initial commit / add all books

33 files changed, 575 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..01e009b95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clc

+n=10^14

+disp("n = "+string(n)+"/cm^3") //initializing value of electrons/cm^3.

+no=1.5*10^10

+disp("no. of EHPs/cm^3 = "+string(no)+"/cm^3") //initializing value of electron hole pairs/cm^3.

+p=(no^2/n)

+disp("minority carriers concentration,p=(no^2/n))= "+string(p)+" /cm^3")//calculation

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9f889f3ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clc

+E=1.1

+disp(" E = "+string(E)+"eV") //initializing the value of level E in a crystal.

+Ef=0.6

+disp(" Ef = "+string(Ef)+"eV")//initializing the value of fermi level of material.

+T=2500

+disp(" temp = "+string(T)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature.

+k=1.38*10^-23

+disp(" k = "+string(k)+"J/k") //initializing the value of boltzmann constant.

+e=2.718

+disp(" e = "+string(e)) //initializing the value of exponential.

+a=(((E-Ef)*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T))

+disp("alpha ,a=(((E-Ef)*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T)))= "+string(a))//calculation

+fE=(1/(1+(e^a)))

+disp("fE(Fermi Direc Distribution Function),fE=(1/(1+(e^a))))= "+string(fE))//calculation

+

+//The value of Ef is different in the question than used in the solution.

+//I have used the value ,used in the solution(i.e Ef=0.6)

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4cc95db45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clc

+E=0.6

+disp(" E = "+string(E)+"eV") //initializing the value of level E in a crystal.

+Ef=1.1

+disp(" Ef = "+string(Ef)+"eV")//initializing the value of fermi level of the material.

+T=2500

+disp(" Temp = "+string(T)+"kelvin")//initializing the value of temperature.

+k=1.38*10^-23

+disp(" k = "+string(k)+"J/k") //initializing the value of boltzmann constant.

+e=2.718

+disp(" e = "+string(e)) //initializing the value of exponential.

+a=(((-(Ef-E))*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T))

+disp("a ,a=(((E-Ef)*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T)))= "+string(a))//calculation

+fE=(1/(1+(e^a)))

+disp("fE(Fermi Direc Distribution Function),fE=(1/(1+(e^a))))= "+string(fE))//calculation

+

+

+//The value of E is different in the question than used in the solution.

+//I have used the value ,used in the solution(i.e E=0.6)

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..29aff0090
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+clc

+n=10^16

+disp("n = "+string(n)+" /cm^3") //initializing value of number of electrons per cm^3.

+no=1.5*10^10

+disp("no = "+string(no)+" /cm^3") //initializing value of electron hole pairs/cm^3.

+p=(no^2/n)

+disp("Number of hole ,p=(no^2/n))= "+string(p)+" /cm^3")//calculation

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3234fe4c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clc

+e=1.6*10^-19

+disp("e = "+string(e)+"columb") //initializing the value of electronic charge.

+n=1*10^16

+disp("n = "+string(n)) //initializing the value of number of electrons per cm^3.

+no=1.5*10^10

+disp("no = "+string(no)+" /cm^3") //initializing value of electron hole pairs/cm^3..

+T=300

+disp("T = "+string(no)+" K") //initializing value of temperature.

+k=1.38*10^-23

+disp("k = "+string(k)+" J/K") //initializing value of boltzmann constant.

+Ef=((k*T/e)*log(n/no))

+disp("fermi level ,Ef-Efi=((k*T/e)*ln(n/no)) )= "+string(Ef)+" eV")//calculation

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..62c80556e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clc

+no=1.5*10^10

+disp("no = "+string(no)+"/cm^3") //initializing value of electrons and hole per cm^3.

+n=1*10^18

+disp("n = "+string(n)+"/cm^3") //initializing value of number of electrons per cm^3.

+p=(no^2/n)

+disp("number of holes ,p=(no^2/n))= "+string(p)+" /cm^3")//calculation

+

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.1 of chapter 2.

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cbfe0d3d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clc

+n=1*10^5

+disp("n = "+string(n)+" /cm^3") //initializing value of electrons and hole per cm^3.

