the junction =%.2f V",V)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ea0a628db --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex3_5 Pg-183
+clc
+
+disp("(a) Forward-bias")
+Av=50 //applied voltage
+Jr=5000 //junction resistance
+Er=50 //external resistance
+cur=Av/(Er+Jr) //current
+printf("\n Current = %.1f mA \n",cur*10^3)
+
+disp("(b) Reverse-bias")
+cur_rev=Av/(Jr+10^6) //book expression is wrong
+printf("\n Current = %.3f*1e-2 mA \n",cur_rev*10^5)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d7cde2e04 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex3_6 Pg-183
+clc
+
+disp("We know that")
+disp(" r_ac = dV/dI - 1/(dI/dV) = 1/((I0/KT)exp(V/KT))")
+k=8.62*10^(-5)
+T=300 //temperaturein K
+kT=k*T
+I0=10^(-6) //saturation current
+V=150*10^(-3) //voltage forward biased
+r_ac = 1/((I0/kT)*exp(V/kT)) //value of exp(0.15/0.02586)=330.45 and not the textbook value of 332.66
+printf("\n The AC resistance = %.2f ohm",r_ac) //text book value wrong
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6ea695440 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Ex3_7 Pg-184
+clc
+
+disp("We know that (I0)*T2 = (I0)*T1*(2)^((T2-T1/10))")
+
+disp("Substituting the given values,we have ")
+
+disp("(40*10^(-6)) = (25*10^(-6)*(2)^x) where x=(T2-T1)/10")
+
+disp("(2)^x = 1.6")
+
+disp("Taking log on both sides,one obtains")
+
+disp(" x*log(2) = log(1.6)")
+
+disp("or x = log(1.6)/log(2)")
+
+x=log(1.6)/log(2)
+
+disp(" Now x = (T2-T1)/10 or 0.678 = (T2-25)/10")
+T1=25 //temperature T1
+T2=x*10+T1 //temperature T2
+diff_temp=T2-T1 //change in temperature
+printf("\n So the change in temperature = %.2f degree celsius",diff_temp)
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0e7eb7e10 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Ex3_8 Pg-185
+clc
+disp("Forward current I is given by ")
+disp(" I=I0*exp(V/(n*Vt))-1")
+
+I_22=poly(0,"I_22")
+V=0.3 //voltage
+n=1 //constant
+T1=22+273 //temperature T1 in Kelvin
+Vt1=T1/11600
+I=I_22*(exp(V/0.025)-1)
+disp("When temperature rises to 72 degree celcius, then")
+
+T2=72+273 //temperature T2 in Kelvin
+Vt2=T2/11600
+TR=T2-T1 //temperature rise
+I_72=poly(0,"I_72")
+I_72=I_22*(2)^(TR/10)
+
+I_hash=I_72*(exp(V/(Vt2))-1)
+for_cur_rises=I_hash/I
+disp("Thus, at 72 degree celcius Forward current rises by ")
+disp(for_cur_rises)
+cur_I=768849.72
+cur_I_hash=162753.79
+FCR=cur_I/cur_I_hash
+printf("\n = %.2f",FCR)
+ //answer in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2825/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/2825/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..23c7b0c38 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex3_9 Pg-185
+clc
+
+n=1 //constant
+T=27+273 //temperature in K
+Vt=T/11600
+V=0.2 //voltage
+I0=10^(-6) //saturation current
+I=I0*(exp(V/Vt)-1)
+stat_res=V/I //static resistance
+printf("Static resistance = %.2f ohm \n",stat_res)
+
+dyn_res=Vt/(I+I0) //dynamic resistance
+printf("Dynamic resistance = %.2f ohm",dyn_res)
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..95946077e --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex4_1 Pg-213
+clc
+
+Vrms=110 //rms volatage in V
+Vm=Vrms/0.707 //peak source voltage
+printf("Peak source voltage=%.1f V",Vm) //textbook answer wrong
+
+disp("(a) With an ideal diode ")
+Vpout=Vm //peak output voltage
+printf("\n Peak output voltage=%.1f V",Vpout)
+Vdc=Vm/%pi //Dc load voltage
+printf("\n DC load voltage=%.2f V \n",Vdc) //textbook answer wrong
+
+disp("(b) With second approximation")
+Vpin=Vm //peak input voltage
+Vpout=Vpin-0.7
+printf("\n Peak output voltage=%.1f V",Vpout)
+Vdc=Vpout/%pi //Dc load voltage
+printf("\n DC load voltage=%.1f V \n",Vdc) //textbook answer wrong
+
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a6ec9ea75 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Ex4_10 Pg-238
+clc
+
+f=60 //frequency in Hz
+C=100*10^(-6) //capacitance in F
+Rl=1*10^3 //load resistance
+
+disp("Since the transformer is center tapped ,the rms value of voltage across half the secondary coil")
+Vct=12.6 //voltage of center tapped transformer
+Vrms=Vct/2 //rms voltage
+
+disp("Peak voltage")
+Vm=Vrms*sqrt(2) //peak voltage
+printf(" = %.2f V\n ",Vm)
+
+disp("(b) DC output voltage")
+Vdc=Vm/(1+(1/(4*f*C*Rl))) //DC output voltage
+printf(" = %.2f V \n ",Vdc)
+
+disp("Ripple factor in case of capacitor filter ")
+disp(" =2410/C*Rl")
+r=2410/(100*Rl)*100 //ripple factor
+printf("\n = %.1f %%\n ",r)
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8a07c838f --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Ex4_11 Pg-238
+clc
+Vdc=9 //dc voltage
+Idc=100*10^(-3) //dc load current
+disp("Ripple factor with an L-C filter,r=(0.83/LC)")
+disp(" where L-> Henry,C->microFarad")
+gamm=0.02 //maximum ripple
+LC=0.83/gamm
+printf(" LC = %.1f \n ",LC) //let LC=42
+
+disp("LOad connected to the filter,")
+RL=Vdc/Idc //load resistance in ohm
+printf(" RL = %.0f ohm\n ",RL)
+
+disp("Critical value of inductor,")
+Lk=RL/900 //Critical value of inductor
+printf(" Lk = %.1f \n ",Lk)
+
+disp("Capacitance")
+LC=42 //rounding of 41.5 to 42
+C=LC/Lk //capacitance in microFarad
+printf(" C = %.0f uF\n ",C)
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ce38d33e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Ex4_12 Pg-245
+clc
+
+V=20 //source voltage
+Vz=12 //zener voltage
+Vr=V-Vz //voltage across resistor
+Rs=330 //series resistance
+ disp("Voltage across resistor ")
+printf(" = %.0f V \n ",Vr)
+
+disp("Current through series resistor")
+Iser=Vr/Rs //Current through series resistor
+printf(" = %.1f mA \n ",Iser*10^3)
+
+disp("Since Zener diode is in series with resistor, current through it is equal to current flowing through resistor,i.e 24.2mA ")
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b4973df75 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Ex4_13 Pg-245
+clc
+
+V=20 //source voltage in V
+Vz=12 //zener voltage in V
+Vs=V-Vz //voltage across resistor in V
+Rs=330 //series resistance in ohm
+RL=1.5*10^3 //load resistance in ohm
+ disp("Voltage across resistor ")
+printf(" = %.0f V \n ",Vr)
+
+disp("(1) Current through series resistor Is")
+Is=Vr/Rs //Current through series resistor
+printf(" Is = %.1f mA \n ",Is*10^3)
+
+disp("(2) Current through series load Il")
+VL=Vz //voltage across load
+IL=VL/RL //Current through series load
+printf(" IL = %.0f mA \n ",IL*10^3)
+
+disp("(3)Current through zener diode")
+Iz=Is-IL //Current through zener diode
+printf(" IL = %.1f mA \n ",Iz*10^3)
+
+disp("(4)Respective wattage of elements used")
+disp("(a) Series resistor -> W=Is*Vs")
+W=Vs*Is //wattage of series resistor
+printf(" = %.1f mW \n ",W*10^3)
+
+disp("(b) Zener diode -> W=Iz*Vz")
+W=Vz*Iz //wattage of zener diode
+printf(" = %.1f mW \n ",W*10^3)
+
+
+disp("(b) Load resistor -> W=IL*VL")
+W=VL*IL //wattage of zener diode
+printf(" = %.0f mW \n ",W*10^3)
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..180a060f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex4_14 Pg-246
+clc
+
+RL=1*10^3 //load resistance in ohm
+Rs=270 //series resistor in ohm
+Vs=18 //supply voltage in V
+vz=10 //xener voltage
+
+disp("Applying Thevenin''s theorem, Thevenin voltage across the zener diode")
+Vth=(RL/(RL+Rs))*Vs //Thevenin voltage
+printf("\n Vth = %.1f V \n ",Vth)
+
+disp("Thus Vth is greater than Vz(zener voltage),i.e 14.2 >10. So Zener diode is operating in the breakdown voltage.")