+p=1*10^19

+disp("p = "+string(p)+" /cm^3") //initializing value of number of hole per cm^3

+no=sqrt(n*p)

+disp("Value of intrinsic concentration,no=sqrt(n*p))= "+string(no)+" /cm^3")//calculation

+

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.2 of chapter 2.

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..449faa4e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+clc

+e=1.6*10^-19

+disp("e = "+string(e)+"columb") //initializing the value of electronic charge.

+Ef_Efi=0.309

+disp("Ef-Efi = "+string(Ef_Efi)+" eV") //initializing the value of difference in the energy levels.

+no=2.5*10^13

+disp("no = "+string(no)+" /cm^3") //initializing value of number of electrons per cm^3

+T=300

+disp("T = "+string(T)+" K") //initializing value of temperature.

+ex=2.718

+disp("exp = "+string(ex)) //initializing the value of exponential.

+k=1.38*10^-23

+disp("k = "+string(k)+" J/K") //initializing value of boltzmann constant.

+n=no*(ex^((Ef_Efi*e)/(k*T)))

+disp("number of electrons per cm^3, n=no*(ex^((Ef-Efi)/kT)))= "+string(n)+" /cm^3")//calculation

+

+

+

+//This is solved problem 2.3 of chapter 2.

+//The value used for "Ef-Efi" in the solution is different than provided in the question.

+//I have used the value provided in the solution (i.e Ef_Efi=0.309) 

+

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..19e31e5ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+clc

+e=1.6*10^-19

+disp("e = "+string(e)+" columb") //initializing the value of electronic charge.

+Ef=0.4065

+disp("Ef = "+string(Ef)+" eV") //initializing the value of fermi level.

+n=10^17

+disp("n = "+string(n)+" /cm^3") //initializing value of number of electrons per cm^3.

+T=300

+disp("T = "+string(T)+" K") //initializing value of temperature.

+ex=2.718

+disp("exp = "+string(ex)) //initializing the value of exponential.

+k=1.38*10^-23

+disp("k = "+string(k)+" J/K") //initializing value of boltzmann constant.

+no=n/(ex^((Ef*e)/(k*T)))

+disp("Number of electrons per cm^3, no=n/(ex^((Ef)/kT)))= "+string(no)+" electrons/cm^3")//calculation

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.4 of chapter 2.

+//the value used for "n" in the solution is different than provided in the question.

+//I have used the value provided in the solution (i.e n=10^17) 

+

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..664299bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+clc

+e=1.6*10^-19

+disp("e = "+string(e)+"columb") //initializing the value of electronic charge.

+n=1*10^22

+disp("n = "+string(n)+" /m^3") //initializing value of number of electrons per cm^3

+u=1200*10^-4

+disp("u = "+string(u)+" m^2/Vs") //initializing the value of mobility.

+L=0.1*10^-2

+disp("L = "+string(L)+" m") //initializing the value of length.

+A=100*10^-12

+disp("A = "+string(A)+" m^2") //initializing the value of area of cross section.

+sigma=n*e*u

+disp("conductivity,sigma=n*e*u)= "+string(sigma)+" siemen/m")//calculation.

+p=(1/sigma)

+disp("Resistivity,p=(1/sigma))= "+string(p)+" ohm metre")//calculation.

+R=(p*L/A)

+disp("resistance,R=(p*L/A))= "+string(R)+" ohm")//calculation.

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.5 of chapter 2.

+//the value used for "A" in the solution is different than provided in the question.

+//I have used the value provided in the solution (i.e A=100*10^-12) 

+

+

+

+

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..475887a53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clc

+R=52.08 *10^3

+disp("R = "+string(R)+"ohm") //initializing value of Resistance.

+V=5

+disp("V = "+string(V)+"volt") //initializing value of voltage.

+I=(V/R)

+disp("Drift current,I=(V/R))= "+string(I)+" amphere")//calculation

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.6 of chapter 2.

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e28892e6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clc

+e=1.6*10^-19

+disp(" electron charge = "+string(e)+"columns") //initializing the value of electron charge.

+no=1.5*10^10

+disp("no. of EHPs/cm^3 = "+string(no)+"/cm^3") //initializing value of electron hole pairs/cm^3.