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0d241971e --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Ex4_15 Pg-246
+clc
+
+IL1=10*10^(-3)
+IL2=20*10^(-3) //IL1,IL2 range of load current in A
+Vin=20 //supply voltage in V
+Izt=6*10^(-3) //zener current in A
+Vz=15 //zener voltage in V
+
+disp("Average load current")
+IL=(IL1+IL2)/2 // Average load current
+printf("\n IL = %.0f mA \n ",IL*10^3)
+
+disp("Total current entering the circuit")
+Is=IL+Izt //current entering the circuit
+printf("\n Is = %.0f mA \n ",Is*10^3)
+
+disp("Series resistor")
+Rs=(Vin-Vz)/Is //Series resistor in ohm
+printf("\n Rs = %.0f ohm \n ",Rs)
+
+disp("Power rating of resistor")
+Vs=Vin-Vz
+P=(Vs^2)/Rs //Power rating of resistor
+printf("\n P = %.1f W \n ",P)
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1e43dc286 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex4_2 Pg-214
+clc
+
+disp(" VR = (V_NoLoad - V_FullLoad)/V_FullLoad*100%")
+disp("(a) VR = 0%")
+V_FullLoad=20 //full load voltage
+V_NoLoad=V_FullLoad//no load voltage
+printf("\n V_FullLoad = V_NoLoad= %.0f V \n",V_NoLoad)
+
+disp("(b) VR = 100%")
+VR=100 //voltage regulation in %
+V_NoLoad=(VR*V_FullLoad)/(100)+V_FullLoad
+printf("\n V_NoLoad= %.0f V \n",V_NoLoad)
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3aced56b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex4_3 Pg-214
+clc
+
+disp(" Ratio of rectification or efficiency of halfwave rectifier,")
+disp(" n = 0.406 = DC power deliverd to the load/AC input powerfrom transformer secondary ")
+DC_power=500 //ddc power deliverd to the load
+n=0.406 //efficiency
+AC_in_power=DC_power/n //AC input powerfrom transformer secondary
+printf("\n AC input powerfrom transformer secondary =%.0f Watt",AC_in_power)
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..be161488b --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Ex4_4 Pg-220
+clc
+
+Rl=3.5*10^(3) //resistance in k-ohm
+rF=800 //secondary resistance in k-ohm
+Vm=240 // input voltage
+disp("(1)(a) Peak value of current flowing")
+Im=Vm/(rF+Rl) //peak current
+printf(" Im = %.2f mA\n ",Im*10^3)
+
+disp("(b) Average or DC current flowing")
+Idc=Im/%pi //DC current
+printf(" Idc = %.2f mA\n ",Idc*10^3)
+
+disp("(c) R.M.S value of current flowing")
+Irms=Im/2 //rms current
+printf(" Irms = %.2f mA\n ",Irms*10^3)
+
+disp("(2) DC output power")
+Pdc=(Idc)^2*Rl //dc output power
+printf(" Pdc = %.1f Watt\n ",Pdc)
+
+disp("(3) AC input power")
+Pac=(Irms)^2*(rF+Rl)
+printf(" Pac = %.2f Watt\n ",Pac)
+
+disp("(4)Efficiency of rectifier")
+n=(Pdc/Pac)*100 //efficiency
+printf(" n = %.2f %%\n ",n)
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..02d9af525 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex4_5 Pg-221
+clc
+
+Vr=0.7 //diodes voltage drop
+Rl=820 //load resistor in ohm
+Vin=40 //input voltage in V
+
+disp("(1) Peak output volatge: Current flows through load only when two diodes conduct. While conducting, there is voltage drop across the diode.")
+V_drop_2=2*Vr //voltage drop across 2 diodes
+Vm=Vin-V_drop_2 //peak voltage
+printf("\n Vm = %.2f V\n ",Vm)
+
+disp("(2) Average output current")
+Idc=(2*Vm/%pi)/Rl //average output current
+printf(" Idc = %.0f mA\n ",Idc*10^3)
+
+disp("(3) Diode dissipation")
+DD=Idc*Vr //Diode dissipation
+printf(" = %.0f mW\n ",DD*10^3)
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eb99f7dd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Ex4_6 Pg-222
+clc
+
+Vr=0.7 //voltage drop
+Vi=120 //input voltage
+disp("RMS value of secondary voltage")
+V_sec=Vi/5 //RMS value of secondary voltage
+printf(" = %.0f V\n ",V_sec)
+
+disp("Peak secondary voltage")
+Vm=V_sec*sqrt(2) //Peak secondary voltage
+printf(" = %.0f V\n ",Vm)
+
+disp("Peak inverse voltage of diode")
+Vinv=-(Vm) //Peak inverse voltage of diode
+printf(" = %.0f V\n ",Vinv)
+
+printf("\n Peak load voltage =%.0f V\n ",Vm)
+
+disp("DC load voltage")
+Vdc=Vm/%pi //DC load voltage
+printf(" = %.1f V\n ",Vdc)
+
+disp("Assuming second approximation")
+disp("Vm'' = Vm - Vr ")
+disp("Peak load voltage")
+Vm_dash=Vm-Vr //Peak load voltage
+printf(" = %.1f V\n ",Vm_dash)
+
+disp("DC load voltage")
+Vdc=Vm_dash/%pi //DC load voltage
+printf(" = %.1f V\n ",Vdc)
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b38bfbff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Ex4_7 Pg-222
+clc
+
+Vi=120 //supply voltage n V
+Rl=5*10^3 //load resistance
+
+disp("Secondary RMS voltage")
+Vrms=Vi/5 //Secondary RMS voltage
+printf(" = %.0f V\n ",Vrms)
+
+disp("Secondary pek voltage")
+Vm=Vrms*sqrt(2) //Secondary pek voltage
+printf(" = %.0f V\n ",Vm)
+
+disp(" Half of the secondary voltage is input to the half section.")
+disp("So input to the half section")
+in=Vm/2 //input to the half section
+printf(" = %.0f V\n ",in)
+
+disp("Peak voltage across load")
+printf(" = %.0f V\n ",in)
+
+disp(" DC voltage across load = 17V. Since the capacitor gets changed up to peak value,")
+disp("DC load current")
+Vdc=in
+Idc=Vdc/Rl //DC load current
+printf(" = %.1f mA\n ",Idc*10^3)
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..867df273b --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex4_8 Pg-227
+clc
+
+f=50 //frequency in Hz
+C=100*10^(-6) //capacitance in F
+Rl=2*10^3 //load resistance
+Vrms=40 //rms secondary voltage
+
+disp("(a) Ripple factor for a full wave rectifier")
+r=1/(4*sqrt(3)*f*C*Rl) //Ripple factor for a full wave rectifier
+printf(" = %.3f \n ",r)
+
+disp("(b) DC output voltage")
+Vm=Vrms*sqrt(2)
+Vdc=Vm/(1+(1/(4*f*C*Rl))) //DC output voltage
+printf(" = %.1f V \n ",Vdc)
+
+disp("(c) Percentage voltage regulation")
+per=100/(4*f*C*Rl) //Percentage voltage regulation
+printf(" = %.1f %%\n ",per)
diff --git a/2825/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/2825/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5c931d38b --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex4_9 Pg-237
+clc
+
+Vrms=300 //rms voltage in V
+f=60 //frequency
+Idc=0.2 //load current
+C=10 //shunt capacitor in microFarad
+
+Vm=Vrms*sqrt(2) //peak voltage
+Vdc=(2*Vm)/%pi //Dc voltage
+
+disp("Connected load")
+Rl=Vdc/Idc //Connected load
+printf(" Rl = %.0f ohm = (955.6)*sqrt(2) ohm\n",Rl)
+
+disp("Ripple factor in case of shunt capacitor filter ")
+disp(" =2410/C*Rl")
+r=2410/(C*Rl) //ripple factor
+printf("\n = %.2f \n ",r)
diff --git a/2825/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/2825/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e6dbfe2c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex5_1 Pg-278
+clc
+
+alpha_dc=0.97 //transistor current gain
+ICBO=10*10^(-6) //collector to base leakage current in A
+Ib=50*10^(-6) //base current in A
+
+Ic=((alpha_dc*Ib)/(1-alpha_dc))+(ICBO/(1-alpha_dc)) //collector current
+printf("Collector current = %.2f mA \n",Ic*10^3)
+
+Ie=Ic+Ib //emitter current
+printf(" Emitter current = %.0f mA",Ie*10^3)
diff --git a/2825/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/2825/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..330f9ecf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Ex5_2 Pg-279
+clc
+
+Ic=5.255*10^(-3) //collector current in A
+Ib=100*10^(-6) //base current in A
+ICBO=5*10^(-6) //collector to base leakage current in A
+
+alpha_dc=(Ic-ICBO)/(Ib+Ic) //common current gain factor
+printf("Common current gain factor alpha_dc = %.2f",alpha_dc)
+
+Beta=alpha_dc/(1-alpha_dc) //Dc emitter current gain factor value in text book is wrong
+printf("\n Dc emitter current gain factor beta = %.2f",Beta)
+
+Ie=Ic+Ib //emitter current value in text book wrong
+printf("\n Emitter current = %.3f mA",Ie*10^3)
diff --git a/2825/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/2825/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..862b07c7a --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex5_3 Pg-279
+clc
+
+Ic=12.427*10^(-3) //collector current in A
+Ib=200*10^(-6) //base current in A
+ICBO=7*10^(-6) //collector to base leakage current in A
+
+Beta=(Ic-ICBO)/(Ib+ICBO) //Dc emitter current gain factor (value in texbook is wrong)
+printf("\n Dc emitter current gain factor beta = %.0f",Beta)
+
+Ie=Ic+Ib //emitter current
+printf("\n Emitter current = %.1f mA",Ie*10^3)
+
+alpha_dc=(Ic-ICBO)/(Ib+Ic) //common current gain factor
+printf("\n Common current gain factor alpha_dc = %.2f",alpha_dc)
+
+Ib=150*10^(-6) //new base current
+Ic=Beta*Ib+(Beta+1)*ICBO //collector current (value in textbook is wrong)
+printf("\n Collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic*10^3)
diff --git a/2825/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/2825/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f510fdf6d --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex6_1 Pg-333
+clc
+
+Ta=25 //ambient temperature in degree celsius
+tetha=10 //thermal resistance
+Pd=2 //power dessipated in transistor
+
+Tj=Ta+tetha*Pd //collector base junction transistor temperature
+printf(" \n Collector base junction transistor temperature = %.0f degree celcius \n",Tj)
+
+disp(" tetha=10 degree celcius/watt means for every watt consumed its temperature will rise by 10 degree celcius")
+
+printf("\n While using a transistor,we must keep in mind that it must \n not reach a condition called thermal runaway. The heat \n released at collector base junction must not exceed the rate \n at which heat can dissipated under steady state. For this,\n ")
+
+disp("(del_Pd/del_Tj) < (1/tetha)")
+
+disp("This is the relation for thermal stability.")