+n=(1/e)

+disp("Number of free electrons in 1 columns ,n=(1/e))= "+string(n))//calculation

+i=(1/n)

+disp("Current by movement of one electrons ,i=(1/n))= "+string(i)+" Amphere ")//calculation

+I=(no*i)

+disp("Current by movement of (1.5*10^10) electrons ,I=(no*i))= "+string(I)+" Amphere ")//calculation

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2992a4947
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clc

+Eg1=1.43

+disp(" Energy gap of GaAs = "+string(Eg1)+"eV") //initializing the value of energy gap of GaAs.

+Eg2=2.43

+disp(" Energy gap of GaP = "+string(Eg2)+"eV")//initializing the value of energy gap of Gap.

+h=6.624*10^-34

+disp(" Plank constant = "+string(h)+"joule")//initializing the value of plank constant.

+c=3*10^8

+disp(" Light speed = "+string(c)+"m/s") //initializing the value of speed of light.

+x=(Eg2-Eg1)

+disp("Difference between the energy gap of GaAs and GaP ,x=(Eg2-Eg1))= "+string(x)+" eV")//calculation

+g=(0.4*x)

+disp("Excess energy gap added to GaAs to form GaAsP,(0.4*x))= "+string(g)+" eV ")//calculation

+Eg=(Eg1+g)

+disp("Band gap energy GaAsP,Eg=(Eg1+g))= "+string(Eg)+" eV ")//calculation

+lamda=(c*h/(Eg*1.6*10^-19))

+disp("wavelength of radiation emitted,lamda=(c*h/Eg))= "+string(lamda)+" metre ")//calculation

+

+//this is solved problem 2.7 of chapter 2.

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d92ced756
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clc

+Eg1=1.43

+disp(" Energy gap of GaAs = "+string(Eg1)+" eV") //initializing the value of energy gap of GaAs.

+Eg2=2.43

+disp(" Energy gap of GaP = "+string(Eg2)+" eV")//initializing the value of energy gap of Gap.

+h=6.624*10^-34

+disp(" Plank constant = "+string(h)+" joule")//initializing the value of plank constant.

+c=3*10^8

+disp(" Light speed = "+string(c)+" m/s") //initializing the value of speed of light.

+lamda=540*10^6

+disp(" lamda = "+string(lamda)+" m") //initializing the value of wavelength.

+x=(Eg2-Eg1)

+disp("Difference between the energy gap of GaAs and GaP ,x=(Eg2-Eg1))= "+string(x)+" eV")//calculation

+Eg=((c*h/(lamda*(1.6*10^-19))))

+disp("Band gap energy,Eg=(c*h/lamda*(1.6*10^-19)))= "+string(Eg)+" eV")//calculation

+X=Eg-(Eg1)

+disp("X=Eg-(Eg1)= "+string(X))//calculation

+

+

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.8 of chapter 2.

+//the value of Eg(band gap energy )is provided wrong in the book after calculation.Due to this value of X ,also differ.

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..98cecd501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clc

+T1=500

+disp(" Temperature 1 = "+string(T1)+"K") //initializing the value of temperature 1.

+Nv=2*10^19

+disp(" Nv = "+string(Nv)+"cm^-3")//initializing the value of effective density of state for valence band .

+T2=300

+disp(" Temperature 2 = "+string(T2)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature 2.

+NV=(Nv*((500/300)^(3/2)))

+disp("NV at 500K=(Nv((500/300)^(3/2))))= "+string(NV)+" cm^-3 ")//calculation

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.9 of chapter 2.

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f4f4c9823
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clc

+Nd=1*10^17

+disp("Nd = "+string(Nd)+"cm^-3") //initializing the value of effective energy density of state.

+Ec_Ed=0.045

+disp(" Ec_Ed = "+string(Ec_Ed))//initializing the value of donor ionisation level.

+Vt=0.0259

+disp("Vt = "+string(Vt)+" eV ")//initializing the value of thermal voltage.

+Nc=2.8*10^19

+disp(" Nc = "+string(Nc)+"cm^-3")//initializing the value of effective density of state of conduction band.