diff --git a/2825/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/2825/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d862da17e --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex6_2 Pg-335
+clc
+
+printf("Draw a vertical line from temperature axis at 50 degree \n celcius to cut the 71 degree celcius line. Join the point of \n intersection P through a horizontal line at Y-axis. The point \n where it intersects Y-axis gives the value of permissible \n dissipation equal to 45%% of maximum rating. \n")
+
+per=.45 //permissible dissipation in percentage
+max_diss=165 //maximum dissipation
+diss_cap=per*max_diss //dissipation capability
+disp("The dissipation capability at 50 degree celcius")
+
+printf(" = %.0f mW \n ",diss_cap)
+
+disp(" Its value ranges from (0.2) degree celcius/watt to (1000) degree celcius/watt for a transistor that has an efficient heat sink")
+
+disp(" Tj = Ta + tetha*Pd")
+
+disp(" The above equation reflects that collector-junction temperature Tj of the transistor will be higher than ambient temperature Ta by an amount equal to the product of tetha and Pd.")
diff --git a/2825/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/2825/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..603e1a3bd --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Ex6_3 Pg-336
+clc
+
+Rb=200*10^(3) //base resistance in ohm
+Vcc=10 //supply voltage in V
+Vbe=0.7 //voltage drop in V
+Rl=2*10^(3) //load resistor in ohm
+Beta=50 //transistor gain
+
+disp("If Beta=50")
+Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb //base current in A
+Ic=Beta*Ib //collector current
+Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rl //collector emitter voltage
+printf("\n The operating point coordinates are [%.2f V, %.2f mA]\n ",Vce,Ic*10^3)
+
+disp("If Beta=60")
+Beta2=60 //second transistor gain
+Ic2=Beta2*Ib //collector current
+Vce2=Vcc-Ic2*Rl //collector emitter voltage
+printf("\n The operating point coordinates are [%.2f V, %.2f mA]\n ",Vce2,Ic2*10^3)
+
diff --git a/2825/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/2825/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8480fb10a --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex6_4 Pg-335
+clc
+
+Rb=330*10^(3) //base resistance in ohm
+Vcc=15 //supply voltage in V
+Vbe=0.7 //voltage drop in V
+Rl=3.3*10^(3) //load resistor in ohm
+Beta=60 //transistor gain
+
+Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb //base current in A
+Ic=Beta*Ib //collector current (value in textbook is wrong)
+Vce=Vcc-(Ic+Ib)*Rl
+printf("\n The collector emitter voltage = %.2f V\n ",Vce)
+//collector emitter voltage (value in textbook is wrong)
diff --git a/2825/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/2825/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0ca0729c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex7_1 Pg-369
+clc
+
+disp("Refer to the figure 7.19")
+disp("For good coupling")
+disp(" Xc <= 0.1*R")
+R=10*10^(3) //resistor R in ohm
+C=68*10^(-6) //capacitance in Farad
+f=1/(2*%pi*C*0.1*R)
+disp("Lowest frequency,f")
+printf(" = %.2f Hz",f)
+disp("or lowest frequency is approximately 3 Hz")
diff --git a/2825/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/2825/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a3e990dde --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex7_2 Pg-369
+clc
+
+disp("Refer to the figure 7.20")
+disp("For good coupling")
+disp(" Xc <= 0.1*R")
+R=10*10^(3) //resistor R in ohm
+C=220*10^(-6) //capacitance in Farad
+f=1/(2*%pi*C*0.1*R)
+disp("Lowest frequency,f")
+printf(" = %.2f Hz",f)
+disp("or lowest frequency is approximately 1 Hz")
diff --git a/2825/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/2825/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5015244d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Ex7_3 Pg-369
+clc
+
+Beta=250 //transistor gain
+Vcc=15 //supply voltage
+R1=2000 //resistor R1 in ohm
+R2=470 //resistor R2 in ohm
+Vce=0.7 //voltage drop in V
+Re=220 //emitter resistor in ohm
+
+Vb=(Vcc*R2)/(R1+R2) //base voltage in V
+disp("(1) Base voltage Vb")
+printf(" = %.2f V",Vb)
+Ve=Vb-Vce //emitter voltage in V
+disp("Emitter voltage Vb")
+printf(" = %.2f V",Ve)