+e=2.718

+disp("exp = "+string(e))//initializing the value of exponential.

+N=(((Nc/Nd)*e^((-(Ec_Ed))/Vt))+1)^-1

+disp("Fraction of electron still in the donor state,(nd/(nd+n)=(((Nc/Nd)*e^((-Ec_Ed)/Vt))+1)^-1)= "+string(N))//calculation

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.10 of chapter 2.

+ 

+

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..326ab1bea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clc

+Na=1*10^16

+disp("Na = "+string(Na)+" cm^-3")//initializing the value of acceptor concentration.

+Ea_Ev=0.045

+disp("Ea_Ev = "+string(Ea_Ev))//initializing the value of boron acceptor ionization energy.

+Nv=(1.04*10^19)

+disp("Nv = "+string(Nv)+" cm^-3")//initializing the value of effective density of state for valence band.

+Vt=(0.0259)

+disp("Vt = "+string(Vt)+" eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage.

+p=(1+((Nv/(4*Na))*exp(-(Ea_Ev)/Vt)))^(-1)

+disp("Fraction of holes that are still in the acceptor state,(pa/(pa+p))=(1+((Nv/4*Na)*exp(-(Ea-Ev)/Vt)))^(-1)= "+string(p))//calculation

+

+//this is solved problem 2.11 of chapter 2.

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e36b10b46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clc

+Nd=1*10^17

+disp("Nd = "+string(Nd)+" cm^-3") //initializing the value of donor concentration.

+Na=0

+disp("Na = "+string(Na)+" cm^-3")//initializing the value of acceptor concentration.

+no=1.5*10^10

+disp("ni = "+string(no)+" cm^-3")//initializing the value of electron hole per cm^3.

+n=(-(Na-Nd)+sqrt((Na-Nd)^2+4*no))/2

+disp("Electron concentration,n=(-(Na-Nd)+sqrt((Na-Nd)^2+4*no))/2)= "+string(n)+" cm^-3")//calculation

+p=(no^2/n)

+disp("Hole concentration,p)= "+string(p)+" cm^-3")//calculation

+

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.13 of chapter 2.

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..acab11408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clc

+Nd=6*10^16

+disp("Nd = "+string(Nd)+" cm^-3") //initializing the value of donor concentration.

+Na=10^17

+disp("Na = "+string(Na)+" cm^-3")//initializing the value of acceptor concentration.

+no=1.5*10^10

+disp("no = "+string(no)+" cm^-3")//initializing the value of electron and hole per cm^3.

+p=((Na-Nd)+sqrt((Na-Nd)^2+4*no))/2

+disp("Hole concentration,n=(-(Na-Nd)+sqrt((Na-Nd)^2+4*no))/2)= "+string(p)+" cm^-3")//calculation

+n=(no^2/p)

+disp("Electron concentration,n=(no^2/p))= "+string(n))//calculation

+

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.14 of chapter 2.

+//the value of Na,Nd in the solution is different than provided in the question 

+//I have used the value used in the solution(i.e Na=10^17,Nd=6*10^16) 

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2a12e9ec2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clc

+Nd=6*10^16

+disp("Nd = "+string(Nd)+" cm^-3") //initializing the value of donor concentration.

+Na=10^17

+disp("Na = "+string(Na)+" cm^-3")//initializing the value of acceptor concentration.

+no=1.5*10^10

+disp("no = "+string(no)+" cm^-3")//initializing the value of electron and hole per cm^3.

+p=((Na-Nd)+sqrt((Na-Nd)^2+4*no))/2

+disp("Hole concentration,n=(-(Na-Nd)+sqrt((Na-Nd)^2+4*no))/2)= "+string(p)+"cm^-3")//calculation

+n=(no^2/p)

+disp("Electron concentration,n=(no^2/p))= "+string(n))//calculation

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.15 of chapter 2.

+//the value of Na,Nd in the solution is different than provided in the question 

+//I have used the value used in the solution(i.e Na=10^17,Nd=6*10^16) 

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d5a323c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clc

+Nv1=1.04*10^19

+disp("Nv = "+string(Nv1)+" cm^-3")//initializing the value of valence band concentration at 300K.