+Ie=Ve/Re //emitter current
+disp("Emitter current ")
+printf(" Ie = %.3f*10^-2 A",Ie*10^2)
+disp("For small signal operation, ie <= 0.1*Ie")
+ie=0.1*Ie
+printf(" =%.3f mA \n",ie*10^3)
+
+disp("(2) AC emitter diode resistance =25mV/ie")
+Re_ac=25*10^(-3)/ie //AC emitter diode resistance
+printf(" =%.0f ohm \n",Re_ac)
+
+disp("(3) Z''vm = Beta*r''e")
+Re_ac=26 //AC emitter diode resistance assumed 26 ohm not 25.53 ohm
+Zvm=Beta*Re_ac
+printf(" =%.0f ohm",Zvm)
diff --git a/2825/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/2825/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..657af7503 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Ex7_4 Pg-370
+clc
+
+Beta=100 //transistor gain
+Vcc=10 //supply voltage
+R1=10*10^(3) //resistor R1 in ohm
+R2=2200 //resistor R2 in ohm
+Vce=0.7 //voltage drop in V
+Re=2000 //emitter resistor in ohm
+Rs=600 //source resistor in ohm
+
+Vb=(Vcc*R2)/(R1+R2) //base voltage in V
+disp("Base voltage Vb")
+printf(" = %.1f V",Vb)
+Ve=Vb-Vce //emitter voltage in V
+disp("Emitter voltage Vb")
+printf(" = %.1f V",Ve)
+Ie=Ve/Re //emitter current
+disp("Emitter current")
+printf(" = %.2f mA",Ie*10^3)
+disp("AC emitter diode resistance =25mV/ie")
+re=25*10^(-3)/Ie //AC emitter diode resistance
+printf(" =%.0f ohm \n",re)
+rc=((3.6*10)/(3.6+10))*10^(3) //Collector dioed resistance
+A=rc/re //voltage gain(value in text book is wrong)
+disp("Voltage gain A")
+printf(" ` = %.0f",A)
+zin_1=((10*2.2)/(10+2.2))
+zin=((zin_1*Beta*A)/(zin_1+(Beta*A)))*1000
+disp("Zin stage")
+printf(" = %.3f kohm",zin*10^-3)
+Vin=(zin/(Rs+zin))*10^(-3) //input voltage (value in text book is wrong)
+disp("Input voltage")
+printf(" = %.2f mV",Vin*10^3)
+Vout=A*Vin //output voltage (value in textbook is wrong)
+disp("Output voltage")
+printf(" = %.2f mV",Vout*10^3)
diff --git a/2825/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/2825/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ffc947c4b --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex7_5 Pg-371
+clc
+
+hfe=50 //current gain
+Rl=10*10^(3) //load resistor in ohm
+Rs=500 //source resistor in ohm
+hie=10^(3) //input resitance in ohm
+
+A=hfe*Rl/(Rs+hie) //volatge gain
+printf("Voltage gain = %.1f \n",A)
+Vs=0.02 //source voltage in V
+Vout=A*Vs //output voltage
+printf("Output voltage = %.2f V",Vout)
diff --git a/2825/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/2825/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9c2caf113 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Ex7_6 Pg-372
+clc
+
+Vout=5 //output voltage
+Vin=0.5 //input voltage
+Ri=10*10^(3) //input resistance in ohm
+Ro=10 //output resistance
+
+A=Vout/Vin //voltage gain
+printf("Voltage gain =%.0f \n",A)
+Pi=Vin^2/Ri //input power
+Po=Vout^2/Ro //output power
+Pow_gain=10*(log10(Po)-log10(Pi)) //power gain
+printf(" Power gain(in decibel) = %.0f dB \n\n",Pow_gain)
+
+disp("When Ri=Ro")
+Ri=Ro
+A=Vout/Vin //voltage gain
+Pi=Vin^2/Ri //input power
+Po=Vout^2/Ro //output power
+Pow_gain=10*(log10(Po)-log10(Pi)) //power gain
+printf(" Power gain(in decibel) = %.0f dB",Pow_gain)
diff --git a/2825/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/2825/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..58d5aabb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex7_7 Pg-372
+clc
+
+Rl=2*10^(3) //load resistance in ohm
+Ri=500 //input resistance in ohm
+C=2*10^(-6) //capacitor in microFarad
+
+f=(1/(2*%pi*C*(Rl+Ri))) //textbook answer is wrong
+printf("Lowest cut-off frequency = %.0f Hz",f)
diff --git a/2825/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/2825/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..727353009 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex7_8 Pg-372
+clc
+
+Rl=20*10^(3) //load resistance in ohm
+Ri=5000 //input resistance in ohm
+f=33 //lower cut-off frequency in Hz
+f2=33*10^(3) //higher cut-off frequency
+
+C=(1/(2*%pi*f*(Rl+Ri))) //coupling capacitance (value in textbook is wrong)
+printf("Coupling Capacitor = %.1f uF \n",C*10^6)
+
+Req=(Rl*Ri)/(Rl+Ri) //equivalent resistance
+Cs=1/(2*%pi*f2*Req) //shunting capacitance (value in textbook is wrong)
+printf(" Coupling Capacitor = %.0f uF \n",Cs*10^12)
diff --git a/2825/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/2825/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2173cf792 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex7_9 Pg-373
+clc
+
+Rd=3000 //source resistance in ohm
+Rl=5000 //load resistance in ohm
+Req=Rd*Rl/(Rd+Rl) //equivqlent resistance
+
+gm=4500*10^(-6) //voltage gain in microMhos
+Av=(-1)*gm*Req //voltage amplification
+printf("Voltage Amplification = %.2f \n",Av)
+Vi=100*10^(-3) //input voltage
+Vout=abs(Av)*Vi //output voltage (value in textbook is wrong)
+printf(" Output voltage = %.1f V",Vout)
diff --git a/2825/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/2825/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..312ecce92 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex8_1 pg-434
+clc
+
+A=120 //amplification gain
+Vi=50*10^(-3) //input voltage
+Beta=0.1 //feedback factor
+
+Vo= A*Vi //output voltage without feedback
+printf("Input signal = %.2f V \n",Vo)
+
+Vs=Vi-Beta*Vo
+//input signal +ve output because of -ve feedback (calue in texxtbook is wrong)
+printf(" Input signal = %.2f V \n",abs(Vs))
+
+vg=A/(1+Beta*A) //voltage gain
+printf(" Gain after feedback = %.1f \n",vg)
+
+fb=(-1)*20*log10(1+(Beta*A))
+printf(" Feedback (db)= %.3f \n",fb)
diff --git a/2825/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/2825/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1fc70744e --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex8_2 pg-435
+clc
+
+ff=4 //feedback factor
+BW=6*10^(6) //bandwidth in Hz
+
+BW_fb=BW*(1+ff) //Bandwidth with feedback factor(since Beta is +ve)
+printf("Bandwidth with feedback factor = %.0f MHz",BW_fb*10^-6)
diff --git a/2825/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/2825/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5dd4381ae --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex8_3 pg-435
+clc
+
+openA=60000 //open loop gain
+closeA=10000 //closed loop gain
+Beta=((openA/closeA)-1)/closeA
+printf("Negative Feedback factor = %.4f \n",Beta)
+BA=Beta*openA //value of Beta*A
+printf(" Beta*A = %.0f",BA)
diff --git a/2825/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/2825/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bb91c251e --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex8_4 pg-435
+clc
+
+Df=0.5/100 //distortion after negative feedback
+D=8/100 //harmonic distortion
+
+BA=D/Df-1 //value of Beta*A
+A=200
+Beta=BA/A //feedback factor
+printf("Feedback factor = %.3f \n",Beta)
+Af=A/(1+BA) //Gain after -ve feedback
+printf("Gain after negative feedback = %.1f",Af)
diff --git a/2825/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/2825/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..712ba3df9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex8_5 pg-436
+clc
+
+A=100 //voltage gain
+per=10/100 //percentage of negative feedback applied
+BA=A*per //value of Beta*A
+Af=A/(1+BA) //gain after negative feedback
+printf("Decrement in distortion,D-Df = D-(D/(1+Beta*A)) \n")
+printf(" = %.1f\n ",Af)
+per_dis=(BA/(1+BA))*100 //percentage change in distortion
+printf("Percentage change in distortion = %.0f %% \n",per_dis)
+red=100-per_dis //reduction
+printf(" Therefore reduction is = %.0f %%",red)
diff --git a/2825/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/2825/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5df99cc10 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Ex8_6 pg-436
+clc
+
+A=50 //voltage gain
+per=10/100 //percentage of negative feedback applied
+BA=per*A //value of Beta*A
+Af=A/(1+BA) //gain after negative feedback
+printf("(1) Voltage gain after negative feedback \n")
+printf(" = %.2f\n ",Af)
+
+A=50 //voltage gain
+per=5/100 //percentage of negative feedback applied
+BA=per*A //value of Beta*A
+Af1=A/(1+BA) //gain after negative feedback
+printf("(2) Voltage gain after negative feedback \n")
+printf(" = %.1f\n ",Af1)
+disp("So the new gain is not double the previous case")
+disp(" The difference between expected value and actual value of gain obtained is")
+diff_value=2*Af-Af1
+printf(" = %.2f",diff_value)
+
+printf("\n\n(3) To have the gain double of case(1) i.e 16.66,let the \n feedback introduced be Beta(assuming negative feedback)")