+Ef_Ev=0.3

+disp("Ef_Ev = "+string(Ef_Ev)+" eV")//initializing the value of boron acceptor ionization energy.

+T1=300

+disp("T = "+string(T1)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature 1.

+T2=500

+disp("T = "+string(T2)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature 2.

+Vt1=0.0259

+disp("Vt1 = "+string(Vt1)+"eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage at 300K.

+k=1.38*10^-23

+disp("k = "+string(k)+"J/K") //initializing value of boltzmann constant.

+e=1.6*10^-19

+disp("e = "+string(e)+"columb") //initializing the value of electronic charge.

+K1=(Nv1/((T1)^(3/2)))

+disp("Value of constant,K1=(Nv/((T)^(3/2)))= "+string(K1)+" cm^-3 K(-2/3)")//calculation

+Nv2=K1*T2^(3/2)

+disp("Value of valence band concentration at 500K,Nv=K1*T(3/2)= "+string(Nv2)+" cm^-3")//calculation

+VT=(k*T2/e)

+disp("Value of parameter VT at 500K,VT=(K*T/e)= "+string(VT)+" cm^-3")//calculation

+p=(Nv2*(exp(-(Ef_Ev)/(VT))))

+disp("Hole concentration,p=(Nv*(exp(Ef_Ev)/(VT)))= "+string(p)+" cm^-3")//calculation

+

+//this is solved problem 2.16 of chapter 2.

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..498cb3f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+clc

+Nv=7*10^18

+disp("Nv = "+string(Nv)+"cm^-3")//initializing the value of valence band concentration at 300K.

+Nc=4.7*10^17

+disp("Nc = "+string(Nc)+"cm^-3")//initializing the value of conduction band concentration at 300K.

+T1=300

+disp("T = "+string(T1)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature 1.

+T2=450

+disp("T = "+string(T2)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature 2.

+Vt1=0.0259

+disp("Vt1 = "+string(Vt1)+"eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage at 300K.

+Vt2=0.03881

+disp("Vt2 = "+string(Vt2)+"eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage at 450K.

+Eg=1.42

+disp("Eg = "+string(Eg)+"eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage.

+no=(sqrt(Nc*Nv*(exp(-Eg/Vt1))))

+disp("intrinsic concentration at 300K,no=(sqrt(Nc*Nv*(exp(-Eg/Vt1))))= "+string(no))//calculation

+K1=(Nc/((T1)^(3/2)))

+disp("Value of constant,K1=(Nc/((T)^(3/2)))= "+string(K1))//calculation

+k1=(K1*T2^(3/2))

+disp("Value of constant k1 at 450K ,k1=(K1*T2^(3/2))= "+string(k1))//calculation

+K2=(Nv/((T1)^(3/2)))

+disp("Value of constant,K2=(Nv/((T1)^(3/2)))= "+string(K2))//calculation

+k2=(K2*T2^(3/2))

+disp("Value of constant k2 at 450K ,k2=(K2*T2^(3/2))= "+string(k2))//calculation

+K=k1*k2

+disp("Value of constant K,= "+string(K))//calculation

+no1=(sqrt(K*(exp(-Eg/Vt2))))

+disp("intrinsic concentration at 450K,no=(sqrt(K*(exp(-Eg/Vt2))))= "+string(no1)+" cm^3")//calculation

+//this is solved problem 2.17 of chapter 2.

+

+

+

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..40ba92856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clc

+e=1.6*10^-19

+disp(" Electron charge  = "+string(e)+"columns") //initializing the value of electron charge.

+no=2.5*10^13

+disp("Number of free electrons/cm^3 in Ge ,n=2.5*10^13)= "+string(no)+"electrons/cm^3")//calculation

+n=(1/e)

+disp("Number of free electrons in 1 columns ,n=(1/e))= "+string(n))//calculation

+i=(1/n)

+disp("Current by movement of one electrons ,i=(1/n))= "+string(i)+" amphere ")//calculation

+I=(no*i)

+disp("Current by movement of (2.5*10^13) electrons in Ge,I=(no*i))= "+string(I)+" amphere ")//calculation

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d6cd652c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+clc

+Nv=1.04*10^19

+disp("Nv = "+string(Nv)+"cm^-3")//initializing the value of valence band concentration at 300K.

+Nc=2.8*10^19

+disp("Nc = "+string(Nc)+"cm^-3")//initializing the value of conduction band concentration at 300K.

+T1=300

+disp("T = "+string(T1)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature 1.

+T2=550

+disp("T = "+string(T2)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature 2.

+Vt1=0.0259

+disp("Vt1 = "+string(Vt1)+"eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage at 300K.

+Vt2=0.0474

+disp("Vt2 = "+string(Vt2)+"eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage at 550K.

+Eg1=1.12

+disp("Eg1 = "+string(Eg1)+"eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage.

+no=(sqrt(Nc*Nv*(exp(-Eg1/Vt1))))

+disp("intrinsic concentration at 300K,no=(sqrt(Nc*Nv*(exp(-Eg1/Vt1))))= "+string(no))//calculation

+K1=(Nc/((T1)^(3/2)))

+disp("Value of constant,K1=(Nc/((T)^(3/2)))= "+string(K1))//calculation

+k1=(K1*T2^(3/2))

+disp("Value of constant k1 at 550K ,k1=(K1*T2^(3/2))= "+string(k1))//calculation

+K2=(Nv/((T1)^(3/2)))

+disp("Value of constant,K2=(Nv/((T1)^(3/2)))= "+string(K2))//calculation

+k2=(K2*T2^(3/2))

+disp("Value of constant k2 at 550K ,k2=(K2*T2^(3/2))= "+string(k2))//calculation

+K=k1*k2

+disp("Value of constant K,= "+string(K))//calculation

+no1=(sqrt(K*(exp(-Eg1/Vt2))))

+disp("Intrinsic concentration at 550K,no=(sqrt(K*(exp(-Eg1/Vt2))))= "+string(no1)+" cm^3")//calculation

+Nd=(4*(no1^2)/(1.2))

+disp("Donor concentration at which intrinsic concentration is 10% of the total electron concentration,Nd=(4*(no1^2)/(1.2))= "+string(Nd)+" cm^3")//calculation

+//this is solved problem 2.18 of chapter 2.

+//the value of temperature and % of the intrinsic carrier concentration given in the question is different than used in the solution. 

+//I have used the value provided in the solution (i.e T2=550 and % of the intrinsic carrier concentration =10%)

+//the value of Donor concentration at which intrinsic concentration is 10% of the total electron concentration(Nd),is provided wrong in the book after calculation.

+

+

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.31/Ex2_31.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.31/Ex2_31.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..683c1af69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.31/Ex2_31.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc

+Ec_Ef=0.2

+disp("Ec_Ef = "+string(Ec_Ef)+" eV") //initializing the value of difference in the energy levels.

+Nc=2.8*10^19

+disp("Nc = "+string(Nc)+" cm^-3")//initializing the value of conduction band concentration.

+Na=3*10^16

+disp("Na = "+string(Na)+" cm^-3")//initializing the value of acceptor concentration.

+Vt=0.0259

+disp("Vt = "+string(Vt)+" eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage at 300K.

+Nd=(Nc*(exp(-(Ec_Ef)/(Vt))))+(Na)

+disp("Donor concentration,Nd=(Nc*(exp(-(Ec_Ef)/(Vt))))+(Na)= "+string(Nd)+" cm^-3")//calculation

+

+

+//this is solved problem 2.19 of chapter 2.

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.32/Ex2_32.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.32/Ex2_32.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..22a3ac24b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.32/Ex2_32.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+clc

+Nv=6*10^18

+disp("Nv = "+string(Nv)+"cm^-3")//initializing the value of valence band concentration at 300K.

+Nc=1.04*10^19

+disp("Nc = "+string(Nc)+"cm^-3")//initializing the value of conduction band concentration at 300K.

+T1=300

+disp("T1 = "+string(T1)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature 1.

+T2=200

+disp("T2 = "+string(T2)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature 2.

+Vt1=0.0259

+disp("Vt1 = "+string(Vt1)+"eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage at 300K.

+Vt2=0.0173

+disp("Vt2 = "+string(Vt2)+"eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage at 200K.