+Af=16.66 //voltage gain with negative feedback
+A=50 //voltage gain
+Beta=((A/Af)-1)/A //feedback in percentage
+printf("\n Beta = %.2f",Beta)
diff --git a/2825/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/2825/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e02685ec0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex9_1 Pg-475
+clc
+
+Aol= 250000 //open loop gain
+fol=160 //open loop frequency in HZ
+Acl=50 //close loop gain
+
+fcl=Aol/Acl*fol //close loop frequency in Hz
+printf("Close loop Bandwidth = %.0f kHz",fcl*10^-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/2825/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a6f2fd1b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex9_2 Pg-475
+clc
+
+Aol= 50000 //open loop gain
+fol=14 //open loop frequency in HZ
+fcl=(Aol+1)*fol //close loop frequency in Hz
+printf("Close loop Bandwidth = %.0f kHz",fcl*10^-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/2825/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3586c85ef --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Ex9_3 Pg-475
+clc
+
+Aol_Beta_1= 2500 //open loop gain
+fol=20 //open loop frequency in HZ
+fcl=Aol_Beta_1*fol //close loop frequency in Hz
+printf("Close loop Bandwidth = %.0f kHz",fcl*10^-3)
diff --git a/2825/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/2825/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b0b8758b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex9_4 Pg-475
+clc
+
+funi=1*10^(6) //unity frequency in Hz
+Sr=0.5/10^(-6) //slew rate in V/sec
+Acl=10 //close loop gain
+
+fcl=funi/Acl //close loop frequency in Hz
+printf("(1) Close loop Bandwidth = %.0f kHz \n",fcl*10^-3)
+
+Vp_max=Sr/(2*%pi*fcl) //output peak value
+printf(" (2) Peak value of output = %.3f V \n",Vp_max)
diff --git a/2825/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/2825/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3960fa0fe --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex9_5 Pg-475
+clc
+
+Aol= 88 //open loop gain in db
+R1=2.7*10^(3) //resistor R1 in ohm
+R2=68*10^(3) //resistor R2 in ohm
+
+Beta=R1/(R1+R2) //Feedback fraction
+printf("Feedback fraction = %.3f \n",Beta)
+
+Acl=1/Beta //ideal closed loop gain
+printf(" Ideal closed loop gain = %.2f \n",Acl)
+
+Aol=10^(88/20) //open loop gain
+Acl=Aol/(1+Beta*Aol) //exact closed loop voltage gain
+printf(" Exact closed loop voltage gain = %.2f",Acl)
diff --git a/2825/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/2825/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c59da7251 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Ex9_6 Pg-476
+clc
+
+Aol=20000 //open loop gain
+R1=100 //resistor R1 in ohm
+R2=7.5*10^(3) //resistor R2 in ohm
+Rin=3*10^(6) //input resistor in ohm
+Rcm=500*10^(6)
+
+Beta=R1/(R1+R2) //Feedback fraction
+printf("Feedback fraction = 1\\76 = %.5f \n",Beta)
+
+Req=(Rin*Rcm)/(Rin+Rcm) //equivalent resistance of Rin and Rcm
+Zcl=(1+Beta*Aol)*Req //closed loop input impedance (textbook answer is wrong)
+printf(" Closed loop input impedance = %.0f Mohm",Zcl*10^-6)
diff --git a/2825/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/2825/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..97f35b813 --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex9_7 Pg-477
+clc
+
+R1=1.8 //resistor R1 in ohm
+R2=1.5*10^(3) //resistor R2 in ohm
+Iin=1*10^(-3) //input current in A
+
+Ai=1+(R2/R1) //Current gain
+printf("Current gain = %.0f \n",Ai)
+
+Il=Ai*Iin //Output current
+printf(" Output current = %.0f mA pp",Il*10^3)
diff --git a/2825/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/2825/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4c37da16c --- /dev/null +++ b/2825/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex9_8 Pg-477
+clc
+
+R1=2.7 //resistor R1 in ohm
+R2=1//resistor R2 in ohm
+Vin=0.5 //input voltage in V
+
+Io=Vin/R1 //output current
+printf("(1) Output current = %.0f mA \n",Io*10^3)
+
+P=Io^2*R2 //load power
+printf(" (2) Load power = %.1f mW \n",P*10^3)
+
+R2=2 // new load resistor R2 in ohm
+P=Io^2*R2 //load power
+printf(" (2) Load power = %.1f mW",P*10^3)
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