+Eg1=0.60

+disp("Eg1 = "+string(Eg1)+"eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage used for 300K .

+no=(sqrt(Nc*Nv*(exp(-Eg1/Vt1))))

+disp("intrinsic concentration at 300K,no=(sqrt(Nc*Nv*(exp(-Eg1/Vt1))))= "+string(no))//calculation

+Eg2=0.66

+disp("Eg2 = "+string(Eg2)+"eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage used for 200K.

+K1=(Nc/((T1)^(3/2)))

+disp("Value of constant,K1=(Nc/((T)^(3/2)))= "+string(K1))//calculation

+k1=(K1*T2^(3/2))

+disp("Value of constant k1 at 200K ,k1=(K1*T2^(3/2))= "+string(k1))//calculation

+K2=(Nv/((T1)^(3/2)))

+disp("Value of constant,K2=(Nv/((T1)^(3/2)))= "+string(K2))//calculation

+k2=(K2*T2^(3/2))

+disp("Value of constant k2 at 200K ,k2=(K2*T2^(3/2))= "+string(k2))//calculation

+K=k1*k2

+disp("Value of constant K,= "+string(K))//calculation

+no1=(sqrt(K*(exp(-Eg2/Vt2))))

+disp("intrinsic concentration at 200K,no=(sqrt(K*(exp(-Eg2/Vt2))))= "+string(no1)+" cm^3")//calculation

+

+//this is solved problem 2.20 of chapter 2.

+//The answer of intrinsic concentration at 300K,(no) is provided wrong in the book.

+

+

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..05ad533f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clc

+Eg1=2

+disp("Eg1 = "+string(Eg1)+" eV") //initializing the value of band energy gap for semiconductor1.

+Eg2=2.2

+disp("Eg2 = "+string(Eg2)+" eV")//initializing the value of band energy gap for semiconductor2.

+Vt=0.0259

+disp("Vt = "+string(Vt)+" eV")//initializing the value of thermal voltage at 300K.

+No=sqrt(exp((-Eg1/Vt)-(-Eg2/Vt)))

+disp("Ratio of their intrinsic concentration at 300K,(no1/no2)=sqrt(exp((-Eg1/Vt)-(-Eg2/Vt)))= "+string(No))//calculation

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..75c220180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clc

+Eg=1.43*1.6*10^-19

+disp(" energy gap = "+string(Eg)+"Volt") //initializing the value of energy gap.

+h=6.624*10^-34

+disp(" plank constant = "+string(h)+"joule")//initializing the value of plank constant. 

+c=3*10^8

+disp(" light speed = "+string(c)+"m/s") //initializing the value of speed of light.

+f=(Eg/h)

+disp("frequency of radiation emitted ,f=(Eg/h))= "+string(f)+" Hz ")//calculation

+lamda=(c/f)

+disp("wavelength of radiation emitted,lamda=(c/f))= "+string(lamda)+" metre ")//calculation

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..358acdb1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clc

+Eg1=1.43

+disp(" Energy gap of GaAs = "+string(Eg1)+"eV") //initializing the value of energy gap of GaAs.

+Eg2=2.43

+disp(" Energy gap of GaP = "+string(Eg2)+"eV")//initializing the value of energy gap of Gap.

+h=6.624*10^-34

+disp(" plank constant = "+string(h)+"joule")//initializing the value of plank constant.

+c=3*10^8

+disp(" light speed = "+string(c)+"m/s") //initializing the value of speed of light.

+x=(Eg2-Eg1)

+disp("Difference between the energy gap of GaAs and GaP ,x=(Eg2-Eg1))= "+string(x)+" eV")//calculation

+g=(0.5*x)

+disp("Excess energy gap added to GaAs to form GaAsP =(0.5*x))= "+string(g)+" eV ")//calculation

+Eg=(Eg1+g)

+disp("Band gap energy GaAs(0.5)P(0.5),Eg=(Eg1+g))= "+string(Eg)+" eV ")//calculation

+lamda=(c*h/(Eg*1.6*10^-19))

+disp("Wavelength of radiation emitted,w=(c*h/Eg))= "+string(lamda)+" metre ")//calculation

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5137f63c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clc

+E=1.1

+disp(" E = "+string(E)+"eV") //initializing the value of energy level E in the crystal.

+Ef=0.6

+disp(" Ef = "+string(Ef)+"eV")//initializing the value of energy of fermi level of material.

+T=300

+disp(" temp = "+string(T)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature.

+e=2.718

+disp(" e = "+string(e)) //initializing the value of exponential.

+k=1.38*10^-23

+disp(" k = "+string(k)+"J/k") //initializing the value of boltzmann constant.

+a=(((E-Ef)*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T))

+disp("alpha ,a=(((E-Ef)*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T)))= "+string(a))//calculation

+fE=(1/(1+(e^a)))

+disp("fE(Fermi Direc Distribution Function),fE=(1/(1+(e^a))))= "+string(fE))//calculation

+

+//the value of Ef is different in the question than used in the solution.

+//I have used the value ,used in the solution(i.e Ef=0.6)

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..883026dbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clc

+E=0.6

+disp(" E = "+string(E)+"eV") //initializing the value of energy level E in the crystal.

+Ef=1.1

+disp(" Ef = "+string(Ef)+"eV")//initializing the value of fermi level of material.

+T=300

+disp(" temp = "+string(T)+"kelvin")//initializing the value of temperature.

+k=1.38*10^-23

+disp(" k = "+string(k)+"J/k") //initializing the value of boltzmann constant.

+e=2.718

+disp(" e = "+string(e)) //initializing the value of exponential.

+a=(((-(Ef-E))*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T))

+disp("alpha ,a=(((-(Ef-E))*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T)))= "+string(a))//calculation

+fE=(1/(1+(e^a)))

+disp("fE(Fermi Direc Distribution Function),fE=(1/(1+(e^a))))= "+string(fE))//calculation

+

+//the value of E is different in the question than used in the solution.

+//I have used the value ,used in the solution(i.e E=0.6)

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..10db034cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clc

+E=1.1

+disp(" E = "+string(E)+"eV") //initializing the value of energy level E in the crystal.

+Ef=0.6

+disp(" Ef = "+string(Ef)+"eV")//initializing the value of fermi level of material.

+T=1000

+disp(" Temp = "+string(T)+"K")//initializing the value of temperature.

+k=1.38*10^-23

+disp(" k = "+string(k)+"J/k") //initializing the value of boltzmann constant.

+e=2.718

+disp(" e = "+string(e)) //initializing the value of exponential.

+a=(((-Ef+E)*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T))

+disp("alpha ,a=(((-E+Ef)*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T)))= "+string(a))//calculation

+fE=(1/(1+(e^a)))

+disp("fE(Fermi Direc Distribution Function),fE=(1/(1+(e^a))))= "+string(fE))//calculation

+

+//The value of Ef is different in the question than used in the solution.

+//I have used the value ,used in the solution(i.e Ef=0.6)

diff --git a/2594/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/2594/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9db4ba38c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2594/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clc

+Ef=0.6

+disp(" Ef = "+string(Ef)+"eV") //initializing the value of fermi level of material.

+E=1.1

+disp(" E = "+string(E)+"eV")//initializing the value of level E in a crystal.

+T=1000

+disp(" Temp = "+string(T)+"kelvin")//initializing the value of temperature.

+k=1.38*10^-23

+disp(" k = "+string(k)+"J/k") //initializing the value of boltzmann constant.

+e=2.718

+disp(" e = "+string(e)) //initializing the value of exponential.

+a=(((E-Ef)*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T))

+disp("alpha ,a=(((E-Ef)*1.6*10^-19)/(k*T)))= "+string(a))//calculation

+fE=(1/(1+(e^a)))

+disp("fE(Fermi Direc Distribution Function),fE=(1/(1+(e^a))))= "+string(fE))//calculation

+

+//The value of Ef ,temperature is different in the question than used in the solution.

+//I have used the value of Ef,used in the solution(i.e Ef=0.6)and value of temperature used is T=1000K

+//The value of a(alpha),provided in the solution after calculation is wrong.As book has used different value of the temperature in solution than provided in the question.